351
|
Iliescu C, Taylor H, Avram M, Miao J, Franssila S. A practical guide for the fabrication of microfluidic devices using glass and silicon. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2012; 6:16505-1650516. [PMID: 22662101 PMCID: PMC3365353 DOI: 10.1063/1.3689939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the main protocols that are used for fabricating microfluidic devices from glass and silicon. Methods for micropatterning glass and silicon are surveyed, and their limitations are discussed. Bonding methods that can be used for joining these materials are summarized and key process parameters are indicated. The paper also outlines techniques for forming electrical connections between microfluidic devices and external circuits. A framework is proposed for the synthesis of a complete glass/silicon device fabrication flow.
Collapse
|
352
|
Rueping M, Bootwicha T, Sugiono E. Continuous-flow catalytic asymmetric hydrogenations: Reaction optimization using FTIR inline analysis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:300-7. [PMID: 22423298 PMCID: PMC3302093 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The asymmetric organocatalytic hydrogenation of benzoxazines, quinolines, quinoxalines and 3H-indoles in continuous-flow microreactors has been developed. Reaction monitoring was achieved by using an inline ReactIR flow cell, which allows fast and convenient optimization of reaction parameters. The reductions proceeded well, and the desired products were isolated in high yields and with excellent enantioselectivities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Rueping
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
353
|
Gómez-de Pedro S, Puyol M, Izquierdo D, Salinas I, de la Fuente JM, Alonso-Chamarro J. A ceramic microreactor for the synthesis of water soluble CdS and CdS/ZnS nanocrystals with on-line optical characterization. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:1328-1335. [PMID: 22262053 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr11525e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a computer controlled microreactor to synthesize water soluble CdS and CdS/ZnS nanocrystals with in situ monitoring of the reaction progress is developed. It is based on ceramic tapes and the Low-Temperature Co-fired Ceramics technology (LTCC). As well the microsystem set-up, the microreactor fluidic design has also been thoroughly optimized. The final device is based on a hydrodynamic focusing of the reagents followed by a three-dimensional micromixer. This generates monodispersed and stable CdS and core-shell CdS/ZnS nanocrystals of 4.5 and 4.2 nm, respectively, with reproducible optical properties in terms of fluorescence emission wavelengths, bandwidth, and quantum yields, which is a key requirement for their future analytical applications. The synthetic process is also controlled in real time with the integration of an optical detection system for absorbance and fluorescence measurements based on commercial miniaturized optical components. This makes possible the efficient managing of the hydrodynamic variables to obtain the desired colloidal suspension. As a result, a simple, economic, robust and portable microsystem for the well controlled synthesis of CdS and CdS/ZnS nanocrystals is presented. Moreover, the reaction takes place in aqueous medium, thus allowing the direct modular integration of this microreactor in specific analytical microsystems, which require the use of such quantum dots as labels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gómez-de Pedro
- Grup de Sensors i Biosensors, Departament de Química, Univ. Autonoma Barcelona, Edifici Cn, 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
354
|
Parthiban P, Khan SA. Filtering microfluidic bubble trains at a symmetric junction. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:582-8. [PMID: 22051610 DOI: 10.1039/c1lc20639g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We report how a nominally symmetric microfluidic junction can be used to sort all bubbles of an incoming train exclusively into one of its arms. The existence of this "filter" regime is unexpected, given that the junction is symmetric. We analyze this behavior by quantifying how bubbles modulate the hydrodynamic resistance in microchannels and show how speeding up a bubble train whilst preserving its spatial periodicity can lead to filtering at a nominally symmetric junction. We further show how such an asymmetric traffic of bubble trains can be triggered in symmetric geometries by identifying conditions wherein the resistance to flow decreases with an increase in the number of bubbles in the microchannel and derive an exact criterion to predict the same.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pravien Parthiban
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, E5-02-28, Singapore 117576
| | | |
Collapse
|
355
|
Wegner J, Ceylan S, Kirschning A. Flow Chemistry – A Key Enabling Technology for (Multistep) Organic Synthesis. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201100584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 497] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Wegner
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Biomolekulares Wirkstoffzentrum (BMWZ), Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, D‐30167 Hannover, Germany, Fax: (+49)‐(0)511‐762‐3011; phone: (+49)‐(0)511‐762‐4612
| | - Sascha Ceylan
