351
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Luger NM, Sabino MAC, Schwei MJ, Mach DB, Pomonis JD, Keyser CP, Rathbun M, Clohisy DR, Honore P, Yaksh TL, Mantyh PW. Efficacy of systemic morphine suggests a fundamental difference in the mechanisms that generate bone cancer vs inflammatory pain. Pain 2002; 99:397-406. [PMID: 12406514 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3959(02)00102-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Pain is the cancer related event that is most disruptive to the cancer patient's quality of life. Although bone cancer pain is one of the most severe and common of the chronic pains that accompany breast, prostate and lung cancers, relatively little is known about the mechanisms that generate and maintain this pain. Recently, we developed a mouse model of bone cancer pain and 16 days following tumor implantation into the intramedullary space of the femur, significant bone destruction and bone cancer pain-related behaviors were observed. A critical question is how closely this model mirrors human bone cancer pain. In the present study we show that, as in humans, pain-related behaviors are diminished by systemic morphine administration in a dose dependent fashion that is naloxone-reversible. Humans suffering from bone cancer pain generally require significantly higher doses of morphine as compared to individuals with inflammatory pain and in the mouse model, the doses of morphine required to block bone cancer pain-related behaviors were ten times that required to block peak inflammatory pain behaviors of comparable magnitude induced by hindpaw injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) (1-3mg/kg). As these animals were treated acutely, there was not time for morphine tolerance to develop and the rightward shift in analgesic efficacy observed in bone cancer pain vs. inflammatory pain suggests a fundamental difference in the underlying mechanisms that generate bone cancer vs. inflammatory pain. These results indicate that this model may be useful in defining drug therapies that are targeted for complex bone cancer pain syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy M Luger
- Department of Preventive Sciences, Schools of Dentistry and Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA Department of Neuroscience, Schools of Dentistry and Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA Department of Psychiatry, Schools of Dentistry and Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA Cancer Center, Schools of Dentistry and Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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352
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Bonucci E. Physiopathology of cancer metastases in bone and of the changes they induce in bone remodeling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02904492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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353
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Fisher M. The Endothelin-1 Antagonist, Atrasentan, Improves Time to Progression and Quality of Life in Hormone-Refractory Prostate Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002; 1:79-80. [PMID: 15046697 DOI: 10.1016/s1540-0352(11)70127-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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354
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Abstract
The most common human cancers --lung, breast and prostate -- have a great avidity for bone, leading to painful and untreatable consequences. What makes some cancers, but not others, metastasize to bone, and how do they alter its physiology? Some of the molecular mechanisms that are responsible have recently been identified, and provide new molecular targets for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R Mundy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, MS 7877, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900, USA.
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355
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Ono K, Matsumori A. Endothelin antagonism with bosentan: current status and future perspectives. CARDIOVASCULAR DRUG REVIEWS 2002; 20:1-18. [PMID: 12070530 DOI: 10.1111/j.1527-3466.2002.tb00078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Endothelin receptor antagonists have been proposed for the treatment of a variety of disorders in which the endothelins may act as pathogenic mediators, such as hypertension, congestive heart failure, and cerebral vasospasm. Bosentan is a nonpeptide competitive antagonist, which can be a good tool for studying the endothelin system. It is specific for the endothelin system and blocks the actions of endothelin at both mammalian receptors (A and B). Bosentan has recently moved into Phase III clinical trial. This review will attempt to overview the experimental and clinical effects of bosentan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koh Ono
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Japan 606-8297
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356
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Papandreou CN, Daliani DD, Thall PF, Tu SM, Wang X, Reyes A, Troncoso P, Logothetis CJ. Results of a phase II study with doxorubicin, etoposide, and cisplatin in patients with fully characterized small-cell carcinoma of the prostate. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20:3072-80. [PMID: 12118020 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2002.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the activity and toxicity of doxorubicin in combination with cisplatin and etoposide in patients with small-cell prostate carcinoma (SCPCa) and to characterize the clinicopathologic features of SCPCa. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with SCPCa (pure or mixed), measurable disease, good organ function, and no prior treatment with doxorubicin, etoposide, or cisplatin were treated every 4 weeks with doxorubicin 50 mg/m(2) as a 24-hour intravenous (IV) infusion followed by etoposide 120 mg/m(2)/d and cisplatin 25 mg/m(2)/d IV on days 2 to 4. RESULTS Thirty-eight patients (36 assessable for response) were treated for a median of four cycles. Twenty-nine (81%) of 36 patients had prior hormonal therapy. Study patients had visceral metastases, lytic bone disease, and relatively low serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA). We observed 22 partial responses (response rate, 61% in an intent-to-treat analysis); toxicity was severe (grade 3 or 4 neutropenia 100%, thrombocytopenia 66%, mucositis 21%, and infection 68%). Three patients died of toxicity. Median time to progression and overall survival time were 5.8 months and 10.5 months, respectively. Performance status, serum albumin, and number of organs involved (but not PSA, carcinoembryonic antigen, or neuroendocrine markers) were predictors of survival. CONCLUSION SCPCa presents unique clinicopathologic features. Addition of doxorubicin to the etoposide/cisplatin regimen caused higher toxicity in this patient population and failed to improve outcome. Given these results, we do not recommend further development of this regimen for patients with SCPCa. Improvement in therapy will come from understanding the biology of SCPCa progression and integrating new targeted therapies into the treatment of SCPCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos N Papandreou
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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357
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Morris MJ, Scher HI. Novel therapies for the treatment of prostate cancer: current clinical trials and development strategies. Surg Oncol 2002; 11:13-23. [PMID: 12031864 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-7404(02)00006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The number of treatment options for patients with prostate cancer is expanding, as mechanism-based therapies enter clinical testing. Such strategies are based on manipulating tumoral genetics, cell signaling, apoptosis, angiogenesis, the immune system, and others. To properly develop these agents, traditional trial designs and outcome measures require reconsideration. This review describes these novel drugs and their targets using a clinical states model. Investigators use a clinical states model as a framework for matching specific agents with the needs of the treatment population and the biology of the tumor at any given point in the natural history of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Morris
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 444, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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358
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Kopetz ES, Nelson JB, Carducci MA. Endothelin-1 as a target for therapeutic intervention in prostate cancer. Invest New Drugs 2002; 20:173-82. [PMID: 12099577 DOI: 10.1023/a:1015630513908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The endothelins, a family of potent vasoconstricting peptides, have been implicated in the pathophysiology of advanced prostate cancer. Two endothelin receptors, ET-A and ET-B are found in normal prostate tissue. Malignant prostate cells are notable for the loss of ET-B receptors and increased levels of endothelin-1 [ET-1]; this distortion of the endothelin system may be a significant factor in the progression of prostate cancer. Proposed roles for endothelin in prostate cancer include growth promotion, apoptosis inhibition, bone formation, and stimulation of nociceptive receptors. ET-1 can act alone as a mitogen, but its effects are greatest as a comitogen with a variety of growth factors, including basic fibroblast growth factor, insulin-like growth factors, and platelet derived growth factor. Although their exact functions are unclear, ET-1, in conjunction with vascular endothelial growth factor, appears to play a major role in tumor angiogenesis. By a variety of methods, ET-1 alters the balance of osteoblast and osteoclasts to the favor new bone formation that is characteristic of metastatic disease. Several studies indicate that the refractory pain of metastatic cancer is related to the direct nociceptive effects ET-1. These findings suggest that ET receptors are promising therapeutic targets for pharmacologic intervention. Early clinical trials indicate that the ET-A receptor antagonist used in prostate cancer is reasonably well tolerated with mild but pervasive symptoms related to ET-1's vasoconstrictive effects. Results of ongoing clinical trials are eagerly awaited in order to see if the hypothetical promise of ET antagonism will result in clinical success.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Scott Kopetz
