351
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Park Y, Choi W, Yaqoob Z, Dasari R, Badizadegan K, Feld MS. Speckle-field digital holographic microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:12285-92. [PMID: 19654630 PMCID: PMC2862625 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.012285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The use of coherent light in conventional holographic phase microscopy (HPM) poses three major drawbacks: poor spatial resolution, weak depth sectioning, and fixed pattern noise due to unwanted diffraction. Here, we report a technique which can overcome these drawbacks, but maintains the advantage of phase microscopy - high contrast live cell imaging and 3D imaging. A speckle beam of a complex spatial pattern is used for illumination to reduce fixed pattern noise and to improve optical sectioning capability. By recording of the electric field of speckle, we demonstrate high contrast 3D live cell imaging without the need for axial scanning - neither objective lens nor sample stage. This technique has great potential in studying biological samples with improved sensitivity, resolution and optical sectioning capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- YongKeun Park
- George R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Health Science & Technology, Harvard-MIT, 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Wonshik Choi
- George R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
- Corresponding author:
| | - Zahid Yaqoob
- George R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ramachandra Dasari
- George R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kamran Badizadegan
- George R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Michael S. Feld
- George R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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352
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Lee S, Lee JY, Yang W, Kim DY. Autofocusing and edge detection schemes in cell volume measurements with quantitative phase microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:6476-6486. [PMID: 19365472 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.006476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We have proposed and demonstrated a very sensitive volume measurement scheme for a live cell with a quantitative phase microscopy (QPM) utilizing auto-focusing and numerical edge detection schemes. An auto-focusing technique with two different focus measures is applied to find the focus dependent errors in our live cell volume measurement system. The volume of a polystyrene bead sample with 3 mum diameter has been measured for the validity test of our proposed method. We have shown that a small displacement of an object from its focusing position can cause a large volume error. A numerical edge detection technique is also used to accurately resolve the boundary between a cell and its suspension medium. We have applied this method to effectively suppress errors by the surrounding medium of a single red blood cell (RBC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungrag Lee
- Department of Information and Communications, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
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353
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Mauritz JMA, Esposito A, Ginsburg H, Kaminski CF, Tiffert T, Lew VL. The homeostasis of Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells. PLoS Comput Biol 2009; 5:e1000339. [PMID: 19343220 PMCID: PMC2659444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The asexual reproduction cycle of Plasmodium falciparum, the parasite responsible for severe malaria, occurs within red blood cells. A merozoite invades a red cell in the circulation, develops and multiplies, and after about 48 hours ruptures the host cell, releasing 15–32 merozoites ready to invade new red blood cells. During this cycle, the parasite increases the host cell permeability so much that when similar permeabilization was simulated on uninfected red cells, lysis occurred before ∼48 h. So how could infected cells, with a growing parasite inside, prevent lysis before the parasite has completed its developmental cycle? A mathematical model of the homeostasis of infected red cells suggested that it is the wasteful consumption of host cell hemoglobin that prevents early lysis by the progressive reduction in the colloid-osmotic pressure within the host (the colloid-osmotic hypothesis). However, two critical model predictions, that infected cells would swell to near prelytic sphericity and that the hemoglobin concentration would become progressively reduced, remained controversial. In this paper, we are able for the first time to correlate model predictions with recent experimental data in the literature and explore the fine details of the homeostasis of infected red blood cells during five model-defined periods of parasite development. The conclusions suggest that infected red cells do reach proximity to lytic rupture regardless of their actual volume, thus requiring a progressive reduction in their hemoglobin concentration to prevent premature lysis. The parasite Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for severe malaria in humans. The 48 hour asexual reproduction cycle of the parasite within red blood cells is responsible for the symptoms in this disease. Within this period, the parasite causes massive changes in the host red cell, increasing some metabolic activities hundredfold, making it leaky to many nutrients and waste products, and consuming most of the cell's hemoglobin, far more than it needs for its own metabolism. The challenge that we faced was to explain how the infected cell maintained its integrity throughout such a violent cycle. Seeking clues, we developed a mathematical model of an infected cell in which we encoded our current knowledge and understanding of the complex processes that control cell homeostasis. We present here for the first time a detailed description of the model and a critical analysis of its predictions in relation to the available experimental evidence. The results support the view that host-cell integrity is maintained by the progressive reduction in the hemoglobin concentration within the host cell, resulting in a reduced rate and extent of swelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob M. A. Mauritz
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro Esposito
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Hagai Ginsburg
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Clemens F. Kaminski
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- School of Advanced Optical Technologies, Max-Planck-Research Group, Division III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Teresa Tiffert
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Virgilio L. Lew
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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354