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Biomolekulares Wirkstoffzentrum (BMWZ), Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, D‐30167 Hannover, Germany, Fax: (+49)‐(0)511‐762‐3011; phone: (+49)‐(0)511‐762‐4612
| | - Andreas Kirschning
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Biomolekulares Wirkstoffzentrum (BMWZ), Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, D‐30167 Hannover, Germany, Fax: (+49)‐(0)511‐762‐3011; phone: (+49)‐(0)511‐762‐4612
| |
Collapse
|
356
|
Xu JH, Zhao H, Lan WJ, Luo GS. A novel microfluidic approach for monodispersed chitosan microspheres with controllable structures. Adv Healthc Mater 2012. [PMID: 23184694 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201100014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A novel and simple approach to prepare monodispersed chitosan microspheres with relative small size and controlled structures was developed by combining the solidification methods of solvent extraction and chemical crosslinking in a capillary-embedded microfluidic decive. The microspheres with different structures are used in the field of protein drug controlled release and immobilization lipases and they show different release profiles and good stability, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hong Xu
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, PR China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
357
|
Nagaki A, Moriwaki Y, Yoshida JI. Flow synthesis of arylboronic esters bearing electrophilic functional groups and space integration with Suzuki–Miyaura coupling without intentionally added base. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:11211-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc36197c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
358
|
Gomez L, Arruebo M, Sebastian V, Gutierrez L, Santamaria J. Facile synthesis of SiO2–Au nanoshells in a three-stage microfluidic system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm34206e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
359
|
Zhang L, Nakamura H, Lee CG, Maeda H. An investigation of heating rate effects on particle size and concentration: instruction for scale-up. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra01232d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
360
|
Seemann R, Brinkmann M, Pfohl T, Herminghaus S. Droplet based microfluidics. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2012; 75:016601. [PMID: 22790308 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/75/1/016601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 488] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Droplet based microfluidics is a rapidly growing interdisciplinary field of research combining soft matter physics, biochemistry and microsystems engineering. Its applications range from fast analytical systems or the synthesis of advanced materials to protein crystallization and biological assays for living cells. Precise control of droplet volumes and reliable manipulation of individual droplets such as coalescence, mixing of their contents, and sorting in combination with fast analysis tools allow us to perform chemical reactions inside the droplets under defined conditions. In this paper, we will review available drop generation and manipulation techniques. The main focus of this review is not to be comprehensive and explain all techniques in great detail but to identify and shed light on similarities and underlying physical principles. Since geometry and wetting properties of the microfluidic channels are crucial factors for droplet generation, we also briefly describe typical device fabrication methods in droplet based microfluidics. Examples of applications and reaction schemes which rely on the discussed manipulation techniques are also presented, such as the fabrication of special materials and biophysical experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Seemann
- Experimental Physics, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
361
|
Hochlowski JE, Searle PA, Tu NP, Pan JY, Spanton SG, Djuric SW. An Integrated Synthesis–Purification System to Accelerate the Generation of Compounds in Pharmaceutical Discovery. J Flow Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1556/jfchem.2011.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
362
|
Mikrowellen-unterstützte Synthese von kolloidalen anorganischen Nanokristallen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201101274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
363
|
Baghbanzadeh M, Carbone L, Cozzoli PD, Kappe CO. Microwave-assisted synthesis of colloidal inorganic nanocrystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:11312-59. [PMID: 22058070 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201101274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Colloidal inorganic nanocrystals stand out as an important class of advanced nanomaterials owing to the flexibility with which their physical-chemical properties can be controlled through size, shape, and compositional engineering in the synthesis stage and the versatility with which they can be implemented into technological applications in fields as diverse as optoelectronics, energy conversion/production, catalysis, and biomedicine. The use of microwave irradiation as a non-classical energy source has become increasingly popular in the preparation of nanocrystals (which generally involves complex and time-consuming processing of molecular precursors in the presence of solvents, ligands and/or surfactants at elevated temperatures). Similar to its now widespread use in organic chemistry, the efficiency of "microwave flash heating" in dramatically reducing overall processing times is one of the main advantages associated with this technique. This Review illustrates microwave-assisted methods that have been developed to synthesize colloidal inorganic nanocrystals and critically evaluates the specific roles that microwave irradiation may play in the formation of these nanomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Baghbanzadeh
