351
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Rose WA, Okragly AJ, Patel CN, Benschop RJ. IL-33 released by alum is responsible for early cytokine production and has adjuvant properties. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13146. [PMID: 26272855 PMCID: PMC4536651 DOI: 10.1038/srep13146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human vaccines have used aluminium-based adjuvants (alum) for >80 years despite incomplete understanding of how alum enhances the immune response. Alum can induce the release of endogenous danger signals via cellular necrosis which elicits inflammation-associated cytokines resulting in humoral immunity. IL-33 is proposed to be one such danger signal that is released from necrotic cells. Therefore, we investigated whether there is a role for IL-33 in the adjuvant activity of alum. We show that alum-induced cellular necrosis results in elevated levels of IL-33 following injection in vivo. Alum and IL-33 induce similar increases in IL-5, KC, MCP-1, MIP-1α and MIP-1β; many of which are dependent on IL-33 as shown in IL-33 knockout mice or by using an IL-33-neutralizing recombinant ST2 receptor. Furthermore, IL-33 itself functions as an adjuvant that, while only inducing a marginal primary response, facilitates a robust secondary response comparable to that observed with alum. However, IL-33 is not absolutely required for alum-induced antibody responses since alum mediates similar humoral responses in IL-33 knockout and wild-type mice. Our results provide novel insights into the mechanism of action behind alum-induced cytokine responses and show that IL-33 is sufficient to provide a robust secondary antibody response independently of alum.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Rose
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285
| | - Angela J Okragly
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285
| | - Chetan N Patel
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285
| | - Robert J Benschop
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285
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352
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Palomo J, Dietrich D, Martin P, Palmer G, Gabay C. The interleukin (IL)-1 cytokine family--Balance between agonists and antagonists in inflammatory diseases. Cytokine 2015; 76:25-37. [PMID: 26185894 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The interleukin (IL)-1 family of cytokines comprises 11 members, including 7 pro-inflammatory agonists (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-18, IL-33, IL-36α, IL-36β, IL-36γ) and 4 defined or putative antagonists (IL-1R antagonist (IL-1Ra), IL-36Ra, IL-37, and IL-38) exerting anti-inflammatory activities. Except for IL-1Ra, IL-1 cytokines do not possess a leader sequence and are secreted via an unconventional pathway. In addition, IL-1β and IL-18 are produced as biologically inert pro-peptides that require cleavage by caspase-1 in their N-terminal region to generate active proteins. N-terminal processing is also required for full activity of IL-36 cytokines. The IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) family comprises 10 members and includes cytokine-specific receptors, co-receptors and inhibitory receptors. The signaling IL-1Rs share a common structure with three extracellular immunoglobulin (Ig) domains and an intracellular Toll-like/IL-1R (TIR) domain. IL-1 cytokines bind to their specific receptor, which leads to the recruitment of a co-receptor and intracellular signaling. IL-1 cytokines induce potent inflammatory responses and their activity is tightly controlled at the level of production, protein processing and maturation, receptor binding and post-receptor signaling by naturally occurring inhibitors. Some of these inhibitors are IL-1 family antagonists, while others are IL-1R family members acting as membrane-bound or soluble decoy receptors. An imbalance between agonist and antagonist levels can lead to exaggerated inflammatory responses. Several genetic modifications or mutations associated with dysregulated IL-1 activity and autoinflammatory disorders were identified in mouse models and in patients. These findings paved the road to the successful use of IL-1 inhibitors in diseases that were previously considered as untreatable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Palomo
- Division of Rheumatology, Departments of Internal Medicine Specialties and of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland
| | - Damien Dietrich
- Division of Rheumatology, Departments of Internal Medicine Specialties and of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland
| | - Praxedis Martin
- Division of Rheumatology, Departments of Internal Medicine Specialties and of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland
| | - Gaby Palmer
- Division of Rheumatology, Departments of Internal Medicine Specialties and of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland
| | - Cem Gabay
- Division of Rheumatology, Departments of Internal Medicine Specialties and of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland.
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353
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Innate Immunity and Biomaterials at the Nexus: Friends or Foes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:342304. [PMID: 26247017 PMCID: PMC4515263 DOI: 10.1155/2015/342304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Biomaterial implants are an established part of medical practice, encompassing a broad range of devices that widely differ in function and structural composition. However, one common property amongst biomaterials is the induction of the foreign body response: an acute sterile inflammatory reaction which overlaps with tissue vascularisation and remodelling and ultimately fibrotic encapsulation of the biomaterial to prevent further interaction with host tissue. Severity and clinical manifestation of the biomaterial-induced foreign body response are different for each biomaterial, with cases of incompatibility often associated with loss of function. However, unravelling the mechanisms that progress to the formation of the fibrotic capsule highlights the tightly intertwined nature of immunological responses to a seemingly noncanonical “antigen.” In this review, we detail the pathways associated with the foreign body response and describe possible mechanisms of immune involvement that can be targeted. We also discuss methods of modulating the immune response by altering the physiochemical surface properties of the biomaterial prior to implantation. Developments in these areas are reliant on reproducible and effective animal models and may allow a “combined” immunomodulatory approach of adapting surface properties of biomaterials, as well as treating key immune pathways to ultimately reduce the negative consequences of biomaterial implantation.
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354
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Hammond C, Kurten M, Kennedy JL. Rhinovirus and asthma: a storied history of incompatibility. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2015; 15:502. [PMID: 25612798 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-014-0502-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The human rhinovirus (HRV) is commonly associated with loss of asthma symptom control requiring escalation of care and emergency room visits in many patients. While the association is clear, the mechanisms behind HRV-induced asthma exacerbations remain uncertain. Immune dysregulation via aberrant immune responses, both deficient and exaggerated, have been proposed as mechanisms for HRV-induced exacerbations of asthma. Epithelium-derived innate immune cytokines that bias Th2 responses, including interleukin (IL)-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), have also been implicated as a means to bridge allergic conditions with asthma exacerbations. In this review, we discuss the literature supporting these positions. We also discuss new and emerging biotherapeutics that may target virus-induced exacerbations of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Hammond
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA,
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355
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Gadani SP, Walsh JT, Lukens JR, Kipnis J. Dealing with Danger in the CNS: The Response of the Immune System to Injury. Neuron 2015; 87:47-62. [PMID: 26139369 PMCID: PMC4491143 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Fighting pathogens and maintaining tissue homeostasis are prerequisites for survival. Both of these functions are upheld by the immune system, though the latter is often overlooked in the context of the CNS. The mere presence of immune cells in the CNS was long considered a hallmark of pathology, but this view has been recently challenged by studies demonstrating that immunological signaling can confer pivotal neuroprotective effects on the injured CNS. In this review, we describe the temporal sequence of immunological events that follow CNS injury. Beginning with immediate changes at the injury site, including death of neural cells and release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and progressing through innate and adaptive immune responses, we describe the cascade of inflammatory mediators and the implications of their post-injury effects. We conclude by proposing a revised interpretation of immune privilege in the brain, which takes beneficial neuro-immune communications into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin P Gadani
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - James T Walsh
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - John R Lukens
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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356
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Silke J, Rickard JA, Gerlic M. The diverse role of RIP kinases in necroptosis and inflammation. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:689-97. [DOI: 10.1038/ni.3206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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357
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Saluja R, Zoltowska A, Ketelaar ME, Nilsson G. IL-33 and Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin in mast cell functions. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 778:68-76. [PMID: 26051792 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP) and Interleukin 33 (IL-33) are two cytokines released by cells that are in proximity to our environment, e.g., keratinocytes of the skin and epithelial cells of the airways. Pathogens, allergens, chemicals and other agents induce the release of TSLP and IL-33, which are recognized by mast cells. TSLP and IL-33 affect several mast cell functions, including growth, survival and mediator release. These molecules do not directly induce exocytosis, but cause release of de novo synthesized lipid mediators and cytokines. TSLP and IL-33 are also implicated in inflammatory diseases where mast cells are known to be an important part of the pathogenesis, e.g., asthma and atopic dermatitis. In this chapter we describe and discuss the implications of TSLP and IL-33 on mast cell functions in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Saluja
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Allergie-Centrum-Charité, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Anna Zoltowska
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Elizabeth Ketelaar
- University of Groningen, Laboratory of Allergology and Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gunnar Nilsson
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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358
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Afonina I, Müller C, Martin S, Beyaert R. Proteolytic Processing of Interleukin-1 Family Cytokines: Variations on a Common Theme. Immunity 2015; 42:991-1004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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359
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AMCase is a crucial regulator of type 2 immune responses to inhaled house dust mites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E2891-9. [PMID: 26038565 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1507393112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitinases are enzymes that cleave chitin, a component of the exoskeleton of many organisms including the house dust mite (HDM). Here we show that knockin mice expressing an enzymatically inactive acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase), the dominant true chitinase in mouse lung, showed enhanced type 2 immune responses to inhaled HDM. We found that uncleaved chitin promoted the release of IL-33, whereas cleaved chitin could be phagocytosed and could induce the activation of caspase-1 and subsequent activation of caspase-7; this results in the resolution of type 2 immune responses, probably by promoting the inactivation of IL-33. These data suggest that AMCase is a crucial regulator of type 2 immune responses to inhaled chitin-containing aeroallergens.
