351
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Extracellular matrix endocytosis in controlling matrix turnover and beyond: emerging roles in cancer. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 44:1347-1354. [PMID: 27911717 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a network of secreted proteins that, beyond providing support for tissues and organs, is involved in the regulation of a variety of cell functions, including cell proliferation, polarity, migration and oncogenic transformation. ECM homeostasis is maintained through a tightly controlled balance between synthesis, deposition and degradation. While the role of metalloproteases in ECM degradation is widely recognised, the contribution of ECM internalisation and intracellular degradation to ECM maintenance has been mostly overlooked. In this review, I will summarise what is known about the molecular mechanisms mediating ECM endocytosis and how this process impacts on diseases, such as fibrosis and cancer.
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352
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Milk miRNAs encapsulated in exosomes are stable to human digestion and permeable to intestinal barrier in vitro. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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353
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Klingeborn M, Dismuke WM, Bowes Rickman C, Stamer WD. Roles of exosomes in the normal and diseased eye. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 59:158-177. [PMID: 28465248 PMCID: PMC5537591 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are nanometer-sized vesicles that are released by cells in a controlled fashion and mediate a plethora of extra- and intercellular activities. Some key functions of exosomes include cell-cell communication, immune modulation, extracellular matrix turnover, stem cell division/differentiation, neovascularization and cellular waste removal. While much is known about their role in cancer, exosome function in the many specialized tissues of the eye is just beginning to undergo rigorous study. Here we review current knowledge of exosome function in the visual system in the context of larger bodies of data from other fields, in both health and disease. Additionally, we discuss recent advances in the exosome field including use of exosomes as a therapeutic vehicle, exosomes as a source of biomarkers for disease, plus current standards for isolation and validation of exosome populations. Finally, we use this foundational information about exosomes in the eye as a platform to identify areas of opportunity for future research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Klingeborn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - W Michael Dismuke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Catherine Bowes Rickman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - W Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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354
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Lucchetti D, Calapà F, Palmieri V, Fanali C, Carbone F, Papa A, De Maria R, De Spirito M, Sgambato A. Differentiation Affects the Release of Exosomes from Colon Cancer Cells and Their Ability to Modulate the Behavior of Recipient Cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:1633-1647. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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355
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Abstract
The release of membrane-bound vesicles from cells is being increasingly recognized as a mechanism of intercellular communication. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) or exosomes are produced by virus-infected cells and are thought to be involved in intercellular communication between infected and uninfected cells. Viruses, in particular oncogenic viruses and viruses that establish chronic infections, have been shown to modulate the production and content of EVs. Viral microRNAs, proteins and even entire virions can be incorporated into EVs, which can affect the immune recognition of viruses or modulate neighbouring cells. In this Review, we discuss the roles that EVs have during viral infection to either promote or restrict viral replication in target cells. We will also discuss our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie these roles, the potential consequences for the infected host and possible future diagnostic applications.
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356
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Zabeo D, Cvjetkovic A, Lässer C, Schorb M, Lötvall J, Höög JL. Exosomes purified from a single cell type have diverse morphology. J Extracell Vesicles 2017; 6:1329476. [PMID: 28717422 PMCID: PMC5505001 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2017.1329476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are produced by all known organisms and are important for cell communication and physiology. Great morphological diversity has been described regarding EVs found in body fluids such as blood plasma, breast milk, and ejaculate. However, a detailed morphological analysis has never been performed on exosomes when purified from a single cell type. In this study we analysed and quantified, via multiple electron microscopy techniques, the morphology of exosomes purified from the human mast cell line HMC-1. The results revealed a wide diversity in exosome morphology, suggesting that subpopulations of exosomes with different and specific functions may exist. Our findings imply that a new, more efficient way of defining exosome subpopulations is necessary. A system was proposed where exosomes were classified into nine different categories according to their size and shape. Three additional morphological features were also found in exosomes regardless of their morphological classification. These findings show that exosomes purified from a single cell line are also morphologically diverse, similar to previous observations for EVs in body fluids. This knowledge can help to improve the interpretation of experimental results and widen our general understanding of the biological functions of exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Zabeo
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Cecilia Lässer
- Krefting Research Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin Schorb
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratories, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Lötvall
- Krefting Research Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johanna L Höög
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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357
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Fibronectin promotes directional persistence in fibroblast migration through interactions with both its cell-binding and heparin-binding domains. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28623309 PMCID: PMC5473823 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03701-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise mechanisms through which insoluble, cell-adhesive ligands induce and regulate directional cell migration remain obscure. We recently demonstrated that elevated surface density of physically adsorbed plasma fibronectin (FN) promotes high directional persistence in fibroblast migration. While cell-FN association through integrins α5β1 and αvβ3 was necessary, substrates that selectively engaged these integrins did not support the phenotype. We here show that high directional persistence necessitates a combination of the cell-binding and C-terminal heparin-binding domains of FN, but does not require the engagement of syndecan-4 or integrin α4β1. FN treatment with various fixation agents indicated that associated changes in fibroblast motility were due to biochemical changes, rather than alterations in its physical state. The nature of the coating determined the ability of fibroblasts to assemble endogenous or exogenous FN, while FN fibrillogenesis played a minor, but significant, role in regulating directionality. Interestingly, knockdown of cellular FN abolished cell motility altogether, demonstrating a requirement for intracellular processes in enabling fibroblast migration on FN. Lastly, kinase inhibition experiments revealed that regulation of cell speed and directional persistence are decoupled. Hence, we have identified factors that render full-length FN a promoter of directional migration and discuss the possible, relevant mechanisms.
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358
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Park J, Hwang M, Choi B, Jeong H, Jung JH, Kim HK, Hong S, Park JH, Choi Y. Exosome Classification by Pattern Analysis of Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Data for Lung Cancer Diagnosis. Anal Chem 2017; 89:6695-6701. [PMID: 28541032 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the role of exosome as a cargo for intercellular communication, especially in cancer metastasis, the evidence has been consistently accumulated that exosomes can be used as a noninvasive indicator of cancer. Consequently, several studies applying exosome have been proposed for cancer diagnostic methods such as ELISA assay. However, it has been still challenging to get reliable results due to the requirement of a labeling process and high concentration of exosome. Here, we demonstrate a label-free and highly sensitive classification method of exosome by combining surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and statistical pattern analysis. Unlike the conventional method to read different peak positions and amplitudes of a spectrum, whole SERS spectra of exosomes were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA). By employing this pattern analysis, lung cancer cell derived exosomes were clearly distinguished from normal cell derived exosomes by 95.3% sensitivity and 97.3% specificity. Moreover, by analyzing the PCA result, we could suggest that this difference was induced by 11 different points in SERS signals from lung cancer cell derived exosomes. This result paved the way for new real-time diagnosis and classification of lung cancer by using exosome as a cancer marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaena Park
- Department of Bio-convergence Engineering, Korea University , Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Miyeon Hwang
- School of Bio-medical Engineering, Korea University , Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - ByeongHyeon Choi
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital , Seoul 08308, South Korea
| | - Hyesun Jeong
- School of Biosystem and Biomedical Science, Korea University , Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Jik-Han Jung
