351
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Ishiwata T, Tanabe N, Shigeta A, Yokota H, Tsushima K, Terada J, Sakao S, Morisaki H, Morisaki T, Tatsumi K. Moyamoya disease and artery tortuosity as rare phenotypes in a patient with an elastin mutation. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 170:1924-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Ishiwata
- Department of Respirology; Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba University; Chiba Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Tanabe
- Department of Respirology; Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba University; Chiba Japan
| | - Ayako Shigeta
- Department of Respirology; Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba University; Chiba Japan
| | - Hajime Yokota
- Department of Radiology; Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba University; Chiba Japan
| | - Kenji Tsushima
- Department of Respirology; Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba University; Chiba Japan
| | - Jiro Terada
- Department of Respirology; Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba University; Chiba Japan
| | - Seiichiro Sakao
- Department of Respirology; Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba University; Chiba Japan
| | - Hiroko Morisaki
- Department of Bioscience and Genetics; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute; Osaka Japan
| | - Takayuki Morisaki
- Department of Bioscience and Genetics; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute; Osaka Japan
| | - Koichiro Tatsumi
- Department of Respirology; Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba University; Chiba Japan
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352
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Anesthesiological Management of a Patient with Williams Syndrome Undergoing Spine Surgery. Case Rep Anesthesiol 2016; 2016:1371095. [PMID: 27069694 PMCID: PMC4812229 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1371095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Williams Syndrome (WS) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder associated with a mutation on chromosome 7. Patients with WS usually display dysmorphic facial and musculoskeletal features, congenital heart diseases, metabolic disturbances and cognitive impairment. Structural cardiovascular abnormalities are present in the majority of the children and may provide a substrate for perioperative Sudden Cardiac Death, as presented by several reports, something that creates a great challenge to the anesthetic conduct. We present the case of a 12-year old girl who required anesthetic care for surgical correction of an acquired kyphoscoliosis. Potential anesthesiological implications of WS are subsequently reviewed.
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353
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Mohan S, Nampoothiri S, Yesodharan D, Venkatesan V, Koshy T, Paul SFD, Perumal V. Reciprocal Microduplication of the Williams-Beuren Syndrome Chromosome Region in a 9-Year-Old Omani Boy. Lab Med 2016; 47:171-5. [PMID: 27069036 DOI: 10.1093/labmed/lmw005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microdeletions of the 7q11.23 Williams-Beuren syndrome chromosome region (WBSCR) are reported with a frequency of 1 in 10,000, whereas microduplications of the region, although expected to occur at the same frequency, are not widely reported. METHOD We evaluated a 9-year old Omani boy for idiopathic intellectual disability using genetic methods, including multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA), for detection of microdeletions (P064-B3). RESULTS MLPA analysis revealed that the boy has a rare microduplication of the WBSCR. Prominent clinical features include global developmental delay with pronounced speech delay, dysmorphic facies, and autistic features. CONCLUSION Microduplications, in general, are reported at a lesser frequency, perhaps owing to their milder phenotype. Complete genetic assessment in children with idiopathic intellectual disability would help in identifying rare conditions such as duplication of the WBSCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruthi Mohan
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Sheela Nampoothiri
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Center, Kochi, India
| | - Dhanya Yesodharan
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Center, Kochi, India
| | | | - Teena Koshy
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Solomon F D Paul
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
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354
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Green T, Fierro KC, Raman MM, Saggar M, Sheau KE, Reiss AL. Surface-based morphometry reveals distinct cortical thickness and surface area profiles in Williams syndrome. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2016; 171B:402-13. [PMID: 26852730 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Morphometric investigations of brain volumes in Williams syndrome (WS) consistently show significant reductions in gray matter volume compared to controls. Cortical thickness (CT) and surface area (SA) are two constituent parts of cortical gray matter volume that are considered genetically distinguishable features of brain morphology. Yet, little is known about the independent contribution of cortical CT and SA to these volumetric differences in WS. Thus, our objectives were: (i) to evaluate whether the microdeletion in chromosome 7 associated with WS has a distinct effect on CT and SA, and (ii) to evaluate age-related variations in CT and SA within WS. We compared CT and SA values in 44 individuals with WS to 49 age- and sex-matched typically developing controls. Between-group differences in CT and SA were evaluated across two age groups: young (age range 6.6-18.9 years), and adults (age range 20.2-51.5 years). Overall, we found contrasting effects of WS on cortical thickness (increases) and surface area (decreases). With respect to brain topography, the between-group pattern of CT differences showed a scattered pattern while the between-group surface area pattern was widely distributed throughout the brain. In the adult subgroup, we observed a cluster of increases in cortical thickness in WS across the brain that was not observed in the young subgroup. Our findings suggest that extensive early reductions in surface area are the driving force for the overall reduction in brain volume in WS. The age-related cortical thickness findings might reflect delayed or even arrested development of specific brain regions in WS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Green
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Kyle C Fierro
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Mira M Raman
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Manish Saggar
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Kristen E Sheau
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Allan L Reiss
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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355
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Array CGH - A Powerful Tool in Molecular Diagnostic of Pathogenic Microdeletions - Williams-Beuren Syndrome - A Case Report. CURRENT HEALTH SCIENCES JOURNAL 2016; 42:207-212. [PMID: 30568834 PMCID: PMC6256167 DOI: 10.12865/chsj.42.02.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) (OMIM 194050) is caused by interstitial deletions or duplications of the 7q11.23 chromosomal region and characterised through a complex phenotype. We described a case diagnosed clinically and genetically confirmed through aCGH. Genetic assessment identified three microdeletions with a total size of 1.35 Mb located at 7q11.23. The deleted regions encompasses more than 30 genes including several protein coding genes such as ELN, LIMK1, FZDS, WBSCR22, WBSCR27, WBSCR28, STX1A, CLDN3, CLDN4, LAT2, ABHD11 or EIF4H .
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356
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Gtf2ird1-Dependent Mohawk Expression Regulates Mechanosensing Properties of the Tendon. Mol Cell Biol 2016; 36:1297-309. [PMID: 26884464 PMCID: PMC4836271 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00950-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanoforces experienced by an organ are translated into biological information for cellular sensing and response. In mammals, the tendon connective tissue experiences and resists physical forces, with tendon-specific mesenchymal cells called tenocytes orchestrating extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover. We show that Mohawk (Mkx), a tendon-specific transcription factor, is essential in mechanoresponsive tenogenesis through regulation of its downstream ECM genes such as type I collagens and proteoglycans such as fibromodulin both in vivo and in vitro Wild-type (WT) mice demonstrated an increase in collagen fiber diameter and density in response to physical treadmill exercise, whereas in Mkx(-/-) mice, tendons failed to respond to the same mechanical stimulation. Furthermore, functional screening of the Mkx promoter region identified several upstream transcription factors that regulate Mkx In particular, general transcription factor II-I repeat domain-containing protein 1 (Gtf2ird1) that is expressed in the cytoplasm of unstressed tenocytes translocated into the nucleus upon mechanical stretching to activate the Mkx promoter through chromatin regulation. Here, we demonstrate that Gtf2ird1 is essential for Mkx transcription, while also linking mechanical forces to Mkx-mediated tendon homeostasis and regeneration.
