351
|
Takayama K, Tadokoro A, Pujals S, Nakase I, Giralt E, Futaki S. Novel System to Achieve One-Pot Modification of Cargo Molecules with Oligoarginine Vectors for Intracellular Delivery. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:249-57. [DOI: 10.1021/bc800327f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Takayama
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan, SORST, JST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Akiko Tadokoro
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan, SORST, JST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sílvia Pujals
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan, SORST, JST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ikuhiko Nakase
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan, SORST, JST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ernest Giralt
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan, SORST, JST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Shiroh Futaki
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan, SORST, JST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
352
|
Sawant RR, Sawant RM, Kale AA, Torchilin VP. The architecture of ligand attachment to nanocarriers controls their specific interaction with target cells. J Drug Target 2009; 16:596-600. [PMID: 18686130 DOI: 10.1080/10611860802230240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Surface architecture of pharmaceutical nanocarriers (using polymeric micelles as an example) and the length of the spacer group through which specific ligand is attached to the carrier surface determine the interaction of ligand-bearing nanocarrier with cells. We have prepared surface-modified polyethyleneglycol-phosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-PE) micelles containing TATp attached to PEG-PE with a PEG block longer or shorter (TATp-PEG(1000)-PE or TATp-PEG(3400)-PE) than the PEG block in the main micelle-forming material (PEG(750)-PE and/or PEG(2000)-PE). The length of the PEG spacer in TATp-PEG-PE should allow for a non-hindered interaction of TATp with the cell surface, but it should not be too long to allow for the conformational "folding in" of TATp moiety inside the PEG globule making it unable to interact with the cells. The "folding in" of the ligand attached to an unnecessary long PEG spacer was further supported by the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) study between fluorescently labeled lipid 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-(7-nitro-2-1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl) (NBD-PE) inserted into the core of PEG(750)-PE micelles and micelle-incorporated rhodamine-labeled TATp-PEG-PE. Micelles containing rhodamine-labeled TATp-PEG-PE with the longest PEG spacer (3400 Da) demonstrated strongly enhanced quenching of NBD-PE fluorescence with rhodamine-TATp confirming the "folding in" of TATp moiety into PEG globule bringing it closer to the micelle core-incorporated NBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rupa R Sawant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
353
|
Tao F, Johns RA. Tat-Mediated Peptide Intervention in Analgesia and Anesthesia. Drug Dev Res 2009; 71:99-105. [PMID: 20711510 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-permeable peptide carriers are attractive drug delivery tools. Among such carriers, the protein transduction domain (PTD) of the human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 Tat protein is most frequently used and has been successfully shown to deliver a large variety of cargoes. The Tat PTD can facilitate the uptake of large, biologically active molecules into mammalian cells, and recent studies have shown that it can mediate the delivery of different cargoes into tissues throughout a living organism. Given that the Tat PTD-mediated delivery is size-independent, this technology could make previously non-applicable large molecules usable to modulate biological function in vivo and treat human diseases. It is likely that the peptide carrier-mediated intracellular delivery process encompasses multiple mechanisms, but endocytic pathways are the predominant internalization routes. Tat PTD has been successfully used in preclinical models for the study of cancer, ischemia, inflammation, analgesia, and anesthesia. Our recent studies have shown that intraperitoneally injected fusion Tat peptide Tat-PSD-95 PDZ2 can be delivered into the spinal cord to dose-dependently disrupt protein-protein interactions between PSD-95 and NMDA receptors. This peptide significantly inhibits chronic inflammatory pain and reduces the threshold for halothane anesthesia. The ability of the Tat PTD to target any cell is advantageous in some respects. However, the drug delivery system will be more attractive if we can modify the Tat PTD to deliver cargo only into desired organs to avoid possible side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
354
|
Coupland PG, Briddon SJ, Aylott JW. Using fluorescent pH-sensitive nanosensors to report their intracellular location after Tat-mediated delivery. Integr Biol (Camb) 2009; 1:318-23. [DOI: 10.1039/b822569a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
355
|
Furuhata M, Izumisawa T, Kawakami H, Toma K, Hattori Y, Maitani Y. Decaarginine-PEG-liposome enhanced transfection efficiency and function of arginine length and PEG. Int J Pharm 2008; 371:40-6. [PMID: 19135138 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Revised: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 12/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oligoarginine-conjugated lipids ((Arg)n-PEG-lipid) (n=4, 6, 8, and 10: number of arginine residues) are novel gene delivery vectors. We prepared two oligoarginine-modified liposomes using (Arg)n-lipid without and with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) spacer ((Arg)n-L and (Arg)n-PEG-L), and investigated the effect of PEG spacer and oligoarginine length of liposomes on cellular uptake, gene transfection, and its mechanism in HeLa cells, using complexes with plasmid DNA (DNA) or oligodeoxynucleotide. Transfection efficiency increased as the number of arginine residues increased and Arg10-PEG-L/DNA complexes (lipoplexes) showed the highest gene transfection efficiency among (Arg)n- and (Arg)n-PEG-lipoplexes. Arg4- and Arg4-PEG-lipoplexes were taken up greatly into cells, but showed lower transfection efficiency than Arg10- and Arg10-PEG-lipoplexes, respectively. The different gene expression by Arg4-L to Arg10-L with or without PEG spacer may be explained by the different intracellular uptake mechanism. The main cellular uptake mechanism of Arg10-L and Arg10-PEG-L was the macropinocytosis pathway, whereas that of Arg4-L and Arg4-PEG-L was not. PEG spacer was more effective for intracellular trafficking than Arg length and surface charge of lipoplex which depends on Arg length at the almost same size of lipoplexes. The findings suggested that Arg10-PEG-L was a superior vector since Arg10 induced the macropinocytosis uptake pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Furuhata
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Ebara 2-4-41, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
356
|
Akita H, Harashima H. Advances in non-viral gene delivery: using multifunctional envelope-type nano-device. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2008; 5:847-59. [PMID: 18712995 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.5.8.847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low transfection efficiency is an obstacle to the clinical use of non-viral gene vectors. Effective non-viral vectors require the ability to control intracellular trafficking of gene vectors for the delivery of exogenous DNA to the nucleus. OBJECTIVE To overcome multiple intracellular barriers, various types of devices must be integrated into one nano-particle so that each device performs its function at the appropriate location at the desired time. Such a strategy requires an understanding, based on quantitative information, of the rate-limiting processes that hinder intracellular trafficking. METHODS In this review, advancements in the development of multifunctional envelope-type nano-devices (MEND) are discussed. In particular, a novel method to quantitatively evaluate the rate-limiting steps in intracellular trafficking, based on a comparison of viral and non-viral gene-delivery systems, is described. CONCLUSION MENDs are useful to integrate various kinds of devices to overcome intracellular barriers into one particle. Comparison of intracellular trafficking between adenoviruses and non-viral vectors indicates that a postnuclear delivery process is an important rate-limiting step for efficient transfection with non-viral vectors.