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360
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Jacobsen EA, Lee NA, Lee JJ. Re-defining the unique roles for eosinophils in allergic respiratory inflammation. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 44:1119-36. [PMID: 24961290 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The role of eosinophils in the progression and resolution of allergic respiratory inflammation is poorly defined despite the commonality of their presence and in some cases their use as a biomarker for disease severity and/or symptom control. However, this ambiguity belies the wealth of insights that have recently been gained through the use of eosinophil-deficient/attenuated strains of mice that have demonstrated novel immunoregulatory and remodelling/repair functions for these cells in the lung following allergen provocation. Specifically, studies of eosinophil-deficient mice suggest that eosinophils contribute to events occurring in the lungs following allergen provocation at several key moments: (i) the initiating phase of events leading to Th2-polarized pulmonary inflammation, (ii) the suppression Th1/Th17 pathways in lung-draining lymph nodes, (iii) the recruitment of effector Th2 T cells to the lung, and finally, (iv) mechanisms of inflammatory resolution that re-establish pulmonary homoeostasis. These suggested functions have recently been confirmed and expanded upon using allergen provocation of an inducible eosinophil-deficient strain of mice (iPHIL) that demonstrated an eosinophil-dependent mechanism(s) leading to Th2 dominated immune responses in the presence of eosinophils in contrast to neutrophilic as well as mixed Th1/Th17/Th2 variant phenotypes in the absence of eosinophils. These findings highlighted that eosinophils are not exclusively downstream mediators controlled by T cells, dendritic cells (DC) and/or innate lymphocytic cells (ILC2). Instead, eosinophils appear to be more aptly described as significant contributors in complex interrelated pathways that lead to pulmonary inflammation and subsequently promote resolution and the re-establishment of homoeostatic baseline. In this review, we summarize and put into the context the evolving hypotheses that are now expanding our understanding of the roles eosinophils likely have in the lung following allergen provocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Jacobsen
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
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361
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Theoharides TC, Petra AI, Taracanova A, Panagiotidou S, Conti P. Targeting IL-33 in autoimmunity and inflammation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 354:24-31. [PMID: 25906776 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.222505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) belongs to the IL-1 family of cytokines. Whereas IL-1 is processed and released by live immune cells in response to infection or other triggers, IL-33 is mostly released as a danger signal ("alarmin") from damaged cells. IL-33 may also be processed and released from activated mast cells (MCs) with subsequent autocrine and paracrine actions. IL-33 augments the stimulatory effects of IgE and substance P on MCs but can also trigger release of cytokines from MCs on its own. Blood IL-33 levels are increased in asthma, atopic dermatitis, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjögren's syndrome. However, prolonged elevation of IL-33 downregulates FcεRI and may be protective in atherosclerosis, suggesting different roles in immune-regulated diseases. Even though neutralizing IL-33, knocking-down its receptor, or using its soluble "decoy" receptor has resulted in anti-inflammatory effects, there appear to be different outcomes in different tissues. Hence, selective regulation of IL-33 synthesis, release, and signaling may be required to provide effective treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theoharis C Theoharides
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology (T.C.T., A.I.P., A.T., S.P.), Graduate Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences (T.C.T., A.T.), Department of Internal Medicine (T.C.T.), Tufts University School of Medicine, and Tufts Medical Center (T.C.T.), Boston, Massachusetts; and Immunology Division, Graduate Medical School, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy (P.C.)
| | - Anastasia I Petra
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology (T.C.T., A.I.P., A.T., S.P.), Graduate Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences (T.C.T., A.T.), Department of Internal Medicine (T.C.T.), Tufts University School of Medicine, and Tufts Medical Center (T.C.T.), Boston, Massachusetts; and Immunology Division, Graduate Medical School, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy (P.C.)
| | - Alexandra Taracanova
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology (T.C.T., A.I.P., A.T., S.P.), Graduate Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences (T.C.T., A.T.), Department of Internal Medicine (T.C.T.), Tufts University School of Medicine, and Tufts Medical Center (T.C.T.), Boston, Massachusetts; and Immunology Division, Graduate Medical School, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy (P.C.)
| | - Smaro Panagiotidou
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology (T.C.T., A.I.P., A.T., S.P.), Graduate Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences (T.C.T., A.T.), Department of Internal Medicine (T.C.T.), Tufts University School of Medicine, and Tufts Medical Center (T.C.T.), Boston, Massachusetts; and Immunology Division, Graduate Medical School, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy (P.C.)
| | - Pio Conti
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology (T.C.T., A.I.P., A.T., S.P.), Graduate Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences (T.C.T., A.T.), Department of Internal Medicine (T.C.T.), Tufts University School of Medicine, and Tufts Medical Center (T.C.T.), Boston, Massachusetts; and Immunology Division, Graduate Medical School, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy (P.C.)
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362
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Gao Q, Li Y, Li M. The potential role of IL-33/ST2 signaling in fibrotic diseases. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:15-22. [PMID: 25881899 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3ru0115-012r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-33, a new member of the IL-1F, is widely expressed throughout the body and can be up-regulated by stimulation with proinflammatory factors. It has been identified as a functional ligand for the plasma membrane receptor complex that is a heterodimer consisting of membrane-bound ST2L, which is a member of the IL-1R family, and IL-1RAcP. IL-33 is crucial for the induction of Th2 immune responses. Additionally, under other circumstances, it can also act as an endogenous danger signal. Recently, many studies have demonstrated that IL-33 may be related to the development and progression of fibrotic diseases. It has proinflammatory effects in some fibrotic diseases but has anti-inflammatory effects in others. In this review, the biologic characteristics of IL-33 and the role of the IL-33/ST2 signaling pathway in various fibrotic diseases will be discussed. We hope this overview will provide new insights for the treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyan Gao
- Department of Immunology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Immunology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, China
| | - Mingcai Li
- Department of Immunology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, China
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363
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Hoque R, Mehal WZ. Inflammasomes in pancreatic physiology and disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 308:G643-51. [PMID: 25700081 PMCID: PMC4398840 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00388.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In this review we summarize the role of inflammasomes in pancreatic physiology and disease with a focus on acute pancreatitis where much recent progress has been made. New findings have identified inducers of and cell specificity of inflammasome component expression in the pancreas, the contribution of inflammasome-regulated effectors to pancreatitis, and metabolic regulation of inflammasome activation, which are strong determinants of injury in pancreatitis. New areas of pancreatic biology will be highlighted in the context of our evolving understanding of gut microbiome- and injury-induced inflammasome priming, pyroptosis, and innate immune-mediated regulation of cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaz Hoque
- 1Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Wajahat Z. Mehal
- 1Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and ,2Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, Connecticut
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364
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MicroRNA29a regulates IL-33-mediated tissue remodelling in tendon disease. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6774. [PMID: 25857925 PMCID: PMC4403384 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) has the potential for cross-regulation and functional integration of discrete biological processes during complex physiological events. Utilizing the common human condition tendinopathy as a model system to explore the cross-regulation of immediate inflammation and matrix synthesis by miRNA we observed that elevated IL-33 expression is a characteristic of early tendinopathy. Using in vitro tenocyte cultures and in vivo models of tendon damage, we demonstrate that such IL-33 expression plays a pivotal role in the transition from type 1 to type 3 collagen (Col3) synthesis and thus early tendon remodelling. Both IL-33 effector function, via its decoy receptor sST2, and Col3 synthesis are regulated by miRNA29a. Downregulation of miRNA29a in human tenocytes is sufficient to induce an increase in Col3 expression. These data provide a molecular mechanism of miRNA-mediated integration of the early pathophysiologic events that facilitate tissue remodelling in human tendon after injury.