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357
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Chen IY, Matsa E, Wu JC. Induced pluripotent stem cells: at the heart of cardiovascular precision medicine. Nat Rev Cardiol 2016; 13:333-49. [PMID: 27009425 DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2016.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The advent of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) technology has revitalized the efforts in the past decade to realize more fully the potential of human embryonic stem cells for scientific research. Adding to the possibility of generating an unlimited amount of any cell type of interest, hiPSC technology now enables the derivation of cells with patient-specific phenotypes. Given the introduction and implementation of the large-scale Precision Medicine Initiative, hiPSC technology will undoubtedly have a vital role in the advancement of cardiovascular research and medicine. In this Review, we summarize the progress that has been made in the field of hiPSC technology, with particular emphasis on cardiovascular disease modelling and drug development. The growing roles of hiPSC technology in the practice of precision medicine will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Y Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Elena Matsa
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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358
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Leung C, Jia Z. Mouse Genetic Models of Human Brain Disorders. Front Genet 2016; 7:40. [PMID: 27047540 PMCID: PMC4803727 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past three decades, genetic manipulations in mice have been used in neuroscience as a major approach to investigate the in vivo function of genes and their alterations. In particular, gene targeting techniques using embryonic stem cells have revolutionized the field of mammalian genetics and have been at the forefront in the generation of numerous mouse models of human brain disorders. In this review, we will first examine childhood developmental disorders such as autism, intellectual disability, Fragile X syndrome, and Williams-Beuren syndrome. We will then explore psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and lastly, neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. We will outline the creation of these mouse models that range from single gene deletions, subtle point mutations to multi-gene manipulations, and discuss the key behavioral phenotypes of these mice. Ultimately, the analysis of the models outlined in this review will enhance our understanding of the in vivo role and underlying mechanisms of disease-related genes in both normal brain function and brain disorders, and provide potential therapeutic targets and strategies to prevent and treat these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Leung
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, TorontoON, Canada; Program in Physiology, University of Toronto, TorontoON, Canada
| | - Zhengping Jia
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, TorontoON, Canada; Program in Physiology, University of Toronto, TorontoON, Canada
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359
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Mazumdar J, Sarkar R, Badveli A, Majumder B. Double chamber right ventricle in Williams syndrome: a rare cardiac anomaly reported. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:275. [PMID: 27006883 PMCID: PMC4779085 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-1897-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular abnormality is the most consistent finding and occur in almost 80 % of all Williams syndrome (WS). Although a number of cardiovascular defects are common to WS, the majority presents in some form of arterial stenosis whereas supravalvular aortic stenosis is the most common one. Here we describe a 12 year old boy with elfin facies, presenting with urinary incontinence and a systolic murmur in right upper parasternal region. Echocardiography showed presence of double chambered right ventricle (DCRV) along with supravalvular aortic stenosis (SVAS) and coronary artery aneurysms, left pulmonary artery stenosis and multiple bladder diverticula in CT abdomen. With the clinical suspicion the diagnosis of WS was made and confirmed by fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) study showing deletion in 7q11.23. Though different forms of arterial stenosis at multiple sites have been demonstrated in WS, DCRV in Williams syndrome is not reported till date in medical literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayitri Mazumdar
- Department of Pediatrics, Calcutta National Medical College and Hospital, 24, Gorachand Road, Kolkata, 700014 India
| | - Rakesh Sarkar
- R G Kar Medical College and Hospital, 1 Khudiram Bose Sarani, Kolkata, 700004 India
| | - Anusha Badveli
- R G Kar Medical College and Hospital, 1 Khudiram Bose Sarani, Kolkata, 700004 India
| | - Biswajit Majumder
- R G Kar Medical College and Hospital, 1 Khudiram Bose Sarani, Kolkata, 700004 India
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360
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Kim YM, Cho JH, Kang E, Kim GH, Seo EJ, Lee BH, Choi JH, Yoo HW. Endocrine dysfunctions in children with Williams-Beuren syndrome. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2016; 21:15-20. [PMID: 27104174 PMCID: PMC4835556 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2016.21.1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) is caused by a hemizygous microdeletion of chromosome 7q11.23 and is characterized by global cognitive impairment, dysmorphic facial features, and supravalvular aortic stenosis. Endocrine dysfunctions have been reported in patients with WBS. This study was performed to investigate the frequency, clinical features, and outcomes of endocrine dysfunctions in children with WBS. METHODS One hundred two patients were included. The diagnosis was confirmed by chromosome analysis and fluorescent in situ hybridization. Medical charts were reviewed retrospectively to analyze endocrine dysfunctions such as short stature, precocious puberty, thyroid dysfunctions, and hypocalcemia. RESULTS The age at diagnosis was 3.7±4.4 years (one month to 19 years). Height- and weight-standard deviation score (SDS) were -1.1±1.1 and -1.4±1.4 at presentation, respectively. Short stature was found in 26 patients (28.3%) among those older than 2 years. Body mass index-SDS increased as the patients grew older (P<0.001). Two males and one female (2.9%) were diagnosed with central precocious puberty. Nine patients (8.8%) were diagnosed with primary hypothyroidism at age 4.0±4.3 years (one month to 12.1 years); their serum thyroid stimulating hormone and free T4 levels were 15.2±5.4 µU/mL and 1.2±0.2 ng/dL, respectively. Hypercalcemia was observed in 12 out of 55 patients under age 3 (22%) at the age of 14.3±6.6 months (7 to 28 months) with a mean serum calcium level of 13.1±2.1 mg/dL. CONCLUSION Endocrine dysfunctions are not uncommon causes of morbidity in patients with WBS. The severity and outcomes of their endocrine manifestations were heterogeneous. Long-term follow-up is needed to predict the prognosis of endocrine features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Myung Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ja Hyang Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eungu Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gu-Hwan Kim
- Medical Genetics Center, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eul-Ju Seo
- Medical Genetics Center, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Beom Hee Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han-Wook Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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361
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Mother-Child Interaction as a Window to a Unique Social Phenotype in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome and in Williams Syndrome. J Autism Dev Disord 2016; 45:2567-77. [PMID: 25791124 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2425-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mother-child interactions in 22q11.2 Deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) and Williams syndrome (WS) were coded for maternal sensitivity/intrusiveness, child's expression of affect, levels of engagement, and dyadic reciprocity. WS children were found to express more positive emotions towards their mothers compared to 22q11.2DS children and those with developmental delay in a conflict interaction. During the same interaction, dyads of 22q11.2DS children were characterized by higher levels of maternal intrusiveness, lower levels of child's engagement and reduced reciprocity compared to dyads of typically developing children. Finally, 22q11.2DS children with the COMT Met allele showed less adaptive behaviors than children with the Val allele. Dyadic behaviors partially coincided with the distinct social phenotypes in these syndromes and are potential behavioral markers of psychopathological trajectory.
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362
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Copes LE, Pober BR, Terilli CA. Description of common musculoskeletal findings in Williams Syndrome and implications for therapies. Clin Anat 2016; 29:578-89. [PMID: 26749433 DOI: 10.1002/ca.22685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Williams syndrome (WS), also referred to as Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS), is a relatively rare genetic disorder affecting ∼1/10,000 persons. Since the disorder is caused by a micro-deletion of ∼1.5 Mb, it is not surprising that the manifestations of WS are extremely broad, involving most body systems. In this paper, we primarily focus on the musculoskeletal aspects of WS as these findings have not been the subject of a comprehensive review. We review the MSK features commonly seen in individuals with WS, along with related sensory and neurological issues interacting with and compounding underlying MSK abnormalities. We end by providing perspective, particularly from the vantage point of a physical therapist, on therapeutic interventions to address the most common MSK and related features seen in WS. Clin. Anat. 29:578-589, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Copes
- Department of Medical Sciences, Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, Connecticut
| | - B R Pober
- Department of Medical Sciences, Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, Connecticut.,Department of Genetics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - C A Terilli
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.,Rose F. Kennedy Children's Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center at Montefiore, Bronx, New York
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363
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Abstract
CHD is frequently associated with a genetic syndrome. These syndromes often present specific cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular co-morbidities that confer significant peri-operative risks affecting multiple organ systems. Although surgical outcomes have improved over time, these co-morbidities continue to contribute substantially to poor peri-operative mortality and morbidity outcomes. Peri-operative morbidity may have long-standing ramifications on neurodevelopment and overall health. Recognising the cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular risks associated with specific syndromic diagnoses will facilitate expectant management, early detection of clinical problems, and improved outcomes--for example, the development of syndrome-based protocols for peri-operative evaluation and prophylactic actions may improve outcomes for the more frequently encountered syndromes such as 22q11 deletion syndrome.