Collapse
|
357
|
Torchilin VP. Cell penetrating peptide-modified pharmaceutical nanocarriers for intracellular drug and gene delivery. Biopolymers 2008; 90:604-10. [PMID: 18381624 DOI: 10.1002/bip.20989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) including TAT peptide (TATp) have been successfully used for intracellular delivery of a broad variety of cargos including various nanoparticulate pharmaceutical carriers (liposomes, micelles, nanoparticles). Here, we will consider the main results in this area, with a special emphasis on TATp-mediated delivery of liposomes and DNA. We will also address the development of "smart" stimuli-sensitive nanocarriers, where cell-penetrating function can be activated by the decreased pH only inside the biological target minimizing thus the interaction of drug-loaded nanocarriers with nontarget cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir P Torchilin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115.
| |
Collapse
|
358
|
Sheng J, Oyler G, Zhou B, Janda K, Shoemaker CB. Identification and characterization of a novel cell-penetrating peptide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 382:236-40. [PMID: 19084505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.11.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are short amino acid sequences that promote their own translocation across cell plasma membrane. When linked with cargo such as polypeptides, nucleic acid, or liposomes, CPPs can facilitate the transport of these entities across the cell membrane. Therefore, CPPs are receiving increased interest in drug delivery and gene therapy. The majority of CPPs identified so far are polycationic peptides which interact with heparin sulfate chains of plasma membrane for internalization. Here, we report the identification and characterization of a conformationally constrained 13 amino acid peptide (CVQWSLLRGYQPC, designated as S41) which is clearly distinct from classical polycationic peptides. Immunofluorescence assay was employed to test the cellular uptake of S41 in mouse neuroblastoma cell line Neuro2A (N2A) and rat cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs). Internalization of S41 was further examined in N2A cells by means of mutational analysis, flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Our results demonstrate that S41 can enter cells through lipid rafts dependent endocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Sheng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Infectious Disease, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
359
|
Insight into the role of HSPG in the cellular uptake of apolipoprotein E-derived peptide micelles and liposomes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2008; 1778:2781-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Revised: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
360
|
The third helix of the murine Hoxc8 homeodomain facilitates protein transduction in mammalian cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 377:161-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.09.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
361
|
Ter-Avetisyan G, Tünnemann G, Nowak D, Nitschke M, Herrmann A, Drab M, Cardoso MC. Cell entry of arginine-rich peptides is independent of endocytosis. J Biol Chem 2008; 284:3370-8. [PMID: 19047062 PMCID: PMC2635027 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m805550200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Arginine-rich peptides are a subclass of cell-penetrating peptides that are
taken up by living cells and can be detected freely diffusing inside the
cytoplasm and nucleoplasm. This phenomenon has been attributed to either an
endocytic mode of uptake and a subsequent release from vesicles or to direct
membrane penetration (transduction). To distinguish between both
possibilities, we have blocked endocytic pathways suggested to be involved in
uptake of cell-penetrating peptides. We have then monitored by confocal
microscopy the uptake and distribution of the cell-penetrating transactivator
of transcription (TAT) peptide into living mammalian cells over time. To
prevent side effects of chemical inhibitors, we used genetically engineered
cells as well as different temperature. We found that a knockdown of
clathrin-mediated endocytosis and a knock-out of caveolin-mediated endocytosis
did not affect the ability of TAT to enter cells. In addition, the TAT peptide
showed the same intracellular distribution throughout the cytoplasm and
nucleus as in control cells. Even incubation of cells at 4 °C did not
abrogate TAT uptake nor change its intracellular distribution. We therefore
conclude that this distribution results from TAT peptide that directly
penetrated (transduced) the plasma membrane. The formation of nonselective
pores is unlikely, because simultaneously added fluorophores were not taken up
together with the TAT peptide. In summary, although the frequency and kinetics
of TAT transduction varied between cell types, it was independent of
endocytosis.