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Microwave Chemistry and Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
364
|
Roig Y, Marre S, Cardinal T, Aymonier C. Synthesis of Exciton Luminescent ZnO Nanocrystals Using Continuous Supercritical Microfluidics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:12071-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201106201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
365
|
Roig Y, Marre S, Cardinal T, Aymonier C. Synthesis of Exciton Luminescent ZnO Nanocrystals Using Continuous Supercritical Microfluidics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201106201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
366
|
Lin YS, Yang CH, Lu K, Huang KS, Zheng YZ. Synthesis of agar microparticles using temperature-controlled microfluidic devices for Cordyceps militaris cultivation. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:3157-63. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
367
|
Riche CT, Marin BC, Malmstadt N, Gupta M. Vapor deposition of cross-linked fluoropolymer barrier coatings onto pre-assembled microfluidic devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:3049-3052. [PMID: 21850298 DOI: 10.1039/c1lc20396g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The interior surfaces of pre-assembled poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microfluidic devices were modified with a cross-linked fluoropolymer barrier coating that significantly increased the chemical compatibility of the devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carson T Riche
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
368
|
A flow-microreactor approach to protecting-group-free synthesis using organolithium compounds. Nat Commun 2011; 2:264. [PMID: 21468016 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protecting-group-free synthesis has received significant recent research interest in the context of ideal synthesis and green sustainable chemistry. In general, organolithium species react with ketones very rapidly, and therefore ketone carbonyl groups should be protected before an organolithium reaction, if they are not involved in the desired transformation. If organolithium chemistry could be free from such a limitation, its power would be greatly enhanced. Here we show that a flow microreactor enables such protecting-group-free organolithium reactions by greatly reducing the residence time (0.003 s or less). Aryllithium species bearing ketone carbonyl groups are generated by iodine-lithium exchange reactions of the corresponding aryl iodides with mesityllithium and are reacted with various electrophiles using a flow-microreactor system. The present method has been successfully applied to the formal synthesis of Pauciflorol F.
Collapse
|
369
|
Perro A, Nicolet C, Angly J, Lecommandoux S, Le Meins JF, Colin A. Mastering a double emulsion in a simple co-flow microfluidic to generate complex polymersomes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:9034-42. [PMID: 21082804 DOI: 10.1021/la1037102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We show that the production and the geometrical shape of complex polymersomes can be predicted by varying the flow rates of a simple microdevice using an empirical law which predicts the droplet size. This device is constituted of fused silica capillaries associated with adjusted tubing sleeves and T-junctions. Studying the effect of several experimental parameters, double emulsions containing a controlled number of droplets were fabricated. First, this study examines the stability of a jet in a simple confined microfluidic system, probing the conditions required for droplets production. Then, multicompartmental polymersomes were formed, controlling flow velocities. In this work, poly(dimethylsiloxane)-graft-poly(ethylene oxide) (PDMS-g-PEO) and poly(butadiene)-block-poly(ethyleneoxide) (PBut-b-PEO) amphiphilic copolymers were used and dissolved in chloroform/cyclohexane mixture. The ratio of these two solvents was adjusted in order to stabilize the double emulsion formation. The aqueous suspension contained poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), limiting the coalescence of the droplets. This work constitutes major progress in the control of double emulsion formation in microfluidic devices and shows that complex structures can be obtained using such a process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Perro
- Rhodia Laboratoire du Futur, Unité mixte Rhodia-CNRS, Université Bordeaux I, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
370
|