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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359
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Grande M, Carlström K, Stege R, Pousette A, Faxén M. Estrogens affect endothelin-1 mRNA expression in LNCaP human prostate carcinoma cells. Eur Urol 2002; 41:568-72; discussion 573-4. [PMID: 12074801 DOI: 10.1016/s0302-2838(02)00030-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study effects of estrogens on endothelin-1 (ET-1) mRNA expression in the androgen-sensitive LNCaP-FGC cell line and its androgen-resistant derivative LNCaP-r. Further, if effects of estrone sulfate (E1S) are mediated via conversion to estradiol-17beta (E2). Estrogens have been shown to down-regulate ET-1, a mediator of the osteoblastic response of bone to metastatic prostate cancer. METHODS Cells were grown in steroid-depleted medium and incubated for 2-4 and 48 hours with 0, 1, 10, and 100 nM of either E1S or E2. mRNA levels were measured with an RT-PCR technique. Estrogen metabolism by LNCaP-FGC cells was studied by incubation with estrone (E1) and E1S at the same conditions, followed by determination of E1 and E2. RESULTS ET-1 mRNA expression in LNCaP-FGC cells was significantly suppressed by E2 and E1S following incubation for 2-4h but after 48 h only by E2 at 1 and 10nM and in LNCaP-r cells only by E2 at 100 nM following 2-4h of incubation. ET-1 mRNA expression was significantly higher in untreated LNCaP-r than in untreated LNCaP-FGC cells. E1 was efficiently transformed into E2 by LNCaP-FGC cells but very little to E1 and no E2 was formed from E1S. CONCLUSION ET-1 mRNA expression in LNCaP-FGC can be inhibited by E2, but also by its prehormone E1S. The lack of formation of E2 from E1S suggests a mode of action not related to classical steroid receptors. The higher level of ET-1 mRNA expression found in LNCaP-r cells may reflect the capability of a hormone refractory tumor to maintain activity on its own, independently of known regulatory mechanisms such as sex steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirtha Grande
- Department of Women and Child Health, Research Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Karolinska Institute, C4:U1 Karolinska Hospital, S-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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360
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Abstract
Pain is the most disruptive influence on the quality of life of cancer patients. Although significant advances are being made in cancer treatment and diagnosis, the basic neurobiology of cancer pain is poorly understood. New insights into these mechanisms are now arising from animal models, and have the potential to fundamentally change the way that cancer pain is controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W Mantyh
- Department of Preventive Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA.
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361
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362
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GUANOSINE PHOSPHATE BINDING PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTORS IN PROSTATE CANCER:. J Urol 2002. [DOI: 10.1097/00005392-200203000-00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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363
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Abstract
The gene causing hereditary hemochromatosis (HH), HFE is an HLA class I-like gene with no known immunological function but indirectly related to the immune functions because of its role in iron transport. It is located 6.5 Mb telomeric to HLA-A. The most common mutation of HFE, C282Y, has a Celtic origin and most patients with HH are homozygous for it in Northern European populations. While there is an enormously increased risk for hepatocellular cancer in hemochromatosis that is attributed to the toxic effects of iron, the risk for extra-hepatic cancers is also increased slightly. Recent studies have found genetic associations between several cancers and C282Y but only in the presence of a particular allele of the transferrin receptor gene. This suggests that the increased cancer risk is more likely due to the effects of iron. In childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), however, there is a strong association of C282Y with a gender effect in two different Celtic populations. This association does not require homozygosity for C282Y or an interaction with the transferrin receptor gene, and is male-specific. The other HFE mutation H63D does not confer increased risk to childhood ALL. Acute myeloblastic leukemia and Hodgkin's disease in adults do not have an association with HFE. Its male-specificity, occurrence in childhood and the lack of a gene-dosage effect suggest that the C282Y association in childhood ALL may reflect the involvement of another HLA-linked gene in leukemia susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tevfik Dorak
- Department of Epidemiology and International Health, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294-0022, USA.
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364
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Cain DM, Wacnik PW, Turner M, Wendelschafer-Crabb G, Kennedy WR, Wilcox GL, Simone DA. Functional interactions between tumor and peripheral nerve: changes in excitability and morphology of primary afferent fibers in a murine model of cancer pain. J Neurosci 2002. [PMID: 11717370 DOI: 10.1046/j.1529-8027.2002.02011_5.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We used a murine model to investigate functional interactions between tumors and peripheral nerves that may contribute to pain associated with cancer. Implantation of fibrosarcoma cells in and around the calcaneus bone produced mechanical hyperalgesia of the ipsilateral paw. Electrophysiological recordings from primary afferent fibers in control and hyperalgesic mice with tumor revealed the development of spontaneous activity (0.2-3.4 Hz) in 34% of cutaneous C-fibers adjacent to the tumor (9-17 d after implantation). C-fibers in tumor-bearing mice exhibited a mean decrease in heat threshold of 3.5 +/- 0.10 degrees C. We also examined innervation of the skin overlying the tumor. Epidermal nerve fibers (ENFs) were immunostained for protein gene product 9.5, imaged using confocal microscopy, and analyzed in terms of number of fibers per millimeter of epidermal length and branching (number of nodes per fiber). Divergent morphological changes were linked to tumor progression. Although branching of ENFs increased significantly relative to control values, in later stages (16-24 d after implantation) of tumor growth a sharp decrease in the number of ENFs was observed. This decay of epidermal innervation of skin over the tumor coincided temporally with gradual loss of electrophysiological activity in tumor-bearing mice. The development of spontaneous activity and sensitization to heat in C-fibers and increased innervation of cutaneous structures within the first 2 weeks of tumor growth suggest activation and sensitization of a proportion of C-fibers. The decrease in the number of ENFs observed in later stages of tumor development implicates neuropathic involvement in this model of cancer pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Cain
- Departments of Oral Science, Pharmacology, Neurology, Neuroscience, and Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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365
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Functional interactions between tumor and peripheral nerve: changes in excitability and morphology of primary afferent fibers in a murine model of cancer pain. J Neurosci 2002. [PMID: 11717370 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.21-23-09367.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We used a murine model to investigate functional interactions between tumors and peripheral nerves that may contribute to pain associated with cancer. Implantation of fibrosarcoma cells in and around the calcaneus bone produced mechanical hyperalgesia of the ipsilateral paw. Electrophysiological recordings from primary afferent fibers in control and hyperalgesic mice with tumor revealed the development of spontaneous activity (0.2-3.4 Hz) in 34% of cutaneous C-fibers adjacent to the tumor (9-17 d after implantation). C-fibers in tumor-bearing mice exhibited a mean decrease in heat threshold of 3.5 +/- 0.10 degrees C. We also examined innervation of the skin overlying the tumor. Epidermal nerve fibers (ENFs) were immunostained for protein gene product 9.5, imaged using confocal microscopy, and analyzed in terms of number of fibers per millimeter of epidermal length and branching (number of nodes per fiber). Divergent morphological changes were linked to tumor progression. Although branching of ENFs increased significantly relative to control values, in later stages (16-24 d after implantation) of tumor growth a sharp decrease in the number of ENFs was observed. This decay of epidermal innervation of skin over the tumor coincided temporally with gradual loss of electrophysiological activity in tumor-bearing mice. The development of spontaneous activity and sensitization to heat in C-fibers and increased innervation of cutaneous structures within the first 2 weeks of tumor growth suggest activation and sensitization of a proportion of C-fibers. The decrease in the number of ENFs observed in later stages of tumor development implicates neuropathic involvement in this model of cancer pain.
