362
|
Ahmed N, Brawley VS, Hegde M, Robertson C, Ghazi A, Gerken C, Liu E, Dakhova O, Ashoori A, Corder A, Gray T, Wu MF, Liu H, Hicks J, Rainusso N, Dotti G, Mei Z, Grilley B, Gee A, Rooney CM, Brenner MK, Heslop HE, Wels WS, Wang LL, Anderson P, Gottschalk S. Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) -Specific Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Modified T Cells for the Immunotherapy of HER2-Positive Sarcoma. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33:1688-96. [PMID: 25800760 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.58.0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 720] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The outcome for patients with metastatic or recurrent sarcoma remains poor. Adoptive therapy with tumor-directed T cells is an attractive therapeutic option but has never been evaluated in sarcoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS We conducted a phase I/II clinical study in which patients with recurrent/refractory human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) -positive sarcoma received escalating doses (1 × 10(4)/m(2) to 1 × 10(8)/m(2)) of T cells expressing an HER2-specific chimeric antigen receptor with a CD28.ζ signaling domain (HER2-CAR T cells). RESULTS We enrolled 19 patients with HER2-positive tumors (16 osteosarcomas, one Ewing sarcoma, one primitive neuroectodermal tumor, and one desmoplastic small round cell tumor). HER2-CAR T-cell infusions were well tolerated with no dose-limiting toxicity. At dose level 3 (1 × 10(5)/m(2)) and above, we detected HER2-CAR T cells 3 hours after infusion by quantitative polymerase chain reaction in 14 of 16 patients. HER2-CAR T cells persisted for at least 6 weeks in seven of the nine evaluable patients who received greater than 1 × 10(6)/m(2) HER2-CAR T cells (P = .005). HER2-CAR T cells were detected at tumor sites of two of two patients examined. Of 17 evaluable patients, four had stable disease for 12 weeks to 14 months. Three of these patients had their tumor removed, with one showing ≥ 90% necrosis. The median overall survival of all 19 infused patients was 10.3 months (range, 5.1 to 29.1 months). CONCLUSION This first evaluation of the safety and efficacy of HER2-CAR T cells in patients with cancer shows the cells can persist for 6 weeks without evident toxicities, setting the stage for studies that combine HER2-CAR T cells with other immunomodulatory approaches to enhance their expansion and persistence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Ahmed
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Vita S Brawley
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Meenakshi Hegde
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Catherine Robertson
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alexia Ghazi
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Claudia Gerken
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Enli Liu
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Olga Dakhova
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Aidin Ashoori
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Amanda Corder
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tara Gray
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Meng-Fen Wu
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hao Liu
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - John Hicks
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nino Rainusso
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gianpietro Dotti
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Zhuyong Mei
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bambi Grilley
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Adrian Gee
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Cliona M Rooney
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Malcolm K Brenner
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Helen E Heslop
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Winfried S Wels
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lisa L Wang
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Peter Anderson
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stephen Gottschalk
- Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, and Stephen Gottschalk, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Nabil Ahmed, Vita S. Brawley, Meenakshi Hegde, Catherine Robertson, Alexia Ghazi, Claudia Gerken, Enli Liu, Olga Dakhova, Aidin Ashoori, Amanda Corder, Tara Gray, Meng-Fen Wu, Hao Liu, John Hicks, Nino Rainusso, Gianpietro Dotti, Zhuyong Mei, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Lisa L. Wang, and Stephen Gottschalk, Baylor College of Medicine; Peter Anderson, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Peter Anderson, Levine Children's Hospital, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte NC; and Winfried S. Wels, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
365
|