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365
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Lott JM, Sumpter TL, Turnquist HR. New dog and new tricks: evolving roles for IL-33 in type 2 immunity. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 97:1037-48. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3ri1214-595r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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366
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Bleck B, Kazeros A, Bakal K, Garcia-Medina L, Adams A, Liu M, Lee RA, Tse DB, Chiu A, Grunig G, Egan JP, Reibman J. Coexpression of type 2 immune targets in sputum-derived epithelial and dendritic cells from asthmatic subjects. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136:619-627.e5. [PMID: 25813919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.12.1950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noninvasive sputum sampling has enabled the identification of biomarkers in asthmatic patients. Studies of discrete cell populations in sputum can enhance measurements compared with whole sputum in which changes in rare cells and cell-cell interactions can be masked. OBJECTIVE We sought to enrich for sputum-derived human bronchial epithelial cells (sHBECs) and sputum-derived myeloid type 1 dendritic cells (sDCs) to describe transcriptional coexpression of targets associated with a type 2 immune response. METHODS A case-control study was conducted with patients with mild asthma (asthmatic cases) and healthy control subjects. Induced sputum was obtained for simultaneous enrichment of sHBECs and sDCs by using flow cytometry. Quantitative PCR was used to measure mRNA for sHBEC thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), IL33, POSTN, and IL25 and downstream targets in sDCs (OX40 ligand [OX40L], CCL17, PPP1R14A, CD1E, CD1b, CD80, and CD86). RESULTS Final analyses for the study sample were based on 11 control subjects and 13 asthmatic cases. Expression of TSLP, IL33, and POSTN mRNA was increased in sHBECs in asthmatic cases (P = .001, P = .05, and P = .04, respectively). Expression of sDC OX40L and CCL17 mRNA was increased in asthmatic cases (P = .003 and P = .0001, respectively). sHBEC TSLP mRNA expression was strongly associated with sDC OX40L mRNA expression (R = 0.65, P = .001) and less strongly with sDC CCL17 mRNA expression. sHBEC IL33 mRNA expression was associated with sDC OX40L mRNA expression (R = 0.42, P = .04) but not sDC CCL17 mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS Noninvasive sampling and enrichment of select cell populations from sputum can further our understanding of cell-cell interactions in asthmatic patients with the potential to enhance endotyping of asthmatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertram Bleck
- Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Angeliki Kazeros
- Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Keren Bakal
- Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | | | - Alexandra Adams
- Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Mengling Liu
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY; Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Richard A Lee
- Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Doris B Tse
- Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Amanda Chiu
- Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Gabriele Grunig
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - John P Egan
- Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Joan Reibman
- Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY; Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY.
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367
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Doherty TA. At the bench: understanding group 2 innate lymphoid cells in disease. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 97:455-67. [PMID: 25473099 PMCID: PMC4338843 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.5bt0814-374r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The conventional paradigm of type 2 inflammatory responses is characterized by activation of CD4(+) Th2 cells that produce IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, resulting in tissue eosinophil infiltration, mucus metaplasia, AHR, and IgE production. However, the recent discovery of ILC2s in mice and humans has brought forth a novel pathway in type 2 immunity that may work independent of, or in concert with, adaptive Th2 responses. ILC2s were described initially as lineage-negative lymphocytes that produce high levels of Th2 cytokines IL-5 and IL-13 in response to IL-25 and IL-33 and promote protection against helminth infections. More recent investigations have identified novel upstream regulators, as well as novel ILC2 products. ILC2s are found in mucosal surfaces, including respiratory tract and skin, and studies from experimental asthma and atopic dermatitis models support a role for ILC2s in promoting type 2 inflammatory responses. There are many unanswered questions about the role of ILC2s in chronic allergic diseases, including how ILC2s or upstream pathways can be targeted for therapy. As ILC2s are not antigen specific and may be activated after exposures to a variety of infectious agents and irritants thought to contribute to respiratory and skin diseases, future strategies to target ILC2 function in human disease may be promising. Our intent is to identify priority areas for ILC2 translational research based on basic research insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A Doherty
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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368
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Madouri F, Guillou N, Fauconnier L, Marchiol T, Rouxel N, Chenuet P, Ledru A, Apetoh L, Ghiringhelli F, Chamaillard M, Zheng SG, Trovero F, Quesniaux VFJ, Ryffel B, Togbe D. Caspase-1 activation by NLRP3 inflammasome dampens IL-33-dependent house dust mite-induced allergic lung inflammation. J Mol Cell Biol 2015; 7:351-65. [PMID: 25714839 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjv012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cysteine protease caspase-1 (Casp-1) contributes to innate immunity through the assembly of NLRP3, NLRC4, AIM2, and NLRP6 inflammasomes. Here we ask whether caspase-1 activation plays a regulatory role in house dust mite (HDM)-induced experimental allergic airway inflammation. We report enhanced airway inflammation in caspase-1-deficient mice exposed to HDM with a marked eosinophil recruitment, increased expression of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, as well as full-length and bioactive IL-33. Furthermore, mice deficient for NLRP3 failed to control eosinophil influx in the airways and displayed augmented Th2 cytokine and chemokine levels, suggesting that the NLPR3 inflammasome complex controls HDM-induced inflammation. IL-33 neutralization by administration of soluble ST2 receptor inhibited the enhanced allergic inflammation, while administration of recombinant IL-33 during challenge phase enhanced allergic inflammation in caspase-1-deficient mice. Therefore, we show that caspase-1, NLRP3, and ASC, but not NLRC4, contribute to the upregulation of allergic lung inflammation. Moreover, we cannot exclude an effect of caspase-11, because caspase-1-deficient mice are deficient for both caspases. Mechanistically, absence of caspase-1 is associated with increased expression of IL-33, uric acid, and spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) production. This study highlights a critical role of caspase-1 activation and NLPR3/ASC inflammasome complex in the down-modulation of IL-33 in vivo and in vitro, thereby regulating Th2 response in HDM-induced allergic lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahima Madouri
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), UMR 7355 CNRS-University of Orleans, F-45071 Orleans-Cedex2, France Artimmune SAS, 45100 Orléans, France
| | - Noëlline Guillou
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), UMR 7355 CNRS-University of Orleans, F-45071 Orleans-Cedex2, France
| | | | | | | | - Pauline Chenuet
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), UMR 7355 CNRS-University of Orleans, F-45071 Orleans-Cedex2, France
| | | | - Lionel Apetoh
- Faculté de Médecine, University of Bourgogne, Dijon, France INSERM, U866, Dijon, France Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - François Ghiringhelli
- Faculté de Médecine, University of Bourgogne, Dijon, France INSERM, U866, Dijon, France Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Mathias Chamaillard
- CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, INSERM U1019, Institut Pasteur, Lille, France
| | - Song Guo Zheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA Clinical Immunology Section, Third Affiliated Hospital at Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | | | - Valérie F J Quesniaux
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), UMR 7355 CNRS-University of Orleans, F-45071 Orleans-Cedex2, France
| | - Bernhard Ryffel
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), UMR 7355 CNRS-University of Orleans, F-45071 Orleans-Cedex2, France
| | - Dieudonnée Togbe
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), UMR 7355 CNRS-University of Orleans, F-45071 Orleans-Cedex2, France Artimmune SAS, 45100 Orléans, France
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369
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Lloyd CM, Saglani S. Epithelial cytokines and pulmonary allergic inflammation. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 34:52-8. [PMID: 25705788 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The triad of epithelial derived cytokines, IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP are important for the initiation and development of pulmonary immune responses to environmental stimuli. Data from experiments using mouse models provide compelling evidence for their involvement in both innate and adaptive immunity to drive type-2 responses, allergic inflammation and airway remodelling. These cytokines are known to be expressed in human lung tissue and immune cells, however their involvement in mediating allergic pulmonary responses in patients is less clear than in murine models of disease. This article focuses on evidence for the role of IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP in human allergic disease and discusses their potential as therapeutic targets for severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare M Lloyd
- Leukocyte Biology, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK.
| | - Sejal Saglani
- Leukocyte Biology, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK; Respiratory Paediatrics, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
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370
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Lung ILC2s link innate and adaptive responses in allergic inflammation. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:189-95. [PMID: 25704560 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
How allergens trigger the T helper 2 (Th2) response that characterizes allergic lung inflammation is not well understood. Epithelium-derived alarmins released after an allergen encounter activate the innate immune system, including group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) which produce the type 2 interleukins IL-5 and IL-13. It has been recently shown that ILC2-derived cytokines are responsible not only for the innate responses underlying allergic inflammation but also for the initiation of the adaptive Th2 response. We review the role of lung ILC2s in the development of allergic inflammation and, in the context of recent findings, propose a common pathway wherein ILC2s, activated by the epithelium-derived cytokine IL-33, link the innate and the adaptive responses after allergen encounter in the lung.