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366
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367
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Aliev G, Smith MA, Seyidova D, Neal ML, Lamb BT, Nunomura A, Gasimov EK, Vinters HV, Perry G, LaManna JC, Friedland RP. The role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of cerebrovascular lesions in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Pathol 2002; 12:21-35. [PMID: 11770899 PMCID: PMC8095987 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2002.tb00419.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and stroke are two leading causes of age-associated dementia. A rapidly growing body of evidence indicates that increased oxidative stress from reactive oxygen radicals is associated with the aging process and age-related degenerative disorders such as atherosclerosis, ischemia/reperfusion, arthritis, stroke, and neurodegenerative diseases. New evidence has also indicated that vascular lesions are a key factor in the development of AD. This idea is based on a positive correlation between AD and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases such as arterio- and atherosclerosis and ischemia/reperfusion injury. In this review we consider recent evidence supporting the existence of an intimate relationship between oxidative stress and vascular lesions in the pathobiology of AD. We also consider the opportunities for therapeutic interventions based on the molecular pathways involved with these causal relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bruce T. Lamb
- Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Akihiko Nunomura
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Eldar K. Gasimov
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Baku Medical University, Baku Azerbaijan
| | - Harry V. Vinters
- Section of Neuropathology, Dept of Pathology and Lab Medicine, and Brain Research Institute, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif
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368
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Maisano R, Pergolizzi S, Cascinu S. Novel therapeutic approaches to cancer patients with bone metastasis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2001; 40:239-50. [PMID: 11738947 DOI: 10.1016/s1040-8428(01)00092-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone metastases are a common event in advanced cancer. Breast, lung, prostate and thyroid neoplasms have striking osteotropism. Bone metastatic cancer may be associated with catastrophic consequences for the patients. Therefore, new strategies are warranted in order to reduce the incidence of bone metastases and to palliative established skeletal disease. External beam radiation therapy, endocrine treatments, chemotherapy, bisphosphonates and radioisotopes are all important. Bisphosphonates have become the treatment of choice for tumor-induced hypercalcaemia and more recently they have been used alone or in combination with cytotoxic agents in the palliative treatment of patients with bone metastases. The results are encouraging. Currently, new bisphosphonates that are a hundred times more powerful with respect to clodronate and pamidronate are under investigation. The treatment of metastases to bone and mechanisms of pain relief after radiation therapy are poorly understood. Up to date, there are not standard criteria for the irradiation of bone metastases and bone pain relief may be reached using a variety of fractionation schemes. Radionuclide therapy is the systemic use of radioisotopes for bone pain. It is currently regarded as suitable for comparison with wide-field irradiation, but appears to have major disadvantages in terms of pain relief and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Maisano
- IST (Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro) Genova, Sez. Dec. Messina, Italy.
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369
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Granchi S, Brocchi S, Bonaccorsi L, Baldi E, Vinci MC, Forti G, Serio M, Maggi M. Endothelin-1 production by prostate cancer cell lines is up-regulated by factors involved in cancer progression and down-regulated by androgens. Prostate 2001; 49:267-77. [PMID: 11746273 DOI: 10.1002/pros.10022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent data demonstrate that endothelin-1 (ET-1) concentration increases in plasma of men with advanced, hormone-refractory prostate adenocarcinoma. In addition, ET-1 is involved in osteblastic remodelling and new bone formation, suggesting a role for this vasoactive peptide in the metastatic progression of prostate cancer to the bone. METHODS We investigated the regulation of ET-1 expression in androgen-sensitive and insensitive prostate cancer cell lines by androgens and several factors involved in progression of prostate cancer (EGF) and bone remodelling (TGFbeta-1, IL1-alpha and IGF-1). RESULTS Northern analysis and radio immunoassay demonstrated that all the ET-1 pathways are tuned off in the androgen-sensitive LNCaP cell line when compared to the androgen-insensitive PC-3 and DU145. In PC-3 cells transfected with a full-length androgen receptor expression vector (PC-3-AR), treatment with androgens reduced gene expression and secretion of ET-1 without affecting the gene expression of ET-3. Collectively, these data support a role for androgens in the regulation of ET-1 production by prostate adenocarcinoma cells. In PC-3 and DU145 cells, ET-1 gene expression and secretion were up-regulated by TGFbeta-1, EGF and IL1-alpha, whereas IGF-1 was ineffective. Conversely, none of the treatments affected ECE-1 or ET-3 gene expression. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, ET-1 production by prostate adenocarcinoma cells is down-regulated by androgens and up-regulated by factors involved in tumour progression indicating a role for this peptide in the biology of prostate cancer. In view of the role exerted by ET-1 in the process of bone metastasis, our data suggest the use of ET-1 receptor antagonists in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma/secondary
- Androgens/pharmacology
- Androgens/physiology
- Blotting, Northern
- Bone Neoplasms/genetics
- Bone Neoplasms/metabolism
- Bone Neoplasms/secondary
- Cytokines/pharmacology
- Endothelin-1/biosynthesis
- Endothelin-1/genetics
- Endothelin-3/analysis
- Endothelin-3/biosynthesis
- Epidermal Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Male
- Metalloendopeptidases/analysis
- Metalloendopeptidases/biosynthesis
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/genetics
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/pathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Neoplasm/chemistry
- RNA, Neoplasm/isolation & purification
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- S Granchi
- Department of Clinical Physiopathology, Unit of Andrology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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370
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Bisotto S, Fixman ED. Src-family tyrosine kinases, phosphoinositide 3-kinase and Gab1 regulate extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 activation induced by the type A endothelin-1 G-protein-coupled receptor. Biochem J 2001; 360:77-85. [PMID: 11695994 PMCID: PMC1222204 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3600077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The multisubstrate docking protein, growth-factor-receptor-bound protein 2-associated binder 1 (Gab1), which is phosphorylated on tyrosine residues following activation of receptor tyrosine kinases and cytokine receptors, regulates cell proliferation, survival and epithelial morphogenesis. Gab1 is also tyrosine phosphorylated following activation of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) where its function is poorly understood. To elucidate the role of Gab1 in GPCR signalling, we investigated the mechanism by which the type A endothelin-1 (ET-1) GPCR induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Gab1. Tyrosine phosphorylation of Gab1 induced by endothelin-1 was inhibited by PP1, a pharmacological inhibitor of Src-family tyrosine kinases. ET-1-induced Gab1 tyrosine phosphorylation was also inhibited by LY294002, which inhibits phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) enzymes. Inhibition of Src-family tyrosine kinases or PI 3-kinase also inhibited ET-1-induced activation of the mitogen activated protein kinase family member, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1. Thus we determined whether Gab1 regulated ET-1-induced ERK1 activation. Overexpression of wild-type Gab1 potentiated ET-1-induced activation of ERK1. Structure-function analyses of Gab1 indicated that mutant forms of Gab1 that do not bind the Src homology (SH) 2 domains of the p85 adapter subunit of PI 3-kinase or the SH2-domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP-2) were impaired in their ability to potentiate ET-1-induced ERK1 activation. Taken together, our data indicate that PI 3-kinase and Src-family tyrosine kinases regulate ET-1-induced Gab1 tyrosine phosphorylation, which, in turn, induces ERK1 activation via PI 3-kinase- and SHP-2-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bisotto
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, 3626 St. Urbain, Montreal, QC, H2X 2P2, Canada
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371