- Department of Bio and Brain Bioengineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Hyun Koo Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital , Seoul 08308, South Korea
| | - Sunghoi Hong
- School of Biosystem and Biomedical Science, Korea University , Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Ji-Ho Park
- Department of Bio and Brain Bioengineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Yeonho Choi
- Department of Bio-convergence Engineering, Korea University , Seoul 02841, South Korea.,School of Bio-medical Engineering, Korea University , Seoul 02841, South Korea
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359
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Chao OS, Chang TC, Di Bella MA, Alessandro R, Anzanello F, Rappa G, Goodman OB, Lorico A. The HDAC6 Inhibitor Tubacin Induces Release of CD133 + Extracellular Vesicles From Cancer Cells. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:4414-4424. [PMID: 28452069 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as an important mode of intercellular communication, capable of transferring biologically active molecules that facilitate the malignant growth and metastatic process. CD133 (Prominin-1), a stem cell marker implicated in tumor initiation, differentiation and resistance to anti-cancer therapy, is reportedly associated with EVs in various types of cancer. However, little is known about the factors that regulate the release of these CD133+ EVs. Here, we report that the HDAC6 inhibitor tubacin promoted the extracellular release of CD133+ EVs from human FEMX-I metastatic melanoma and Caco-2 colorectal carcinoma cells, with a concomitant downregulation of intracellular CD133. This effect was specific for tubacin, as inhibition of HDAC6 deacetylase activity by another selective HDAC6 inhibitor, ACY-1215 or the pan-HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA), and knockdown of HDAC6 did not enhance the release of CD133+ EVs. The tubacin-induced EV release was associated with changes in cellular lipid composition, loss of clonogenic capacity and decrease in the ability to form multicellular aggregates. These findings indicate a novel potential anti-tumor mechanism for tubacin in CD133-expressing malignancies. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 4414-4424, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia S Chao
- College of Medicine, Roseman University, Las Vegas, Nevada, 89135
| | - Tim C Chang
- Amnis, Part of MilliporeSigma, Seattle, Washington, 98119
| | - Maria A Di Bella
- Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnology, University of Palermo, Via Divisi 83, Palermo, Italy
| | - Riccardo Alessandro
- Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnology, University of Palermo, Via Divisi 83, Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabio Anzanello
- College of Medicine, Roseman University, Las Vegas, Nevada, 89135.,Roseman Cancer Center, Las Vegas, Nevada, 89135
| | - Germana Rappa
- College of Medicine, Roseman University, Las Vegas, Nevada, 89135.,Roseman Cancer Center, Las Vegas, Nevada, 89135
| | - Oscar B Goodman
- College of Medicine, Roseman University, Las Vegas, Nevada, 89135
| | - Aurelio Lorico
- College of Medicine, Roseman University, Las Vegas, Nevada, 89135.,Roseman Cancer Center, Las Vegas, Nevada, 89135
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360
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Abstract
Cell migration is essential in many aspects of biology. Many basic migration processes, including adhesion, membrane protrusion and tension, cytoskeletal polymerization, and contraction, have to act in concert to regulate cell migration. At the same time, substrate topography modulates these processes. In this work, we study how substrate curvature at micrometer scale regulates cell motility. We have developed a 3D mechanical model of single cell migration and simulated migration on curved substrates with different curvatures. The simulation results show that cell migration is more persistent on concave surfaces than on convex surfaces. We have further calculated analytically the cell shape and protrusion force for cells on curved substrates. We have shown that while cells spread out more on convex surfaces than on concave ones, the protrusion force magnitude in the direction of migration is larger on concave surfaces than on convex ones. These results offer a novel biomechanical explanation to substrate curvature regulation of cell migration: geometric constrains bias the direction of the protrusion force and facilitates persistent migration on concave surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxiu He
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yi Jiang
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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361
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Zago G, Biondini M, Camonis J, Parrini MC. A family affair: A Ral-exocyst-centered network links Ras, Rac, Rho signaling to control cell migration. Small GTPases 2017; 10:323-330. [PMID: 28498728 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2017.1310649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is central to many developmental, physiologic and pathological processes, including cancer progression. The Ral GTPases (RalA and RalB) which act down-stream the Ras oncogenes, are key players in the coordination between membrane trafficking and actin polymerization. A major direct effector of Ral, the exocyst complex, works in polarized exocytosis and is at the center of multiple protein-protein interactions that support cell migration by promoting protrusion formation, front-rear polarization, and extra-cellular matrix degradation. In this review we describe the recent advancements in deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying this role of Ral via exocyst on cell migration. Among others, we will discuss the recently identified cross-talk between Ral and Rac1 pathways: exocyst binds to a negative regulator (the RacGAP SH3BP1) and to the major effector (the Wave Regulatory Complex, WRC) of Rac1, the master regulator of protrusions. Next challenge will be to better characterize the dynamics in space and in time of these molecular interplays, to better understand the pleiotropic functions of Ral in both normal and cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Zago
- a Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University , Paris , France.,b ART group, Inserm U830 , Paris , France
| | - Marco Biondini
- a Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University , Paris , France.,b ART group, Inserm U830 , Paris , France
| | - Jacques Camonis
- a Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University , Paris , France.,b ART group, Inserm U830 , Paris , France
| | - Maria Carla Parrini
- a Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University , Paris , France.,b ART group, Inserm U830 , Paris , France
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362
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Dendritic Cell-derived Extracellular Vesicles mediate Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell recruitment. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1667. [PMID: 28490808 PMCID: PMC5431789 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01809-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Orchestration of bone repair processes requires crosstalk between different cell populations, including immune cells and mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC). Extracellular vesicles (EV) as mediators of these interactions remain vastly unexplored. Here, we aimed to determine the mechanism of MSC recruitment by Dendritic Cells (DC), hypothesising that it would be mediated by EV. Primary human DC-secreted EV (DC-EV), isolated by ultracentrifugation, were characterized for their size, morphology and protein markers, indicating an enrichment in exosomes. DC-EV were readily internalized by human bone marrow-derived MSC, without impacting significantly their proliferation or influencing their osteogenic/chondrogenic differentiation. Importantly, DC-EV significantly and dose-dependently promoted MSC recruitment across a transwell system and enhanced MSC migration in a microfluidic chemotaxis assay. DC-EV content was analysed by chemokine array, indicating the presence of chemotactic mediators. Osteopontin and matrix metalloproteinase-9 were confirmed inside EV. In summary, DC-EV are naturally loaded with chemoattractants and can contribute to cell recruitment, thus inspiring the development of new tissue regeneration strategies.
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363
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Minciacchi VR, Spinelli C, Reis-Sobreiro M, Cavallini L, You S, Zandian M, Li X, Mishra R, Chiarugi P, Adam RM, Posadas EM, Viglietto G, Freeman MR, Cocucci E, Bhowmick NA, Di Vizio D. MYC Mediates Large Oncosome-Induced Fibroblast Reprogramming in Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res 2017; 77:2306-2317. [PMID: 28202510 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Communication between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment results in the modulation of complex signaling networks that facilitate tumor progression. Here, we describe a new mechanism of intercellular communication originating from large oncosomes (LO), which are cancer cell-derived, atypically large (1-10 μm) extracellular vesicles (EV). We demonstrate that, in the context of prostate cancer, LO harbor sustained AKT1 kinase activity, nominating them as active signaling platforms. Active AKT1 was detected in circulating EV from the plasma of metastatic prostate cancer patients and was LO specific. LO internalization induced reprogramming of human normal prostate fibroblasts as reflected by high levels of α-SMA, IL6, and MMP9. In turn, LO-reprogrammed normal prostate fibroblasts stimulated endothelial tube formation in vitro and promoted tumor growth in mice. Activation of stromal MYC was critical for this reprogramming and for the sustained cellular responses elicited by LO, both in vitro and in vivo in an AKT1-dependent manner. Inhibition of LO internalization prevented activation of MYC and impaired the tumor-supporting properties of fibroblasts. Overall, our data show that prostate cancer-derived LO powerfully promote establishment of a tumor-supportive environment by inducing a novel reprogramming of the stroma. This mechanism offers potential alternative options for patient treatment. Cancer Res; 77(9); 2306-17. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina R Minciacchi
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Departments of Surgery, Biomedical Sciences and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Cristiana Spinelli
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Departments of Surgery, Biomedical Sciences and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mariana Reis-Sobreiro