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364
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A Patient With Pansynostosis and Williams-Beuren Syndrome. J Craniofac Surg 2015; 27:e4-6. [PMID: 26703032 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000002207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) is a multisystemic genetic disorder caused by a gene deletion at gene locus 7q11.23. This article presents the first described case of a patient with WBS and simultaneous pansynostosis. CASE PRESENTATION This article presents the management of this young Caucasian boy from birth until the age of 12 years and provides an overview of previously described manifestations of WBS in the craniofacial region. CONCLUSIONS This case demonstrates the surgical treatment of pansynostosis in a child with WBS and might provide interesting aspects in the diagnostics and management of this rare malformation.
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365
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Tsukumo Y, Tsukahara S, Furuno A, Iemura SI, Natsume T, Tomida A. TBL2 Associates WithATF4mRNA Via Its WD40 Domain and Regulates Its Translation During ER Stress. J Cell Biochem 2015; 117:500-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Tsukumo
- Cancer Chemotherapy Center; Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research; Koto-ku Tokyo 135-8550 Japan
| | - Satomi Tsukahara
- Cancer Chemotherapy Center; Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research; Koto-ku Tokyo 135-8550 Japan
| | - Aki Furuno
- Cancer Chemotherapy Center; Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research; Koto-ku Tokyo 135-8550 Japan
| | - Shun-ichiro Iemura
- Innovative Drug Development TR Section; Fukushima Medical University; Fukushima City Fukushima 960-1295 Japan
| | - Tohru Natsume
- Biomedicinal Information Research Center; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology; Koto-ku Tokyo 135-0064 Japan
| | - Akihiro Tomida
- Cancer Chemotherapy Center; Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research; Koto-ku Tokyo 135-8550 Japan
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366
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Ahrens-Nicklas RC, Reichert SL, Zackai EH, Kaplan PB. Atypical Williams syndrome in an infant with complete atrioventricular canal defect. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167A:3108-12. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C. Ahrens-Nicklas
- Section of Metabolic Disease; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
- Division of Genetics; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Sara L. Reichert
- Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Elaine H. Zackai
- Section of Metabolic Disease; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
- Division of Genetics; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Paige B. Kaplan
- Section of Metabolic Disease; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
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367
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Khattak S, Brimble E, Zhang W, Zaslavsky K, Strong E, Ross PJ, Hendry J, Mital S, Salter MW, Osborne LR, Ellis J. Human induced pluripotent stem cell derived neurons as a model for Williams-Beuren syndrome. Mol Brain 2015; 8:77. [PMID: 26603386 PMCID: PMC4657290 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-015-0168-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Williams-Beuren Syndrome (WBS) is caused by the microdeletion of approximately 25 genes on chromosome 7q11.23, and is characterized by a spectrum of cognitive and behavioural features. Results We generated cortical neurons from a WBS individual and unaffected (WT) control by directed differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Single cell mRNA analyses and immunostaining demonstrated very efficient production of differentiated cells expressing markers of mature neurons of mixed subtypes and from multiple cortical layers. We found that there was a profound alteration in action potentials, with significantly prolonged WBS repolarization times and a WBS deficit in voltage-activated K+ currents. Miniature excitatory synaptic currents were normal, indicating that unitary excitatory synaptic transmission was not altered. Gene expression profiling identified 136 negatively enriched gene sets in WBS compared to WT neurons including gene sets involved in neurotransmitter receptor activity, synaptic assembly, and potassium channel complexes. Conclusions Our findings provide insight into gene dysregulation and electrophysiological defects in WBS patient neurons. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13041-015-0168-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahryar Khattak
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Elise Brimble
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Wenbo Zhang
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,University of Toronto Centre for the Study of Pain, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Kirill Zaslavsky
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Emma Strong
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - P Joel Ross
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Jason Hendry
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Seema Mital
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Michael W Salter
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,University of Toronto Centre for the Study of Pain, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Lucy R Osborne
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - James Ellis
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 686 Bay St, 16th Floor - Room 9705, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada.
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368
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The genetics of feed conversion efficiency traits in a commercial broiler line. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16387. [PMID: 26552583 PMCID: PMC4639841 DOI: 10.1038/srep16387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual feed conversion efficiency (FCE) is a major trait that influences the usage of energy resources and the ecological footprint of livestock production. The underlying biological processes of FCE are complex and are influenced by factors as diverse as climate, feed properties, gut microbiota, and individual genetic predisposition. To gain an insight to the genetic relationships with FCE traits and to contribute to the improvement of FCE in commercial chicken lines, a genome-wide association study was conducted using a commercial broiler population (n = 859) tested for FCE and weight traits during the finisher period from 39 to 46 days of age. Both single-marker (generalized linear model) and multi-marker (Bayesian approach) analyses were applied to the dataset to detect genes associated with the variability in FCE. The separate analyses revealed 22 quantitative trait loci (QTL) regions on 13 different chromosomes; the integration of both approaches resulted in 7 overlapping QTL regions. The analyses pointed to acylglycerol kinase (AGK) and general transcription factor 2-I (GTF2I) as positional and functional candidate genes. Non-synonymous polymorphisms of both candidate genes revealed evidence for a functional importance of these genes by influencing different biological aspects of FCE.
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369
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Cuberos H, Vallée B, Vourc'h P, Tastet J, Andres CR, Bénédetti H. Roles of LIM kinases in central nervous system function and dysfunction. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:3795-806. [PMID: 26545494 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
LIM kinase 1 (LIMK1) and LIM kinase 2 (LIMK2) regulate actin dynamics by phosphorylating cofilin. In this review, we outline studies that have shown an involvement of LIMKs in neuronal function and we detail some of the pathways and molecular mechanisms involving LIMKs in neurodevelopment and synaptic plasticity. We also review the involvement of LIMKs in neuronal diseases and emphasize the differences in the regulation of LIMKs expression and mode of action. We finally present the existence of a cofilin-independent pathway also involved in neuronal function. A better understanding of the differences between both LIMKs and of the precise molecular mechanisms involved in their mode of action and regulation is now required to improve our understanding of the physiopathology of the neuronal diseases associated with LIMKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Cuberos
- CNRS UPR 4301, CBM, Orléans, France; UMR INSERM U930, Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - B Vallée
- CNRS UPR 4301, CBM, Orléans, France
| | - P Vourc'h
- UMR INSERM U930, Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France; CHRU de Tours, Service de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, Tours, France
| | - J Tastet
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - C R Andres
- UMR INSERM U930, Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France; CHRU de Tours, Service de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, Tours, France
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370
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Examining the relationship between skilled music training and attention. Conscious Cogn 2015; 36:169-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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371