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Pirtskhalaishvili G, Hrebinko RL, Nelson JB. The treatment of prostate cancer: an overview of current options. CANCER PRACTICE 2001; 9:295-306. [PMID: 11879332 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-5394.2001.96009.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this report is to discuss the current treatment options available to the patient with prostate cancer in all stages of the disease. OVERVIEW With the exception of skin cancer, prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men in the United States. Most patients in the current era will present with organ-confined disease, amenable to curative treatment. Treatment for organ-confined disease includes watchful waiting, radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy, and cryosurgery in selective cases. Hormone therapy is the cornerstone of treatment of patients with advanced prostate cancer. There is no curative treatment for hormone-refractory prostate cancer. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS The availability of several therapeutic options for localized prostate cancer warrants careful consideration when planning treatment with curative intent. Patients need to be active participants in decision making, and they must be aware of the benefits and possible complications of the different types of treatment. Patients with advanced prostate cancer need to be aware that hormone treatment will provide temporization and palliation in the majority of cases. Hormone-resistant prostate cancer is refractory to most forms of conventional and experimental therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pirtskhalaishvili
- Department of Urology, Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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372
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Asham E, Shankar A, Loizidou M, Fredericks S, Miller K, Boulos PB, Burnstock G, Taylor I. Increased endothelin-1 in colorectal cancer and reduction of tumour growth by ET(A) receptor antagonism. Br J Cancer 2001; 85:1759-63. [PMID: 11742499 PMCID: PMC2363991 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2001.2193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a vasoconstrictor peptide which stimulates proliferation in vitro in different cell types, including colorectal cancer cells. Raised ET-1 levels have been detected both on tissue specimens and in the plasma of patients with cancers. To investigate the role of ET-1 in colorectal cancer: (i) ET-1 plasma levels in patients with colorectal cancer were measured by radioimmunoassay: group 1 = controls (n = 22), group 2 = primary colorectal cancer only (n = 39), group 3 = liver metastases only (n = 26); (ii) ET-1 expression in primary colorectal cancer specimens (n =10) was determined immunohistochemically and (iii) the effect of intraportally infused antagonists to the two ET-1 receptors, ET(A) and ET(B), on the growth of liver metastases in a rat model was assessed. ET-1 plasma levels were significantly increased in both patients with primary tumour and patients with metastases, compared to controls (P < 0.01, 3.9 +/- 1.4, 4.5 +/- 1.5, vs. 2.75 +/- 1.37 pg/ml, respectively). Immunohistochemically, strong expression of ET-1 was found in the cytoplasm, stroma and blood vessels of cancers, unlike the normal colon where only the apical layer of the epithelium, vascular endothelial cells and surrounding stroma were positively stained. In the rat model, there was significant reduction in liver tumour weights compared to controls, following treatment with the ET(A) antagonist (BQ123) 30 min after the intraportal inoculation of tumour cells (P < 0.05). These results suggest ET-1 is produced by colorectal cancers and may play a role in the growth of colorectal cancer acting through ET(A) receptors. ET(A) antagonists are indicated as potential anti-cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Asham
- Departments of Surgery, Histopathology, The Royal Free and University College Medical School, 67-73 Riding House Street, London, UK
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373
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374
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Affiliation(s)
- F C Hamdy
- Section of Urology, Division of Clinical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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375
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Expression and localization of endothelin receptors: implications for the involvement of peripheral glia in nociception. J Neurosci 2001. [PMID: 11157085 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.21-03-00999.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelins (ETs) are peptides that have a diverse array of functions mediated by two receptor subtypes, the endothelin A receptor (ET(A)R) and the endothelin B receptor (ET(B)R). Pharmacological studies have suggested that in peripheral tissues, ET(A)R expression may play a role in signaling acute or neuropathic pain, whereas ET(B)R expression may be involved in the transmission of chronic inflammatory pain. To begin to define the mechanisms by which ET can drive nociceptive signaling, autoradiography and immunohistochemistry were used to examine the distribution of ET(A)R and ET(B)R in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and peripheral nerve of the rat, rabbit, and monkey. In DRG and peripheral nerve, ET(A)R-immunoreactivity was present in a subset of small-sized peptidergic and nonpeptidergic sensory neurons and their axons and to a lesser extent in a subset of medium-sized sensory neurons. However, ET(B)R-immunoreactivity was not seen in DRG neurons or axons but rather in DRG satellite cells and nonmyelinating ensheathing Schwann cells. Thus, when ETs are released in peripheral tissues, they could act directly on ET(A)R-expressing sensory neurons and on ET(B)R-expressing DRG satellite cells or nonmyelinating Schwann cells. These data indicate that ETs can have direct, nociceptive effects on the peripheral sensory nervous system and that peripheral glia may be directly involved in signaling nociceptive events in peripheral tissues.
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376
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Mitsiades CS, Koutsilieris M. Molecular biology and cellular physiology of refractoriness to androgen ablation therapy in advanced prostate cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2001; 10:1099-115. [PMID: 11772238 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.10.6.1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We review the extensive body of data on the molecular aetiology of hormone refractory disease in metastatic prostate cancer patients. Particular emphasis is placed on the crucial role of the bone micro-environment, especially the intercellular interactions of metastatic prostate cancer cells and osteoblasts in promoting the establishment of hormone refractory disease. Resistance of tumour cells to anticancer therapies is generally viewed as a phenomenon almost exclusively determined by chromosomal defects and/or gene mutations. However, it is now well-documented that the local milieu of the bone metastases can also protect tumour cells from anticancer therapy- induced apoptosis, either independently or synergistically with resistance-related genetic alterations. A key determinant of this protection is the urokinase/plasmin cascade which modulates the local concentration of survival factors, such as insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1). The molecular pathways whereby this major growth and survival factor for prostate cancer cells exerts its anti-apoptotic effect on prostate cancer cells are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Mitsiades
- Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, University of Athens, 75 Micras Asias, Goudi 11527, Athens, Greece
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377
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Abstract
Prostate growth and development are primarily under the control of androgens; however, other factors can also influence prostatic growth through alternative pathways. This article discusses some of the major nonandrogenic mediators of prostate growth. Information on the pathways by which these factors exert their effects is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Konety
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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378
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de Matteis A, Guidi A, Di Paolo B, Franco G, Revoltella RP. Endothelin-1 in human prostatic carcinoma treated with androgen withdrawal: an immunohistochemical study. Cancer 2001; 91:1933-9. [PMID: 11346876 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(20010515)91:10<1933::aid-cncr1216>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various reports suggest a role for endothelin-1 in prostatic carcinoma. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the changes of the immunodetectable endothelin-1 in prostatic carcinomas characterized by different grades of regression due to total androgen withdrawal. METHODS An immunohistochemical study was made on eleven prostatic carcinomas treated with neoadjuvant hormonal therapy for 3 months, followed by radical prostatectomy. Another ten specimens of untreated carcinomas were studied for comparison. An appraisal of androgen receptors was associated. A highly specific polyclonal antibody against endothelin-1 and a commercial monoclonal mouse antibody for androgenic receptors were used. RESULTS In all cases, a prevalent quantity of androgenic receptor-positive tumor cells were present. Neoplastic cells of untreated carcinomas showed a strong and heterogeneous staining for endothelin -1. In unregressed areas of treated cases, the features of endothelin-1 and androgen-receptor staining were the same as those of untreated cases. In areas characterized by moderate histologic regression, the endothelin-1 staining became more heterogeneous. In areas of strong histologic regression, a diffuse membrane staining was often noted. Only in completely regressed cancer cells was a definite loss of immunodetectable endothelin-1 and androgenic receptors observed. CONCLUSIONS Endothelin-1 is one of the proteins intrinsic to prostatic epithelial cells, both benign and malignant. In cases treated with androgen withdrawal, histologic regression is not uniform. In unmodified areas, immunodetectable endothelin-1 and androgenic receptors also are unmodified, thus suggesting some mechanism that substitutes for the action of androgen. Only neoplastic cells with complete histologic regression also lose androgenic receptors and endothelin-1, whereas the preserved immunostaining in deeply modified prostatic neoplastic cells seems to indicate that these cells still are potentially active.