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Departments of Surgery, Biomedical Sciences and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lorenzo Cavallini
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Departments of Surgery, Biomedical Sciences and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sungyong You
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Departments of Surgery, Biomedical Sciences and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mandana Zandian
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Departments of Surgery, Biomedical Sciences and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Rajeev Mishra
- Urologic Oncology Program and Uro-Oncology Research Laboratories, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Paola Chiarugi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Rosalyn M Adam
- The Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Edwin M Posadas
- Urologic Oncology Program and Uro-Oncology Research Laboratories, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Giuseppe Viglietto
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Michael R Freeman
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Departments of Surgery, Biomedical Sciences and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
- The Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Urologic Oncology Program and Uro-Oncology Research Laboratories, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Emanuele Cocucci
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Neil A Bhowmick
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Dolores Di Vizio
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Departments of Surgery, Biomedical Sciences and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
- The Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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364
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Xiao L, Erb U, Zhao K, Hackert T, Zöller M. Efficacy of vaccination with tumor-exosome loaded dendritic cells combined with cytotoxic drug treatment in pancreatic cancer. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1319044. [PMID: 28680753 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1319044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PaCa) has a dismal prognosis and adjuvant immunotherapy frequently is of low efficacy due to immunosuppressive features of PaCa and PaCa-stroma. We here explored, whether the efficacy of vaccination with tumor-exosome (TEX)-loaded dendritic cells (DC) can be improved by combining with drugs affecting myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). Experiments were performed with the UNKC6141 PaCa line. UNKC6141 TEX-loaded DC were weekly intravenously injected, mice additionally receiving Gemcitabine (GEM) and/or ATRA and/or Sunitinib (Sun). UNKC6141 grow aggressively after subcutaneous and orthotopic application and are consistently recovered in peripheral blood, bone marrow, lung and frequently liver. Vaccination with DC-TEX significantly prolonged the survival time, the efficacy of DC-TEX exceeding that of the cytotoxic drugs. However, ATRA, Sun and most efficiently GEM, sufficed for a pronounced reduction of MDSC including tumor-infiltrating MDSC, which was accompanied by a decrease in migrating and metastasizing tumor cells. When combined with DC-TEX vaccination, a higher number of activated T cells was recovered in the tumor and the survival time was prolonged compared with only DC-TEX vaccinated mice. As ATRA, GEM and Sun affect MDSC at distinct maturation and activation stages, a stronger support for DC-TEX vaccination was expected by the drug combination. Intrapancreatic tumor growth was prevented beyond the death of control mice. However, tumors developed after a partial breakdown of the immune system by the persisting drug application. Nonetheless, in combination with optimized drug tuning to prevent MDSC maturation and activation, vaccination with TEX-loaded DC appears a most promising option in PaCa therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiao
- Tumor Cell Biology, University Hospital of Surgery, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Erb
- Tumor Cell Biology, University Hospital of Surgery, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kun Zhao
- Tumor Cell Biology, University Hospital of Surgery, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thilo Hackert
- Section Pancreas Research, University Hospital of Surgery, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Margot Zöller
- Tumor Cell Biology, University Hospital of Surgery, Heidelberg, Germany
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365
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Meyer C, Losacco J, Stickney Z, Li L, Marriott G, Lu B. Pseudotyping exosomes for enhanced protein delivery in mammalian cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:3153-3170. [PMID: 28458537 PMCID: PMC5402897 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s133430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are cell-derived nanovesicles that hold promise as living vehicles for intracellular delivery of therapeutics to mammalian cells. This potential, however, is undermined by the lack of effective methods to load exosomes with therapeutic proteins and to facilitate their uptake by target cells. Here, we demonstrate how a vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSVG) can both load protein cargo onto exosomes and increase their delivery ability via a pseudotyping mechanism. By fusing a set of fluorescent and luminescent reporters with VSVG, we show the successful targeting and incorporation of VSVG fusions into exosomes by gene transfection and fluorescence tracking. We subsequently validate our system by live cell imaging of VSVG and its participation in endosomes/exosomes that are ultimately released from transfected HEK293 cells. We show that VSVG pseudotyping of exosomes does not affect the size or distributions of the exosomes, and both the full-length VSVG and the VSVG without the ectodomain are shown to integrate into the exosomal membrane, suggesting that the ectodomain is not required for protein loading. Finally, exosomes pseudotyped with full-length VSVG are internalized by multiple-recipient cell types to a greater degree compared to exosomes loaded with VSVG without the ectodomain, confirming a role of the ectodomain in cell tropism. In summary, our work introduces a new genetically encoded pseudotyping platform to load and enhance the intracellular delivery of therapeutic proteins via exosome-based vehicles to target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conary Meyer
- Department of Bioengineering, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara
| | - Joseph Losacco
- Department of Bioengineering, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara
| | - Zachary Stickney
- Department of Bioengineering, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara
| | - Lingxuan Li
- Crown College, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz
| | - Gerard Marriott
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Biao Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara
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366
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Wu Y, Deng W, McGinley EC, Klinke DJ. Melanoma exosomes deliver a complex biological payload that upregulates PTPN11 to suppress T lymphocyte function. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2017; 30:203-218. [PMID: 27930879 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As exosomes are emerging as a new mode of intercellular communication, we hypothesized that the payload contained within exosomes is shaped by somatic evolution. To test this, we assayed the impact on primary CD8+ T-cell function, a key mechanism for antitumor immunity, of exosomes derived from three melanoma-related cell lines. While morphologically similar, exosomes from each cell line were functionally different, as B16F0 exosomes dose-dependently suppressed T-cell proliferation. In contrast, Cloudman S91 exosomes promoted T-cell proliferation and Melan-A exosomes had a negligible effect on primary CD8+ T cells. Mechanistically, transcript profiling suggested that exosomal mRNA is enriched for full-length mRNAs that target immune-related pathways. Interestingly, B16F0 exosomes were unique in that they contained both protein and mRNA for PTPN11, which inhibited T-cell proliferation. Collectively, the results suggest that upregulation of PTPN11 by B16F0 exosomes to tumor infiltrating lymphocytes would bypass the extracellular control of the immune checkpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueting Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, WVU Cancer Institute, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Wentao Deng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Emily Chambers McGinley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - David J Klinke
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, WVU Cancer Institute, Morgantown, WV, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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367
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Bankaitis K, Borriello L, Cox T, Lynch C, Zijlstra A, Fingleton B, Gužvić M, Anderson R, Neman J. Meeting report: Metastasis Research Society-Chinese Tumor Metastasis Society joint conference on metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2017; 34:203-213. [PMID: 28260197 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-017-9842-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During September 16th-20th 2016, metastasis experts from around the world convened for the 16th Biennial Congress of the Metastasis Research Society and 12th National Congress of the Chinese Tumor Metastasis Society in Chengdu, China to share most current data covering basic, translational, and clinical metastasis research. Presentations of the more than 40 invited speakers of the main congress and presentations from the associated Young Investigator Satellite Meeting are summarized in this report by session topic. The congress program also included three concurrent short talk sessions, an advocacy forum with Chinese and American metastatic patient advocates, a 'Meet the Professors Roundtable' session for young investigators, and a 'Meet the Editors' session with editors from Cancer Cell and Nature Cell Biology. The goal of integrating expertise and exchanging the latest findings, ideas, and practices in cancer metastasis research was achieved magnificently, thanks to the excellent contributions of many leaders in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Bankaitis
- Metastasis Research Society (MRS), 124 Hunters Ridge Rd, Chapel Hill, NC, 27517, USA.