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371
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Abstract
Heart failure is a commonly encountered condition associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare cost. For years, its management has been strongly influenced by the use of B-type natriuretic peptide and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide biomarkers. In some cases, this approach does not always identify patients with heart failure accurately and may not provide the best prognostic assessment, particularly in the presence of comorbidities. Biomarkers that help refine diagnosis and risk stratification are needed. Soluble ST2, a peptide belonging to the interleukin-1 receptor family, is secreted when cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts are subjected to mechanical strain. Although preliminary results on this novel biomarker are encouraging, additional and more comprehensive studies are clearly needed to establish its role in the management of patients with heart failure. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of data currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Lupu
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease and Transplant Institute, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Targu Mures, Targu Mures, Romania; Department of Internal Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lucia Agoston-Coldea
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease and Transplant Institute, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Targu Mures, Targu Mures, Romania; Department of Internal Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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372
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Abstract
The identification and characterization of cytokine isoforms is likely to provide critical important new insight into immunobiology. Cytokine isoforms can provide additional diversity to their complex biological effects that participate in control and protection against different foreign pathogens. Recently, IL-33 has been identified as a proinflammatory cytokine having several different biologically active isoform products. Originally associated with Th2 immunity, new evidence now supports the role of two IL-33 isoforms to facilitate the generation of protective Th1 and CD8 T cell immunity against specific pathogens. Therefore, a better understanding of the IL-33 isoforms will inform us on how to utilize them to facilitate their development as tools as vaccine adjuvants for immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel O Villarreal
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, 505A Stellar-Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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373
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Christianson CA, Goplen NP, Zafar I, Irvin C, Good JT, Rollins DR, Gorentla B, Liu W, Gorska MM, Chu H, Martin RJ, Alam R. Persistence of asthma requires multiple feedback circuits involving type 2 innate lymphoid cells and IL-33. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136:59-68.e14. [PMID: 25617223 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma in a mouse model spontaneously resolves after cessation of allergen exposure. We developed a mouse model in which asthma features persisted for 6 months after cessation of allergen exposure. OBJECTIVE We sought to elucidate factors contributing to the persistence of asthma. METHODS We used a combination of immunologic, genetic, microarray, and pharmacologic approaches to dissect the mechanism of asthma persistence. RESULTS Elimination of T cells though antibody-mediated depletion or lethal irradiation and transplantation of recombination-activating gene (Rag1)(-/-) bone marrow in mice with chronic asthma resulted in resolution of airway inflammation but not airway hyperreactivity or remodeling. Elimination of T cells and type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) through lethal irradiation and transplantation of Rag2(-/-)γc(-/-) bone marrow or blockade of IL-33 resulted in resolution of airway inflammation and hyperreactivity. Persistence of asthma required multiple interconnected feedback and feed-forward circuits between ILC2s and epithelial cells. Epithelial IL-33 induced ILC2s, a rich source of IL-13. The latter directly induced epithelial IL-33, establishing a positive feedback circuit. IL-33 autoinduced, generating another feedback circuit. IL-13 upregulated IL-33 receptors and facilitated IL-33 autoinduction, thus establishing a feed-forward circuit. Elimination of any component of these circuits resulted in resolution of chronic asthma. In agreement with the foregoing, IL-33 and ILC2 levels were increased in the airways of asthmatic patients. IL-33 levels correlated with disease severity. CONCLUSIONS We present a critical network of feedback and feed-forward interactions between epithelial cells and ILC2s involved in maintaining chronic asthma. Although T cells contributed to the severity of chronic asthma, they were redundant in maintaining airway hyperreactivity and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas P Goplen
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
| | - Iram Zafar
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
| | - Chaoyu Irvin
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
| | - James T Good
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
| | - Donald R Rollins
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
| | | | - Weimin Liu
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
| | - Magdalena M Gorska
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo; University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colo
| | - HongWei Chu
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo; University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colo
| | - Richard J Martin
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo; University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colo
| | - Rafeul Alam
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo; University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colo.
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374
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Doherty TA, Broide DH. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells: new players in human allergic diseases. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2015; 25:1-11. [PMID: 25898689 PMCID: PMC4545833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases are characterized by tissue eosinophilia, mucus secretion, IgE production, and activation of mast cells and TH2 cells. Production of TH2 cytokines including IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13 has mainly been attributed to CD4+T(H)2 cells. However, the recent discovery of group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in humans and findings from experimental disease models have challenged conventional concepts associated with the contribution of specific cells to type 2 inflammation in allergic diseases. ILC2s produce high levels of T(H)2 cytokines and have been detected in human lung tissue, peripheral blood, the gastrointestinal tract, skin, and sinonasal tissue, suggesting that ILC2s could contribute to chronic rhinosinusitis, asthma, atopic dermatitis, and gastrointestinal allergic disease. Moreover, depletion of ILC2s in animal models suggests a role for these cells in atopic dermatitis and asthma. This review will focus on the role of ILC2s in human allergy and asthma and provide a mechanistic insight from animal models.
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375
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Hammad H. Epithelial Cell Regulation of Immune Responses in the Lung. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00029-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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376
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377
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Ikutani M, Tsuneyama K, Nakae S, Takatsu K. Emerging roles of IL-33 in inflammation and immune regulation. Inflamm Regen 2015. [DOI: 10.2492/inflammregen.35.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Ikutani
- Department of Immunobiology and Pharmacological Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Susumu Nakae
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Takatsu
- Toyama Prefectural Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Toyama, Japan
- Department of Immunobiology and Pharmacological Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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378
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Bessa J, Meyer CA, de Vera Mudry MC, Schlicht S, Smith SH, Iglesias A, Cote-Sierra J. Altered subcellular localization of IL-33 leads to non-resolving lethal inflammation. J Autoimmun 2014; 55:33-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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379
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Paris G, Pozharskaya T, Asempa T, Lane AP. Damage-associated molecular patterns stimulate interleukin-33 expression in nasal polyp epithelial cells. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2014; 4:15-21. [PMID: 24574111 DOI: 10.1002/alr.21237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a disorder characterized by eosinophilic inflammation and local T-helper 2 (Th2) cytokine production. Innate lymphoid cells that elaborate Th2 cytokines have recently been characterized within nasal polyps. These cells can be activated by the epithelial cell-derived cytokine interleukin-33 (IL-33). The objective of this study is to determine whether 2 molecules associated with tissue damage (high mobility group box-1 [HMGB-1] and adenosine triphosphate [ATP]) elicit expression of IL-33 in sinonasal epithelial cells (SNECs) derived from recalcitrant CRSwNP patients. METHODS Ethmoid tissue was obtained from 8 recalcitrant CRSwNP and 9 control subjects during endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). Tissue was prepared for immunohistochemistry and for SNEC air-liquid interface culture. After exposure to either HMGB1 or ATP in vitro, SNECs were processed for messenger RNA (mRNA) extraction and immunocytochemistry. IL-33 levels were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and by immunochemical staining with anti-IL-33 antibody. RESULTS Intranuclear IL-33 is normally expressed in basal epithelial cells, but is present in more apical cells and outside the nucleus in CRSwNP. Exposure of SNECs to HMGB-1 or ATP resulted in a statistically significant increase in IL-33 mRNA expression in SNECs derived from recalcitrant CRSwNP patients. This increase was reflected at the protein level by immunochemical staining of IL-33. CONCLUSION Tissue damage is a nonspecific trigger of epithelial IL-33 production in treatment-recalcitrant polyps, which may be responsible for perpetuating eosinophilic inflammation in CRSwNP. This common pathway may help explain why multiple environmental and infectious agents have been implicated in CRSwNP exacerbation.