Collapse
|
362
|
Pappalardo JS, Quattrocchi V, Langellotti C, Di Giacomo S, Gnazzo V, Olivera V, Calamante G, Zamorano PI, Levchenko TS, Torchilin VP. Improved transfection of spleen-derived antigen-presenting cells in culture using TATp-liposomes. J Control Release 2008; 134:41-6. [PMID: 19059290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Revised: 10/18/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Antigen presenting cells (APC) are among the most important cells of the immune system since they link the innate and the adaptative immune responses, directing the type of immune response to be elicited. To modulate the immune response in immune preventing or treating therapies, gene delivery into immunocompetent cells could be used. However, APC are very resistant to transfection. To increase the efficiency of APC transfection, we have used liposome-based lipoplexes additionally modified with cell-penetrating TAT peptide (TATp) for better intracellular delivery of a model plasmid encoding for the enhanced-green fluorescent protein (pEGFP). pEGFP-bearing lipoplexes made of a mixture of PC:Chol:DOTAP (60:30:10 molar ratio) with the addition of 2% mol of polyethylene glycol-phosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-PE) conjugate (plain-L) or TATp-PEG-PE (TATp-L) were shown to effectively protect the incorporated DNA from degradation. Uptake assays of rhodamine-labeled lipoplexes and transfections with the EGFP reporter gene were performed with APC derived from the mouse spleen. TATp-L-based lipoplexes allowed for significantly enhanced both, the uptake and transfection in APC. Such a tool could be used for the APC transfection as a first step in immune therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sebastián Pappalardo
- Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, INTA-Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
363
|
Efficient siRNA delivery with non-viral polymeric vehicles. Pharm Res 2008; 26:657-66. [PMID: 19015957 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-008-9774-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Sequence-specific gene silencing using small interfering RNA (siRNA) provides a potent and specific method for gene expression, thus is now being evaluated in clinical trials as a novel therapeutic strategy. As a results, there has been a significant surge of interest in the application of siRNA in therapeutics as a means of silencing the specific gene function. However, for siRNA technology to be valuable and effective, the development of efficient siRNA delivery strategy is essential for improving biological activities such as stability, cellular uptake, sequence-specificity, devoid of nonspecific knockdown and toxic side effects. Accordingly, a number of delivery systems, both viral and nonviral, have been reported and some of them successfully used for the introduction of siRNA into cells both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we discuss the current understanding of synthetic siRNA delivery mechanism and strategies of siRNA delivery by non-viral polymeric vehicles which are currently used in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
|
364
|
The third helix of the Hoxc8 homeodomain peptide enhances the efficiency of gene transfer in combination with lipofectamine. Mol Biotechnol 2008; 42:41-8. [PMID: 18991027 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-008-9119-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Protein transduction domains (PTDs) have been shown to cross the biological cell membranes efficiently through a receptor and energy independent mechanism. Because of its ease in membrane transducing ability, PTDs could be used as a gene delivery vector. Since we already have shown that purified Hoxc8 homeoprotein has the ability to cross the cellular membrane, we analyzed the possibility of the third helix of the Hoxc8 homeodomain as a useful gene delivery vector. For that purpose, a 16-aa long synthetic oligopeptide Hoxc8 Protein Transduction Domain (HPTD) was chemically synthesized and then tested to see whether the HPTD could form a complex with DNA or not. Gel retardation analysis revealed that the HPTD interacts with plasmid DNA efficiently but failed to transfer the DNA into the cells. However, HPTD can enhance the efficiency of gene transfer in combination with Lipofectamine which doubled the gene transfer rate into COS-7 cells compared with the DNA/Lipofectamine control. An MTT assay indicated that the amount of HPTD used in the complex for the transfection did not show any cytotoxicty in COS-7 cells. The TEM studies showed compact particle formation in the presence of HPTD. These results indicate that the HPTD could be a good candidate adjuvant molecule to enhance the gene transfer efficiency of Lipofectamine in eukaryotic cells.
Collapse
|
365
|
Biswas G, Jeon OY, Lee W, Kim DC, Kim KT, Lee S, Chang S, Chung SK. Novel Guanidine-Containing Molecular Transporters Based on Lactose Scaffolds: Lipophilicity Effect on the Intracellular Organellar Selectivity. Chemistry 2008; 14:9161-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
366
|
Vanniasinghe AS, Bender V, Manolios N. The potential of liposomal drug delivery for the treatment of inflammatory arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2008; 39:182-96. [PMID: 18926560 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Revised: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 08/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the use of liposomes as a delivery agent in inflammatory arthritis. METHODS The literature on liposomes and liposomal drug delivery for the treatment of inflammatory arthritis was reviewed. A PubMed search of articles in the English-language journals from 1965 to 2007 was performed. The index words used were as follows: "rheumatoid arthritis," "liposomes," and "targeted delivery." Papers identified were reviewed, abstracted, and summarized. RESULTS Liposomes have the capacity to be used as delivery and targeting agents for the administration of antirheumatic drugs at lower doses with reduced toxicity. In other areas of medicine, the pace of progress has been rapid. In the case of infectious diseases and cancer, liposomal drug delivery has progressed and developed into commercially viable therapeutic options for the treatment of fungal infections (amphotericin B), or metastatic breast cancer and Kaposi sarcoma (doxorubicin, daunorubicin), respectively. In arthritis, the efficacy of prednisolone-loaded long-circulating liposomes is currently being evaluated in a phase II clinical trial. Liposome's application to arthritis is still in its infancy but appears promising as new patents are filed. With improvements in liposomal formulation and targeted synovial delivery, liposomes offer increased therapeutic activity and improvement in the risk-benefit ratio. CONCLUSION Recent research into synovial targets and improved liposomal formulations continues to improve our capacity to use liposomes for targeted delivery. With time, this approach has the potential to improve drug delivery and reduce systemic complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne S Vanniasinghe
- University of Sydney, Department of Rheumatology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
367
|
Song B, Vandevyver CDB, Chauvin AS, Bünzli JCG. Time-resolved luminescence microscopy of bimetallic lanthanide helicates in living cells. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:4125-33. [PMID: 18972043 DOI: 10.1039/b811427g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The cellular uptake mechanism and intracellular distribution of emissive lanthanide helicates have been elucidated by time-resolved luminescence microscopy (TRLM). The helicates are non-cytotoxic and taken up by normal (HaCat) and cancer (HeLa, MCF-7) cells by endocytosis and show a late endosomal-lysosomal cellular distribution. The lysosomes predominantly localize around the nucleus and co-localize with the endoplasmatic reticulum. The egress is slow and limited, around 30% after 24 h. The first bright luminescent images can be observed with an external concentration gradient of 5 microM of the Eu(III) helicate [Q = 0.21, tau = 2.43 ms], compared to >10 microM when using conventional luminescence microscopy. Furthermore, multiplex labeling could be achieved with the Tb(III) [Q = 0.11, tau = 0.65 ms], and Sm(III) [Q = 0.0038, tau = 0.030 ms] analogues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Song