| | - Lucia Borriello
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Cox
- Cancer Division, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Conor Lynch
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Andries Zijlstra
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Barbara Fingleton
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Robin Anderson
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Josh Neman
- Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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368
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Maas SLN, Breakefield XO, Weaver AM. Extracellular Vesicles: Unique Intercellular Delivery Vehicles. Trends Cell Biol 2017; 27:172-188. [PMID: 27979573 PMCID: PMC5318253 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 939] [Impact Index Per Article: 134.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous collection of membrane-bound carriers with complex cargoes including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. While the release of EVs was previously thought to be only a mechanism to discard nonfunctional cellular components, increasing evidence implicates EVs as key players in intercellular and even interorganismal communication. EVs confer stability and can direct their cargoes to specific cell types. EV cargoes also appear to act in a combinatorial manner to communicate directives to other cells. This review focuses on recent findings and knowledge gaps in the area of EV biogenesis, release, and uptake. In addition, we highlight examples whereby EV cargoes control basic cellular functions, including motility and polarization, immune responses, and development, and contribute to diseases such as cancer and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybren L N Maas
- Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Institute of Neurosciences, University Medical Center, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Xandra O Breakefield
- Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Alissa M Weaver
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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369
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Abstract
Tumor extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, emerged as key drivers of the pro-tumorigenic dialog between the tumor mass and its microenvironment by mediating long and short distance communication. In vitro studies defined the capacity of tumor EVs to modify the phenotypes of stromal and tumor cells. These studies are now supported by a growing number of functional in vivo experiments. Remarkably, they allowed the identification of a new role for tumor EVs in priming the pre-metastatic niches (PMN). Several molecules transported in tumor EVs (RNAs and proteins) have recently been found to be essential for tumor progression and metastasis in vivo. In parallel, novel EV labeling and tracking strategies have very recently allowed the first descriptions of tumor EVs in vivo and pave the way for a better understanding of their function in realistic pathophysiological contexts. Here, we review the functional approaches and the recent progress in in vivo imaging of EVs, which have refined our understanding of the role played by tumor EVs. Finally, we emphasize the remaining challenges and open questions related to the biology of tumor EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Hyenne
- a Inserm U1109, MN3T , Strasbourg , France.,b Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France.,c LabEx Medalis, Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France.,d Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS) , Strasbourg , France.,e CNRS SNC5055 , Strasbourg , France
| | - Olivier Lefebvre
- a Inserm U1109, MN3T , Strasbourg , France.,b Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France.,c LabEx Medalis, Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France.,d Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS) , Strasbourg , France
| | - Jacky G Goetz
- a Inserm U1109, MN3T , Strasbourg , France.,b Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France.,c LabEx Medalis, Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France.,d Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS) , Strasbourg , France
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370
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Abstract
Migration of cells toward chemical cues, or chemotaxis, is important for many biologic processes such as immune defense, wound healing and cancer metastasis. Although chemotaxis is thought to occur in cancer cells, it is less well characterized than chemotaxis of professional immune cells such as neutrophils. Here, we show that cancer cell chemotaxis relies on secretion of exosome-type extracellular vesicles. Migration of fibrosarcoma cells toward a gradient of exosome-depleted serum was diminished by knockdown of the exosome secretion regulator Rab27a. Rescue experiments in which chemotaxis chambers were coated with purified extracellular vesicles demonstrate that exosomes but not microvesicles affect both speed and directionality of migrating cells. Chamber coating with purified fibronectin and fibronectin-depleted exosomes demonstrates that the exosome cargo fibronectin promotes cell speed but cannot account for the role of exosomes in promoting directionality of fibrosarcoma cell movement during chemotaxis. These experiments indicate that exosomes contain multiple motility-promoting cargoes that contribute to different aspects of cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong Hwan Sung
- a Department of Cancer Biology, School of Medicine , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Alissa M Weaver
- a Department of Cancer Biology, School of Medicine , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA.,b Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA.,c Department of Pathology , Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA
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371
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French KC, Antonyak MA, Cerione RA. Extracellular vesicle docking at the cellular port: Extracellular vesicle binding and uptake. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 67:48-55. [PMID: 28104520 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), lipid bilayer-enclosed structures that contain a variety of biological molecules shed by cells, are increasingly becoming appreciated as a major form of cell-to-cell communication. Indeed, EVs have been shown to play important roles in several physiological processes, as well as diseases such as cancer. EVs dock on to the surfaces of recipient cells where they transmit signals from the cell surface and/or transfer their contents into cells to elicit functional responses. EV docking and uptake by cells represent critical, but poorly understood processes. Here, we focus on the mechanisms by which EVs dock and transfer their contents to cells. Moreover, we highlight how these findings may provide new avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinsley C French
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, United States
| | - Marc A Antonyak
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, United States
| | - Richard A Cerione
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, United States.
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372
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Tumor Microenvironment Modulation via Gold Nanoparticles Targeting Malicious Exosomes: Implications for Cancer Diagnostics and Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010162. [PMID: 28098821 PMCID: PMC5297795 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanovesicles formed in the endosomal pathway with an important role in paracrine and autocrine cell communication. Exosomes secreted by cancer cells, malicious exosomes, have important roles in tumor microenvironment maturation and cancer progression. The knowledge of the role of exosomes in tumorigenesis prompted a new era in cancer diagnostics and therapy, taking advantage of the use of circulating exosomes as tumor biomarkers due to their stability in body fluids and targeting malignant exosomes’ release and/or uptake to inhibit or delay tumor development. In recent years, nanotechnology has paved the way for the development of a plethora of new diagnostic and therapeutic platforms, fostering theranostics. The unique physical and chemical properties of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) make them suitable vehicles to pursuit this goal. AuNPs’ properties such as ease of synthesis with the desired shape and size, high surface:volume ratio, and the possibility of engineering their surface as desired, potentiate AuNPs’ role in nanotheranostics, allowing the use of the same formulation for exosome detection and restraining the effect of malicious exosomes in cancer progression.
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373
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Choi D, Lee TH, Spinelli C, Chennakrishnaiah S, D'Asti E, Rak J. Extracellular vesicle communication pathways as regulatory targets of oncogenic transformation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 67:11-22. [PMID: 28077296 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenesis of human cancers bridges intracellular oncogenic driver events and their impact on intercellular communication. Among multiple mediators of this 'pathological connectivity' the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their subsets (exosomes, ectosomes, oncosomes) is of particular interest for several reasons. The release of EVs from cancer cells represents a unique mechanism of regulated expulsion of bioactive molecules, a process that also mediates cell-to-cell transfer of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Biological effects of these processes have been implicated in several aspects of cancer-related pathology, including tumour growth, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, immunity and thrombosis. Notably, the emerging evidence suggests that oncogenic mutations may impact several aspects of EV-mediated cell-cell communication including: (i) EV release rate and protein content; (ii) molecular composition of cancer EVs; (iii) the inclusion of oncogenic and mutant macromolecules in the EV cargo; (iv) EV-mediated release of genomic DNA; (v) deregulation of mechanisms responsible for EV biogenesis (vesiculome) and (vi) mechanisms of EV uptake by cancer cells. Intriguingly, EV-mediated intercellular transfer of mutant and oncogenic molecules between subpopulations of cancer cells, their indolent counterparts and stroma may exert profound biological effects that often resemble (but are not tantamount to) oncogenic transformation, including changes in cell growth, clonogenicity and angiogenic phenotype, or cause cell stress and death. However, several biological barriers likely curtail a permanent horizontal transformation of normal cells through EV-mediated mechanisms. The ongoing analysis and targeting of EV-mediated intercellular communication pathways can be viewed as a new therapeutic paradigm in cancer, while the analysis of oncogenic cargo contained in EVs released from cancer cells into biofluids is being developed for clinical use as a biomarker and companion diagnostics. Indeed, studies are underway to further explore the multiple links between molecular causality in cancer and various aspects of cellular vesiculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsic Choi
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Tae Hoon Lee
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Cristiana Spinelli
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Shilpa Chennakrishnaiah
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Esterina D'Asti
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Janusz Rak
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
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374
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Grewal T, Hoque M, Conway JRW, Reverter M, Wahba M, Beevi SS, Timpson P, Enrich C, Rentero C. Annexin A6-A multifunctional scaffold in cell motility. Cell Adh Migr 2017; 11:288-304. [PMID: 28060548 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2016.1268318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Annexin A6 (AnxA6) belongs to a highly conserved protein family characterized by their calcium (Ca2+)-dependent binding to phospholipids. Over the years, immunohistochemistry, subcellular fractionations, and live cell microscopy established that AnxA6 is predominantly found at the plasma membrane and endosomal compartments. In these locations, AnxA6 acts as a multifunctional scaffold protein, recruiting signaling proteins, modulating cholesterol and membrane transport and influencing actin dynamics. These activities enable AnxA6 to contribute to the formation of multifactorial protein complexes and membrane domains relevant in signal transduction, cholesterol homeostasis and endo-/exocytic membrane transport. Hence, AnxA6 has been implicated in many biological processes, including cell proliferation, survival, differentiation, inflammation, but also membrane repair and viral infection. More recently, we and others identified roles for AnxA6 in cancer cell migration and invasion. This review will discuss how the multiple scaffold functions may enable AnxA6 to modulate migratory cell behavior in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Grewal
- a Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - Monira Hoque
- a Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - James R W Conway
- b The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine , University of New South Wales , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - Meritxell Reverter
- c Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Facultat de Medicina , Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Mohamed Wahba
- a Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - Syed S Beevi
- a Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - Paul Timpson
- b The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine , University of New South Wales , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - Carlos Enrich
- c Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Facultat de Medicina , Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Carles Rentero
- c Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Facultat de Medicina , Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
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375
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Local alignment vectors reveal cancer cell-induced ECM fiber remodeling dynamics. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39498. [PMID: 28045069 PMCID: PMC5206731 DOI: 10.1038/srep39498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive cancer cells interact with the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM), remodeling ECM fiber network structure by condensing, degrading, and aligning these fibers. We developed a novel local alignment vector analysis method to quantitatively measure collagen fiber alignment as a vector field using Circular Statistics. This method was applied to human non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cell lines, embedded as spheroids in a collagen gel. Collagen remodeling was monitored using second harmonic generation imaging under normal conditions and when the LKB1-MARK1 pathway was disrupted through RNAi-based approaches. The results showed that inhibiting LKB1 or MARK1 in NSCLC increases the collagen fiber alignment and captures outward alignment vectors from the tumor spheroid, corresponding to high invasiveness of LKB1 mutant cancer cells. With time-lapse imaging of ECM micro-fiber morphology, the local alignment vector can measure the dynamic signature of invasive cancer cell activity and cell-migration-induced ECM and collagen remodeling and realigning dynamics.