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380
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Central domain of IL-33 is cleaved by mast cell proteases for potent activation of group-2 innate lymphoid cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:15502-7. [PMID: 25313073 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1410700111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is an alarmin cytokine from the IL-1 family. IL-33 activates many immune cell types expressing the interleukin 1 receptor-like 1 (IL1RL1) receptor ST2, including group-2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s, natural helper cells, nuocytes), the major producers of IL-5 and IL-13 during type-2 innate immune responses and allergic airway inflammation. IL-33 is likely to play a critical role in asthma because the IL33 and ST2/IL1RL1 genes have been reproducibly identified as major susceptibility loci in large-scale genome-wide association studies. A better understanding of the mechanisms regulating IL-33 activity is thus urgently needed. Here, we investigated the role of mast cells, critical effector cells in allergic disorders, known to interact with ILC2s in vivo. We found that serine proteases secreted by activated mast cells (chymase and tryptase) generate mature forms of IL-33 with potent activity on ILC2s. The major forms produced by mast cell proteases, IL-33(95-270), IL-33(107-270), and IL-33(109-270), were 30-fold more potent than full-length human IL-33(1-270) for activation of ILC2s ex vivo. They induced a strong expansion of ILC2s and eosinophils in vivo, associated with elevated concentrations of IL-5 and IL-13. Murine IL-33 is also cleaved by mast cell tryptase, and a tryptase inhibitor reduced IL-33-dependent allergic airway inflammation in vivo. Our study identifies the central cleavage/activation domain of IL-33 (amino acids 66-111) as an important functional domain of the protein and suggests that interference with IL-33 cleavage and activation by mast cell and other inflammatory proteases could be useful to reduce IL-33-mediated responses in allergic asthma and other inflammatory diseases.
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381
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Holtzman MJ, Byers DE, Alexander-Brett J, Wang X. The role of airway epithelial cells and innate immune cells in chronic respiratory disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2014; 14:686-98. [PMID: 25234144 PMCID: PMC4782595 DOI: 10.1038/nri3739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An abnormal immune response to environmental agents is generally thought to be responsible for causing chronic respiratory diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Based on studies of experimental models and human subjects, there is increasing evidence that the response of the innate immune system is crucial for the development of this type of airway disease. Airway epithelial cells and innate immune cells represent key components of the pathogenesis of chronic airway disease and are emerging targets for new therapies. In this Review, we summarize the innate immune mechanisms by which airway epithelial cells and innate immune cells regulate the development of chronic respiratory diseases. We also explain how these pathways are being targeted in the clinic to treat patients with these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Holtzman
- 1] Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA. [2] Department of Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Derek E Byers
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Jennifer Alexander-Brett
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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382
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IL-33: an alarmin cytokine with crucial roles in innate immunity, inflammation and allergy. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 31:31-7. [PMID: 25278425 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 490] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
IL-33 is a nuclear cytokine from the IL-1 family constitutively expressed in epithelial barrier tissues and lymphoid organs, which plays important roles in type-2 innate immunity and human asthma. Recent studies indicate that IL-33 induces production of large amounts of IL-5 and IL-13 by group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), for initiation of allergic inflammation shortly after exposure to allergens or infection with parasites or viruses. IL-33 appears to function as an alarmin (alarm signal) rapidly released from producing cells upon cellular damage or cellular stress. In this review, we discuss the cellular sources, mode of action and regulation of IL-33, and we highlight its crucial roles in vivo with particular emphasis on results obtained using IL33-deficient mice.
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383
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Zarpelon AC, Cunha TM, Alves-Filho JC, Pinto LG, Ferreira SH, McInnes IB, Xu D, Liew FY, Cunha FQ, Verri WA. IL-33/ST2 signalling contributes to carrageenin-induced innate inflammation and inflammatory pain: role of cytokines, endothelin-1 and prostaglandin E2. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:90-101. [PMID: 23347081 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE IL-33 signals through ST2 receptors and induces adaptive and innate inflammation. IL-33/ST2 is involved in adaptive inflammation-induced pain. Here, we have investigated the contribution of IL-33/ST2-triggered mechanisms to carrageenin-induced innate inflammation. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Carrageenin- and IL-33-induced inflammatory responses were assessed in BALB/c- (WT) and ST2-deficient ((-/-) ) mice as follows: oedema (plethysmometer), myeloperoxidase activity (colorimetric assay), mechanical hyperalgesia (electronic version of von Frey filaments), cytokine levels (ELISA), PGE2 (RIA), mRNA expression (quantitative PCR), drug treatments targeting leukocyte recruitment (fucoidin), TNF-α (infliximab), CXCL1 (antibody to CXCL1), IL-1 (IL-1ra), endothelin ETA (clazosentan) and ETB (BQ788) receptors and COX (indomethacin). KEY RESULTS Carrageenin injection increased ST2 and IL-33 mRNA expression and IL-33 production in paw skin samples. Carrageenin-induced paw oedema, hyperalgesia and myeloperoxidase activity were reduced in ST2(-/-) compared with WT mice, effects mimicked by IL-33 injection in the paw. Furthermore, IL-33-induced hyperalgesia was reduced by fucoidin suggesting a role for recruited leukocytes in its hyperalgesic effect. IL-33-induced hyperalgesia in naïve mice was reduced by treatments targeting TNF, CXCL1, IL-1, endothelin receptors and COX while carrageenin-induced ST2-dependent TNF-α, CXCL1, IL-1β, IL-10 and PGE2 production and preproET-1 mRNA expression. Combining IL-33 and carrageenin at doses that were ineffective as single treatment induced significant hyperalgesia, oedema, myeloperoxidase activity and cytokine production in a ST2-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS IL-33/ST2 signalling triggers the production of inflammatory mediators contributing to carrageenin-induced inflammation. These data reinforces the importance of IL-33/ST2 signalling as a target in innate inflammation and inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Zarpelon
- Departamento de Patologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Parana, Brazil
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384
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Greenhill CJ, Jones GW, Nowell MA, Newton Z, Harvey AK, Moideen AN, Collins FL, Bloom AC, Coll RC, Robertson AAB, Cooper MA, Rosas M, Taylor PR, O'Neill LA, Humphreys IR, Williams AS, Jones SA. Interleukin-10 regulates the inflammasome-driven augmentation of inflammatory arthritis and joint destruction. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 16:419. [PMID: 25175678 PMCID: PMC4292830 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-014-0419-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Activation of the inflammasome has been implicated in the pathology of various autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases. While the NLRP3 inflammasome has been linked to arthritis progression, little is known about its synovial regulation or contribution to joint histopathology. Regulators of inflammation activation, such as interleukin (IL)-10, may have the potential to limit the inflammasome-driven arthritic disease course and associated structural damage. Hence, we used IL-10-deficient (IL-10KO) mice to assess NLRP3 inflammasome-driven arthritic pathology. Methods Antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) was established in IL-10KO mice and wild-type controls. Using histological and radiographic approaches together with quantitative real-time PCR of synovial mRNA studies, we explored the regulation of inflammasome components. These were combined with selective blocking agents and ex vivo investigative studies in osteoclast differentiation assays. Results In AIA, IL-10KO mice display severe disease with increased histological and radiographic joint scores. Here, focal bone erosions were associated with increased tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive cells and a localized expression of IL-1β. When compared to controls, IL-10KO synovium showed increased expression of Il1b, Il33 and NLRP3 inflammasome components. Synovial Nlrp3 and Casp1 expression further correlated with Acp5 (encoding TRAP), while neutralization of IL-10 receptor signaling in control mice caused increased expression of Nlrp3 and Casp1. In ex vivo osteoclast differentiation assays, addition of exogenous IL-10 or selective blockade of the NLRP3 inflammasome inhibited osteoclastogenesis. Conclusions These data provide a link between IL-10, synovial regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and the degree of bone erosions observed in inflammatory arthritis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-014-0419-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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385
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Tao L, Chen C, Song H, Piccioni M, Shi G, Li B. Deubiquitination and stabilization of IL-33 by USP21. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2014; 7:4930-4937. [PMID: 25197364 PMCID: PMC4152054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is a dual-function protein that acts both as a secreted cytokine and as a nuclear factor regulating gene transcription. It has been demonstrated that IL-33 exerts its nuclear function in promoting the transcription of NF-κB p65. Here, we show that USP21-mediated deubiquitination of IL-33 affects the transcription of p65. IL-33 can be post-translationally modified by ubiquitination. Ubiquitin-specific protease 21 (USP21) interacts with IL-33 and also localizes in nucleus. The protein stability of IL-33 is maintained by USP21 through deubiquitination. Furthermore, depletion of USP21 reduces IL-33 protein levels and IL-33-mediated NF-κB p65 promoter activity. Our findings reveal the role of ubiquitination modification in regulating the protein stability and the nuclear function of IL-33.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianqin Tao
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai 200025, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Unit of Molecular Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200031, China
| | - Huihui Song
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai 200025, China
| | - Miranda Piccioni
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Unit of Molecular Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200031, China
| | - Guochao Shi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai 200025, China
| | - Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Unit of Molecular Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200031, China
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386
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Li D, Guabiraba R, Besnard AG, Komai-Koma M, Jabir MS, Zhang L, Graham GJ, Kurowska-Stolarska M, Liew FY, McSharry C, Xu D. IL-33 promotes ST2-dependent lung fibrosis by the induction of alternatively activated macrophages and innate lymphoid cells in mice. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:1422-1432.e11. [PMID: 24985397 PMCID: PMC4258609 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Background The initiation and regulation of pulmonary fibrosis are not well understood. IL-33, an important cytokine for respiratory diseases, is overexpressed in the lungs of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Objectives We aimed to determine the effects and mechanism of IL-33 on the development and severity of pulmonary fibrosis in murine bleomycin-induced fibrosis. Methods Lung fibrosis was induced by bleomycin in wild-type or Il33r (St2)−/− C57BL/6 mice treated with the recombinant mature form of IL-33 or anti–IL-33 antibody or transferred with type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s). The development and severity of fibrosis was evaluated based on lung histology, collagen levels, and lavage cytology. Cytokine and chemokine levels were quantified by using quantitative PCR, ELISA, and cytometry. Results IL-33 is constitutively expressed in lung epithelial cells but is induced in macrophages by bleomycin. Bleomycin enhanced the production of the mature but reduced full-length form of IL-33 in lung tissue. ST2 deficiency, anti–IL-33 antibody treatment, or alveolar macrophage depletion attenuated and exogenous IL-33 or adoptive transfer of ILC2s enhanced bleomycin-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis. These pathologic changes were accompanied, respectively, by reduced or increased IL-33, IL-13, TGF-β1, and inflammatory chemokine production in the lung. Furthermore, IL-33 polarized M2 macrophages to produce IL-13 and TGF-β1 and induced the expansion of ILC2s to produce IL-13 in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions IL-33 is a novel profibrogenic cytokine that signals through ST2 to promote the initiation and progression of pulmonary fibrosis by recruiting and directing inflammatory cell function and enhancing profibrogenic cytokine production in an ST2- and macrophage-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rodrigo Guabiraba