- Laboratory of Lanthanide Supramolecular Chemistry, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, BCH 1404, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
368
|
Yamada Y, Harashima H. Mitochondrial drug delivery systems for macromolecule and their therapeutic application to mitochondrial diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60:1439-62. [PMID: 18655816 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2008.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in a variety of human disorders--the so-called mitochondrial diseases. Therefore, the organelle is a promising therapeutic drug target. In this review, we describe the key role of mitochondria in living cells, a number of mitochondrial drug delivery systems and mitochondria-targeted therapeutic strategies. In particular, we discuss mitochondrial delivery of macromolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids. The discussion of protein delivery is limited primarily to the mitochondrial import machinery. In the section on mitochondrial gene delivery and therapy, we discuss mitochondrial diseases caused by mutations in mitochondrial DNA, several gene delivery strategies and approaches to mitochondrial gene therapy. This review also summarizes our current efforts regarding liposome-based delivery system including use of a multifunctional envelope-type nano-device (MEND) and mitochondrial liposome-based delivery as anti-cancer therapies. Furthermore, we introduce the novel MITO-Porter--a liposome-based mitochondrial delivery system that functions using a membrane-fusion mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Yamada
- Laboratory for Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
369
|
Abstract
This article provides an overview of principles and barriers relevant to intracellular drug and gene transport, accumulation and retention (collectively called as drug delivery) by means of nanovehicles (NV). The aim is to deliver a cargo to a particular intracellular site, if possible, to exert a local action. Some of the principles discussed in this article apply to noncolloidal drugs that are not permeable to the plasma membrane or to the blood-brain barrier. NV are defined as a wide range of nanosized particles leading to colloidal objects which are capable of entering cells and tissues and delivering a cargo intracelullarly. Different localization and targeting means are discussed. Limited discussion on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics is also presented. NVs are contrasted to micro-delivery and current nanotechnologies which are already in commercial use. Newer developments in NV technologies are outlined and future applications are stressed. We also briefly review the existing modeling tools and approaches to quantitatively describe the behavior of targeted NV within the vascular and tumor compartments, an area of particular importance. While we list "elementary" phenomena related to different level of complexity of delivery to cancer, we also stress importance of multi-scale modeling and bottom-up systems biology approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ales Prokop
- Department of Chemical Engineering, 24th Avenue & Garland Avenues, 107 Olin Hall, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
370
|
Xu C, Xie J, Kohler N, Walsh EG, Chin YE, Sun S. Monodisperse magnetite nanoparticles coupled with nuclear localization signal peptide for cell-nucleus targeting. Chem Asian J 2008; 3:548-552. [PMID: 18080259 DOI: 10.1002/asia.200700301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Functionalization of monodisperse superparamagnetic magnetite (Fe(3)O(4)) nanoparticles for cell specific targeting is crucial for cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. Targeted magnetic nanoparticles can be used to enhance the tissue contrast in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), to improve the efficiency in anticancer drug delivery, and to eliminate tumor cells by magnetic fluid hyperthermia. Herein we report the nucleus-targeting Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles functionalized with protein and nuclear localization signal (NLS) peptide. These NLS-coated nanoparticles were introduced into the HeLa cell cytoplasm and nucleus, where the particles were monodispersed and non-aggregated. The success of labeling was examined and identified by fluorescence microscopy and MRI. The work demonstrates that monodisperse magnetic nanoparticles can be readily functionalized and stabilized for potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenjie Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA, Fax: (+1) 401-863-9046
| | - Jin Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA, Fax: (+1) 401-863-9046
| | - Nathan Kohler
- Brown Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02906, USA
| | - Edward G Walsh
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Y Eugene Chin
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA
| | - Shouheng Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA, Fax: (+1) 401-863-9046
| |
Collapse
|
371
|
Ko YT, Hartner WC, Kale A, Torchilin VP. Gene delivery into ischemic myocardium by double-targeted lipoplexes with anti-myosin antibody and TAT peptide. Gene Ther 2008; 16:52-9. [PMID: 18701915 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2008.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of myocardial ischemia using gene therapy is a rather novel but promising approach. Gene delivery to target cells may be enhanced by using double-targeted delivery systems simultaneously capable of extracellular accumulation and intracellular penetration. With this in mind, we have used low cationic liposomes-plasmid DNA complexes (lipoplexes) modified with cell-penetrating transactivating transcriptional activator (TAT) peptide (TATp) and/or with monoclonal anti-myosin monoclonal antibody 2G4 (mAb 2G4) specific toward cardiac myosin, for targeted gene delivery to ischemic myocardium. In vitro transfection of both normoxic and hypoxic cardiomyocytes was enhanced by the presence of TATp as determined by fluorescence microscopy and ELISA. The in vitro transfection was further enhanced by the additional modification with mAb 2G4 antibody in the case of hypoxic, but not normoxic cardiomyocytes. However, we did not observe a synergism between TATp and mAb 2G4 ligands under our experimental condition. In in vivo experiments, we have clearly demonstrated an increased accumulation of mAb 2G4-modified TATp lipoplexes in the ischemic rat myocardium and significantly enhanced transfection of cardiomyocytes in the ischemic zone. Thus, the genetic transformation of normoxic and hypoxic cardiomyocytes can be enhanced by using lipoplexes modified with TATp and/or mAb 2G4. Such complexes also demonstrate an increased accumulation in the ischemic myocardium and effective transfection of hypoxic cardiomyocytes in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y T Ko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
372
|
Rezler EM, Khan DR, Tu R, Tirrell M, Fields GB. Peptide-mediated targeting of liposomes to tumor cells. Methods Mol Biol 2008; 386:269-98. [PMID: 18604950 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-430-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