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Sung Y, Choi W, Fang-Yen C, Badizadegan K, Dasari RR, Feld MS. Optical diffraction tomography for high resolution live cell imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:266-77. [PMID: 19129896 PMCID: PMC2832333 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.000266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We report the experimental implementation of optical diffraction tomography for quantitative 3D mapping of refractive index in live biological cells. Using a heterodyne Mach-Zehnder interferometer, we record complex field images of light transmitted through a sample with varying directions of illumination. To quantitatively reconstruct the 3D map of complex refractive index in live cells, we apply optical diffraction tomography based on the Rytov approximation. In this way, the effect of diffraction is taken into account in the reconstruction process and diffraction-free high resolution 3D images are obtained throughout the entire sample volume. The quantitative refractive index map can potentially serve as an intrinsic assay to provide the molecular concentrations without the addition of exogenous agents and also to provide a method for studying the light scattering properties of single cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjin Sung
- G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Wonshik Choi
- G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Corresponding author:
| | - Christopher Fang-Yen
- G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Kamran Badizadegan
- G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Ramachandra R. Dasari
- G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Michael S. Feld
- G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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355
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Fedosov DA, Caswell B, Karniadakis GE. Coarse-grained red blood cell model with accurate mechanical properties, rheology and dynamics. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2009; 2009:4266-4269. [PMID: 19965026 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2009.5334585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We present a coarse-grained red blood cell (RBC) model with accurate and realistic mechanical properties, rheology and dynamics. The modeled membrane is represented by a triangular mesh which incorporates shear inplane energy, bending energy, and area and volume conservation constraints. The macroscopic membrane elastic properties are imposed through semi-analytic theory, and are matched with those obtained in optical tweezers stretching experiments. Rheological measurements characterized by time-dependent complex modulus are extracted from the membrane thermal fluctuations, and compared with those obtained from the optical magnetic twisting cytometry results. The results allow us to define a meaningful characteristic time of the membrane. The dynamics of RBCs observed in shear flow suggests that a purely elastic model for the RBC membrane is not appropriate, and therefore a viscoelastic model is required. The set of proposed analyses and numerical tests can be used as a complete model testbed in order to calibrate the modeled viscoelastic membranes to accurately represent RBCs in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry A Fedosov
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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356
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Ding H, Wang Z, Nguyen F, Boppart SA, Popescu G. Fourier transform light scattering of inhomogeneous and dynamic structures. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 101:238102. [PMID: 19113597 PMCID: PMC7935455 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.238102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2008] [Revised: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Fourier transform light scattering (FTLS) is a novel experimental approach that combines optical microscopy, holography, and light scattering for studying inhomogeneous and dynamic media. In FTLS the optical phase and amplitude of a coherent image field are quantified and propagated numerically to the scattering plane. Because it detects all the scattered angles (spatial frequencies) simultaneously in each point of the image, FTLS can be regarded as the spatial equivalent of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, where all the temporal frequencies are detected at each moment in time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huafeng Ding
- Quantitative Light Imaging Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science & Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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357
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Esposito A, Tiffert T, Mauritz JMA, Schlachter S, Bannister LH, Kaminski CF, Lew VL. FRET imaging of hemoglobin concentration in Plasmodium falciparum-infected red cells. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3780. [PMID: 19023444 PMCID: PMC2582953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During its intraerythrocytic asexual reproduction cycle Plasmodium falciparum consumes up to 80% of the host cell hemoglobin, in large excess over its metabolic needs. A model of the homeostasis of falciparum-infected red blood cells suggested an explanation based on the need to reduce the colloid-osmotic pressure within the host cell to prevent its premature lysis. Critical for this hypothesis was that the hemoglobin concentration within the host cell be progressively reduced from the trophozoite stage onwards. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The experiments reported here were designed to test this hypothesis by direct measurements of the hemoglobin concentration in live, infected red cells. We developed a novel, non-invasive method to quantify the hemoglobin concentration in single cells, based on Förster resonance energy transfer between hemoglobin molecules and the fluorophore calcein. Fluorescence lifetime imaging allowed the quantitative mapping of the hemoglobin concentration within the cells. The average fluorescence lifetimes of uninfected cohorts was 270+/-30 ps (mean+/-SD; N = 45). In the cytoplasm of infected cells the fluorescence lifetime of calcein ranged from 290+/-20 ps for cells with ring stage parasites to 590+/-13 ps and 1050+/-60 ps for cells with young trophozoites and late stage trophozoite/early schizonts, respectively. This was equivalent to reductions in hemoglobin concentration spanning the range from 7.3 to 2.3 mM, in line with the model predictions. An unexpected ancillary finding was the existence of a microdomain under the host cell membrane with reduced calcein quenching by hemoglobin in cells with mature trophozoite stage parasites. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The results support the predictions of the colloid-osmotic hypothesis and provide a better understanding of the homeostasis of malaria-infected red cells. In addition, they revealed the existence of a distinct peripheral microdomain in the host cell with limited access to hemoglobin molecules indicating the concentration of substantial amounts of parasite-exported material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Esposito
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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358
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