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Hoffmann P, Hülsewig M, Duvar S, Ziehr H, Mormann M, Peter-Katalinić J, Friedrich AW, Karch H, Müthing J. On the structural diversity of Shiga toxin glycosphingolipid receptors in lymphoid and myeloid cells determined by nanoelectrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:2295-2304. [PMID: 20623712 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx, synonymous to verotoxin, VT) binds with high and low affinity to the globo-series neutral glycosphingolipids (GSLs), globotriaosylceramide (Gb3Cer or Galalpha4Galbeta4Glcbeta1Cer, also known as CD77) and globotetraosylceramide (Gb4Cer or GalNAcbeta3Galalpha4Galbeta4Glcbeta1Cer), respectively, which represent the targets of Stxs on many different cell types. B-cell-derived Raji cells and THP-1 cells of monocytic origin are widely used for the investigation of Stx-mediated cellular response, because Stx is known to cause cell death in both cell lines. Despite their functional importance, the Stx receptors of Raji and THP-1 cells have so far not been investigated. This prompted us to explore the structures of their GSL receptors in detail by means of nanoelectrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (nanoESI-QTOF-MS) with collision-induced dissociation (CID) in conjunction with Stx1 as well as anti-Gb3Cer and anti-Gb4Cer antibodies. Using the combination of a thin-layer chromatography (TLC) overlay assay and MS(1) and MS(2) analysis we identified Gb3Cer (d18:1, C24:1/C24:0) as the prevalent Stx1-receptor accompanied by less abundant Gb3Cer (d18:1, C16:0) in the neutral GSL fraction of Raji cells. The same Gb3Cer species but with almost equal proportions of the C24:1/C24:0 and C16:0 variants were found in THP-1 cells. In addition, unusual hydroxylated Gb3Cer (d18:1, C24:1/C24:0) and Gb3Cer (d18:1, C26:1) could be identified in trace quantities in both cell lines. As the most obvious difference between Raji and THP-1 cells we observed the expression of Gb4Cer in THP-1 cells, whereas Raji cells failed to express this elongation product of Gb3Cer. Both short- and long-chain fatty acid carrying Gb4Cer (d18:1, C16:0) and Gb4Cer (d18:1, C24:1/C24:0), respectively, were the prevalent Gb4Cer variants. This first report on the differential expression of Gb3Cer and Gb4Cer and their structural diversity in lymphoid and myeloid cell lines supports the hypothesis that such heterogeneities might play a functional role in the molecular assembly of GSLs in membrane organization and cellular signaling of Stx-susceptible cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Hoffmann
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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352
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Lin CF, Chen CL, Huang WC, Cheng YL, Hsieh CY, Wang CY, Hong MY. Different types of cell death induced by enterotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:2158-76. [PMID: 22069678 PMCID: PMC3153280 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2082158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The infection of bacterial organisms generally causes cell death to facilitate microbial invasion and immune escape, both of which are involved in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. In addition to the intercellular infectious processes, pathogen-produced/secreted enterotoxins (mostly exotoxins) are the major weapons that kill host cells and cause diseases by inducing different types of cell death, particularly apoptosis and necrosis. Blocking these enterotoxins with synthetic drugs and vaccines is important for treating patients with infectious diseases. Studies of enterotoxin-induced apoptotic and necrotic mechanisms have helped us to create efficient strategies to use against these well-characterized cytopathic toxins. In this article, we review the induction of the different types of cell death from various bacterial enterotoxins, such as staphylococcal enterotoxin B, staphylococcal alpha-toxin, Panton-Valentine leukocidin, alpha-hemolysin of Escherichia coli, Shiga toxins, cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1, heat-labile enterotoxins, and the cholera toxin, Vibrio cholerae. In addition, necrosis caused by pore-forming toxins, apoptotic signaling through cross-talk pathways involving mitochondrial damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and lysosomal injury is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiou-Feng Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (W.-C.H.); (Y.-L.C.); (C.-Y.H.); (C.-Y.W.); (M.-Y.H.)
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (C.-L.C.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +886-06-235-3535 ext. 4240; Fax: +886-06-275-8781
| | - Chia-Ling Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (C.-L.C.)
| | - Wei-Ching Huang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (W.-C.H.); (Y.-L.C.); (C.-Y.H.); (C.-Y.W.); (M.-Y.H.)