Wang JT, Wang J, Han JJ. Fabrication of advanced particles and particle-based materials assisted by droplet-based microfluidics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:1728-54. [PMID: 21618428 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201001913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in the fabrication of complex particles and particle-based materials assisted by droplet-based microfluidics are reviewed. Monodisperse particles with expected internal structures, morphologies, and sizes in the range of nanometers to hundreds of micrometers have received a good deal of attention in recent years. Due to the capability of generating monodisperse emulsions and of executing precise control and operations on the suspended droplets inside the microchannels, droplet-based microfluidic devices have become powerful tools for fabricating complex particles with desired properties. Emulsions and multiple-emulsions generated in the microfluidic devices can be composed of a variety of materials including aqueous solutions, gels, polymers and solutions containing functional nanoparticles. They are ideal microreactors or fine templates for synthesizing advanced particles, such as polymer particles, microcapsules, nanocrystals, and photonic crystal clusters or beads by further chemical or physical operations. These particles are promising materials that may be applicable for many fields, such as photonic materials, drug delivery systems, and bio-analysis. From simple to complex, from spherical to nonspherical, from polymerization and reaction crystallization to self-assembly, this review aims to help readers be aware of the many aspects of this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Tao Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology & State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China, 300072.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
371
|
Kuhn S, Hartman RL, Sultana M, Nagy KD, Marre S, Jensen KF. Teflon-coated silicon microreactors: impact on segmented liquid-liquid multiphase flows. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:6519-6527. [PMID: 21510687 DOI: 10.1021/la2004744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We describe fluoropolymer modification of silicon microreactors for control of wetting properties in chemical synthesis applications and characterize the impact of the coating on liquid-liquid multiphase flows of solvents and water. Annular flow of nitrogen gas and a Teflon AF (DuPont) dispersion enable controlled evaporation of fluoropolymer solvent, which in turn brings about three-dimensional polymer deposition on microchannel walls. Consequently, the wetting behavior is switched from hydrophilic to hydrophobic. Analysis of microreactors reveals that the polymer layer thickness increases down the length of the reactor from ∼1 to ∼13 μm with an average thickness of ∼7 μm. Similarly, we show that microreactor surfaces can be modified with poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE). These PTFE-coated microreactors are further characterized by measuring residence time distributions in segmented liquid-liquid multiphase flows, which display reduced axial dispersion for the coated microreactors. Applying particle image velocimetry, changes in segment shape and velocity fluctuations are observed resulting in reduced axial dispersion. Furthermore, the segment size distribution is narrowed for the hydrophobic microreactors, enabling further control of residence distributions for synthesis and screening applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kuhn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
372
|
Zhang K, Liang Q, Ai X, Hu P, Wang Y, Luo G. On-demand microfluidic droplet manipulation using hydrophobic ferrofluid as a continuous-phase. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:1271-5. [PMID: 21327251 DOI: 10.1039/c0lc00484g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple essential microdroplet operation units, including splitting, dispensing, oil-phase exchange, trapping, release and demulsification, were successfully implemented by combining hydrophobic ferrofluid with microfluidic chips.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
373
|
Nightingale AM, Krishnadasan SH, Berhanu D, Niu X, Drury C, McIntyre R, Valsami-Jones E, deMello JC. A stable droplet reactor for high temperature nanocrystal synthesis. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:1221-1227. [PMID: 21180744 DOI: 10.1039/c0lc00507j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We report a versatile capillary-based droplet reactor for the controlled synthesis of nanoparticles over a wide range of flow conditions and temperatures. The reactor tolerates large flow-rate differentials between individual reagent streams, and allows droplet composition to be varied independently of residence time and volume. The reactor was successfully applied to the synthesis of metal (Ag), metal-oxide (TiO(2)) and compound semiconductor (CdSe) nanoparticles, and in each case exhibited stable droplet flow over many hours of operation without fouling, even for reactions involving solid intermediates. For CdSe formed by the reaction of Cd oleate and Se, highly controlled growth could be achieved at temperatures of up to 250 °C, with emission spectra varying smoothly and reproducibly with temperature and flow-rate. The droplet reactor showed exceptional stability when operated under constant flow-rate and temperature conditions, yielding particles with well-defined band-edge emission spectra that did not vary over the course of a full day's continuous operation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Nightingale
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
374
|
|
375
|