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Affiliation(s)
- A de Matteis
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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379
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Gohji K, Kitazawa S, Tamada H, Katsuoka Y, Nakajima M. Expression of endothelin receptor a associated with prostate cancer progression. J Urol 2001. [PMID: 11176535 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)66597-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We determined the role of endothelin receptors in prostate cancer progression. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined 51 prostate cancer specimens obtained at surgery or biopsy for the relationship of endothelin receptor expression determined by immunohistochemical staining with malignant potential. RESULTS The positive staining rate of endothelin receptor A in the 51 specimens was significantly higher than of endothelin B (71% versus 24%, p <0.0001). The staining rate of receptor A in Gleason score 5 to 10 disease was significantly higher than in Gleason 2 to 4 disease (91% versus 29%, p <0.0001). The overall staining rate of endothelin receptor A in nonorgan confined disease without bone metastasis but with extraprostatic disease was 87% in 23 cases, including 16 of 19 stage T3 (84%) and all 4 stage T4 (100%) cases. This rate was significantly higher than that of organ confined cancer (29%, p = 0.0003). All patients with bone metastasis had positive staining for endothelin receptor A. An especially high rate of intensely positive staining was observed for endothelin receptor A in biopsy specimens with bone metastasis or Gleason sum 8 to 10. Moreover, positive staining was stronger in cancer cells penetrating the prostatic capsule than in those at the primary foci. However, the positive staining rate of endothelin receptor B was not significantly different in organ and nonorgan confined cancer without bone metastasis (12% versus 26%, p = 0.4284), bone metastatic and nonmetastatic cancer (20% versus 36%, p = 0.2619) or the Gleason sum groups (p = 0.0874). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that endothelin receptor A expression may serve as a marker for and have an important role in prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gohji
- Department of Urology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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380
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Nelson WG, Wilding G. Prostate cancer prevention agent development: Criteria and pipeline for candidate chemoprevention agents. Urology 2001; 57:56-63. [PMID: 11295596 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(00)00942-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic data suggest that prostate cancer morbidity and mortality ought to be preventable. New insights into the molecular pathogenesis of prostate cancer offer new opportunities for the discovery of prostate cancer chemoprevention drugs and new challenges for their development. Established pathways that lead to US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of drugs for advanced prostate cancer may not be appropriate for the development of drugs for prostate cancer chemoprevention. For example, large randomized clinical trials designed to test the efficacy of new chemoprevention drugs on prostate cancer survival in the general population are likely to be conducted at great expense and take many years, threatening to increase commercial development risks while decreasing exclusive marketing revenues. As a consequence, to accelerate progress in research, new validated surrogate and strategic clinical trial endpoints, and new clinical trial designs featuring more precisely defined high-risk clinical trial cohorts, are needed. In this review, 10 criteria for prostate cancer chemoprevention agent development are offered and the pipeline of new prostate cancer chemoprevention drug candidates is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Nelson
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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381
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Bagnato A, Rosanò L, Di Castro V, Albini A, Salani D, Varmi M, Nicotra MR, Natali PG. Endothelin receptor blockade inhibits proliferation of Kaposi's sarcoma cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2001; 158:841-7. [PMID: 11238033 PMCID: PMC1850375 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) has been shown to be mitogenic for endothelial and several tumor cells through an autocrine mechanism. In this study we evaluated whether the tumorigenic KS IMM cell line deriving from Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), a highly angiogenic tumor, is susceptible to ET-1 mitogenic activity. By reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, we detected ET-1 mRNA expression and both ET(A) receptor (ET(A)R) and ET(B)R mRNA transcripts in the KS IMM cells. High concentrations of ET-1 are released from the KS IMM cells and competition-binding studies demonstrated that these cells also express functional ET(A)R and ET(B)R with high affinity for ET-1 and ET-1/ET-3, respectively. Expression of ET-1 and cognate receptors could be detected by immunohistochemical method in vitro, in KS IMM xenograft, and in tissue sections of a human KS lesion. Furthermore ET-1 induces a marked and dose-dependent increase in [3H]thymidine incorporation comparable to that elicited by vascular endothelial growth factor. Addition of both selective ET(B)R antagonist (BQ 788) and ET(A)R antagonist (BQ 123), completely blocked ET-1-induced mitogenic response and reduced the basal growth rate of unstimulated cells, suggesting that both receptors mediated the proliferative signal. Such findings demonstrate that ET-1 participates on KS pathogenesis acting as an autocrine growth factor and that ET-1 receptor antagonists may thus be novel candidates for therapeutic intervention.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autocrine Communication
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Endothelin Receptor Antagonists
- Endothelin-1/biosynthesis
- Endothelin-1/genetics
- Endothelin-1/pharmacology
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Oligopeptides/pharmacology
- Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacology
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- Protein Isoforms/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Isoforms/biosynthesis
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Receptors, Endothelin/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Endothelin/genetics
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/etiology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/pathology
- Transcription, Genetic
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bagnato
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Ultrastructure, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Via delle Messi d'Oro 156, 00158 Rome, Italy.