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; INRA, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly, France
| | - Anne-Gaëlle Besnard
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mousa Komai-Koma
- Department of Haematology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majid S Jabir
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Biotechnology, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Gerard J Graham
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Foo Y Liew
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; CEGMR, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Charles McSharry
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | - Damo Xu
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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387
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Pace E, Di Sano C, Sciarrino S, Scafidi V, Ferraro M, Chiappara G, Siena L, Gangemi S, Vitulo P, Giarratano A, Gjomarkaj M. Cigarette smoke alters IL-33 expression and release in airway epithelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:1630-7. [PMID: 24931101 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Airway epithelium is a regulator of innate immune responses to a variety of insults including cigarette smoke. Cigarette smoke alters the expression and the activation of Toll Like Receptor 4 (TLR4), an innate immunity receptor. IL-33, an alarmin, increases innate immunity Th2 responses. The aims of this study were to explore whether mini-bronchoalveolar lavage (mini-BAL) or sera from smokers have altered concentrations of IL-33 and whether cigarette smoke extracts (CSE) alter both intracellular expression (mRNA and protein) and release of IL-33 in bronchial epithelial cells. The role of TLR4 in the expression of IL-33 was also explored. Mini-BALs, but not sera, from smokers show reduced concentrations of IL-33. The expression of IL-33 was increased also in bronchial epithelium from smokers. 20% CSE reduced IL-33 release but increased the mRNA for IL-33 by real time PCR and the intracellular expression of IL-33 in bronchial epithelial cells as confirmed by flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry and western blot analysis. The effect of CSE on IL-33 expression was also observed in primary bronchial epithelial cells. IL-33 expression was mainly concentrated within the cytoplasm of the cells. LPS, an agonist of TLR4, reduced IL-33 expression, and an inhibitor of TLR4 increased the intracellular expression of IL-33. In conclusion, the release of IL-33 is tightly controlled and, in smokers, an altered activation of TLR4 may lead to an increased intracellular expression of IL-33 with a limited IL-33 release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Pace
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM) - National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy.
| | - Caterina Di Sano
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM) - National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Serafina Sciarrino
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM) - National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Valeria Scafidi
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM) - National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Ferraro
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM) - National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Chiappara
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM) - National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Liboria Siena
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM) - National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- School and Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Patrizio Vitulo
- Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione (ISMETT), Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonino Giarratano
- Dipartimento di Anestesia, Rianimazione e delle'Emergenze - Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mark Gjomarkaj
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM) - National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
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388
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Wright HL, Moots RJ, Edwards SW. The multifactorial role of neutrophils in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2014; 10:593-601. [PMID: 24914698 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2014.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Of all cells implicated in the pathology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), neutrophils possess the greatest cytotoxic potential, owing to their ability to release degradative enzymes and reactive oxygen species. Neutrophils also contribute to the cytokine and chemokine cascades that accompany inflammation, and regulate immune responses via cell-cell interactions. Emerging evidence suggests that neutrophils also have a previously unrecognised role in autoimmune diseases: neutrophils can release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) containing chromatin associated with granule enzymes, which not only kill extracellular microorganisms but also provide a source of autoantigens. For example, citrullinated proteins that can act as neoepitopes in loss of immune tolerance are generated by peptidylarginine deiminases, which replace arginine with citrulline residues, within neutrophils. Indeed, antibodies to citrullinated proteins can be detected before the onset of symptoms in patients with RA, and are predictive of erosive disease. Neutrophils from patients with RA have an increased tendency to form NETs containing citrullinated proteins, and sera from such patients contain autoantibodies that recognize these proteins. Thus, in addition to their cytotoxic and immunoregulatory role in RA, neutrophils may be a source of the autoantigens that drive the autoimmune processes underlying this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen L Wright
- Institute of Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Robert J Moots
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University Hospital Aintree, University of Liverpool, Longmoor Lane, Liverpool L9 7AL, UK
| | - Steven W Edwards
- Institute of Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
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389
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Carlock CI, Wu J, Zhou C, Tatum K, Adams HP, Tan F, Lou Y. Unique temporal and spatial expression patterns of IL-33 in ovaries during ovulation and estrous cycle are associated with ovarian tissue homeostasis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:161-9. [PMID: 24860190 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ovaries are among the most active organs. Frequently occurring events such as ovulation and ovarian atresia are accompanied with tissue destruction and repairing. Critical roles of immune cells or molecules in those events have been well recognized. IL-33 is a new member of the IL-1 cytokine gene family. Recent studies suggest its roles beyond immune responses. We systemically examined its expression in ovaries for its potential roles in ovarian functions. During ovulation, a high level of IL-33 was transiently expressed, making it the most significantly upregulated immune gene. During estrous cycle, IL-33 expression levels fluctuated along with numbers of ovarian macrophages and atresia wave. Cells with nuclear form of IL-33 (nIL-33(+) cells) were mostly endothelial cells of veins, either in the inner layer of theca of ovulating follicles during ovulation, or surrounding follicles during estrous cycle. Changes in number of nIL-33(+) cells showed a tendency similar to that in IL-33 mRNA level during estrous cycle. However, the cell number sharply declined before a rapid increase of macrophages and a surge of atresia. The decline in nIL-33(+) cell number was coincident with detection of higher level of the cytokine form of IL-33 by Western blot, suggesting a release of cytokine form of IL-33 before the surge of macrophage migration and atresia. However, IL-33 Ab, either by passive transfer or immunization, showed a limited effect on ovulation or atresia. It raises a possibility of IL-33's role in tissue homeostasis after ovarian events, instead of a direct involvement in ovarian functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin I Carlock
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054
| | - Jean Wu
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054
| | - Cindy Zhou
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054
| | - Kiana Tatum
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054
| | - Henry P Adams
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - Filemon Tan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas School of Medicine at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Yahuan Lou
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054;
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390
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Rickard JA, O'Donnell JA, Evans JM, Lalaoui N, Poh AR, Rogers T, Vince JE, Lawlor KE, Ninnis RL, Anderton H, Hall C, Spall SK, Phesse TJ, Abud HE, Cengia LH, Corbin J, Mifsud S, Di Rago L, Metcalf D, Ernst M, Dewson G, Roberts AW, Alexander WS, Murphy JM, Ekert PG, Masters SL, Vaux DL, Croker BA, Gerlic M, Silke J. RIPK1 regulates RIPK3-MLKL-driven systemic inflammation and emergency hematopoiesis. Cell 2014; 157:1175-88. [PMID: 24813849 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 548] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Upon ligand binding, RIPK1 is recruited to tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) and Toll-like receptor (TLR) complexes promoting prosurvival and inflammatory signaling. RIPK1 also directly regulates caspase-8-mediated apoptosis or, if caspase-8 activity is blocked, RIPK3-MLKL-dependent necroptosis. We show that C57BL/6 Ripk1(-/-) mice die at birth of systemic inflammation that was not transferable by the hematopoietic compartment. However, Ripk1(-/-) progenitors failed to engraft lethally irradiated hosts properly. Blocking TNF reversed this defect in emergency hematopoiesis but, surprisingly, Tnfr1 deficiency did not prevent inflammation in Ripk1(-/-) neonates. Deletion of Ripk3 or Mlkl, but not Casp8, prevented extracellular release of the necroptotic DAMP, IL-33, and reduced Myd88-dependent inflammation. Reduced inflammation in the Ripk1(-/-)Ripk3(-/-), Ripk1(-/-)Mlkl(-/-), and Ripk1(-/-)Myd88(-/-) mice prevented neonatal lethality, but only Ripk1(-/-)Ripk3(-/-)Casp8(-/-) mice survived past weaning. These results reveal a key function for RIPK1 in inhibiting necroptosis and, thereby, a role in limiting, not only promoting, inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Rickard
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Joanne A O'Donnell
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Joseph M Evans
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Najoua Lalaoui
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Ashleigh R Poh
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - TeWhiti Rogers
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - James E Vince
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Kate E Lawlor
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Robert L Ninnis
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Holly Anderton
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Cathrine Hall
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Sukhdeep K Spall
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Toby J Phesse
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Helen E Abud
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Louise H Cengia
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Jason Corbin
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Sandra Mifsud
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Ladina Di Rago
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Donald Metcalf
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Matthias Ernst
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Grant Dewson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Andrew W Roberts
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Warren S Alexander
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - James M Murphy
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Paul G Ekert
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Seth L Masters
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - David L Vaux
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Ben A Croker
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Motti Gerlic
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - John Silke
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia.