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Järvinen A, Ng R, Bellugi U. Autonomic response to approachability characteristics, approach behavior, and social functioning in Williams syndrome. Neuropsychologia 2015; 78:159-70. [PMID: 26459097 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Williams syndrome (WS) is a neurogenetic disorder that is saliently characterized by a unique social phenotype, most notably associated with a dramatically increased affinity and approachability toward unfamiliar people. Despite a recent proliferation of studies into the social profile of WS, the underpinnings of the pro-social predisposition are poorly understood. To this end, the present study was aimed at elucidating approach behavior of individuals with WS contrasted with typical development (TD) by employing a multidimensional design combining measures of autonomic arousal, social functioning, and two levels of approach evaluations. Given previous evidence suggesting that approach behaviors of individuals with WS are driven by a desire for social closeness, approachability tendencies were probed across two levels of social interaction: talking versus befriending. The main results indicated that while overall level of approachability did not differ between groups, an important qualitative between-group difference emerged across the two social interaction contexts: whereas individuals with WS demonstrated a similar willingness to approach strangers across both experimental conditions, TD individuals were significantly more willing to talk to than to befriend strangers. In WS, high approachability to positive faces across both social interaction levels was further associated with more normal social functioning. A novel finding linked autonomic responses with willingness to befriend negative faces in the WS group: elevated autonomic responsivity was associated with increased affiliation to negative face stimuli, which may represent an autonomic correlate of approach behavior in WS. Implications for underlying organization of the social brain are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Järvinen
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neuroscience, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Rowena Ng
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neuroscience, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA; Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
| | - Ursula Bellugi
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neuroscience, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
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372
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Nicita F, Garone G, Spalice A, Savasta S, Striano P, Pantaleoni C, Spartà MV, Kluger G, Capovilla G, Pruna D, Freri E, D'Arrigo S, Verrotti A. Epilepsy is a possible feature in Williams-Beuren syndrome patients harboring typical deletions of the 7q11.23 critical region. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 170A:148-55. [PMID: 26437767 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Seizures are rarely reported in Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS)--a contiguous-gene-deletion disorder caused by a 7q11.23 heterozygous deletion of 1.5-1.8 Mb--and no previous study evaluated electro-clinical features of epilepsy in this syndrome. Furthermore, it has been hypothesized that atypical deletion (e.g., larger than 1.8 Mb) may be responsible for a more pronounced neurological phenotypes, especially including seizures. Our objectives are to describe the electro-clinical features in WBS and to correlate the epileptic phenotype with deletion of the 7q11.23 critical region. We evaluate the electro-clinical features in one case of distal 7q11.23 deletion syndrome and in eight epileptic WBS (eWBS) patients. Additionally, we compare the deletion size-and deleted genes-of four epileptic WBS (eWBS) with that of four non-epileptic WBS (neWBS) patients. Infantile spasms, focal (e.g., motor and dyscognitive with autonomic features) and generalized (e.g., tonic-clonic, tonic, clonic, myoclonic) seizures were encountered. Drug-resistance was observed in one patient. Neuroimaging discovered one case of focal cortical dysplasia, one case of fronto-temporal cortical atrophy and one case of periventricular nodular heterotopia. Comparison of deletion size between eWBS and neWBS patients did not reveal candidate genes potentially underlying epilepsy. This is the largest series describing electro-clinical features of epilepsy in WBS. In WBS, epilepsy should be considered both in case of typical and atypical deletions, which do not involve HIP1, YWHAG or MAGI2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Nicita
- Child Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University, Roma, Italy
| | - Giacomo Garone
- Child Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University, Roma, Italy
| | - Alberto Spalice
- Child Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University, Roma, Italy
| | - Salvatore Savasta
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pavia, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 'G. Gaslini' Institute, Italy
| | - Chiara Pantaleoni
- Department of Pediatric Neuroscience, Foundation I.R.C.C.S. Neurological Institute "C. Besta", Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Valentina Spartà
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pavia, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gerhard Kluger
- Sch, ö, n Klinik Vogtareuth, Hospital for Neuropediatrics and Neurological Rehabilitation, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Vogtareuth, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Capovilla
- Epilepsy Center, Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, C Poma Hospital, Mantova, Italy
| | - Dario Pruna
- Epilepsy Unit, Child Neuropsychiatry Department, University Hospital, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elena Freri
- Department of Pediatric Neuroscience, Foundation I.R.C.C.S. Neurological Institute "C. Besta", Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano D'Arrigo
- Department of Pediatric Neuroscience, Foundation I.R.C.C.S. Neurological Institute "C. Besta", Milan, Italy
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373
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Segin M, Dias NM, Seabra AG, Teixeira MCTV, Carreiro LRR. Avaliação da consciência fonológica na síndrome de Williams. REVISTA CEFAC 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-021620151756515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo: OBJETIVOS: avaliar o desempenho de crianças e adolescentes com Síndrome de Williams em tarefas de consciência fonológica e analisar esse desempenho em função da idade, escolaridade e indicadores de habilidade intelectual. MÉTODOS: vinte e duas crianças e adolescentes (11 meninos e 11 meninas) com idades entre 7 e 18 anos realizaram os subtestes cubos e vocabulário das Escala Wechsler de Inteligência para estimativa de habilidades intelectuais e responderam a Prova de Consciência Fonológica por produção oral. RESULTADOS: os participantes obtiveram valores do quociente de inteligência estimado compatível com rebaixamento intelectual. Nas habilidades de consciência fonológica os resultados mostraram que os participantes com a síndrome obtiveram desempenho rebaixado em nove dos dez subtestes da prova de consciência fonológica em relação à pontuação padronizada em função da idade, assim como do nível escolar. Não foram encontradas correlações significantes entre consciência fonológica, indicadores de habilidade intelectual, idade e escolaridade. CONCLUSÃO: os resultados corroboram os encontrados em pesquisas internacionais sugerindo rebaixamento em consciência fonológica na Síndrome de Williams. Dada a relevância desses achados é necessário incluir programas de estimulação contínua, inclusive com intervenções precoces dirigidas a crianças com Síndrome de Williams em idade pré-escolar, adequação de métodos de ensino e de currículo adaptado.
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374
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D’Souza D, D’Souza H, Johnson MH, Karmiloff-Smith A. Concurrent Relations between Face Scanning and Language: A Cross-Syndrome Infant Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139319. [PMID: 26426329 PMCID: PMC4591359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Typically developing (TD) infants enhance their learning of spoken language by observing speakers' mouth movements. Given the fact that word learning is seriously delayed in most children with neurodevelopmental disorders, we hypothesized that this delay partly results from differences in visual face scanning, e.g., focusing attention away from the mouth. To test this hypothesis, we used an eye tracker to measure visual attention in 95 infants and toddlers with Down syndrome (DS), fragile X syndrome (FXS), and Williams syndrome (WS), and compared their data to 25 chronological- and mental-age matched 16-month-old TD controls. We presented participants with two talking faces (one on each side of the screen) and a sound (/ga/). One face (the congruent face) mouthed the syllable that the participants could hear (i.e., /ga/), while the other face (the incongruent face) mouthed a different syllable (/ba/) from the one they could hear. As expected, we found that TD children with a relatively large vocabulary made more fixations to the mouth region of the incongruent face than elsewhere. However, toddlers with FXS or WS who had a relatively large receptive vocabulary made more fixations to the eyes (rather than the mouth) of the incongruent face. In DS, by contrast, fixations to the speaker's overall face (rather than to her eyes or mouth) predicted vocabulary size. These findings suggest that, at some point in development, different processes or strategies relating to visual attention are involved in language acquisition in DS, FXS, and WS. This knowledge may help further explain why language is delayed in children with neurodevelopmental disorders. It also raises the possibility that syndrome-specific interventions should include an early focus on efficient face-scanning behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean D’Souza
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hana D’Souza
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mark H. Johnson
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Annette Karmiloff-Smith
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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375