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376
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Sullivan R, Maresh G, Zhang X, Salomon C, Hooper J, Margolin D, Li L. The Emerging Roles of Extracellular Vesicles As Communication Vehicles within the Tumor Microenvironment and Beyond. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:194. [PMID: 28848498 PMCID: PMC5550719 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors evolve in complex and dynamic microenvironments that they rely on for sustained growth, invasion, and metastasis. Within this space, tumor cells and non-malignant cells are in frequent communication. One specific mode of communication that has gained recent attention is the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are lipid bilayer-bound vehicles that are released from the cell membrane and carry nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids to neighboring or distant cells. EVs have been demonstrated to influence a multitude of processes that aid in tumor progression including cellular proliferation, angiogenesis, migration, invasion, metastasis, immunoediting, and drug resistance. The ubiquitous involvement of EVs on cancer progression makes them very suitable targets for novel therapeutics. Furthermore, they are being studied as specific markers for cancer diagnostics, prognosis, and even as chemotherapy drug-delivery systems. This review focuses on the most recent advances in EV knowledge, some current and potential problems with their use, and some proposed solutions to consider for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Sullivan
- Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Grace Maresh
- Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Xin Zhang
- Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Carlos Salomon
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - John Hooper
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David Margolin
- Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Ochsner Clinical School, School of Medicine, University Queensland, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Li Li
- Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Ochsner Clinical School, School of Medicine, University Queensland, New Orleans, LA, United States
- *Correspondence: Li Li,
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377
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Koistinen V, Härkönen K, Kärnä R, Arasu UT, Oikari S, Rilla K. EMT induced by EGF and wounding activates hyaluronan synthesis machinery and EV shedding in rat primary mesothelial cells. Matrix Biol 2016; 63:38-54. [PMID: 28043889 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The mesothelium is a membrane that forms the lining of several body cavities. It is composed of simple squamous mesothelial cells that secrete a glycosaminoglycan-rich lubricating fluid between inner organs. One of the most abundant glycosaminoglycans of those fluids is hyaluronan, which is synthesized on a plasma membrane and especially on apical filopodia of cultured cells. Our recent study showed that similar hyaluronan-rich protrusions are found in mesothelial lining in vivo, which suggests that hyaluronan synthesis in plasma membrane protrusions is a general process. However, the mesothelial lining was negative for the hyaluronan receptor CD44 while in many previous studies cultured mesothelial cells have been shown to express CD44. To further explore these findings we induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition in primary rat mesothelial cells by EGF-treatment and scratch wounding. Surprisingly, the results showed that at a normal epithelial, confluent stage the mesothelial cells are negative for CD44, but EMT induced by EGF or wounding activates CD44 expression and the whole hyaluronan synthesis machinery. In addition to typical EMT-like morphological changes, the growth of apical filopodia and budding of extracellular vesicles (EVs) were induced. In summary, the results of this study show that the activation of hyaluronan synthesis machinery, especially the expression of CD44 is strongly associated with EMT induced by EGF and wounding in mesothelial cells. Moreover, EMT enhances the secretion of EVs that carry CD44 and hyaluronan, which may be important regulators in EV interactions with their targets and ECM remodeling. The results of the present study also suggest that CD44 is a potential marker for EVs, especially those secreted from cells during tissue repair and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville Koistinen
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Biomedicine, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Kai Härkönen
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Biomedicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Riikka Kärnä
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Biomedicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Uma Thanigai Arasu
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Biomedicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sanna Oikari
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Biomedicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kirsi Rilla
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Biomedicine, Kuopio, Finland
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378
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Becker A, Thakur BK, Weiss JM, Kim HS, Peinado H, Lyden D. Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer: Cell-to-Cell Mediators of Metastasis. Cancer Cell 2016; 30:836-848. [PMID: 27960084 PMCID: PMC5157696 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1285] [Impact Index Per Article: 160.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) are critical mediators of intercellular communication between tumor cells and stromal cells in local and distant microenvironments. Accordingly, EVs play an essential role in both primary tumor growth and metastatic evolution. EVs orchestrate multiple systemic pathophysiological processes, such as coagulation, vascular leakiness, and reprogramming of stromal recipient cells to support pre-metastatic niche formation and subsequent metastasis. Clinically, EVs may be biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets for cancer progression, particularly for predicting and preventing future metastatic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Becker
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Basant Kumar Thakur
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA
- Pediatric Clinic III, University Clinic of Essen, Hufelandstrasse-55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Joshua Mitchell Weiss
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Han Sang Kim
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA
- Yonsei Cancer Center, Division of Medical Oncology, Departments of Internal Medicine, and Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hector Peinado
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Department of Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - David Lyden
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA
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379
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Michell DL, Allen RM, Landstreet SR, Zhao S, Toth CL, Sheng Q, Vickers KC. Isolation of High-density Lipoproteins for Non-coding Small RNA Quantification. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27929461 DOI: 10.3791/54488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of small non-coding RNAs (sRNA) is rapidly expanding and their roles in biological processes, including gene regulation, are emerging. Most interestingly, sRNAs are also found outside of cells and are stably present in all biological fluids. As such, extracellular sRNAs represent a novel class of disease biomarkers and are likely involved in cell signaling and intercellular communication networks. To assess their potential as biomarkers, sRNAs can be quantified in plasma, urine, and other fluids. Nevertheless, to fully understand the impact of extracellular sRNAs as endocrine signals, it is important to determine which carriers are transporting and protecting them in biological fluids (e.g., plasma), which cells and tissues contribute to extracellular sRNA pools, and cells and tissues capable of accepting and utilizing extracellular sRNA. To accomplish these goals, it is critical to isolate highly pure populations of extracellular carriers for sRNA profiling and quantification. We have previously demonstrated that lipoproteins, particularly high-density lipoproteins (HDL), transport functional microRNAs (miRNA) between cells and HDL-miRNAs are significantly altered in disease. Here, we detail a new protocol that utilizes tandem HDL isolation with density-gradient ultracentrifugation (DGUC) and fast-protein-liquid chromatography (FPLC) to obtain highly pure HDL for downstream profiling and quantification of all sRNAs, including miRNAs, using both high-throughput sequencing and real-time PCR approaches. This protocol will be a valuable resource for the investigation of sRNAs on HDL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan M Allen
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
| | | | - Shilin Zhao
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
| | - Cynthia L Toth
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
| | - Quanhu Sheng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
| | - Kasey C Vickers
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine;
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380
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Antonyak MA, Cerione RA. The distinct traits of extracellular vesicles generated by transformed cells. Small GTPases 2016; 9:427-432. [PMID: 27754746 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2016.1249044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Intercellular communication mediated by extracellular vesicles (EVs), membrane-enclosed packages released by cells, plays important roles in several physiological and pathological settings. Moreover, EVs have been shown to contain molecular signatures that reflect their cell of origin, raising the possibility that EV cargo could potentially be used to diagnose disease. However, for this to occur, a better understanding of the differences between EVs generated by normal and diseased cells is needed. We recently discovered that the content and function of one major class of EVs, microvesicles (MVs), changes upon the induction of oncogenic transformation. Specifically, we found that MVs derived from fibroblasts induced to express an oncogenic form of Dbl (onco-Dbl) are highly enriched in the activated form of the non-receptor tyrosine kinase, focal adhesion kinase (FAK). The FAK associated with these MVs can be transferred to normal recipient cells, where it stimulates signaling events that induce a transformed-like phenotype. We further showed that MVs from several breast cancer cell lines, but not their normal counterparts, similarly contained FAK. Thus, the enrichment of a specific cargo in MVs from transformed/cancer cells may help promote cancer progression, as well as potentially serve as an early and sensitive indicator of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Antonyak
- a Department of Molecular Medicine , Cornell University , Ithaca , NY , USA
| | - Richard A Cerione
- a Department of Molecular Medicine , Cornell University , Ithaca , NY , USA.,b Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Cornell University , Ithaca , NY , USA
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381
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Therapeutic potential of CAR-T cell-derived exosomes: a cell-free modality for targeted cancer therapy. Oncotarget 2016; 6:44179-90. [PMID: 26496034 PMCID: PMC4792550 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-based T-cell adoptive immunotherapy is a distinctively promising therapy for cancer. The engineering of CARs into T cells provides T cells with tumor-targeting capabilities and intensifies their cytotoxic activity through stimulated cell expansion and enhanced cytokine production. As a novel and potent therapeutic modality, there exists some uncontrollable processes which are the potential sources of adverse events. As an extension of this impactful modality, CAR-T cell-derived exosomes may substitute CAR-T cells to act as ultimate attackers, thereby overcoming some limitations. Exosomes retain most characteristics of parent cells and play an essential role in intercellular communications via transmitting their cargo to recipient cells. The application of CAR-T cell-derived exosomes will make this cell-based therapy more clinically controllable as it also provides a cell-free platform to diversify anticancer mediators, which responds effectively to the complexity and volatility of cancer. It is believed that the appropriate application of both cellular and exosomal platforms will make this effective treatment more practicable.