One of the biggest obstacles for efficient drug delivery is specific cellular targeting. Liposomes have long been used for drug delivery, but do not possess targeting capabilities. This limitation may be circumvented by surface coating of colloidal delivery systems with peptides, proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, or antibodies that target cell surface receptors or other biomolecules. Each of these coatings has significant drawbacks. One idealized system for drug delivery combines stabilized "protein module" ligands with a colloidal delivery vehicle. Prior studies have shown that peptide-amphiphiles, whereby both a peptide "head group" and a lipid-like "tail" are present in the same molecule, can be used to engineer collagen-like triple-helical or alpha-helical miniproteins. The tails serve to stabilize the head group structural elements. These peptide-amphiphiles can be designed to bind to specific cell surface receptors with high affinity. Structural stabilization of the integrated targeting ligand in the peptide-amphiphile system equates to prolonged in vivo stability through resistance to proteolytic degradation. Liposomes have been prepared incorporating a melanoma targeting peptide-amphiphile ligand, and shown to be stable with retention of peptide-amphiphile triple-helical structure. Encapsulated fluorescent dyes are selectively delivered to cells. In this chapter we describe the methods and techniques employed in the preparation and characterization of peptide-amphiphiles and peptide-amphiphile-targeted large and small unilamellar vesicles (LUVs and SUVs). Fluorescence microscopy is subsequently utilized to examine the targeting capabilities of peptide-amphiphile LUVs, which should allow for improved drug selectivity towards melanoma vs normal cells based on differences in the relative abundance of the targeted cell surface receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evonne M Rezler
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
373
|
Medintz IL, Pons T, Delehanty JB, Susumu K, Brunel FM, Dawson PE, Mattoussi H. Intracellular delivery of quantum dot-protein cargos mediated by cell penetrating peptides. Bioconjug Chem 2008; 19:1785-95. [PMID: 18681468 DOI: 10.1021/bc800089r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We utilize cell penetrating peptide functionalized QDs as specific vectors for the intracellular delivery of model fluorescent protein cargos. Multiple copies of two structurally diverse fluorescent proteins, the 27 kDa monomeric yellow fluorescent protein and the 240 kDa multichromophore b-phycoerythrin complex, were attached to QDs using either metal-affinity driven self-assembly or biotin-Streptavidin binding, respectively. Cellular uptake of these complexes was found to depend on the additional presence of cell-penetrating peptides within the QD-protein conjugates. Once inside the cells, the QD conjugates were mostly distributed within endolysosomal compartments, indicating that intracellular delivery of both QD assemblies was primarily driven by endocytotic uptake. Cellular microinjection of QD-fluorescent protein assemblies was also utilized as an alternate delivery strategy that could bypass the endocytic pathway. Simultaneous signals from both the QDs and the fluorescent proteins allowed verification of their colocalization and conjugate integrity upon delivery inside live cells. Due to their intrinsic fluorescence properties, this class of proteins provides a unique tool to test the ability of QDs functionalized with cell penetrating peptides to mediate the intracellular delivery of both small and large size protein cargos. Use of QD-peptide/fluorescent protein vectors may make powerful tools for understanding the mechanisms of nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor L Medintz
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
374
|
Nan A, Bai X, Son SJ, Lee SB, Ghandehari H. Cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of silica nanotubes. NANO LETTERS 2008; 8:2150-4. [PMID: 18624386 DOI: 10.1021/nl0802741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
"Template synthesized" silica nanotubes (SNTs) provide unique features such as end functionalization to control drug release, inner voids for loading biomolecules, and distinctive inner and outer surfaces that can be differentially functionalized for targeting and biocompatibility. Very limited information is available about their biological interactions. This work evaluates the influence of size and surface charge of SNTs on cellular toxicity and uptake. Results additionally indicate endocytosis to be one possible mechanism of internalization of SNTs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anjan Nan
- Center for Nanomedicine and Cellular Delivery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
375
|
Permeation characteristics of oligoarginine through intestinal epithelium and its usefulness for intestinal peptide drug delivery. J Control Release 2008; 131:94-9. [PMID: 18692532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Revised: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides such as HIV-1 Tat and oligoarginine are attractive tools for the intracellular delivery of therapeutic macromolecules. Although we have found that oligoarginine enhances the intestinal absorption of therapeutic peptides, especially insulin, the mechanism underlying the ability of oligoarginine to increase intestinal drug absorption is unclear. In addition, there is no information about the permeation characteristics of these functional peptides through the biological intestinal membrane. Therefore, in this study the permeation characteristics of oligoarginine itself across the intestinal membrane were first determined to obtain the information about absorption enhancement mechanisms. Incubation at low temperature and coincubation with heparin reduced the tissue distribution and permeation of fluorescein-labeled oligoarginine (FL-d-R6) through the rat ileal membrane. These results suggest that the attachment of FL-d-R6 to cell-surface proteoglycans and energy-dependent endocytosis are involved in its permeation through the ileal epithelial membrane. Based on the characteristics of oligoarginine, we attempted to facilitate the intestinal permeation of the peptide drug, leuprolide, using the function of oligoarginine. However, leuprolide permeation was not achieved when leuprolide was applied with oligoarginine to mucosal side of rat ileal sheets or when a leuprolide-oligoarginine conjugate was administered. These findings emphasize that any strategy using oligoarginine to improve intestinal drug permeation requires an intermolecular interaction, such as an electrostatic interaction, and a covalent linkage between the macromolecular drug and oligoarginine may hamper the ability of oligoarginine to enhance intestinal epithelial permeation of therapeutic peptides and proteins.
Collapse
|
376
|
Veldhoen S, Laufer SD, Restle T. Recent developments in peptide-based nucleic acid delivery. Int J Mol Sci 2008; 9:1276-1320. [PMID: 19325804 PMCID: PMC2635728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms9071276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Revised: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that non-viral nucleic acid delivery systems are generally considered to be less efficient than viral vectors, they have gained much interest in recent years due to their superior safety profile compared to their viral counterpart. Among these synthetic vectors are cationic polymers, branched dendrimers, cationic liposomes and cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs). The latter represent an assortment of fairly unrelated sequences essentially characterised by a high content of basic amino acids and a length of 10–30 residues. CPPs are capable of mediating the cellular uptake of hydrophilic macromolecules like peptides and nucleic acids (e.g. siRNAs, aptamers and antisense-oligonucleotides), which are internalised by cells at a very low rate when applied alone. Up to now, numerous sequences have been reported to show cell-penetrating properties and many of them have been used to successfully transport a variety of different cargos into mammalian cells. In recent years, it has become apparent that endocytosis is a major route of internalisation even though the mechanisms underlying the cellular translocation of CPPs are poorly understood and still subject to controversial discussions. In this review, we will summarise the latest developments in peptide-based cellular delivery of nucleic acid cargos. We will discuss different mechanisms of entry, the intracellular fate of the cargo, correlation studies of uptake versus biological activity of the cargo as well as technical problems and pitfalls.
