351
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Haider TP, Völker C, Kramm J, Landfester K, Wurm FR. Plastics of the Future? The Impact of Biodegradable Polymers on the Environment and on Society. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 58:50-62. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201805766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 531] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias P. Haider
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Carolin Völker
- Institute for Social-Ecological Research (ISOE); Hamburger Allee 45 60486 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Johanna Kramm
- Institute for Social-Ecological Research (ISOE); Hamburger Allee 45 60486 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | | | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
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352
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Andreeßen C, Steinbüchel A. Recent developments in non-biodegradable biopolymers: Precursors, production processes, and future perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 103:143-157. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9483-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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353
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Narancic T, Verstichel S, Reddy Chaganti S, Morales-Gamez L, Kenny ST, De Wilde B, Babu Padamati R, O'Connor KE. Biodegradable Plastic Blends Create New Possibilities for End-of-Life Management of Plastics but They Are Not a Panacea for Plastic Pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:10441-10452. [PMID: 30156110 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Plastic waste pollution is a global environmental problem which could be addressed by biodegradable plastics. The latter are blended together to achieve commercially functional properties, but the environmental fate of these blends is unknown. We have tested neat polymers, polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxybutyrate, polyhydroxyoctanoate, poly(butylene succinate), thermoplastic starch, polycaprolactone (PCL), and blends thereof for biodegradation across seven managed and unmanaged environments. PLA is one of the world's best-selling biodegradable plastics, but it is not home compostable. We show here that PLA when blended with PCL becomes home compostable. We also demonstrate that the majority of the tested bioplastics and their blends degrade by thermophilic anaerobic digestion with high biogas output, but degradation times are 3-6 times longer than the retention times in commercial plants. While some polymers and their blends showed good biodegradation in soil and water, the majority of polymers and their blends tested in this study failed to achieve ISO and ASTM biodegradation standards, and some failed to show any biodegradation. Thus, biodegradable plastic blends need careful postconsumer management, and further design to allow more rapid biodegradation in multiple environments is needed as their release into the environment can cause plastic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Narancic
- UCD Earth Institute and School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science , University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin 4 , Ireland
| | | | | | - Laura Morales-Gamez
- Bioplastech Limited, Nova UCD, Belfield Innovation Park , University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin 4 , Ireland
| | - Shane T Kenny
- Bioplastech Limited, Nova UCD, Belfield Innovation Park , University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin 4 , Ireland
| | | | - Ramesh Babu Padamati
- AMBER Centre, CRANN Institute, School of Physics , Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2 , Ireland
- Bioplastech Limited, Nova UCD, Belfield Innovation Park , University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin 4 , Ireland
| | - Kevin E O'Connor
- UCD Earth Institute and School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science , University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin 4 , Ireland
- BEACON - Bioeconomy Research Centre , University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin 4 , Ireland
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354
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The Microbial Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates from Waste Polystyrene Fragments Attained Using Oxidative Degradation. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10090957. [PMID: 30960882 PMCID: PMC6404237 DOI: 10.3390/polym10090957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive levels of plastic waste in our oceans and landfills indicate that there is an abundance of potential carbon sources with huge economic value being neglected. These waste plastics, through biological fermentation, could offer alternatives to traditional petrol-based plastics. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are a group of plastics produced by some strains of bacteria that could be part of a new generation of polyester materials that are biodegradable, biocompatible, and, most importantly, non-toxic if discarded. This study introduces the use of prodegraded high impact and general polystyrene (PS0). Polystyrene is commonly used in disposable cutlery, CD cases, trays, and packaging. Despite these applications, some forms of polystyrene PS remain financially and environmentally expensive to send to landfills. The prodegraded PS0 waste plastics used were broken down at varied high temperatures while exposed to ozone. These variables produced PS flakes (PS1⁻3) and a powder (PS4) with individual acid numbers. Consequently, after fermentation, different PHAs and amounts of biomass were produced. The bacterial strain, Cupriavidus necator H16, was selected for this study due to its well-documented genetic profile, stability, robustness, and ability to produce PHAs at relatively low temperatures. The accumulation of PHAs varied from 39% for prodegraded PS0 in nitrogen rich media to 48% (w/w) of dry biomass with the treated PS. The polymers extracted from biomass were analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) to assess their molecular structure and properties. In conclusion, the PS0⁻3 specimens were shown to be the most promising carbon sources for PHA biosynthesis; with 3-hydroxybutyrate and up to 12 mol % of 3-hydroxyvalerate and 3-hydroxyhexanoate co-monomeric units generated.