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382
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Dismuke WM, Klingeborn M, Stamer WD. Mechanism of Fibronectin Binding to Human Trabecular Meshwork Exosomes and Its Modulation by Dexamethasone. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165326. [PMID: 27783649 PMCID: PMC5081181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are emerging as important mediators of cell-matrix interactions by means of specific adhesion proteins. Changes in the tissue-specific exosomal protein expression may underlie pathological conditions whereby extracellular matrix turnover and homeostasis is disrupted. Ocular hypertension due to extracellular matrix accumulation in the trabecular meshwork is a hallmark of glucocorticoid-induced glaucoma. In the trabecular meshwork, exosomal fibronectin mediates cell matrix interactions at cellular structures called “invadosomes”. Trabecular meshwork cells use invadosomes to turn over their surrounding matrix and maintain passageways for flow of aqueous humor. In this study, we observed that human trabecular meshwork explants treated with dexamethasone released exosomes with significantly reduced amounts of fibronectin bound per exosome. Further, we found that exosome-fibronectin binding is heparan sulfate-dependent, consistent with our observation that trabecular meshwork exosomes are enriched in the heparin/heparan sulfate binding annexins A2 and A6. In this way, dexamethasone-treated explants released exosomes with a significant reduction in annexin A2 and A6 per exosome. Interestingly, we did not detect exosomal matrix metalloproteinases, but we identified abundant dipeptidyl peptidase 4, a serine protease whose activity was reduced on exosomes isolated from dexamethasone-treated explants. Together, our findings demonstrate mechanistically how corticosteroid-induced alterations in exosomal adhesion cargo and properties can account for the pathological matrix accumulation seen in many glaucoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Michael Dismuke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mikael Klingeborn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - W. Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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383
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Edgar JR, Manna PT, Nishimura S, Banting G, Robinson MS. Tetherin is an exosomal tether. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27657169 PMCID: PMC5033606 DOI: 10.7554/elife.17180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that are released when endosomes fuse with the plasma membrane. They have been implicated in various functions in both health and disease, including intercellular communication, antigen presentation, prion transmission, and tumour cell metastasis. Here we show that inactivating the vacuolar ATPase in HeLa cells causes a dramatic increase in the production of exosomes, which display endocytosed tracers, cholesterol, and CD63. The exosomes remain clustered on the cell surface, similar to retroviruses, which are attached to the plasma membrane by tetherin. To determine whether tetherin also attaches exosomes, we knocked it out and found a 4-fold reduction in plasma membrane-associated exosomes, with a concomitant increase in exosomes discharged into the medium. This phenotype could be rescued by wild-type tetherin but not tetherin lacking its GPI anchor. We propose that tetherin may play a key role in exosome fate, determining whether they participate in long-range or short-range interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Edgar
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul T Manna
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Shinichi Nishimura
- Division of Bioinformatics and Chemical Genomics, Department of System Chemotherapy and Molecular Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Japan
| | - George Banting
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret S Robinson
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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384
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Abstract
Integrins are a family of heterodimeric receptors that bind to components of the extracellular matrix and influence cellular processes as varied as proliferation and migration. These effects are achieved by tight spatiotemporal control over intracellular signalling pathways, including those that mediate cytoskeletal reorganisation. The ability of integrins to bind to ligands is governed by integrin conformation, or activity, and this is widely acknowledged to be an important route to the regulation of integrin function. Over the last 15 years, however, the pathways that regulate endocytosis and recycling of integrins have emerged as major players in controlling integrin action, and studying integrin trafficking has revealed fresh insight into the function of this fascinating class of extracellular matrix receptors, in particular in the context of cell migration and invasion. Here, we review our current understanding of the contribution of integrin trafficking to cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki R Paul
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Guillaume Jacquemet
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Patrick T Caswell
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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385
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Patel SJ, Darie CC, Clarkson BD. Exosome mediated growth effect on the non-growing pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells at low starting cell density. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:3614-3629. [PMID: 27725845 PMCID: PMC5040663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumors contain heterogeneous cell populations and achieve dominance by functioning as collective systems. The mechanisms underlying the aberrant growth and interactions between cells are not very well understood. The pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells we studied were obtained directly from a patient with Ph+ ALL. A new Ph+ ALL cell line (ALL3) was established from the leukemic cells growing as ascitic cells in his pleural fluid. The patient died of his disease shortly after the cells were obtained. ALL3 cells grow well at high cell densities (HD), but not at low cell densities. ALL3 cells are very sensitive to potent tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as Dasatinib and PD166325, but less sensitive to AMN 107, Imatinib, and BMS 214662 (a farnesyl transferase inhibitor). Here, we show that the growth of the LD ALL3 cells can be stimulated to grow in the presence of diffusible, soluble factors secreted by ALL3 cells themselves growing at high density. We also show that exosomes, part of the secretome components, are also able to stimulate the growth of the non-growing LD ALL3 cells and modulate their proliferative behavior. Characterization of the exosome particles also showed that the HD ALL3 cells are able to secret them in large quantities and that they are capable of inducing the growth of the LD ALL3 cells without which they will not survive. Direct stimulation of non-growing LD ALL3 cells using purified exosomes shows that the ALL3 cells can also communicate with each other by means of exchange of exosomes independently of direct cell-cell contacts or diffusible soluble stimulatory factors secreted by HD ALL3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapan J Patel
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Molecular Pharmacology Program1275 York Avenue, Box #96, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Clarkson University, Biochemistry and Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry and Bio-molecular Science, Clarkson University8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY, 13699-5810, USA
| | - Costel C Darie
- Clarkson University, Biochemistry and Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry and Bio-molecular Science, Clarkson University8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY, 13699-5810, USA
| | - Bayard D Clarkson
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Molecular Pharmacology Program1275 York Avenue, Box #96, New York, NY 10065, USA
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386
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Attieh Y, Vignjevic DM. The hallmarks of CAFs in cancer invasion. Eur J Cell Biol 2016; 95:493-502. [PMID: 27575401 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of cancer cells to move out of the primary tumor and disseminate through the circulation to form metastases is one of the main contributors to poor patient outcome. The tumor microenvironment provides a niche that supports cancer cell invasion and proliferation. Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a highly enriched cell population in the tumor microenvironment that plays an important role in cancer invasion. However, it remains unclear whether CAFs directly stimulate cancer cell invasion or they remodel the extracellular matrix to make it more permissive for invasion. Here we discuss paracrine communication between cancer cells and CAFs that promotes tumor invasion but also stimulates CAFs to remodel the matrix increasing cancer dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youmna Attieh
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris06, IFD, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex05, France.
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387
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Heiler S, Wang Z, Zöller M. Pancreatic cancer stem cell markers and exosomes - the incentive push. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:5971-6007. [PMID: 27468191 PMCID: PMC4948278 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i26.5971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PaCa) has the highest death rate and incidence is increasing. Poor prognosis is due to late diagnosis and early metastatic spread, which is ascribed to a minor population of so called cancer stem cells (CSC) within the mass of the primary tumor. CSC are defined by biological features, which they share with adult stem cells like longevity, rare cell division, the capacity for self renewal, differentiation, drug resistance and the requirement for a niche. CSC can also be identified by sets of markers, which for pancreatic CSC (Pa-CSC) include CD44v6, c-Met, Tspan8, alpha6beta4, CXCR4, CD133, EpCAM and claudin7. The functional relevance of CSC markers is still disputed. We hypothesize that Pa-CSC markers play a decisive role in tumor progression. This is fostered by the location in glycolipid-enriched membrane domains, which function as signaling platform and support connectivity of the individual Pa-CSC markers. Outside-in signaling supports apoptosis resistance, stem cell gene expression and tumor suppressor gene repression as well as miRNA transcription and silencing. Pa-CSC markers also contribute to motility and invasiveness. By ligand binding host cells are triggered towards creating a milieu supporting Pa-CSC maintenance. Furthermore, CSC markers contribute to the generation, loading and delivery of exosomes, whereby CSC gain the capacity for a cell-cell contact independent crosstalk with the host and neighboring non-CSC. This allows Pa-CSC exosomes (TEX) to reprogram neighboring non-CSC towards epithelial mesenchymal transition and to stimulate host cells towards preparing a niche for metastasizing tumor cells. Finally, TEX communicate with the matrix to support tumor cell motility, invasion and homing. We will discuss the possibility that CSC markers are the initial trigger for these processes and what is the special contribution of CSC-TEX.