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382
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383
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Abstract
The endothelins comprise a family of potent vasoconstricting peptides. Endothelin-1 appears to be the predominant isoform produced by the vascular endothelium, acting mainly in a paracrine fashion on vascular smooth muscle cells to cause vasoconstriction. It also has a range of other local actions--in the kidney, in the nervous system and on other hormone systems--that could, potentially, play a part in the genesis of hypertension. The association of raised plasma endothelin concentrations in human hypertension has caused much interest, but the literature is not consistent. Given the generally low plasma concentration of the endothelins, and their mainly paracrine actions, it remains unclear whether plasma endothelin has a functional role in hypertension. Additionally, problems remain with the measurement of plasma endothelin that raise doubts about the validity of conclusions drawn from these measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Goddard
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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384
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Renneberg H, Albrecht M, Kurek R, Krause E, Lottspeich F, Aumüller G, Wilhelm B. Identification and characterization of neutral endopeptidase (EC 3. 4. 24. 11) from human prostasomes--localization in prostatic tissue and cell lines. Prostate 2001; 46:173-83. [PMID: 11170145 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0045(20010215)46:3<173::aid-pros1021>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An antibody directed against a 100 kDa protein was immunoselected from a polyvalent antiserum against human prostasomes. The antibody as well as biochemical characteristics of the respective antigen were used to study the structural relationship of the latter with prostate membrane specific antigen (PMSA), another 100 kDa membrane protein of the prostate. METHODS The isolated purified 100 kDa protein was characterized by tryptic degradation, aminoacid-sequencing and mass spectroscopy peptide-fingerprinting as well as mono-saccharide analysis and lectin binding and identified as a prostasomal neutral endopeptidase (NEP, EC 3.4.24.11). Immunohistochemistry, immunoelectron microscopy, in situ hybridization, and RT-PCR were performed to analyze the expression and distribution of the protein in normal and malignant human prostatic tissues and cell lines. RESULTS Prostatic NEP, which has no relationship with PMSA, is a glycosylated, integral membrane protein type II. The prevalent glycosyl residues are NeuNAc, GlcNAc, GalNAc, Gal, Man, Fuc. NEP-mRNA is expressed in human prostatic epithelial and some stromal cells. NEP-immunoreactivity is strong in normal prostatic epithelium and confined to the apical plasma membrane. During apocrine secretion, the enzyme is released from the secretory cells, contributing to the formation of prostasomes. In prostate cancer specimens, immunoreactivity of apical plasma membranes is lost, while generalized cytoplasmic immunoreactivity develops. CONCLUSIONS Prostatic secretory cells contain a membrane-bound, highly glycosylated neutral endopeptidase which is restricted to the apical plasma membrane. The enzyme is released from the cells in an apocrine fashion and contributes to the formation of prostasomes. In prostate cancer cells a preferential cytoplasmic localization is observed, pointing to alterations in intracellular targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Renneberg
- Department of Urology, Municipal Hospital, Offenbach, Germany
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385
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Hamdy NA, Papapoulos SE. The palliative management of skeletal metastases in prostate cancer: use of bone-seeking radionuclides and bisphosphonates. Semin Nucl Med 2001; 31:62-8. [PMID: 11200206 DOI: 10.1053/snuc.2001.18767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In prostate cancer, the development of skeletal metastases is associated with a significant increase in morbidity, mainly because of severe bone pain, which eventually becomes refractory to conventional analgesia. Androgen ablation is the treatment of choice, but the majority of patients relapse within 2 to 3 years from initiation of treatment. After failure of hormone therapy, external-beam irradiation therapy is effective in the palliation of pain, but radionuclides represent an attractive and cost-effective alternative. Strontium 89 is currently the most commonly used radionuclide in the palliative management of prostate cancer metastatic to the skeleton. The rationale for the use of bisphosphonates in metastatic prostate cancer is not immediately obvious, given the predominantly osteoblastic nature of the metastatic process. The clinical use of these agents rests on a number of basic and clinical observations that provide ample evidence that, in prostate cancer, the metastatic process is associated with increased bone resorption. Evidence regarding the beneficial effects of bisphosphonates in reducing morbidity from metastatic prostate cancer is reasonably solid, although the choice of optimal bisphosphonate, mode of administration, dose, and duration of treatment must be determined in large, controlled studies before their widespread clinical use can be advocated. Available therapeutic modalities that use either radionuclides or bisphosphonates can effectively and safely be used in the palliative management of metastatic prostate cancer. Neither radionuclides nor bisphosphonates have been shown to prolong survival, but the potential of both agents to beneficially alter the metastatic process in prostate cancer is intriguing.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Hamdy
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
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386
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Berry PA, Zhang YF, Carter ND, Jeffery S, Burchill SA. Decreased wild-type full-length Et-A and -B receptors in neuroblastoma and Ewing sarcoma cells. MEDICAL AND PEDIATRIC ONCOLOGY 2001; 36:142-6. [PMID: 11464869 DOI: 10.1002/1096-911x(20010101)36:1<142::aid-mpo1034>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelins and their receptors, Et-A and Et-B, play an essential role in differentiation and migration of neural crest cells. Expression of endothelin receptors has been examined in neuroblastoma and Ewing sarcoma cell lines. PROCEDURE RNA was amplified for Et-A and Et-B by RT-PCR. Amplified products were cloned into the expression vector pLNCX, which was used to transfect CHO cells. Binding characteristics of transfected CHO cells were examined. RESULTS Full-length Et-A mRNA was identified in all cell lines, in addition to a truncated Et-A product. CHO cells expressing full-length Et-A bound to endothelin, but cells expressing truncated Et-A did not. Full length Et-B mRNA was not detected, but two smaller molecular weight products were amplified. These are as yet uncharacterised. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that endothelins and their receptors may be important in the development and biology of neuroblastoma and Ewing sarcoma.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Neoplasms/genetics
- Bone Neoplasms/metabolism
- Bone Neoplasms/pathology
- CHO Cells
- Cricetinae
- Cricetulus
- Endothelins/metabolism
- Exons/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Molecular Weight
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/chemistry
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neuroblastoma/genetics
- Neuroblastoma/metabolism
- Neuroblastoma/pathology
- Protein Conformation
- RNA Splicing
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Receptor, Endothelin A
- Receptor, Endothelin B
- Receptors, Endothelin/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Endothelin/chemistry
- Receptors, Endothelin/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sarcoma, Ewing/genetics
- Sarcoma, Ewing/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Ewing/pathology
- Sequence Deletion
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Berry
- ICRF Cancer Medicine Research Unit, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
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387
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Venuti A, Salani D, Manni V, Poggiali F, Bagnato A. Expression of endothelin 1 and endothelin A receptor in HPV-associated cervical carcinoma: new potential targets for anticancer therapy. FASEB J 2000; 14:2277-83. [PMID: 11053249 DOI: 10.1096/fj.00-0024com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are associated with cervical cancer and interact with growth factors that may enhance malignant transformation of cervical carcinoma cells. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is released from HPV transfected keratinocytes and induces increased growth response in these cell lines in comparison with normal cells. In the present study several cervical carcinoma cell lines have been analyzed to investigate the expression of ET-1 and its receptors as well as their involvement in tumor growth. All HPV-positive cancer cells secreted ET-1 and expressed mRNA for ET-1 and its receptors, whereas a HPV-negative carcinoma cell line expressed only the ETBR mRNA and didn't secrete ET-1. Binding studies showed that HPV-associated cells expressed an increased number of functional ETAR. ET-1 stimulated a marked dose-dependent increase in [3H]-thymidine incorporation with respect to the normal cells whereas ET-3 and ETBR agonists had no effect. In HPV-positive cancer cells, a specific antagonist of ETAR inhibited the proliferation induced by ET-1 and substantially reduced the basal growth rate of unstimulated cervical tumor cells, whereas the ETBR antagonist had no effect. These results demonstrate that ET-1 participates in the progression of neoplastic growth in HPV-associated carcinoma, in which ETAR are increased and could be targeted for antitumor therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Binding, Competitive/drug effects
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Line
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelin Receptor Antagonists
- Endothelin-1/genetics
- Endothelin-1/metabolism
- Endothelin-1/pharmacology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Oligopeptides/pharmacology
- Papillomaviridae
- Papillomavirus Infections/genetics
- Papillomavirus Infections/pathology
- Papillomavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacology
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Radioimmunoassay
- Receptor, Endothelin A
- Receptors, Endothelin/genetics
- Receptors, Endothelin/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Virus Infections/genetics
- Tumor Virus Infections/pathology
- Tumor Virus Infections/prevention & control
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/genetics
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/virology
- Viper Venoms/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- A Venuti
- Laboratories of Virology, Regina Elena Cancer Institue, 00158 Rome, Italy.