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391
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Xuan WX, Zhang JC, Zhou Q, Yang WB, Ma LJ. IL-33 levels differentiate tuberculous pleurisy from malignant pleural effusions. Oncol Lett 2014; 8:449-453. [PMID: 24959294 PMCID: PMC4063658 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculous pleural effusions (TPEs) and malignant pleural effusions (MPEs) are difficult to differentiate between in certain clinical situations. Interleukin (IL)-33 is a cytokine that participates in inflammatory responses and may have a role in pleural effusions. The present study aimed to investigate the concentrations and potential differential significance of IL-33 in patients with TPE and MPE. IL-33 levels in pleural effusion and serum samples were detected using sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 23 patients with TPE and 21 patients with MPE. The concentration of IL-33 (mean ± standard deviation) in the TPE patients (22.962±0.976 ng/l) was significantly higher than that in the MPE patients (12.603±5.153 ng/l; P<0.001; z=−4.572); however, there was no significant difference in the serum level of IL-33 in the patients with TPE compared with those with MPE (P>0.05). The concentration of IL-33 in the pleural effusions was positively correlated with that in the serum samples in each group (TPE: r=0.563, P=0.05; MPE: r=0.535, P<0.05). The cut-off value of pleural IL-33 for TPE was 19.86 ng/l, which yielded a sensitivity of 0.869, a specificity of 0.905 and an area under the corresponding receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.903. The present study identified that the level of pleural IL-33 is significantly increased in TPEs and may serve as a novel biomarker to differentiate between patients with TPE and MPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Xia Xuan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, The People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Chu Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Union Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Qiong Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Union Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Bing Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Union Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Li-Jun Ma
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, The People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
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392
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Lai Y, Altemeier WA, Vandree J, Piliponsky AM, Johnson B, Appel CL, Frevert CW, Hyde DM, Ziegler SF, Smith DE, Henderson WR, Gelb MH, Hallstrand TS. Increased density of intraepithelial mast cells in patients with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction regulated through epithelially derived thymic stromal lymphopoietin and IL-33. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133:1448-55. [PMID: 24220317 PMCID: PMC4004718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is a prototypical feature of indirect airway hyperresponsiveness. Mast cells are implicated in EIB, but the characteristics, regulation, and function of mast cells in patients with EIB are poorly understood. OBJECTIVES We sought to examine mast cell infiltration of the airway epithelium in patients with EIB and the regulation of mast cell phenotype and function by epithelially derived cytokines. METHODS Endobronchial biopsy specimens, epithelial brushings, and induced sputum were obtained from asthmatic patients with and without EIB and healthy control subjects. Mast cell proteases were quantified by using quantitative PCR, and mast cell density was quantified by using design-based stereology. Airway epithelial responses to wounding and osmotic stress were assessed in primary airway epithelial cells and ex vivo murine lung tissue. Mast cell granule development and function were examined in cord blood-derived mast cells. RESULTS Tryptase and carboxypeptidase A3 expression in epithelial brushings and epithelial mast cell density were selectively increased in the asthma group with EIB. An in vitro scratch wound initiated the release of thymic stromal lymphopoietin, which was greater in epithelial cells derived from asthmatic patients. Osmotic stress induced the release of IL-33 from explanted murine lungs, which was increased in allergen-treated mice. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin combined with IL-33 increased tryptase and carboxypeptidase A3 immunostaining in mast cell precursors and selectively increased cysteinyl leukotriene formation by mast cells in a manner that was independent of in vitro sensitization. CONCLUSIONS Mast cell infiltration of the epithelium is a critical determinant of indirect airway hyperresponsiveness, and the airway epithelium might serve as an important regulator of the development and function of this mast cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash
| | - William A Altemeier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash
| | - John Vandree
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash
| | - Adrian M Piliponsky
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Wash
| | - Brian Johnson
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash
| | - Cara L Appel
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash
| | - Charles W Frevert
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash
| | - Dallas M Hyde
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, Calif
| | | | - Dirk E Smith
- Department of Inflammation Research, Amgen, Seattle, Wash
| | - William R Henderson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash
| | - Michael H Gelb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash; Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash
| | - Teal S Hallstrand
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
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393
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Xie Q, Shen WW, Zhong J, Huang C, Zhang L, Li J. Lipopolysaccharide/adenosine triphosphate induces IL‑1β and IL-18 secretion through the NLRP3 inflammasome in RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells. Int J Mol Med 2014; 34:341-9. [PMID: 24789624 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome plays pivotal roles in inflammation and autoimmunity. The NLRP3 inflammasome is activated in response to various signals, including pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). However, its role in inflammation remains unclear. In this study, we used lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to simulate an inflammatory environment as the testing model. We found that the exposure of RAW264.7 cells to LPS/ATP triggered the activation of caspase-1 (P<0.01) and the cleavage of interleukin (IL)-1β (P<0.01), as well as the release of other cytokines, such as IL-18 (P<0.01) and IL-33 (P<0.01). Extracellular potassium chloride at a high concentration (150 mM) abrogated the secretion of IL-1β and IL-18 (P<0.01), but did not reduce the processing of IL-33 (P>0.05). In addition, the silencing of NLRP3 with small interfering RNA (siRNA) suppressed the generation of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β (P<0.01), IL-18 (P<0.01), but not IL-33 (P>0.05), along with the decreased mRNA and protein expression of NLRP3 and caspase-1 (P<0.05). However, extracellular potassium at a high concentration and NLRP3 siRNA did not affect the level of apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (CARD) (ASC; P>0.05). Our results suggest that the NLRP3/ASC/caspase-1 axis participates in the regulation of pro-imflammatory cytokine secretion in RAW264.7 cells, particularly the generation of IL-1β and IL-18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Wen Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Jian Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
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394
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Interleukin 33: a switch-hitting cytokine. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 28:102-6. [PMID: 24762410 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
For many years IL-33 has been widely studied in the context of T helper type 2 (Th2)-driven inflammatory disorders. Interestingly, IL-33 has now emerged as a cytokine with a plethora of pleiotropic properties. Depending on the immune cells targeted by IL-33, it is reported to not only promote Th2 immunity, but also to induce T helper type 1 (Th1) immunity. Furthermore, recent studies have revealed that IL-33 can activate CD8(+) T cells. These new studies provide evidence for its beneficial role in antiviral and antitumor immunity. Here we review the evidence of IL-33 to drive protective T cell immunity plus its potential use as an adjuvant in vaccination and tumor therapy.