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388
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Hurwitz SN, Conlon MM, Rider MA, Brownstein NC, Meckes DG. Nanoparticle analysis sheds budding insights into genetic drivers of extracellular vesicle biogenesis. J Extracell Vesicles 2016; 5:31295. [PMID: 27421995 PMCID: PMC4947197 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v5.31295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important mediators of cell-to-cell communication in healthy and pathological environments. Because EVs are present in a variety of biological fluids and contain molecular signatures of their cell or tissue of origin, they have great diagnostic and prognostic value. The ability of EVs to deliver biologically active proteins, RNAs and lipids to cells has generated interest in developing novel therapeutics. Despite their potential medical use, many of the mechanisms underlying EV biogenesis and secretion remain unknown. Methods Here, we characterized vesicle secretion across the NCI-60 panel of human cancer cells by nanoparticle tracking analysis. Using CellMiner, the quantity of EVs secreted by each cell line was compared to reference transcriptomics data to identify gene products associated with vesicle secretion. Results Gene products positively associated with the quantity of exosomal-sized vesicles included vesicular trafficking classes of proteins with Rab GTPase function and sphingolipid metabolism. Positive correlates of larger microvesicle-sized vesicle secretion included gene products involved in cytoskeletal dynamics and exocytosis, as well as Rab GTPase activation. One of the identified targets, CD63, was further evaluated for its role in vesicle secretion. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9 knockout of the CD63 gene in HEK293 cells resulted in a decrease in small vesicle secretion, suggesting the importance of CD63 in exosome biogenesis. Conclusion These observations reveal new insights into genes involved in exosome and microvesicle formation, and may provide a means to distinguish EV sub-populations. This study offers a foundation for further exploration of targets involved in EV biogenesis and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Hurwitz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Meghan M Conlon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Mark A Rider
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Naomi C Brownstein
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - David G Meckes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA;
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389
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Sinha S, Hoshino D, Hong NH, Kirkbride KC, Grega-Larson NE, Seiki M, Tyska MJ, Weaver AM. Cortactin promotes exosome secretion by controlling branched actin dynamics. J Cell Biol 2016; 214:197-213. [PMID: 27402952 PMCID: PMC4949450 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201601025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sinha et al. show that the cytoskeletal and tumor-overexpressed protein cortactin promotes secretion of exosomes from cancer cells by stabilizing dynamic cortical actin docking sites for multivesicular endosomes, suggesting a potential mechanism by which cortactin may promote tumor aggressiveness. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that influence cellular behavior and enhance cancer aggressiveness by carrying bioactive molecules. The mechanisms that regulate exosome secretion are poorly understood. Here, we show that the actin cytoskeletal regulatory protein cortactin promotes exosome secretion. Knockdown or overexpression of cortactin in cancer cells leads to a respective decrease or increase in exosome secretion, without altering exosome cargo content. Live-cell imaging revealed that cortactin controls both trafficking and plasma membrane docking of multivesicular late endosomes (MVEs). Regulation of exosome secretion by cortactin requires binding to the branched actin nucleating Arp2/3 complex and to actin filaments. Furthermore, cortactin, Rab27a, and coronin 1b coordinately control stability of cortical actin MVE docking sites and exosome secretion. Functionally, the addition of purified exosomes to cortactin-knockdown cells rescued defects of those cells in serum-independent growth and invasion. These data suggest a model in which cortactin promotes exosome secretion by stabilizing cortical actin-rich MVE docking sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Sinha
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN 37232
| | | | - Nan Hyung Hong
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Kellye C Kirkbride
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Nathan E Grega-Larson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Motoharu Seiki
- Division of Cancer Cell Research, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Matthew J Tyska
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Alissa M Weaver
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN 37232 Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN 37232 Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
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390
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Integrin-mediated regulation of epidermal wound functions. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 365:467-82. [PMID: 27351421 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2446-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
During cutaneous wound healing, keratinocyte proliferation and migration are critical for re-epithelialization. In addition the epidermis secretes growth factors, cytokines, proteases, and matricellular proteins into the wound microenvironment that modify the extracellular matrix and stimulate other wound cells that control the inflammatory response, promote angiogenesis and facilitate tissue contraction and remodeling. Wound keratinocytes express at least seven different integrins-the major cell adhesion receptors for the extracellular matrix-that collectively control essential cell-autonomous functions to ensure proper re-epithelialization, including migration, proliferation, survival and basement membrane assembly. Moreover, it has become evident in recent years that some integrins can regulate paracrine signals from wound epidermis that stimulate other wound cells involved in angiogenesis, contraction and inflammation. Importantly, it is likely that abnormal integrin expression or function in the epidermis contributes to wound pathologies such as over-exuberant healing (e.g., hypertrophic scar formation) or diminished healing (e.g., chronic wounds). In this review, we discuss current knowledge of integrin function in the epidermis, which implicates them as attractive therapeutic targets to promote wound healing or treat wound pathologies. We also discuss challenges that arise from the complex roles that multiple integrins play in wound epidermis, which may be regulated through extracellular matrix remodeling that determines ligand availability. Indeed, understanding how different integrin functions are temporally coordinated in wound epidermis and which integrin functions go awry in pathological wounds, will be important to determine how best to target them clinically to achieve maximum therapeutic benefit. Graphical abstract In addition to their well-characterized roles in keratinocyte adhesion, migration and wound re-epithelialization, epidermal integrins play important roles in modifying the wound microenvironment by regulating the expression and secretion of growth factors, extracellular proteases, and matricellular proteins that stimulate other wound cells, including vascular endothelial cells and fibroblasts/myofibroblasts.
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391
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Microvesicles provide a mechanism for intercellular communication by embryonic stem cells during embryo implantation. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11958. [PMID: 27302045 PMCID: PMC4912619 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication between the inner cell mass (ICM) and the trophoblast layer of the blastocyst is known to occur, but its functional consequences on early developmental events is unclear. Here we demonstrate that embryonic stem (ES) cells derived from the ICM generate and shed microvesicles (MVs), a major class of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which influence trophoblast behaviour during the implantation process. The MV cargo proteins laminin and fibronectin interact with integrins along the surfaces of the trophoblasts, triggering the activation of two signalling kinases, JNK and FAK, and stimulating trophoblast migration. We further show that injecting MVs isolated from ES cells into blastocysts results in an increase in their implantation efficiency. Thus, these findings highlight a unique mechanism by which ES cells communicate with trophoblasts within the blastocyst to increase their ability to migrate into the uterus, thereby promoting one of the earliest and most important steps during pregnancy. It is unclear how embryonic stem cells (ESC) communicate with surrounding cells during implantation. Here, the authors show that microvesicles (MV) are shed from ESCs, activating integrin and JNK/FAK kinases in trophoblasts, stimulating migration in vitro, and injecting MVs enhances blastocyst implantation.
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392
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Chin AR, Wang SE. Cancer Tills the Premetastatic Field: Mechanistic Basis and Clinical Implications. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:3725-33. [PMID: 27252414 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of work has shown that cancer metastasis is not a random spontaneous event; rather, it is the culmination of a cascade of priming steps through which a subpopulation of the tumor cells acquires invasive traits while readying a permissive environment, termed the "premetastatic niche," in which distant metastases can occur. Signals from the primary tumor mobilize and adapt immune cells as well as directly communicating with distant niche cells to induce a broad spectrum of adaptations in target organs, including the induction of angiogenesis, inflammation, extracellular matrix remodeling, and metabolic reprogramming. Together, these interactions facilitate the formation of a premetastatic niche composed of a variable mix of resident and recruited immune cells, endothelial cells, and stromal cells connected through a complex signaling network that we are only beginning to understand. Here, we summarize the latest findings on how cancer induces and guides the formation of this premetastatic niche as well as potential prognostic markers and therapeutic targets that may lead to a better understanding and effective treatment of metastatic disease. Clin Cancer Res; 22(15); 3725-33. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Chin
- Department of Cancer Biology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California. City of Hope Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Duarte, California
| | - Shizhen Emily Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California.