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lin Cheng
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (W.-C.H.); (Y.-L.C.); (C.-Y.H.); (C.-Y.W.); (M.-Y.H.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yuan Hsieh
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (W.-C.H.); (Y.-L.C.); (C.-Y.H.); (C.-Y.W.); (M.-Y.H.)
| | - Chi-Yun Wang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (W.-C.H.); (Y.-L.C.); (C.-Y.H.); (C.-Y.W.); (M.-Y.H.)
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yuan Hong
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (W.-C.H.); (Y.-L.C.); (C.-Y.H.); (C.-Y.W.); (M.-Y.H.)
- Department of Emergency, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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353
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Liu B, Yin X, Feng Y, Chambers JR, Guo A, Gong J, Zhu J, Gyles CL. Verotoxin 2 enhances adherence of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 to intestinal epithelial cells and expression of {beta}1-integrin by IPEC-J2 cells. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:4461-8. [PMID: 20453145 PMCID: PMC2897442 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00182-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Verotoxin (VT) has been implicated in the promotion of adherence to and colonization of intestinal epithelial cells by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7. The present study investigated the effect of VT2 on the adherence of EHEC O157:H7 strain 86-24 to porcine jejunal (IPEC-J2), human colon (CaCo-2), and human laryngeal carcinoma (HEp-2) cell lines and on the expression in IPEC-J2 cells of synthases for beta1-integrin and nucleolin, both of which are implicated in bacterial adherence. The effect on expression of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) synthase, the receptor for VT, was also examined. Data were obtained by adherence assays and quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR, using EHEC O157 strain 86-24, a vt2 deletion mutant, a vt2 phage-negative strain, and complemented mutants in which the vt2 gene was restored. Compared with the adherence of the parent and complemented mutant strains, the vt2-negative strains adhered significantly less to all three types of cells. Adherence of the wild-type EHEC strain to IPEC-J2 cells was accompanied by increased expression of beta1-integrin, nucleolin, and Gb3 synthase. IPEC-J2 cells in association with wild-type EHEC O157:H7 or the complemented mutants expressed higher levels of beta1-integrin than did cells in association with the vt2-negative strains or with no bacteria. Expression of nucleolin was decreased by association with the vt2-negative mutant, but complementation failed to restore wild-type expression. The data indicate that VT2 plays a role in the adherence of EHEC O157:H7 to intestinal epithelial cells, possibly by increasing the expression of the host receptor beta1-integrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianfang Liu
- College of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, People's Republic of China, Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang Campus, Minhang 200240, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Xianhua Yin
- College of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, People's Republic of China, Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang Campus, Minhang 200240, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Yanni Feng
- College of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, People's Republic of China, Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang Campus, Minhang 200240, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - James R. Chambers
- College of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, People's Republic of China, Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang Campus, Minhang 200240, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Aiguang Guo
- College of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, People's Republic of China, Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang Campus, Minhang 200240, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Joshua Gong
- College of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, People's Republic of China, Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang Campus, Minhang 200240, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Jing Zhu
- College of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, People's Republic of China, Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang Campus, Minhang 200240, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Carlton L. Gyles
- College of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, People's Republic of China, Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang Campus, Minhang 200240, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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354
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Odumosu O, Nicholas D, Yano H, Langridge W. AB toxins: a paradigm switch from deadly to desirable. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:1612-45. [PMID: 22069653 PMCID: PMC3153263 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2071612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To ensure their survival, a number of bacterial and plant species have evolved a common strategy to capture energy from other biological systems. Being imperfect pathogens, organisms synthesizing multi-subunit AB toxins are responsible for the mortality of millions of people and animals annually. Vaccination against these organisms and their toxins has proved rather ineffective in providing long-term protection from disease. In response to the debilitating effects of AB toxins on epithelial cells of the digestive mucosa, mechanisms underlying toxin immunomodulation of immune responses have become the focus of increasing experimentation. The results of these studies reveal that AB toxins may have a beneficial application as adjuvants for the enhancement of immune protection against infection and autoimmunity. Here, we examine similarities and differences in the structure and function of bacterial and plant AB toxins that underlie their toxicity and their exceptional properties as immunomodulators for stimulating immune responses against infectious disease and for immune suppression of organ-specific autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oludare Odumosu
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (O.O.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (D.N.)
| | - Dequina Nicholas
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (O.O.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (D.N.)
| | - Hiroshi Yano
- Department of Biology, University of Redlands, 1200 East Colton Ave, P.O. Box 3080, Redlands, CA 92373, USA; (H.Y.)
| | - William Langridge
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (O.O.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (D.N.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +1-909-558-1000 (81362); Fax: +1-909-558-0177
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