Collapse
Key Words
- CLSM, confocal laser scanning microscopy
- CPP, cell-penetrating peptide
- EIPA, ethylisopropylamiloride
- FCS, fetal calf serum
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- HEPES, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- LF, Lipofectamine™
- LF2000, Lipofectamine™ 2000
- MAP, model amphipathic peptide
- MEND, multifunctional envelope-type nano device
- NLS, nuclear localisation sequence
- OMe, O-methyl
- PAMAM, polyamidoamine
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- PEI, polyethyleneimine
- PMO, phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer
- PNA, peptide nucleic acid
- PTD, protein transduction domains
- RNAi, RNA interference
- SAP, Sweet Arrow Peptide
- STR-R8, stearyl-R8
- TAR, transactivator responsive region
- TFO, triplex forming oligonucleotide
- TLR9, toll-like receptor 9
- TNF, tumour necrosis factor
- TP10, transportan 10
- bPrPp, bovine prion protein derived peptide
- cell-penetrating peptides
- endocytosis
- hCT, human calcitonin
- mPrPp, murine prion protein derived peptide
- miRNA, microRNA
- nucleic acid delivery
- nucleic acid drugs
- siRNA, small inhibitory RNA
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Veldhoen
- Department of Metabolomics, ISAS - Institute for Analytical Sciences, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail:
| | - Sandra D. Laufer
- Institut für Molekulare Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Universität zu Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tobias Restle
- Institut für Molekulare Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Universität zu Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
377
|
Reversible sheet-turn conformational change of a cell-penetrating peptide in lipid bilayers studied by solid-state NMR. J Mol Biol 2008; 381:1133-44. [PMID: 18656895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2008] [Revised: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The membrane-bound conformation of a cell-penetrating peptide, penetratin, is investigated using solid-state NMR spectroscopy. The (13)C chemical shifts of (13)C, (15)N-labeled residues in the peptide indicate a reversible conformational change from beta-sheet at low temperature to coil-like at high temperature. This conformational change occurs for all residues examined between positions 3 and 13, at peptide/lipid molar ratios of 1:15 and 1:30, in membranes with 25-50% anionic lipids, and in both saturated DMPC/DMPG (1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylchloline/1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylglycerol) membranes and unsaturated POPC/POPG (1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine/1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylglycerol) membranes. Thus, it is an intrinsic property of penetratin. The coil state of the peptide has C-H order parameters of 0.23-0.52 for C(alpha) and C(beta) sites, indicating that the peptide backbone is unstructured. Moreover, chemical shift anisotropy lineshapes are uniaxially averaged, suggesting that the peptide backbone undergoes uniaxial rotation around the bilayer normal. These observations suggest that the dynamic state of penetratin at high temperature is a structured turn instead of an isotropic random coil. The thermodynamic parameters of this sheet-turn transition are extracted and compared to other membrane peptides reported to exhibit conformational changes. We suggest that the function of this turn conformation may be to reduce hydrophobic interactions with the lipid chains and facilitate penetratin translocation across the bilayer without causing permanent membrane damage.
Collapse
|
378
|
Berry CC. Intracellular delivery of nanoparticles via the HIV-1 tat peptide. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2008; 3:357-65. [DOI: 10.2217/17435889.3.3.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Functionalized nanoparticles are heralded as part of the future with regards to targeted cell and nuclear delivery. However, direct intracellular and intranuclear delivery has, until recently, been difficult to achieve owing to the impermeable nature of the plasma and nuclear membranes. During the past 15 years, a range of peptides, termed cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), which have the ability to translocate into living cells, have been discovered. Thus, in more recent years, the combination of CPPs with nanoparticles, enabling CPP-mediated cell delivery, has opened up many avenues of research. This review discusses the use of various CPPs, focusing on tat peptide, to functionalize nanoparticles and the possible move from the laboratory to the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- CC Berry
- Centre for Cell Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
379
|
Tiriveedhi V, Butko P. Soluble Glycosaminoglycans Inhibit the Interaction of TAT−PTD with Lipid Vesicles. Int J Pept Res Ther 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-008-9131-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
380
|
Herce HD, Garcia AE. Cell penetrating peptides: how do they do it? J Biol Phys 2008; 33:345-56. [PMID: 19669523 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-008-9074-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Accepted: 04/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell penetrating peptides consist of short sequences of amino acids containing a large net positive charge that are able to penetrate almost any cell, carrying with them relatively large cargoes such as proteins, oligonucleotides, and drugs. During the 10 years since their discovery, the question of how they manage to translocate across the membrane has remained unanswered. The main discussion has been centered on whether they follow an energy-independent or an energy-dependent pathway. Recently, we have discovered the possibility of an energy-independent pathway that challenges fundamental concepts associated with protein-membrane interactions (Herce and Garcia, PNAS, 104: 20805 (2007) [1]). It involves the translocation of charged residues across the hydrophobic core of the membrane and the passive diffusion of these highly charged peptides across the membrane through the formation of aqueous toroidal pores. The aim of this review is to discuss the details of the mechanism and interpret some experimental results consistent with this view.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry D Herce
- Department of Physics and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
381
|
MacKay JA, Li W, Huang Z, Dy EE, Huynh G, Tihan T, Collins R, Deen DF, Szoka FC. HIV TAT Peptide Modifies the Distribution of DNA Nanolipoparticles Following Convection-enhanced Delivery. Mol Ther 2008; 16:893-900. [DOI: 10.1038/mt.2008.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
|
382
|
Mixed PEG-PE/vitamin E tumor-targeted immunomicelles as carriers for poorly soluble anti-cancer drugs: improved drug solubilization and enhanced in vitro cytotoxicity. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2008; 70:51-7. [PMID: 18583114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Revised: 04/16/2008] [Accepted: 04/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Two poorly soluble, potent anti-cancer drugs, paclitaxel and camptothecin, were successfully solubilized by mixed micelles of polyethylene glycol-phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PEG-PE) and vitamin E. Drug-containing micelles were additionally modified with anti-nucleosome monoclonal antibody 2C5 (mAb 2C5), which can specifically bring micelles to tumor cells in vitro. The optimized micelles had an average size of about 13-22 nm and the immuno-modification of micelles did not significantly change it. The solubilization of both drugs by the mixed micelles was more efficient than by micelles made of PEG-PE alone. Solubilization of camptothecin in micelles prevented also the hydrolysis of active lactone form of the drug to inactive carboxylate form. Drug-loaded mixed micelles and mAb 2C5-immunomicelles demonstrated significantly higher in vitro cytotoxicity than free drug against various cancer cell lines.