Kadiu I, Nowacek A, McMillan J, Gendelman HE. Macrophage endocytic trafficking of antiretroviral nanoparticles. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2011; 6:975-94. [PMID: 21417829 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.11.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Nanoformulated antiretroviral therapy can improve drug compliance for people infected with HIV. Additional benefits would include specific drug deliveries to viral reservoirs and reduction in systemic toxicities. METHODS In this article, we describe mechanisms of crystalline antiretroviral nanoparticle (NP) uptake, intracellular trafficking and release in human monocyte-derived macrophages. RESULTS Following clathrin-dependent endocytosis NPs bypassed lysosomal degradation by sorting from early endosomes to recycling endosome pathways. Disruption of this pathway by siRNAs or brefeldin-A impaired particle release. Proteomic and biological analysis demonstrated that particle recycling was primarily Rab11 regulated. Particles were released intact and retained complete antiretroviral efficacy. CONCLUSION These results suggest possible pathways of subcellular transport of antiretroviral nanoformulations that preserve both particle integrity and antiretroviral activities demonstrating the potential utility of this approach for targeted drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irena Kadiu
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985800 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
376
|
Yoshida JI, Kim H, Nagaki A. Green and sustainable chemical synthesis using flow microreactors. CHEMSUSCHEM 2011; 4:331-40. [PMID: 21394921 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201000271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Several features that allow flow microreactors contribute to green and sustainable chemical synthesis are presented: (1) For extremely fast reactions, kinetics often cannot be used because of the lack of homogeneity of the reaction environment when they are conducted in batch macroreactors. Better controllability, by virtue of fast mixing based on short diffusion paths in microreactors, however, leads to a higher selectivity of the products, based on kinetics considerations. Therefore, less waste is produced. (2) Reactions involving highly unstable intermediates usually require very low temperatures when they are conducted in macrobatch reactors. By virtue of short residence times, flow microreactors enable performing such reactions at ambient temperatures, avoiding cryogenic conditions and minimizing the energy required for cooling. (3) By virtue of the precise residence time control, flow microreactors allow to avoid the use of auxiliary substances such as protecting groups, enabling highly atom- and step-economical straightforward syntheses. The development of several test plants based on microreaction technology has proved that flow microreactor synthesis can be applied to the green and sustainable production of chemical substances on industrial scales. (4) Microreactor technology enables on-demand and on-site synthesis, which leads to less energy for transportation and easy recycling of substances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Yoshida
- Department of Synthetic and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
377
|
Lorber N, Sarrazin F, Guillot P, Panizza P, Colin A, Pavageau B, Hany C, Maestro P, Marre S, Delclos T, Aymonier C, Subra P, Prat L, Gourdon C, Mignard E. Some recent advances in the design and the use of miniaturized droplet-based continuous process: applications in chemistry and high-pressure microflows. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:779-87. [PMID: 21157611 DOI: 10.1039/c0lc00058b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This mini-review focuses on two different miniaturizing approaches: the first one describes the generation and use of droplets flowing within a millifluidic tool as individual batch microreactors. The second one reports the use of high pressure microflows in chemistry. Millifluidics is an inexpensive, versatile and easy to use approach which is upscaled from microfluidics. It enables one to produce hierarchically organized multiple emulsions or particles with a good control over sizes and shapes, as well as to provide a convenient data acquisition platform dedicated to slow or rather fast chemical reactions, i.e., from hours to a few minutes. High-pressure resistant devices were recently fabricated and used to generate stable droplets from pressurized fluids such as supercritical fluid-liquid systems. We believe that supercritical microfluidics is a promising tool to develop sustainable processes in chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Lorber
- CNRS-Rhodia-Université Bordeaux 1 UMR5258 Laboratoire du Futur, 178 Av. Dr Albert Schweitzer, 33608 Pessac Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
378
|
Miyamura Y, Park C, Kinbara K, Leibfarth FA, Hawker CJ, Aida T. Controlling Volume Shrinkage in Soft Lithography through Heat-Induced Cross-Linking of Patterned Nanofibers. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:2840-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja110901h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasunao Miyamura
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Chiyoung Park
- ERATO-SORST Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation, 2-41 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Kazushi Kinbara
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Frank A. Leibfarth
- Department of Materials, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Department of Materials, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Takuzo Aida