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Plaja A, Castells N, Cueto-González AM, del Campo M, Vendrell T, Lloveras E, Izquierdo L, Borregan M, Rodríguez-Santiago B, Carrió A, Miró R, Tizzano E. A Novel Recurrent Breakpoint Responsible for Rearrangements in the Williams-Beuren Region. Cytogenet Genome Res 2015; 146:181-6. [PMID: 26382598 DOI: 10.1159/000439463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Copy number variants (CNVs) of the Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) 7q11.23 region are responsible for neurodevelopmental disorders with multisystem involvement and variable expressivity. We found 2 patients with a deletion and 1 patient with a duplication in this region sharing a common breakpoint located between the LIMK1 and EIF4H(WBSCR1) genes. One patient had a WBS phenotype, although testing with a commercially available FISH assay was negative for the deletion. A further test using array CGH showed an atypical WBS region deletion. The second patient showed global developmental delay, speech delay and poor motor skills with a deletion outside the WBS region. The third patient had manifestations compatible with an autism spectrum disorder showing a duplication in the WBS region. Our findings point to the existence of a previously unrecognized recurrent breakpoint responsible for rearrangements in the WBS region. Given that most commercial FISH assays include probes flanking this novel breakpoint, further testing with array CGH should be performed in patients with WBS and negative FISH results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Plaja
- x00C0;rea de Genx00E8;tica Clx00ED;nica i Molecular, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
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376
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von Gontard A, Niemczyk J, Borggrefe-Moussavian S, Wagner C, Curfs L, Equit M. Incontinence in children, adolescents and adults with Williams syndrome. Neurourol Urodyn 2015; 35:1000-1005. [DOI: 10.1002/nau.22866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander von Gontard
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Saarland University Hospital; Homburg Germany
| | - Justine Niemczyk
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Saarland University Hospital; Homburg Germany
| | | | - Catharina Wagner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Saarland University Hospital; Homburg Germany
| | - Leopold Curfs
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Governor Kremers Centre; Maastricht University Medical Centre; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Monika Equit
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Saarland University Hospital; Homburg Germany
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377
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Sharma P, Gupta N, Chowdhury MR, Phadke SR, Sapra S, Halder A, Ghosh M, Kabra M. Williams-Beuren Syndrome: Experience of 43 Patients and a Report of an Atypical Case from a Tertiary Care Center in India. Cytogenet Genome Res 2015; 146:187-94. [PMID: 26352091 DOI: 10.1159/000439205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) or Williams syndrome (OMIM 194050) is a multisystem disorder manifested by neurodevelopmental delay and is caused by a hemizygous deletion of ∼ 1.5-1.8 Mb in the 7q11.23 region. Clinical features include cardiovascular anomalies (mainly supravalvular aortic stenosis), peripheral pulmonary stenosis, distinctive facies, intellectual disability (usually mild), unique personality characteristics, and growth and endocrine abnormalities. Clinical diagnostic criteria are available for WBS; however, the mainstay of diagnosis is the detection of the contiguous gene deletion. Although FISH remains the most widely used laboratory test, the diagnosis can also be established by means of qPCR, MLPA, microsatellite marker analysis, and chromosomal microarray (CMA). We evaluated the utility of MLPA to detect deletion/duplication in the 7q11.23 region in 43 patients suspected to have WBS using MLPA kits for microdeletion syndromes. A hemizygous deletion in the 7q11.23 region was found in 41 (95.3%) patients using MLPA. One patient had an atypical deletion detected by CMA. During the initial period of this study, the results of 12 patients tested by MLPA were also confirmed by FISH. Compared to FISH and CMA, MLPA is a cheaper, high-throughput, less labor-intensive and less time-consuming technique for the diagnosis of WBS. Although CMA is expensive and labor-intensive, its effectiveness is demonstrated to detect an atypical deletion and to delineate the breakpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Sharma
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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378
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Stitziel NO, MacRae CA. A clinical approach to inherited premature coronary artery disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 7:558-64. [PMID: 25140063 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.113.000152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan O Stitziel
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (N.O.S.) and Division of Statistical Genomics (N.O.S.), Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO; and Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital (C.A.M.) and Department of Medicine (C.A.M.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
| | - Calum A MacRae
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (N.O.S.) and Division of Statistical Genomics (N.O.S.), Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO; and Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital (C.A.M.) and Department of Medicine (C.A.M.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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379
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Pérez-García D, Flores R, Brun-Gasca C, Pérez-Jurado LA. Lateral preference in Williams-Beuren syndrome is associated with cognition and language. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2015; 24:1025-33. [PMID: 25431039 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-014-0652-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) is a genetically defined neurodevelopmental disorder presenting with intellectual disability associated with a specific neurocognitive profile characterized by anxiety, hypersociability, poor visuospatial skills and relatively preserved language. We have defined the lateral preference in 69 individuals (40 males and 29 females, age range 5-47 years) with WBS confirmed by molecular testing, and explored its correlation with cognition, behavior problems, the main aspects of the behavioral phenotype, and specific molecular variants (parental origin and size of the 7q11.23 deletion). Lateral preference (hand, foot, eye and ear) and neurobehavioral features [intelligence quotient (IQ), sociability, visuospatial construction, narrative skills and behavior] were assessed by a battery of tests and parental interviews. A large proportion of WBS individuals showed either left or mixed handedness (26 and 19%, respectively). Hand, foot and ear lateral preference showed significant association with IQ, with individuals with mixed lateral preference presenting lower general IQ, especially verbal IQ, with respect to subjects with well-defined laterality. Approachability, visuospatial ability, behavior problems or molecular variants were not associated with lateral preference. Our results indicate that, as in other neurodevelopmental disorders, laterality is poorly defined in a significant proportion of WBS individuals, and reinforces the idea that a correct definition of lateral preference is important for cognition and language.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pérez-García
- Unitat de Genètica, Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
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380
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Borralleras C, Sahun I, Pérez-Jurado LA, Campuzano V. Intracisternal Gtf2i Gene Therapy Ameliorates Deficits in Cognition and Synaptic Plasticity of a Mouse Model of Williams-Beuren Syndrome. Mol Ther 2015. [PMID: 26216516 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by a heterozygous deletion of 26-28 genes at chromosome band 7q11.23. Haploinsufficiency at GTF2I has been shown to play a major role in the neurobehavioral phenotype. By characterizing the neuronal architecture in four animal models with intragenic, partial, and complete deletions of the WBS critical interval (ΔGtf2i(+/-), ΔGtf2i( -/-), PD, and CD), we clarify the involvement of Gtf2i in neurocognitive features. All mutant mice showed hypersociability, impaired motor learning and coordination, and altered anxiety-like behavior. Dendritic length was decreased in the CA1 of ΔGtf2i(+/-), ΔGtf2i ( -/-), and CD mice. Spine density was reduced, and spines were shorter in ΔGtf2i ( -/-), PD, and CD mice. Overexpression of Pik3r1 and downregulation of Bdnf were observed in ΔGtf2i(+/-), PD, and CD mice. Intracisternal Gtf2i-gene therapy in CD mice using adeno-associated virus resulted in increased mGtf2i expression and normalization of Bdnf levels, along with beneficial effects in motor coordination, sociability, and anxiety, despite no significant changes in neuronal architecture. Our findings further indicate that Gtf2i haploinsufficiency plays an important role in the neurodevelopmental and cognitive abnormalities of WBS and that it is possible to rescue part of this neurocognitive phenotype by restoring Gtf2i expression levels in specific brain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Borralleras
- Neurosciences Program, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Unitat de Genètica, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Spain
| | - Ignasi Sahun
- PCB-PRBB Animal Facility Alliance, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis A Pérez-Jurado
- Neurosciences Program, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Unitat de Genètica, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Spain
| | - Victoria Campuzano
- Neurosciences Program, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Unitat de Genètica, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Spain.