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355
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Calabrò PS, Grosso M. Bioplastics and waste management. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 78:800-801. [PMID: 32559974 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pollution of the marine environment due to plastic materials is one of the most severe environmental problems humanity has to face in the 21st century. The strategy devised until now to address this issue is mainly based on two pillars: (1) increasing the interception of discarded plastic wastes by waste management systems; and (2) substituting the traditional "petro-based" polymers with biodegradable ones. Many issues on the overall sustainability of the second option by the waste management system must still be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo S Calabrò
- Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Department of Civil, Energy, Environmental and Materials Engineering, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Mario Grosso
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Milan, Italy
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356
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Selection and evaluation of microorganisms for biodegradation of agricultural plastic film. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:308. [PMID: 30002997 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1329-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Three Bacillus amyloliquefaciens isolates (HK1, GSDM02, and GSDM15) were tested for effectiveness in biodegradation of plastic films. Isolates were screened by plate on carbon-free medium and by using the clear-zone formation test. Their biodegradation ability was analyzed based on: film weight reduction, pH change of the fluid medium, a soil microbial biomass carbon test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR). Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) clear-zone and film weight reduction results revealed that the strain with a bigger clear-zone had a better biodegradation effect, that PVA can be evenly distributed in the medium, and that PVA can be a substitution for polyethylene in screening the biodegradation of strains. SEM and FTIR revealed that HK1 can tear the film apart and make surface chemical changes within 30 days. HK1 exhibited a better biodegradation effect in all tests, indicating its potential for helping solve the plastic pollution problems.
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357
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Gere D, Czigany T. Rheological and mechanical properties of recycled polyethylene films contaminated by biopolymer. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 76:190-198. [PMID: 29510944 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, with the increasing amount of biopolymers used, it can be expected that biodegradable polymers (e.g. PLA, PBAT) may appear in the petrol-based polymer waste stream. However, their impact on the recycling processes is not known yet; moreover, the properties of the products made from contaminated polymer blends are not easily predictable. Therefore, our goal was to investigate the rheological and mechanical properties of synthetic and biopolymer compounds. We made different compounds from regranulates of mixed polyethylene film waste and original polylactic acid (PLA) by extruison, and injection molded specimens from the compounds. We investigated the rheological properties of the regranulates, and the mechanical properties of the samples. When PLA was added, the viscosity and specific volume of all the blends decreased, and mechanical properties (tensile strength, modulus, and impact strength) changed significantly. Young's modulus increased, while elongation at break and impact strength decreased with the increase of the weight fraction of PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gere
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Muegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - T Czigany
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Muegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary; MTA-BME Research Group for Composite Science and Technology, Muegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
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358
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Adamcová D, Radziemska M, Zloch J, Dvořáčková H, Elbl J, Kynický J, Brtnický M, Vaverková MD. SEM Analysis and Degradation Behavior of Conventional and Bio-Based Plastics During Composting. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS 2018. [DOI: 10.11118/actaun201866020349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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359
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Eco-Efficiency Assessment of Bioplastics Production Systems and End-of-Life Options. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10040952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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360
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Albuquerque PB, Malafaia CB. Perspectives on the production, structural characteristics and potential applications of bioplastics derived from polyhydroxyalkanoates. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 107:615-625. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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361
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Sashiwa H, Fukuda R, Okura T, Sato S, Nakayama A. Microbial Degradation Behavior in Seawater of Polyester Blends Containing Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHHx). Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16010034. [PMID: 29342118 PMCID: PMC5793082 DOI: 10.3390/md16010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbial degradation behavior of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHHx) and its compound with several polyesters such as poly(butylene adipate-co-telephtharate) (PBAT), poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), and polylactic acid (PLA) in seawater was tested by a biological oxygen demand (BOD) method. PHBHHx showed excellent biodegradation in seawater in this study. In addition, the biodegradation rate of several blends was much influenced by the weight ratio of PHBHHx in their blends and decreased in accordance with the decrement of PHBHHX ratio. The surface morphology of the sheet was important factor for controlling the biodegradation rate of PHBHHx-containing blends in seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Sashiwa
- BDP Group, New Buisiness Development Department, Kaneka Co., 5-1-1, Torikai-Nishi, Settsu, Osaka 566-0072, Japan.