Collapse
|
383
|
Gilbert ER, Wong EA, Webb KE. Board-invited review: Peptide absorption and utilization: Implications for animal nutrition and health. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:2135-55. [PMID: 18441086 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2007-0826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last 50 yr, the study of intestinal peptide transport has rapidly evolved into a field with exciting nutritional and biomedical applications. In this review, we describe from a historical and current perspective intestinal peptide transport, the importance of peptides to whole-body nutrition, and the cloning and characterization of the intestinal peptide transporter, PepT1. We focus on the nutritional significance of peptide transport and relate these findings to livestock and poultry. Amino acids are transported into the enterocyte as free AA by a variety of AA transporters that vary in substrate specificity or as di- and tripeptides by the peptide transporter, PepT1. Expression of PepT1 is largely restricted to the small intestine in most species; however, in ruminants, peptide transport and activity is observed in the rumen and omasum. The extent to which peptides are absorbed and utilized is still unclear. In ruminants, peptides make a contribution to the portal-drained visceral flux of total AA and are detected in circulating plasma. Peptides can be utilized by the mammary gland for milk protein synthesis and by a variety of other tissues. We discuss the factors known to regulate expression of PepT1 including development, diet, hormones, diurnal rhythm, and disease. Expression of PepT1 is detected during embryological stages in both birds and mammals and increases with age, a strategic event that allows for the immediate uptake of nutrients after hatch or birth. Both increasing levels of protein in the diet and dietary protein deficiencies are found to upregulate the peptide transporter. We also include in this review a discussion of the use of dietary peptides and potential alternate routes of nutrient delivery to the cell. Our goal is to impart to the reader the nutritional implications of peptide transport and dietary peptides and share discoveries that shed light on various biological processes, including rapid establishment of intestinal function in early neonates and maintenance of intestinal function during fasting, starvation, and disease states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E R Gilbert
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061-0306, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
384
|
Johnson JR, Jiang H, Smith BD. Zinc(II)-Coordinated Oligotyrosine: A New Class of Cell Penetrating Peptide. Bioconjug Chem 2008; 19:1033-9. [DOI: 10.1021/bc700466z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James R. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556 USA
| | - Hua Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556 USA
| | - Bradley D. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556 USA
| |
Collapse
|
385
|
Vivès E, Schmidt J, Pèlegrin A. Cell-penetrating and cell-targeting peptides in drug delivery. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2008; 1786:126-38. [PMID: 18440319 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2008.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 03/21/2008] [Accepted: 03/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade, the potential of peptides for drug delivery into cells has been highlighted by the discovery of several cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs). CPPs are very efficient in delivering various molecules into cells. However, except in some specific cases, their lack of cell specificity remains the major drawback for their clinical development. At the same time, various peptides with specific binding activity for a given cell line (cell-targeting peptides) have also been reported in the literature. One of the goals of the next years will be to optimize the tissue and cell delivery of therapeutic molecules by means of peptides which combine both targeting and internalization advantages. In this review, we describe the main strategies that are currently in use or likely to be employed in the near future to associate both targeting and delivery properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Vivès
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34298, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
386
|
Guanidinium group: A versatile moiety inducing transport and multicompartmentalization in complementary membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2008; 1778:811-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Revised: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
387
|
Cationic peptide-induced remodelling of model membranes: Direct visualization by in situ atomic force microscopy. J Struct Biol 2008; 162:121-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2007.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2007] [Revised: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 11/06/2007] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
388
|
Mitochondria-Penetrating Peptides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 15:375-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2008.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Revised: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
389
|
Khalil IA, Kogure K, Futaki S, Harashima H. Octaarginine-modified liposomes: Enhanced cellular uptake and controlled intracellular trafficking. Int J Pharm 2008; 354:39-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2007] [Revised: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
390
|
|
391
|
Wender PA, Galliher WC, Goun EA, Jones LR, Pillow TH. The design of guanidinium-rich transporters and their internalization mechanisms. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60:452-72. [PMID: 18164781 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The ability of a drug or probe to cross a biological barrier has historically been viewed to be a function of its intrinsic physical properties. This view has largely restricted drug design and selection to agents within a narrow log P range. Molecular transporters offer a strategy to circumvent these restrictions. In the case of guanidinium-rich transporters (GRTs), a typically highly water-soluble conjugate is found to readily pass through the non-polar membrane of a cell and for some across tissue barriers. This activity opens a field of opportunities for the use of GRTs to enable delivery of polar and non-polar drugs or probes as well as to enhance uptake of those of intermediate polarity. The field of transporter enabled or enhanced uptake has grown dramatically in the last decade. Some GRT drug conjugates have been advanced into clinical trials. This review will provide an overview of recent work pertinent to the design and mechanism of uptake of GRTs.