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- ERATO-SORST Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation, 2-41 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
379
|
Lange H, Carter CF, Hopkin MD, Burke A, Goode JG, Baxendale IR, Ley SV. A breakthrough method for the accurate addition of reagents in multi-step segmented flow processing. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0sc00603c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
380
|
|
381
|
Duguet E, Désert A, Perro A, Ravaine S. Design and elaboration of colloidal molecules: an overview. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:941-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00048e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
382
|
Zeng S, Liu X, Xie H, Lin B. Basic Technologies for Droplet Microfluidics. MICROFLUIDICS 2011; 304:69-90. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2011_149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
383
|
Baek J, Allen PM, Bawendi MG, Jensen KF. Investigation of Indium Phosphide Nanocrystal Synthesis Using a High-Temperature and High-Pressure Continuous Flow Microreactor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 50:627-30. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201006412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
384
|
Baek J, Allen PM, Bawendi MG, Jensen KF. Investigation of Indium Phosphide Nanocrystal Synthesis Using a High-Temperature and High-Pressure Continuous Flow Microreactor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201006412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
385
|
Li JL, Day D, Gu M. Design of a compact microfludic device for controllable cell distribution. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:3054-3057. [PMID: 20871882 DOI: 10.1039/c0lc00090f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A compact microfluidic device with 96 microchambers allocated within four circular units was designed and examined for cell distribution. In each unit, cells were distributed to the surrounding chambers radially from the center. The circular arrangement of the chambers makes the design simple and compact. A controllable and quantitative cell distribution is achievable in this device. This design is significant to the microfluidic applications where controllable distribution of cells in multipule microchambers is demanded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Liang Li
- Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
386
|
Wang H, Liu K, Chen KJ, Lu Y, Wang S, Lin WY, Guo F, Kamei KI, Chen YC, Ohashi M, Wang M, Garcia MA, Zhao XZ, Shen CKF, Tseng HR. A rapid pathway toward a superb gene delivery system: programming structural and functional diversity into a supramolecular nanoparticle library. ACS NANO 2010; 4:6235-43. [PMID: 20925389 PMCID: PMC2992838 DOI: 10.1021/nn101908e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are regarded as promising transfection reagents for effective and safe delivery of nucleic acids into a specific type of cells or tissues providing an alternative manipulation/therapy strategy to viral gene delivery. However, the current process of searching novel delivery materials is limited due to conventional low-throughput and time-consuming multistep synthetic approaches. Additionally, conventional approaches are frequently accompanied with unpredictability and continual optimization refinements, impeding flexible generation of material diversity creating a major obstacle to achieving high transfection performance. Here we have demonstrated a rapid developmental pathway toward highly efficient gene delivery systems by leveraging the powers of a supramolecular synthetic approach and a custom-designed digital microreactor. Using the digital microreactor, broad structural/functional diversity can be programmed into a library of DNA-encapsulated supramolecular nanoparticles (DNA⊂SNPs) by systematically altering the mixing ratios of molecular building blocks and a DNA plasmid. In vitro transfection studies with DNA⊂SNPs library identified the DNA⊂SNPs with the highest gene transfection efficiency, which can be attributed to cooperative effects of structures and surface chemistry of DNA⊂SNPs. We envision such a rapid developmental pathway can be adopted for generating nanoparticle-based vectors for delivery of a variety of loads.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kan Liu
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430073, China
| | - Kuan-Ju Chen
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yujie Lu
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1825 Pressler Street SRB 330A, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shutao Wang
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Wei-Yu Lin
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Feng Guo
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Physics, School of Physics, Center of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ken-ichiro Kamei
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yi-Chun Chen
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Minori Ohashi
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mingwei Wang
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mitch André Garcia
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xing-Zhong Zhao
- Department of Physics, School of Physics, Center of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Clifton K.-F. Shen
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hsian-Rong Tseng
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|