| | - Ryuji Fukuda
- BDP Group, New Buisiness Development Department, Kaneka Co., 5-1-1, Torikai-Nishi, Settsu, Osaka 566-0072, Japan.
| | - Tetsuo Okura
- BDP Processing Technology Development Team, Plastics Molding & Processing Technology Development Group, Kaneka Co., 5-1-1, Torikai-Nishi, Settsu, Osaka 566-0072, Japan.
| | - Shunsuke Sato
- BDP Group, Biotechnology Development Laboratories, Kaneka Co., 8-1 Miyamae-cho, Takasago, Hyogo 676-8688, Japan.
| | - Atsuyoshi Nakayama
- Biomolecule Design Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31, Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan.
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362
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Teng S, Qiu Z. Nucleating and Plasticization Effects of Low-Loading Octavinyl-Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes in Novel Biodegradable Poly(ethylene succinate-co-diethylene glycol succinate)-Based Nanocomposite. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b04004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical
Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhaobin Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical
Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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363
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Urbanek AK, Rymowicz W, Strzelecki MC, Kociuba W, Franczak Ł, Mirończuk AM. Isolation and characterization of Arctic microorganisms decomposing bioplastics. AMB Express 2017; 7:148. [PMID: 28697585 PMCID: PMC5503855 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-017-0448-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing amount of plastic waste causes significant environmental pollution. In this study, screening of Arctic microorganisms which are able to degrade bioplastics was performed. In total, 313 microorganisms were isolated from 52 soil samples from the Arctic region (Spitsbergen). Among the isolated microorganisms, 121 (38.66%) showed biodegradation activity. The ability of clear zone formation on emulsified poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA) was observed for 116 microorganisms (95.87%), on poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) for 73 microorganisms (60.33%), and on poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) for 102 microorganisms (84.3%). Moreover, the growth of microorganisms on poly(lactic acid) (PLA) agar plates was observed for 56 microorganisms (46.28%). Based on the 16S rRNA sequence, 10 bacterial strains which showed the highest ability for biodegradation were identified as species belonging to Pseudomonas sp. and Rhodococcus sp. The isolated fungal strains were tested for polycaprolactone films and commercial corn and potato starch bags degradation under laboratory conditions. Strains 16G (based on the analysis of a partial 18S rRNA sequence, identified as Clonostachys rosea) and 16H (identified as Trichoderma sp.) showed the highest capability for biodegradation. A particularly high capability for biodegradation was observed for the strain Clonostachys rosea, which showed 100% degradation of starch films and 52.91% degradation of PCL films in a 30-day shake flask experiment. The main advantage of the microorganisms isolated from Arctic environment is the ability to grow at low temperature and efficient biodegradation under this condition. The data suggest that C. rosea can be used in natural and laboratory conditions for degradations of bioplastics.
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364
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Wang J, Qian W, He Y, Xiong Y, Song P, Wang RM. Reutilization of discarded biomass for preparing functional polymer materials. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 65:11-21. [PMID: 28431803 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Biomass is abundant and recyclable on the earth, which has been assigned numerous roles to human beings. However, over the past decades, accompanying with the rapid expansion of man-made materials, such as alloy, plastic, synthetic rubber and fiber, a great number of natural materials had been neglected and abandoned, such as straw, which cause a waste of resource and environmental pollution. In this review, based on introducing sources of discarded biomass, the main composition and polymer chains in discarded biomass materials, the traditional treatment and novel approach for reutilization of discarded biomass were summarized. The discarded biomass mainly come from plant wastes generated in the process of agriculture and forestry production and manufacturing processes, animal wastes generated in the process of animal husbandry and fishery production as well as the residual wastes produced in the process of food processing and rural living garbage. Compared with the traditional treatment including burning, landfill, feeding and fertilizer, the novel approach for reutilization of discarded biomass principally allotted to energy, ecology and polymer materials. The prepared functional materials covered in composite materials, biopolymer based adsorbent and flocculant, carrier materials, energy materials, smart polymer materials for medical and other intelligent polymer materials, which can effectively serve the environmental management and human life, such as wastewater treatment, catalyst, new energy, tissue engineering, drug controlled release, and coating. To sum up, the renewable and biodegradable discarded biomass resources play a vital role in the sustainable development of human society, as well as will be put more emphases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Wenzhen Qian
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yufeng He
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Yubing Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Pengfei Song
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Rong-Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
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