Collapse
|
392
|
Torchilin VP. Tat peptide-mediated intracellular delivery of pharmaceutical nanocarriers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60:548-58. [PMID: 18053612 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) including TAT peptide (TATp) have been successfully used for intracellular delivery of a broad variety of cargoes including various nanoparticulate pharmaceutical carriers (liposomes, micelles, nanoparticles). Here, we will consider the main results in this area, with a special emphasis on TATp-mediated delivery of liposomes and DNA. We will also address the development of "smart" stimuli-sensitive nanocarriers, where cell-penetrating function can be activated by the decreased pH only inside the biological target minimizing thus the interaction of drug-loaded nanocarriers with non-target cells.
Collapse
|
393
|
Multifunctional envelope-type nano device (MEND) as a non-viral gene delivery system. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60:559-71. [PMID: 18037529 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we describe a key role of octaarginine (R8) in developing our new concept of "Programmed Packaging", by which we succeeded in creating a multifunctional envelope-type nano device (MEND) as a non-viral gene-delivery system. This concept can be applied not only to nuclear targeting of plasmid DNA (pDNA) but also to cytosolic delivery of functional nucleic acids such as oligonucleotides or siRNA. This concept has been extended to other organelles such as mitochondria as a foundation for innovative nanomedicine. Finally, we discuss the rate-limiting step in gene delivery by comparing non-viral and viral gene delivery systems, which clearly indicates the importance of nuclear disposition of pDNA for efficient transfection.
Collapse
|
394
|
Kyung-Oh D. Effects of TGF-beta1 Ribbon Antisense on CCl(4)-induced Liver Fibrosis. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2008; 12:1-6. [PMID: 20157387 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2008.12.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ribbon-type antisense oligonucleotide to TGF-beta1 (TGF-beta1 RiAS) was designed and tested to prevent or resolve the fibrotic changes induced by CCl4 injection. When Hepa1c1c7 cells were transfected with TGF-beta1 RiAS, the level of TGF-beta1 mRNA was effectively reduced. TGF-beta1 RiAS, mismatched RiAS, and normal saline were each injected to mice via tail veins. When examined for the biochemical effects on the liver, TGF-beta1 mRNA levels were significantly reduced only in the TGF-beta1 RiAS-treated group. The results of immunohistochemical studies showed that TGF-beta1 RiAS prevented the accumulation of collagen and alpha-smooth muscle actin, but could not resolve established fibrosis. These results indicate that ribbon antisense to TGF-beta1 with efficient uptake can effectively prevent fibrosis of the liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doh Kyung-Oh
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 780-714, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
395
|
Costantini DL, Hu M, Reilly RM. Update:Peptide Motifs for Insertion of Radiolabeled Biomolecules into Cells and Routing to the Nucleus for Cancer Imaging or Radiotherapeutic Applications. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2008; 23:3-24. [DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2007.0430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Danny L. Costantini
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Meiduo Hu
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Raymond M. Reilly
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
396
|
Tsogas I, Sideratou Z, Tsiourvas D, Theodossiou TA, Paleos CM. Interactive transport of guanidinylated poly(propylene imine)-based dendrimers through liposomal and cellular membranes. Chembiochem 2008; 8:1865-76. [PMID: 17854019 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The ability of guanidinylated poly(propylene imine) dendrimers to translocate across lipid bilayers was assessed by employing either a model phosphate-bearing liposomal membrane system or A549 human lung carcinoma cells. Two dendrimer generations, differing in the number of surface guanidinium groups, were employed, while surface acetylation or the use of spacers affected the binding of the guanidinium group to the phosphate moiety and finally the transport efficiency. Following adhesion of dendrimers with liposomes, fusion or transport occurred. Transport through the liposomal bilayer was observed at low guanidinium/phosphate molar ratios, and was enhanced when the bilayer was in the liquid-crystalline phase. For effective transport through the liposomal membrane, an optimum balance between the binding strength and the degree of hydrophobicity of the guanidinylated dendrimer is required. In experiments performed in vitro with cells, efficient penetration and internalization in subcellular organelles and cytosol was observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Tsogas
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, NCSR Demokritos, 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
397
|
Lavigne MD, Yates L, Coxhead P, Górecki DC. Nuclear‐targeted chimeric vector enhancing nonviral gene transfer into skeletal muscle of Fabry mice
in vivo. FASEB J 2008; 22:2097-107. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-093765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu D. Lavigne
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical SciencesUniversity of PortsmouthPortsmouthUK
| | - Laura Yates
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical SciencesUniversity of PortsmouthPortsmouthUK
| | - Peter Coxhead
- School of Biological SciencesInstitute of Biomedical and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of PortsmouthPortsmouthUK
| | - Dariusz C. Górecki
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical SciencesUniversity of PortsmouthPortsmouthUK
| |
Collapse
|
398
|
Henriques ST, Castanho MARB. Translocation or membrane disintegration? Implication of peptide–membrane interactions in pep-1 activity. J Pept Sci 2008; 14:482-7. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.1003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
399
|
Breunig M, Bauer S, Goepferich A. Polymers and nanoparticles: Intelligent tools for intracellular targeting? Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2008; 68:112-28. [PMID: 17804211 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Revised: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 06/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, a new generation of drugs has entered the pharmaceutical market. Some are more potent, but some are also more toxic and thus, therapeutical efficacy may be hindered, and severe side effects may be observed, unless they are delivered to their assigned place of effect. Those targets are not only certain cell types, moreover, in cancer therapy for example, some drugs even have to be targeted to a specific cell organelle. Those targets in eukaryotic cells include among others endo- and lysosomes, mitochondria, the so-called power plants of the cells, and the biggest compartment with almost all the genetic information, the nucleus. In this review, we describe how the drugs can be directed to specific subcellular organelles and focus especially on synthetic polymers and nanoparticles as their carriers. Furthermore, we portray the progress that has been accomplished in recent years in the field of designing the carriers for efficient delivery into these target structures. Yet, we do not fail to mention the obstacles that still exist and are preventing polymeric and nanoparticular drug carrier systems from their broad application in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Breunig
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, Universitaetstrasse 31, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
400
|
Yoon YR, Lim YB, Lee E, Lee M. Self-assembly of a peptide rod–coil: a polyproline rod and a cell-penetrating peptide Tat coil. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:1892-4. [DOI: 10.1039/b719868j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|