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381
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Ng R, Brown TT, Järvinen AM, Erhart M, Korenberg JR, Bellugi U, Halgren E. Structural integrity of the limbic-prefrontal connection: Neuropathological correlates of anxiety in Williams syndrome. Soc Neurosci 2015. [PMID: 26214361 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2015.1057294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Williams syndrome (WS) is a genetic condition characterized by a hypersocial personality and desire to form close relationships, juxtaposed with significant anxieties of nonsocial events. The neural underpinnings of anxiety in individuals with WS are currently unknown. Aberrations in the anatomical and microstructural integrity of the uncinate fasciculus (UF) have been recently implicated in social and generalized anxiety disorders. Based on these findings, we tested the hypothesis that the reported anxieties in individuals with WS share similar neuropathological correlates. Toward this end, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) methods were employed to examine the microstructural integrity (fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, longitudinal diffusivity) of the UF in 18 WS and 15 typically developing adults (TD). Anxiety and sociability questionnaires were administered to determine associations with DTI indices of UF across groups. Results revealed comparable white matter integrity of the UF across groups, yet elevated subjective experience of anxiety in those with WS. Additionally, sociability and UF microstructural properties were dissociated across both groups. Whereas no relationships were found between DTI indices and anxiety in TD participants, strong negative associations were observed between these constructs in individuals with WS. Findings indicated that increased anxiety manifested by individuals with WS was associated with DTI measures of the UF and may signal structural or possibly physiological aberration involving this tract within the prefrontal-temporal network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowena Ng
- a Laboratory for Cognitive Neuroscience , Salk Institute for Biological Studies , La Jolla , CA , USA.,b Institute of Child Development , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , MN , USA
| | - Timothy T Brown
- c Multimodal Imaging Laboratory , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , CA , USA.,d Department of Neurosciences , University of California, San Diego School of Medicine , La Jolla , CA , USA
| | - Anna M Järvinen
- a Laboratory for Cognitive Neuroscience , Salk Institute for Biological Studies , La Jolla , CA , USA
| | - Matthew Erhart
- c Multimodal Imaging Laboratory , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , CA , USA
| | - Julie R Korenberg
- e Center for Integrated Neuroscience and Human Behavior , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Ursula Bellugi
- a Laboratory for Cognitive Neuroscience , Salk Institute for Biological Studies , La Jolla , CA , USA
| | - Eric Halgren
- c Multimodal Imaging Laboratory , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , CA , USA.,f Department of Radiology , University of California, San Diego School of Medicine , La Jolla , CA , USA
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382
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Shah S, Ashwath R, Rajiah P. Imaging Cardiovascular Manifestations of Genetic Syndromes. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2015; 45:51-60. [PMID: 26163737 DOI: 10.1067/j.cpradiol.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Congenital structural cardiovascular defects are commonly associated and found concurrently with many different types of genetic diseases and syndromes. Understanding these cardiovascular manifestations is essential for diagnosing these genetic syndromes without delay and provides prompt attention and repair of life-threatening defects without complications. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are increasingly used in the evaluation of cardiovascular abnormalities, and it is imperative for radiologists to be cognizant of the syndromes associated with these abnormalities. In this article, we review the cardiovascular manifestations of the common genetic syndromes and illustrate the role of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of these abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soham Shah
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Cleveland Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Ravi Ashwath
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Cleveland Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Prabhakar Rajiah
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Cleveland Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH.
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383
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Ko JM. Genetic Syndromes associated with Congenital Heart Disease. Korean Circ J 2015; 45:357-61. [PMID: 26413101 PMCID: PMC4580692 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2015.45.5.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research has demonstrated that genetic alterations or variations contribute considerably to the development of congenital heart disease. Many kinds of genetic tests are commercially available, and more are currently under development. Congenital heart disease is frequently accompanied by genetic syndromes showing both cardiac and extra-cardiac anomalies. Congenital heart disease is the leading cause of birth defects, and is an important cause of morbidity and mortality during infancy and childhood. This review introduces common genetic syndromes showing various types of congenital heart disease, including Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, 22q11 deletion syndrome, Williams syndrome, and Noonan syndrome. Although surgical techniques and perioperative care have improved substantially, patients with genetic syndromes may be at an increased risk of death or major complications associated with surgery. Therefore, risk management based on an accurate genetic diagnosis is necessary in order to effectively plan the surgical and medical management and follow-up for these patients. In addition, multidisciplinary approaches and care for the combined extra-cardiac anomalies may help to reduce mortality and morbidity accompanied with congenital heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Min Ko
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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384
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Uloopi KS, Madhuri V, Gopal AS, Vinay C, Chandrasekhar R. Multiple Unerupted Permanent Teeth Associated with Noonan Syndrome. Ann Med Health Sci Res 2015; 5:317-20. [PMID: 26229724 PMCID: PMC4512128 DOI: 10.4103/2141-9248.160190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The present report describes a case of Noonan's syndrome from a dental viewpoint. Noonan syndrome is an autosomal dominant multisystem disorder. Congenital heart deformities, short stature, thoracic deformities, short neck with webbing, hypertelorism, and malocclusions are some of the frequently observed clinical features. Atypical dental anomalies such as multiple unerupted permanent teeth, multiple submerged and retained deciduous teeth, and supernumerary teeth were found in the present case. Oral prophylaxis and preventive resin restorations were done following which the supernumerary teeth were extracted. 54, 55, 64, 65, 74, 75 and 84 were extracted after orthodontic consultation to facilitate the eruption of permanent teeth. The patient is undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy for forced eruption of unerupted permanent teeth. General dentists should correlate dental anomalies with other systemic features in the diagnosis of such syndromes because of the variability in presentation and the need for multidisciplinary care.
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Affiliation(s)
- KS Uloopi
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Vishnu Dental College, Bhimavaram, West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - V Madhuri
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Vishnu Dental College, Bhimavaram, West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - AS Gopal
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Vishnu Dental College, Bhimavaram, West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - C Vinay
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Vishnu Dental College, Bhimavaram, West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - R Chandrasekhar
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Vishnu Dental College, Bhimavaram, West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh, India
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385
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Gamsiz ED, Sciarra LN, Maguire AM, Pescosolido MF, van Dyck LI, Morrow EM. Discovery of Rare Mutations in Autism: Elucidating Neurodevelopmental Mechanisms. Neurotherapeutics 2015; 12:553-71. [PMID: 26105128 PMCID: PMC4489950 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-015-0363-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of highly genetic neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by language, social, cognitive, and behavioral abnormalities. ASD is a complex disorder with a heterogeneous etiology. The genetic architecture of autism is such that a variety of different rare mutations have been discovered, including rare monogenic conditions that involve autistic symptoms. Also, de novo copy number variants and single nucleotide variants contribute to disease susceptibility. Finally, autosomal recessive loci are contributing to our understanding of inherited factors. We will review the progress that the field has made in the discovery of these rare genetic variants in autism. We argue that mutation discovery of this sort offers an important opportunity to identify neurodevelopmental mechanisms in disease. The hope is that these mechanisms will show some degree of convergence that may be amenable to treatment intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece D. Gamsiz
- />Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry (MCB), and Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
- />Developmental Disorders Genetics Research Program, Emma Pendleton Bradley Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University Medical School, Providence, RI USA
| | - Laura N. Sciarra
- />Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry (MCB), and Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
- />Neuroscience Graduate Program (NSGP), Brown University, Providence, RI USA
| | - Abbie M. Maguire
- />Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry (MCB), and Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
- />Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry (MCB) Graduate Training Program, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
| | - Matthew F. Pescosolido
- />Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry (MCB), and Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
- />Neuroscience Graduate Program (NSGP), Brown University, Providence, RI USA
| | - Laura I. van Dyck
- />Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry (MCB), and Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
| | - Eric M. Morrow
- />Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry (MCB), and Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
- />Developmental Disorders Genetics Research Program, Emma Pendleton Bradley Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University Medical School, Providence, RI USA
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386
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Chandesris MO, Gray F, Bruneval P, Azarine A, Boddaert N, Oppenheim C, Paraire F, Touzé E, Bonnet D, Hermine O, Lortholary O, Cormier-Daire V, Boutouyrie P, Mallat Z, Fischer A, Picard C. A neuropathological study of cerebrovascular abnormalities in a signal transducer and activator of transcription 3-deficient patient. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136:1418-21.e1-5. [PMID: 26141261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Olivia Chandesris
- Department of Haematology, Necker Children's Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France; Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Centre de référence des déficits immunitaires héréditaires (CEREDIH), Necker Children's Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France.