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395
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Zorn CN, Pardo J, Martin P, Kuhny M, Simon MM, Huber M. Secretory lysosomes of mouse mast cells store and exocytose active caspase-3 in a strictly granzyme B dependent manner. Eur J Immunol 2014; 43:3209-18. [PMID: 24414824 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report that cytoplasmic granules from in vivo and in vitro derived mouse mast cells (MCs) contain active granzyme B (gzmB) and caspase-3, which is consistent with recent findings. Studying WT and gzmB-deficient mice, we observed that BM-derived MCs (BMMCs) from both strains contain cytosolic pro-caspase-3, but only WT BMMCs expressed active caspase-3 limited to their secretory lysosomes. Confocal microscopy revealed colocalization of active caspase-3 and gzmB in these cytoplasmic granules. The combined data demonstrate that the generation and storage of active caspase-3 is gzmB-dependent. The finding that BMMCs secrete caspase-3 and gzmB after Ag stimulation suggests that both proteases contribute to extracellular MC-mediated proteolytic events. Although the extracellular function of MC-derived caspase-3 remains unclear, we show that BMMC-secreted caspase-3 cleaves IL-33, a cytokine that contributes to the development of asthma and arthritis. We also show that an in vitro propagated cytolytic T-lymphocyte line constitutively expresses gzmB together with active caspase-3, suggesting a novel interaction of these proteases in the execution of multiple innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin N Zorn
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Immunology, University Clinic, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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396
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Van Dyken SJ, Mohapatra A, Nussbaum JC, Molofsky AB, Thornton EE, Ziegler SF, McKenzie ANJ, Krummel MF, Liang HE, Locksley RM. Chitin activates parallel immune modules that direct distinct inflammatory responses via innate lymphoid type 2 and γδ T cells. Immunity 2014; 40:414-24. [PMID: 24631157 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chitin, a polysaccharide constituent of many allergens and parasites, initiates innate type 2 lung inflammation through incompletely defined pathways. We show that inhaled chitin induced expression of three epithelial cytokines, interleukin-25 (IL-25), IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), which nonredundantly activated resident innate lymphoid type 2 cells (ILC2s) to express IL-5 and IL-13 necessary for accumulation of eosinophils and alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs). In the absence of all three epithelial cytokines, ILC2s normally populated the lung but failed to increase IL-5 and IL-13. Although eosinophils and AAMs were attenuated, neutrophil influx remained normal without these epithelial cytokines. Genetic ablation of ILC2s, however, enhanced IL-1β, TNFα, and IL-23 expression, increased activation of IL-17A-producing γδ T cells, and prolonged neutrophil influx. Thus, chitin elicited patterns of innate cytokines that targeted distinct populations of resident lymphoid cells, revealing divergent but interacting pathways underlying the tissue accumulation of specific types of inflammatory myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Van Dyken
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Alexander Mohapatra
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jesse C Nussbaum
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ari B Molofsky
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Emily E Thornton
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Steven F Ziegler
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Andrew N J McKenzie
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Matthew F Krummel
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Hong-Erh Liang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Richard M Locksley
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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397
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Kopach P, Lockatell V, Pickering EM, Haskell RE, Anderson RD, Hasday JD, Todd NW, Luzina IG, Atamas SP. IFN-γ directly controls IL-33 protein level through a STAT1- and LMP2-dependent mechanism. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:11829-11843. [PMID: 24619410 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.534396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-33 contributes to disease processes in association with Th1 and Th2 phenotypes. IL-33 mRNA is rapidly regulated, but the fate of synthesized IL-33 protein is unknown. To understand the interplay among IL-33, IFN-γ, and IL-4 proteins, recombinant replication-deficient adenoviruses were produced and used for dual expression of IL-33 and IFN-γ or IL-33 and IL-4. The effects of such dual gene delivery were compared with the effects of similar expression of each of these cytokines alone. In lung fibroblast culture, co-expression of IL-33 and IFN-γ resulted in suppression of the levels of both proteins, whereas co-expression of IL-33 and IL-4 led to mutual elevation. In vivo, co-expression of IL-33 and IFN-γ in the lungs led to attenuation of IL-33 protein levels. Purified IFN-γ also attenuated IL-33 protein in fibroblast culture, suggesting that IFN-γ controls IL-33 protein degradation. Specific inhibition of caspase-1, -3, and -8 had minimal effect on IFN-γ-driven IL-33 protein down-regulation. Pharmacological inhibition, siRNA-mediated silencing, or gene deficiency of STAT1 potently up-regulated IL-33 protein expression levels and attenuated the down-regulating effect of IFN-γ on IL-33. Stimulation with IFN-γ strongly elevated the levels of the LMP2 proteasome subunit, known for its role in IFN-γ-regulated antigen processing. siRNA-mediated silencing of LMP2 expression abrogated the effect of IFN-γ on IL-33. Thus, IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-33 are engaged in a complex interplay. The down-regulation of IL-33 protein levels by IFN-γ in pulmonary fibroblasts and in the lungs in vivo occurs through STAT1 and non-canonical use of the LMP2 proteasome subunit in a caspase-independent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Kopach
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | | | - Edward M Pickering
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201; Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | | | | | - Jeffrey D Hasday
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201; Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Nevins W Todd
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201; Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Irina G Luzina
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201; Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Sergei P Atamas
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201; Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21201.
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398
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Krumm B, Xiang Y, Deng J. Structural biology of the IL-1 superfamily: key cytokines in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. Protein Sci 2014; 23:526-38. [PMID: 24677376 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 superfamily of cytokines (IL-1, IL-18, IL-33) play key roles in inflammation and regulating immunity. The mechanisms of agonism and antagonism in the IL-1 superfamily have been pursued by structural biologists for nearly 20 years. New insights into these mechanisms were recently provided by the crystal structures of the ternary complexes of IL-1β and its receptors. We will review here the structural biology related to receptor recognition by IL-1 superfamily cytokines and the regulation of its cytokine activities by antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Krumm
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 74078
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399
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Garlanda C, Dinarello CA, Mantovani A. The interleukin-1 family: back to the future. Immunity 2014; 39:1003-18. [PMID: 24332029 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1354] [Impact Index Per Article: 135.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a central mediator of innate immunity and inflammation. The IL-1 family includes seven ligands with agonist activity (IL-1α and IL-1β, IL-18, IL-33, IL-36α, IL-36β, IL-36γ), three receptor antagonists (IL-1Ra, IL-36Ra, IL-38), and an anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-37). Members of the IL-1 Receptor (IL-1R) family include six receptor chains forming four signaling receptor complexes, two decoy receptors (IL-1R2, IL-18BP), and two negative regulators (TIR8 or SIGIRR, IL-1RAcPb). A tight regulation via receptor antagonists, decoy receptors, and signaling inhibitors ensures a balance between amplification of innate immunity and uncontrolled inflammation. All cells of the innate immune system express and/or are affected by IL-1 family members. Moreover, IL-1 family members play a key role in the differentiation and function of polarized innate and adaptive lymphoid cells. Here we will review the key properties of IL-1 family members, with emphasis on pathways of negative regulation and orchestration of innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Garlanda
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Charles A Dinarello
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500 HC, The Netherlands
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; BIOMETRA Department, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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400
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Nunes T, Bernardazzi C, de Souza HS. Interleukin-33 and inflammatory bowel diseases: lessons from human studies. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:423957. [PMID: 24701033 PMCID: PMC3950548 DOI: 10.1155/2014/423957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin- (IL-) 33 is a widely expressed cytokine present in different cell types, such as epithelial, mesenchymal, and inflammatory cells, supporting a predominant role in innate immunity. IL-33 can function as a proinflammatory cytokine inducing Th2 type of immune response being involved with the defense against parasitic infections of the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, it has been proposed that IL-33 can act as a signaling molecule alerting the immune system of danger or tissue damage. Recently, in the intestinal mucosa, overexpression of IL-33 has been reported in samples from patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). This review highlights the available data regarding IL-33 in human IBD and discusses emerging roles for IL-33 as a key modulator of intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Nunes
- Nutrition and Immunology Chair, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences (ZIEL), Technische Universität München, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 2, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Claudio Bernardazzi
- Serviço de Gastroenterologia & Laboratório Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa, Hospital Universitario, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco 255, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-913 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Heitor S. de Souza
- Serviço de Gastroenterologia & Laboratório Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa, Hospital Universitario, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco 255, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-913 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education, Rua Diniz Cordeiro 30, Botafogo, 22281-100 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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