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388
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Abstract
BACKGROUND An increased understanding of the biology of prostate carcinoma has led to the clinical evaluation of mechanism-based and targeted therapies. Modulating the immune system has been pursued through the use of both active and passive immunity as well as the ex vivo genetic manipulation of effector cells. A variety of gene therapies has been proposed not only to replace defective genes but to localize activation of prodrugs. Angiogenesis and tumor invasion also have been targeted, as have cell cycling and signal transduction. Strategies promoting apoptosis and augmenting differentiation are also under study. METHODS This study is a review of current clinical strategies using biologic, immunologic, and genetic approaches for the treatment of prostate carcinoma. RESULTS The clinical development of therapy targeting differentiation, apoptosis, cell signaling, angiogenesis, metastasis, immune surveillance, and others are in various stages of clinical development. A disease states model is used to discuss treatment groups, outcome measures, and other trial design elements in relation to specific therapeutic strategies. CONCLUSIONS Development of novel agents requires consideration of where in the natural history of the disease they should be applied. In addition, understanding the genetic and molecular alterations that occur as the disease progresses from a localized to a metastatic state, and from androgen dependence to independence, is necessary. Clinical trial design will require consideration of cytostatic and cytotoxic effects, the status of pathways not directly targeted, and potentially unexpected influences on prostate specific antigen expression by these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Morris
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA.
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389
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Aliev G, Shi J, Perry G, Friedland RP, Lamanna JC. Decreased constitutive nitric oxide synthase, but increased inducible nitric oxide synthase and endothelin-1 immunoreactivity in aortic endothelial cells of donryu rats on a cholesterol-enriched diet. THE ANATOMICAL RECORD 2000; 260:16-25. [PMID: 10967532 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0185(20000901)260:1<16::aid-ar20>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The Donryu rat is resistant to a high cholesterol diet in that typical atheromatous lesions do not develop. Using electron microscopic immunocytochemical techniques, the effects of a CCT diet (4% cholesterol with 1% cholic acid and 0.5% thiouracil) on the distributions of neuronal, macrophage, and endothelial specific nitric oxide synthase (NOS I, NOS II, and NOS III) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) immunoreactivity were examined in the thoracic aortic intima. Atheromatous lesions were absent, but immunocytochemistry showed 1. 4+/-0.52% and 4.0+/-0.9% endothelial cells (EC) with positive staining for NOS I and NOS III, respectively, compared with 16.3+/-2. 5% and 88.6+/-2.48% in control Donryu rats. The CCT-supplemented diet induced expression of NOS II immunoreactivity in thoracic aortic intimal cells. EC, subendothelial macrophages, and smooth muscle cells (SMC) also showed high NOS II-positive staining. The percentage of NOS II-immunoreactive EC was 43+/-1.8%. In control groups, no NOS II immunoreactive cells were observed. The percentage of ET-1 immunopositive cells was also significantly increased by 9. 2+/-0.66% and 64.2+/-1.4% in control and CCT-fed groups, respectively. It is concluded that the administration of a high cholesterol diet in Donryu rats produces endothelial dysfunction associated with changes in the balance of the different isoforms of NOS and ET-1. Therefore, the increase in inducible NOS and ET-1 immunoreactivity seen during the cholesterol-enriched diet appears to be a compensatory reaction of aortic wall cells to the high cholesterol supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Aliev
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4938, USA
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390
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Sullivan ME, Mumtaz FH, Khan MA, Dashwood MR, Thompson CS, Mikhailidis DP, Morgan RJ. Endothelins in the urinary tract. BJU Int 2000; 86:97-106. [PMID: 10886092 DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-410x.2000.00730.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M E Sullivan
- Departments of Urology, Royal Free Hampstead NHS Trust, London, UK
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391
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Chiao JW, Moonga BS, Yang YM, Kancherla R, Mittelman A, Wu-Wong JR, Ahmed T. Endothelin-1 from prostate cancer cells is enhanced by bone contact which blocks osteoclastic bone resorption. Br J Cancer 2000; 83:360-5. [PMID: 10917552 PMCID: PMC2374574 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The causes for the propensity of metastasized prostate cancer cells to grow in bone and to induce osteoblastic lesions remain unresolved. Co-culture of human prostate cancer cell lines with bone slices was determined to increase the level of endothelin-1 (ET-1) mRNA and its production. ET-1 is an ejaculate protein that also stimulates osteoblasts. Osteoclastic bone resorption was significantly blocked by the presence of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner as that of synthetic ET-1. The inhibition could be neutralized by specific ET-1 antibody, indicating the association of prostate cancer-derived ET-1 with inhibition of bone resorption. The combined ET-1 activity on osteoclasts and osteoblasts disrupts bone remodelling. ET-1 production is also elevated in the presence of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). ET-1 in turn enhances DNA synthesis of prostate cancer cells. Interactions among cancer cells, bone, ET-1 and PSA may be critical in cancer growth and lesions in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Chiao
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College Valhalla, 10595, USA
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392
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular endothelium represents a complex network of cells producing a large number of active substrates affecting physiologic, metabolic, and immunologic properties of the whole organism, as well as particular organs or tissues. The potential influence of endothelium-derived paracrine factors on prostate cancer progression has only begun to be examined. METHODS This review summarizes recent literature on endothelium-derived factors, including vasoactive agents, peptide growth factors, cytokines, and colony-stimulating factors, involved in the development and progression of prostate cancer. RESULTS Endothelial cells produce an array of active substrates, many of which have been shown to influence prostate cancer growth. Available data demonstrate the positive impact of such molecules as endothelin-1, basic FGF, TGF-beta, IL-6, and IL-8 on prostate cancer progression. Many other endothelium-derived factors NO, IGF, PDGF, IL-1, G-CSF, and GM-CSF (Nitric Oxide, Insulin-Like Growth Factor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor, Interleukin-1, Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor, and Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor) are, at best, implicated in prostate cancer growth, and in most cases support cancer progression. CONCLUSIONS A better understanding of endothelium-derived factors, as paracrine mediators of prostate carcinogenesis and progression, should aid in the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pirtskhalaishvili
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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393
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Insulin-like Growth Factor I and Urokinase-type Plasminogen Activator Bioregulation System as a Survival Mechanism of Prostate Cancer Cells in Osteoblastic Metastases: Development of Anti-Survival Factor Therapy for Hormone-Refractory Prostate Cancer. Mol Med 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03401935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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394
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Nelson JB, Carducci MA. The role of endothelin-1 and endothelin receptor antagonists in prostate cancer. BJU Int 2000; 85 Suppl 2:45-8. [PMID: 10781185 DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-410x.2000.00063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J B Nelson
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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395
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Ahmed SI, Thompson J, Coulson JM, Woll PJ. Studies on the expression of endothelin, its receptor subtypes, and converting enzymes in lung cancer and in human bronchial epithelium. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2000; 22:422-31. [PMID: 10745023 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.22.4.3795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer, particularly small cell lung cancer (SCLC), is characterized by production of numerous peptides and their resulting clinical syndromes. Such peptides can act as autocrine growth factors for these tumors. In this study, we investigated the role of endothelin (ET)-1 in lung cancer. Using reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunocytochemistry, we screened a panel of lung cancer cell lines for ET-1, its receptors, and endothelin converting enzyme-1 (ECE-1), which generates the active form of ET-1. ET-1 messenger RNA was expressed in five of seven SCLC, four of four non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells. The intracellular isoform of ECE-1, important in processing ET-1 if an autocrine growth loop is to function, was downregulated in the lung cancer cell lines as compared with expression of the extracellular isoform. Endothelin A receptor (ETAR), which mediates the mitogenic effects of ET-1 in prostate and ovarian cancer, was upregulated in HBE cells compared with expression in three of seven SCLC and two of four NSCLC cell lines. Endothelin B receptor (ETBR) was more widespread, being expressed in seven of seven SCLC, four of four NSCLC, and the HBE cells. We used flow cytometry to measure mobilization of intracellular calcium as a functional assay for the ETAR. These data concurred with the RT-PCR results, indicating that the ETAR was downregulated or was involved in an alternative signal transduction pathway in lung cancer, and no evidence of functional receptor mediating an autocrine growth loop was found. From our study, the data do not support the putative functional autocrine growth role of ET-1 in lung cancer. We propose instead that ET-1 may act as a paracrine growth factor for surrounding epithelial and endothelial cells via alternative pathways, promoting angiogenesis and stromal growth.