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393
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Duan B, Cui J, Sun S, Zheng J, Zhang Y, Ye B, Chen Y, Deng W, Du J, Zhu Y, Chen Y, Gu L. EGF-stimulated activation of Rab35 regulates RUSC2-GIT2 complex formation to stabilize GIT2 during directional lung cancer cell migration. Cancer Lett 2016; 379:70-83. [PMID: 27238570 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains one of the most metastasizing tumors, and directional cell migration is critical for targeting tumor metastasis. GIT2 has been known to bind to Paxillin to control cell polarization and directional migration. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying roles of GIT2 in controlling cell polarization and directional migration remain elusive. Here we demonstrated GIT2 control cell polarization and direction dependent on the regulation of Golgi through RUSC2. RUSC2 interacts with SHD of GIT2 in various lung cancer cells, and stabilizes GIT2 (Mazaki et al., 2006; Yu et al., 2009) by decreasing degradation and increasing its phosphorylation. Silencing of RUSC2 showed reduced stability of GIT2, defective Golgi reorientation toward the wound edge and decreased directional migration. Moreover, short-term EGF stimulation can increase the interaction between RUSC2 and GIT2, prolonged stimulation leads to a decrease of their interaction through activating Rab35. Silencing of Rab35 also reduced stability and phosphorylation of GIT2 and decreased cell migration. Taken together, our study indicated that RUSC2 participates in EGFR signaling and regulates lung cancer progression, and may be a new therapeutic target against lung cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Duan
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Jie Cui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Shixiu Sun
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Jianchao Zheng
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Bixing Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Wenjie Deng
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Jun Du
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Yichao Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Yongchang Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Luo Gu
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China.
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394
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Vennin C, Herrmann D, Lucas MC, Timpson P. Intravital imaging reveals new ancillary mechanisms co-opted by cancer cells to drive tumor progression. F1000Res 2016; 5. [PMID: 27239290 PMCID: PMC4870995 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.8090.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravital imaging is providing new insights into the dynamics of tumor progression in native tissues and has started to reveal the layers of complexity found in cancer. Recent advances in intravital imaging have allowed us to look deeper into cancer behavior and to dissect the interactions between tumor cells and the ancillary host niche that promote cancer development. In this review, we provide an insight into the latest advances in cancer biology achieved by intravital imaging, focusing on recently discovered mechanisms by which tumor cells manipulate normal tissue to facilitate disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Vennin
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David Herrmann
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Morghan C Lucas
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul Timpson
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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395
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McKenzie AJ, Hoshino D, Hong NH, Cha DJ, Franklin JL, Coffey RJ, Patton JG, Weaver AM. KRAS-MEK Signaling Controls Ago2 Sorting into Exosomes. Cell Rep 2016; 15:978-987. [PMID: 27117408 PMCID: PMC4857875 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.03.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretion of RNAs in extracellular vesicles is a newly recognized form of intercellular communication. A potential regulatory protein for microRNA (miRNA) secretion is the critical RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) component Argonaute 2 (Ago2). Here, we use isogenic colon cancer cell lines to show that overactivity of KRAS due to mutation inhibits localization of Ago2 to multivesicular endosomes (MVEs) and decreases Ago2 secretion in exosomes. Mechanistically, inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (MEKs) I and II, but not Akt, reverses the effect of the activating KRAS mutation and leads to increased Ago2-MVE association and increased exosomal secretion of Ago2. Analysis of cells expressing mutant Ago2 constructs revealed that phosphorylation of Ago2 on serine 387 prevents Ago2-MVE interactions and reduces Ago2 secretion into exosomes. Furthermore, regulation of Ago2 exosomal sorting controls the levels of three candidate miRNAs in exosomes. These data identify a key regulatory signaling event that controls Ago2 secretion in exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J McKenzie
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Daisuke Hoshino
- Division of Cancer Cell Research, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama 241-8515, Japan
| | - Nan Hyung Hong
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Diana J Cha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Franklin
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Robert J Coffey
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - James G Patton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Alissa M Weaver
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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396
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Qin W, Tsukasaki Y, Dasgupta S, Mukhopadhyay N, Ikebe M, Sauter ER. Exosomes in Human Breast Milk Promote EMT. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:4517-24. [PMID: 27060153 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pregnancy increases breast cancer risk for all women for at least 5 years after parturition. During weaning and involution, the breast microenvironment becomes tumor promotional. Exosomes provide cell-cell communication during physiologic processes such as lactation, but also in breast cancer. We determined whether molecules in milk exosomes from healthy lactating women modulate the development and progression of breast cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Thirteen nursing women provided three (transitional, mature, and wean) milk samples. Exosomes were extracted and MCF7 and MCF10A breast cells labeled. The expression of six proteins linked to breast cancer was measured. On the basis of the findings, TGFβ2 concentration in exosome samples was measured, breast cells incubated with the exosomes and effect (epithelial-mesenchymal transition, EMT) on EMT-related proteins [E-cadherin, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), filamentous (F)-actin and vimentin] measured. RESULTS Human milk exosomes entered benign and malignant breast cells. The greatest change in wean milk protein was in TGFβ2 (P = 0.01). Exosomes with a high (but not low) level of TGFβ2 led to EMT in both cancer and benign cells, based on (i) change in cell morphology, actin cytoskeleton, and loss of cell-cell junction structure and (ii) increased α-SMA and vimentin and decreased E-cadherin. CONCLUSIONS TGFβ2 is significantly upregulated in breast milk exosomes during weaning/early involution. Breast milk exosomes containing high levels of TGFβ2 induce changes in both benign and malignant breast epithelial cells, consistent with the development and progression of breast cancer, suggesting a role for high TGFβ2-expressing breast milk exosomes in influencing breast cancer risk. Clin Cancer Res; 22(17); 4517-24. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Qin
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas. Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas
| | - Yoshikazu Tsukasaki
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas
| | - Santanu Dasgupta
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas
| | - Nitai Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Mitsuo Ikebe
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas
| | - Edward R Sauter
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas. Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas.
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397
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Cai P, Layani M, Leow WR, Amini S, Liu Z, Qi D, Hu B, Wu YL, Miserez A, Magdassi S, Chen X. Bio-Inspired Mechanotactic Hybrids for Orchestrating Traction-Mediated Epithelial Migration. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:3102-3110. [PMID: 26913959 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201505300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A platform of mechanotactic hybrids is established by projecting lateral gradients of apparent interfacial stiffness onto the planar surface of a compliant hydrogel layer using an underlying rigid substrate with microstructures inherited from 3D printed molds. Using this platform, the mechanistic coupling of epithelial migration with the stiffness of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is found to be independent of the interfacial compositional and topographical cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingqiang Cai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Michael Layani
- Casali Center, Institute of Chemistry, Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Wan Ru Leow
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Shahrouz Amini
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Dianpeng Qi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Benhui Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yun-Long Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ali Miserez
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Shlomo Magdassi
- Casali Center, Institute of Chemistry, Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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398
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Zomer A, van Rheenen J. Implications of Extracellular Vesicle Transfer on Cellular Heterogeneity in Cancer: What Are the Potential Clinical Ramifications? Cancer Res 2016; 76:2071-5. [PMID: 27032418 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The functional and phenotypic heterogeneity of tumor cells represents one of the greatest challenges in the successful treatment of cancer patients, because it increases the risk that certain individual tumor cells possess the ability to, for example, metastasize or to tolerate cytotoxic drugs. This heterogeneity in cellular behavior is driven by genetic and epigenetic changes and environmental differences. Recent studies suggest that an additional layer of complexity of tumor heterogeneity exists, based on the ability of cells to share functional biomolecules through local and systemic transfer of extracellular vesicles (EV), with profound effects on cellular behavior. The transfer of functional biomolecules between various populations of tumor cells and between tumor cells and nontumor cells has large consequences for both the tumor cells and the microenvironment that support the cellular behavior of tumor cells, and therefore for the clinical outcome of cancer. Here, we discuss the latest findings on EV transfer and the potential implications of EV-mediated local and systemic transmission of phenotypic behavior, particularly in the context of tumor heterogeneity, metastatic disease, and treatment response. Cancer Res; 76(8); 2071-5. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoek Zomer
- Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jacco van Rheenen
- Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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399
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste M Nelson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
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400
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Tkach M, Théry C. Communication by Extracellular Vesicles: Where We Are and Where We Need to Go. Cell 2016; 164:1226-1232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1940] [Impact Index Per Article: 242.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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