| | - Françoise Gray
- Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), Lariboisière Hospital, APHP, Paris 7 University, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Bruneval
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Department of Pathology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Arshid Azarine
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Department of Radiology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Boddaert
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Department of Paediatric Radiology, Necker Children's Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
| | - Catherine Oppenheim
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Department of Neuroradiology, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France; INSERM UMR 894, Paris, France
| | - François Paraire
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, APHP, Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University, Garches, France
| | - Emmanuel Touzé
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Department of Neurology, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France; University of Caen Basse-Normandie, Côte de Nacre Hospital, Caen, France
| | - Damien Bonnet
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; M3C Centre de Référence pour les Malformations Cardiaques Congénitales Complexes, Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Necker Children's Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
| | - Olivier Hermine
- Department of Haematology, Necker Children's Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France; Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Centre de référence des déficits immunitaires héréditaires (CEREDIH), Necker Children's Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France; INSERM UMR 1163, IMAGINE Institut, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lortholary
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Centre de référence des déficits immunitaires héréditaires (CEREDIH), Necker Children's Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France; Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker Children's Hospital, APHP, Paris, France; Pasteur Institute, Paris, France; CNRS URA3012, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Cormier-Daire
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; INSERM UMR 1163, IMAGINE Institut, Paris, France; Department of Genetics, Necker Children's Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
| | - Pierre Boutouyrie
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Pharmacology Department, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP, Paris, France; INSERM U970, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Centre (PARCC), Paris, France
| | - Ziad Mallat
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; INSERM U970, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Centre (PARCC), Paris, France; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alain Fischer
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Centre de référence des déficits immunitaires héréditaires (CEREDIH), Necker Children's Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France; INSERM UMR 1163, IMAGINE Institut, Paris, France; Paediatric Immunohematology Unit, Necker Children's Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France; College de France, Paris, France
| | - Capucine Picard
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Centre de référence des déficits immunitaires héréditaires (CEREDIH), Necker Children's Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France; Study Centre for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker Children's Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, IMAGINE Institute, Paris, France
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387
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Williams-Beuren Syndrome: A Clinical Study of 55 Brazilian Patients and the Diagnostic Use of MLPA. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:903175. [PMID: 26090456 PMCID: PMC4450269 DOI: 10.1155/2015/903175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) is a genetic disease caused by a microdeletion in the 7q11.23 region. It is characterized by congenital heart disease, mainly supravalvular aortic stenosis, mental retardation, mild short stature, facial dysmorphisms, and variable abnormalities in different systems. Objectives. To report the clinical findings of 55 Brazilian patients confirmed by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). Methods. Patients were followed up for 4 years at the Genetics Unit of the Instituto da Criança of the Hospital das Clínicas, FMUSP, Brazil. A kit specific for WBS was used to detect the 7q11.23 microdeletion. Results. Two patients with negative FISH results had positive MLPA results for WBS. The characteristics of the patients with the deletion were as follows: typical WBS facies (98.2%), neuropsychomotor delay (98.2%), hypersocial behavior (94.5%), hyperacusis (94.5%), and congenital heart disease (81.8%). Conclusions. MLPA was effective in detecting the microdeletion in the 7q11.23 region to confirm the diagnosis of WBS. MLPA was also able to confirm the diagnosis of WBS in two patients with typical clinical characteristics but negative FISH results. Thus, MLPA is a promising method in the diagnostic investigation of WBS. WBS is a multisystemic disorder and therefore requires multidisciplinary care and specific follow-up to prevent complications.
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388
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389
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Abstract
Making the diagnosis of genetic syndromes in the neonatal period can be challenging, as limited information concerning growth and development is available. The pattern of dysmorphic features and malformations is, therefore, correspondingly more important in syndrome recognition. The authors provide specific examples of the differences in the presentation for selected syndromes between the newborn period and later childhood. The purpose is to describe the variation in presentation that can occur with chronologic age and to aid in the early diagnosis of these conditions.
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390
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Iyer J, Girirajan S. Gene discovery and functional assessment of rare copy-number variants in neurodevelopmental disorders. Brief Funct Genomics 2015; 14:315-28. [DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elv018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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391
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Tsukumo Y, Tsukahara S, Furuno A, Iemura SI, Natsume T, Tomida A. The endoplasmic reticulum-localized protein TBL2 interacts with the 60S ribosomal subunit. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 462:383-8. [PMID: 25976671 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.04.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Transducin (beta)-like 2 (TBL2) is a poorly characterized protein comprising the N-terminal transmembrane region and the C-terminal WD40 domain. We previously showed that TBL2 is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized protein that interacts with PKR-like ER-resident kinase (PERK), and under ER stress, it mediates protein expression of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4). However, further molecular characterization of TBL2 is useful to better understand the function of this molecule. Here, we show that TBL2 associates with the eukaryotic 60S ribosomal subunit but not with the 40S subunit. The association of TBL2 with the 60S subunit was ER stress independent while the TBL2-PERK interaction occurred upon ER stress. Immunoprecipitation analysis using TBL2 deletion mutants revealed that the WD40 domain was essential for the 60S subunit association. These results could provide an important clue to understanding how TBL2 is involved in the expression of specific proteins under ER stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Tsukumo
- Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Satomi Tsukahara
- Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Aki Furuno
- Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Shun-ichiro Iemura
- Biomedicinal Information Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Tohru Natsume
- Biomedicinal Information Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Akihiro Tomida
- Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan.
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392
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Holick MF. Vitamin D Is Not as Toxic as Was Once Thought: A Historical and an Up-to-Date Perspective. Mayo Clin Proc 2015; 90:561-4. [PMID: 25939933 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Holick
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA.
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393
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De Rubens Figueroa J, Marhx A, López Terrazas J, Palacios Macedo A. Supravalvular aortic stenosis associated to infectious endocarditis and cerebral vascular disease in a patient with Williams-Beuren Syndrome. ARCHIVOS DE CARDIOLOGIA DE MEXICO 2015; 85:292-5. [PMID: 25882107 DOI: 10.1016/j.acmx.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Williams-Beuren syndrome is a rare genetic disease characterized by: (a) typical facial features; (b) psychomotor retardation with a specific neurocognitive profile; (c) cardiovascular condition and (d) likely transient hypocalcemia in infancy. The objective of this study was to describe the clinic evolution and diagnosis of patient with this syndrome that was associated with endocarditis caused by Streptococcus parasanguis in the ascending aorta and an aneurism located in the fronto-temporal area, which produced a parenchymal hematoma in the left lobe, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. He was treated with ceftriaxone and dicloxacillin. Then we proceeded to correct the aneurysm and perform vegetation resection in aortic arteries with supravalvular aortic stenosis correction. The evolution after one year has been favorable and is currently without neurologic sequelae. A 5-year-old male patient presented a diagnosis of supravalvular aortic stenosis. After cardiac catheterization was performed, he presented a fever and right side paresis. The echocardiogram showed multiple vegetations in the ascendant aortic arch and the supraortic arteries. The blood cultures reported S. parasanguis. The magnetic resonance showed a subarachnoid hemorrhage with an aneurysm and a hematoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alfonso Marhx
- Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, México, D.F., Mexico
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394
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Increased nocturnal heart rate and wave reflection are early markers of cardiovascular disease in Williams–Beuren syndrome children. J Hypertens 2015; 33:804-9; discussion 809. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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395
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What is nephrocalcinosis? Kidney Int 2015; 88:35-43. [PMID: 25807034 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2015.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The available publications on nephrocalcinosis are wide-ranging and have documented multiple causes and associations of macroscopic or radiological nephrocalcinosis, most often located in the renal medulla, with various metabolic and genetic disorders; in fact, so many and various are these that it is difficult to define a common underlying mechanism. We have reviewed nephrocalcinosis in relation to its definition, genetic associations, animal models, and putative mechanisms. We have concluded, and hypothesized, that nephrocalcinosis is primarily a renal interstitial process, resembling metastatic calcification, and that it may have some features in common with, and pathogenic links to, vascular calcification.