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MESH Headings
- Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases/biosynthesis
- Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases/genetics
- Autocrine Communication
- Bronchi/metabolism
- Calcium Signaling
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/metabolism
- Endothelin-1/biosynthesis
- Endothelin-1/genetics
- Endothelin-Converting Enzymes
- Enzyme Induction
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Epithelium/metabolism
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Isoenzymes/biosynthesis
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Metalloendopeptidases
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Models, Biological
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Receptor, Endothelin A
- Receptor, Endothelin B
- Receptors, Endothelin/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Endothelin/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Ahmed
- Cancer Research Campaign, Academic Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham City Hospital, United Kingdom
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396
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Nelson JB, Carducci MA. Small bioactive peptides and cell surface peptidases in androgen-independent prostate cancer. Cancer Invest 2000; 18:87-96. [PMID: 10701371 DOI: 10.3109/07357900009023066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J B Nelson
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Urology, Pennsylvania, USA
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397
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Alanen K, Deng DX, Chakrabarti S. Augmented expression of endothelin-1, endothelin-3 and the endothelin-B receptor in breast carcinoma. Histopathology 2000; 36:161-7. [PMID: 10672062 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2559.2000.00795.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Endothelins (ETs) are peptides expressed in many tumours which may stimulate angiogenesis and desmoplasia. Because ETs have not been extensively studied mammary neoplasia, we assessed ET protein and mRNA expression and receptor mRNA expression in normal and neoplastic breast tissues. METHODS AND RESULTS Tissues from five normal breasts, six fibroadenomas, seven ductal carcinomas in situ (DCIS) and 25 invasive carcinomas were stained with anti-ET-1 and anti-ET-3 antibodies and analysed using a grading system. ET-1, ET-3, ETA and ETB mRNA expression was assessed by quantitative RT-PCR from eight carcinomas and five normals. Weak staining for ET-1 and ET-3 was detected in all normals. Moderate to strong staining was seen in 72% and 64% of carcinomas for ET-1 and ET-3, respectively. Most fibroadenomas showed weak positivity for ET-1 (83%) and ET-3 (67%). ET-1 and ET-3 mRNA levels were upregulated in carcinomas compared with normal breast. No ETA mRNA was not detected in any tissue. ETB mRNA was detected in normal breast and was increased in carcinomas. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the ET system is altered in breast carcinomas and this may be of importance in the progression from in-situ to invasive carcinoma.
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MESH Headings
- Blotting, Southern
- Breast/chemistry
- Breast/metabolism
- Breast/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma in Situ/genetics
- Carcinoma in Situ/metabolism
- Carcinoma in Situ/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Endothelin-1/analysis
- Endothelin-1/genetics
- Endothelin-3/analysis
- Endothelin-3/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, Endothelin B
- Receptors, Endothelin/analysis
- Receptors, Endothelin/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- K Alanen
- Departments of; Pathology and Microbiology; Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London Ontario, Canada
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398
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Mumtaz FH, Khan MA, Sullivan ME, Thompson CS, Mikhailidis DP, Morgan RJ, Dashwood MR. Potential role of endothelin and nitric oxide in physiology and pathophysiology of the lower urinary tract. ENDOTHELIUM : JOURNAL OF ENDOTHELIAL CELL RESEARCH 1999; 7:1-9. [PMID: 10599556 DOI: 10.3109/10623329909165307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Endothelium-derived vasoactive mediators (endothelin-1 with its vasoconstrictive and mitogenic properties and nitric oxide with its vasodilatory and antiproliferative properties) play an important role in the regulation of vascular smooth muscle tone and cellular proliferation. Several recent studies have now demonstrated the presence of these vasoactive agents in the urinary tract where they are thought to play a prominent role in urinary tract physiology and disease. This article reviews the synthesis, localisation and actions of endothelin and nitric oxide in the lower urinary tract and examines the possible role of these mediators in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- F H Mumtaz
- Department of Urology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London
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399
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Kurbel S, Kurbel B, Zanić-Matanić D. Minoxidil and male-pattern alopecia: a potential role for a local regulator of sebum secretion with vasoconstrictive effects? Med Hypotheses 1999; 53:402-6. [PMID: 10616041 DOI: 10.1054/mehy.1998.0793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of the hair cycle takes place at the pilo-sebaceous unit with the sebaceous gland as a sex hormone-dependent part. Although minoxidil stimulates proliferation of follicular cells and activation of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-1, it was suggested that other mechanisms, such as an increase in the local blood flow, might mediate the drug effect on hair growth. If that is the case, it is possible that minoxidil counteracts some vasoconstrictive mediator of male-pattern alopecia. This hypothetical vasoconstrictive mediator X would have to meet some criteria: (I) vasoconstriction both in the general circulation and in the hair-growing skin; (II) local vasoconstrictive activity in the hair growing skin should be related to the circulating testosterone level; (III) only an increase in the local mediator X activity causes male-pattern alopecia, since hypertensive patients are not balder than expected. The sebaceous gland is a possible place of the mediator X secretion since it is a sex-hormone-dependent part of the pilo-sebaceous unit. ET-1 might be a suitable candidate for the mediator X, since male hormones raise ET-1 plasma levels and female hormones lower them. The speculation presented here is that ET-1, beside vasoconstriction in the general circulation, might also regulate the sebum secretion, by triggering contractions of the myoepithelial cells. This hypothetical mechanism would normally remain confined to the sebaceous gland. During puberty, sex hormones stimulate growth of sebaceous glands in both sexes. In women hypertrophied sebaceous glands under estrogen control would not increase its ET-1 content, while in men, testosterone would increase ET-1 secretion that might affect the neighboring arterioles. Induced vasoconstriction might reduce the hair growth and promote hair loss. If ET-1 plays the described role, then an ET-1 antagonist, i.e. bosentane, should also have some hair-growing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kurbel
- Department of Physiology, Osijek Clinical Hospital, Croatia.
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400
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Doherty A, Smith G, Banks L, Christmas T, Epstein RJ. Correlation of the osteoblastic phenotype with prostate-specific antigen expression in metastatic prostate cancer: implications for paracrine growth. J Pathol 1999; 188:278-81. [PMID: 10419596 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9896(199907)188:3<278::aid-path358>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The characteristic sclerotic appearance of bone metastases from prostate cancer is unexplained but could involve excess peritumoural activity of osteoblast mitogens such as the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs). Since prostatic metastases are distinguished by androgen-dependent secretion of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a serine protease which cleaves extracellular IGF-binding proteins and thereby enhances the bioavailability of IGFs, the relationship was examined between tumour PSA expression and the osteoblastic phenotype. To this end, a cohort of 27 prostate cancer patients was evaluated to determine the relationship between serum PSA and radiographic bone lesion density at first presentation with metastatic disease. No linear correlation between absolute PSA levels and metastatic osteosclerosis was apparent. However, non-parametric statistical analysis revealed a highly significant link between low-PSA (<20 ng/ml) metastatic prostate cancer and osteolytic bone lesions (p<0.0001, chi(2)=21.5). This finding raises the possibility that the osteoblastic phenotype of prostate cancer derives in part from PSA-dependent proteolysis of IGF-binding proteins within bone matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Doherty
- Department of Urology, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, U.K
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