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396
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Belcher SM, Gear RB, Kendig EL. Bisphenol A alters autonomic tone and extracellular matrix structure and induces sex-specific effects on cardiovascular function in male and female CD-1 mice. Endocrinology 2015; 156:882-95. [PMID: 25594700 PMCID: PMC4330319 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether bisphenol A (BPA) has adverse effects on cardiovascular functions in CD-1 mice and define sex-specific modes of BPA action in the heart. Dams and analyzed progeny were maintained on a defined diet containing BPA (0.03, 0.3, 3, 30, or 300 ppm) that resulted in BPA exposures from 4-5 to approximately 5000 μg/kg · d or a diet containing 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE; ∼0.02, 0.2, and 0.15 μg/kg · d) as an oral bioavailable estrogen control. Assessment of electrocardiogram parameters using noninvasive methods found that ventricular functions in both male and female mice were not altered by either BPA or EE. However, exposure-related changes in the rates of ventricular contraction, suggestive of a shift in sympathovagal balance of heart rate control toward increased parasympathetic activity, were detected in males. Decreased systolic blood pressure was observed in males exposed to BPA above 5 μg/kg · d and in females from the highest BPA exposure group. Morphometric histological measures revealed sexually dimorphic changes in the composition of the cardiac collagen extracellular matrix, increases in fibrosis, and evidence of modest exposure-related remodeling. Experiments using the α-selective adrenergic agonist phenylephrine found that BPA enhanced reflex bradycardia in females, but not males, revealed that BPA and EE exposure sex specifically altered the sympathetic regulation of the baroreflex circuits. Increased sensitivity to the cardiotoxic effects of the β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol was observed in BPA- and EE-exposed females. This effect was not observed in males, in which BPA or EE exposures were protective of isoproterenol-induced ischemic damage and hypertrophy. The results of RNA sequence analysis identified significant sex-specific changes in gene expression in response to BPA that were consistent with the observed exposure-related phenotypic changes in the collagenous and noncollagenous extracellular matrix, cardiac remodeling, altered autonomic responses, changes in ion channel and transporter functions, and altered glycolytic and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Belcher
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0575
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397
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Hornik CP, Collins RT, Jaquiss RDB, Jacobs JP, Jacobs ML, Pasquali SK, Wallace AS, Hill KD. Adverse cardiac events in children with Williams syndrome undergoing cardiovascular surgery: An analysis of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2015; 149:1516-22.e1. [PMID: 25791950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with Williams syndrome (WS) undergoing cardiac surgery are at risk for major adverse cardiac events (MACE). Prevalence and risk factors for such events have not been well described. We sought to define frequency and risk of MACE in patients with WS using a multicenter clinical registry. METHODS We identified cardiac operations performed in patients with WS using the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database (2000-2012). Operations were divided into 4 groups: isolated supravalvular aortic stenosis, complex left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), isolated right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT), and combined LVOT/RVOT procedures. The proportion of patients with MACE (in-hospital mortality, cardiac arrest, or postoperative mechanical circulatory support) was described and the association with preoperative factors was examined. RESULTS Of 447 index operations (87 centers), median (interquartile range) age and weight at surgery were 2.4 years (0.6-7.4 years) and 10.6 kg (6.5-21.5 kg), respectively. Mortality occurred in 20 patients (5%). MACE occurred in 41 patients (9%), most commonly after combined LVOT/RVOT (18 out of 87; 21%) and complex LVOT (12 out of 131; 9%) procedures, but not after isolated RVOT procedures. Odds of MACE decreased with age (odds ratio [OR], 0.99; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.98-0.99), weight (OR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.93-0.99), but increased in the presence of any preoperative risk factor (OR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.06-4.00), and in procedures involving coronary artery repair (OR, 5.37; 95% CI, 2.05-14.06). CONCLUSIONS In this multicenter analysis, MACE occurred in 9% of patients with WS undergoing cardiac surgery. Demographic and operative characteristics were associated with risk. Further study is needed to elucidate mechanisms of MACE in this high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph P Hornik
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC.
| | - Ronnie Thomas Collins
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Ark
| | - Robert D B Jaquiss
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Jeffrey P Jacobs
- Andrews/Daicoff Cardiovascular Program, Johns Hopkins Children's Heart Surgery, St Petersburg, Fla; All Children's Hospital, Tampa, Fla; Florida Hospital for Children, Orlando, Fla
| | - Marshall L Jacobs
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Sara K Pasquali
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Michigan C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Amelia S Wallace
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Kevin D Hill
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
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Palacios-Verdú MG, Segura-Puimedon M, Borralleras C, Flores R, Del Campo M, Campuzano V, Pérez-Jurado LA. Metabolic abnormalities in Williams-Beuren syndrome. J Med Genet 2015; 52:248-55. [PMID: 25663682 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2014-102713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS, OMIM-194050) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with multisystemic manifestations caused by a 1.55-1.83 Mb deletion at 7q11.23 including 26-28 genes. Reported endocrine and metabolic abnormalities include transient hypercalcaemia of infancy, subclinical hypothyroidism in ∼ 30% of children and impaired glucose tolerance in ∼ 75% of adult individuals. The purpose of this study was to further study metabolic alterations in patients with WBS, as well as in several mouse models, to establish potential candidate genes. METHODS We analysed several metabolic parameters in a cohort of 154 individuals with WBS (data available from 69 to 151 cases per parameter), as well as in several mouse models with complete and partial deletions of the orthologous WBS locus, and searched for causative genes and potential modifiers. RESULTS Triglyceride plasma levels were significantly decreased in individuals with WBS while cholesterol levels were slightly decreased compared with controls. Hyperbilirubinemia, mostly unconjugated, was found in 18.3% of WBS cases and correlated with subclinical hypothyroidism and hypotriglyceridemia, suggesting common pathogenic mechanisms. Haploinsufficiency at MLXIPL and increased penetrance for hypomorphic alleles at the UGT1A1 gene promoter might underlie the lipid and bilirubin alterations. Other disturbances included increased protein and iron levels, as well as the known subclinical hypothyroidism and glucose intolerance. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that several unreported biochemical alterations, related to haploinsufficiency for specific genes at 7q11.23, are relatively common in WBS. The early diagnosis, follow-up and management of these metabolic disturbances could prevent long-term complications in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Gabriela Palacios-Verdú
- Genetics Unit, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Segura-Puimedon
- Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain Institut für Integrative und Experimentelle Genomik, Universitat zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Cristina Borralleras
- Genetics Unit, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Flores
- Genetics Unit, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Del Campo
- Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain Area de Medicina Molecular i Genètica, Hospital dew Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victoria Campuzano
- Genetics Unit, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Alberto Pérez-Jurado
- Genetics Unit, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
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399
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LIMK1 regulates long-term memory and synaptic plasticity via the transcriptional factor CREB. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:1316-28. [PMID: 25645926 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01263-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Deletion of the LIMK1 gene is associated with Williams syndrome, a unique neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by severe defects in visuospatial cognition and long-term memory (LTM). However, whether LIMK1 contributes to these deficits remains elusive. Here, we show that LIMK1-knockout (LIMK1(-/-)) mice are drastically impaired in LTM but not short-term memory (STM). In addition, LIMK1(-/-) mice are selectively defective in late-phase long-term potentiation (L-LTP), a form of long-lasting synaptic plasticity specifically required for the formation of LTM. Furthermore, we show that LIMK1 interacts and regulates the activity of cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB), an extensively studied transcriptional factor critical for LTM. Importantly, both L-LTP and LTM deficits in LIMK1(-/-) mice are rescued by increasing the activity of CREB. These results provide strong evidence that LIMK1 deletion is sufficient to lead to an LTM deficit and that this deficit is attributable to CREB hypofunction. Our study has identified a direct gene-phenotype link in mice and provides a potential strategy to restore LTM in patients with Williams syndrome through the enhancement of CREB activity in the adult brain.
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400
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Insights into the genetic foundations of human communication. Neuropsychol Rev 2015; 25:3-26. [PMID: 25597031 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-014-9277-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The human capacity to acquire sophisticated language is unmatched in the animal kingdom. Despite the discontinuity in communicative abilities between humans and other primates, language is built on ancient genetic foundations, which are being illuminated by comparative genomics. The genetic architecture of the language faculty is also being uncovered by research into neurodevelopmental disorders that disrupt the normally effortless process of language acquisition. In this article, we discuss the strategies that researchers are using to reveal genetic factors contributing to communicative abilities, and review progress in identifying the relevant genes and genetic variants. The first gene directly implicated in a speech and language disorder was FOXP2. Using this gene as a case study, we illustrate how evidence from genetics, molecular cell biology, animal models and human neuroimaging has converged to build a picture of the role of FOXP2 in neurodevelopment, providing a framework for future endeavors to bridge the gaps between genes, brains and behavior.
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