Kochenderfer JN, Dudley ME, Kassim SH, Somerville RPT, Carpenter RO, Stetler-Stevenson M, Yang JC, Phan GQ, Hughes MS, Sherry RM, Raffeld M, Feldman S, Lu L, Li YF, Ngo LT, Goy A, Feldman T, Spaner DE, Wang ML, Chen CC, Kranick SM, Nath A, Nathan DAN, Morton KE, Toomey MA, Rosenberg SA. Chemotherapy-refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and indolent B-cell malignancies can be effectively treated with autologous T cells expressing an anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33:540-9. [PMID: 25154820 PMCID: PMC4322257 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.56.2025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1223] [Impact Index Per Article: 135.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE T cells can be genetically modified to express an anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR). We assessed the safety and efficacy of administering autologous anti-CD19 CAR T cells to patients with advanced CD19(+) B-cell malignancies. PATIENTS AND METHODS We treated 15 patients with advanced B-cell malignancies. Nine patients had diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), two had indolent lymphomas, and four had chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Patients received a conditioning chemotherapy regimen of cyclophosphamide and fludarabine followed by a single infusion of anti-CD19 CAR T cells. RESULTS Of 15 patients, eight achieved complete remissions (CRs), four achieved partial remissions, one had stable lymphoma, and two were not evaluable for response. CRs were obtained by four of seven evaluable patients with chemotherapy-refractory DLBCL; three of these four CRs are ongoing, with durations ranging from 9 to 22 months. Acute toxicities including fever, hypotension, delirium, and other neurologic toxicities occurred in some patients after infusion of anti-CD19 CAR T cells; these toxicities resolved within 3 weeks after cell infusion. One patient died suddenly as a result of an unknown cause 16 days after cell infusion. CAR T cells were detected in the blood of patients at peak levels, ranging from nine to 777 CAR-positive T cells/μL. CONCLUSION This is the first report to our knowledge of successful treatment of DLBCL with anti-CD19 CAR T cells. These results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of treating chemotherapy-refractory B-cell malignancies with anti-CD19 CAR T cells. The numerous remissions obtained provide strong support for further development of this approach.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Antigens, CD19/immunology
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Cyclophosphamide/administration & dosage
- Female
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/immunology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/therapy
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Transplantation Conditioning/methods
- Vidarabine/administration & dosage
- Vidarabine/analogs & derivatives
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James N Kochenderfer
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
| | - Mark E Dudley
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Sadik H Kassim
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Robert P T Somerville
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Robert O Carpenter
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - James C Yang
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Giao Q Phan
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Marybeth S Hughes
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Richard M Sherry
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Mark Raffeld
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Steven Feldman
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Lily Lu
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Yong F Li
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Lien T Ngo
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Andre Goy
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Tatyana Feldman
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - David E Spaner
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Michael L Wang
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Clara C Chen
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Sarah M Kranick
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Avindra Nath
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Debbie-Ann N Nathan
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Kathleen E Morton
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Mary Ann Toomey
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Steven A Rosenberg
- James N. Kochenderfer, Mark E. Dudley, Sadik H. Kassim, Robert P.T. Somerville, Robert O. Carpenter, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, James C. Yang, Q. Phan, Marybeth S. Hughes, Richard M. Sherry, Mark Raffeld, Steven Feldman, Lily Lu, Yong F. Li, Lien T. Ngo, Debbie-Ann N. Nathan, Kathleen E. Morton, Mary Ann Toomey, and Steven A. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute; Clara C. Chen, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH); Sarah M. Kranick and Avindra Nath, National Institutes of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Andre Goy and Tatyana Feldman, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; David E. Spaner, Sunybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Michael L. Wang, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| |
Collapse
|
372
|
Galluzzi L, Vacchelli E, Pedro JMBS, Buqué A, Senovilla L, Baracco EE, Bloy N, Castoldi F, Abastado JP, Agostinis P, Apte RN, Aranda F, Ayyoub M, Beckhove P, Blay JY, Bracci L, Caignard A, Castelli C, Cavallo F, Celis E, Cerundolo V, Clayton A, Colombo MP, Coussens L, Dhodapkar MV, Eggermont AM, Fearon DT, Fridman WH, Fučíková J, Gabrilovich DI, Galon J, Garg A, Ghiringhelli F, Giaccone G, Gilboa E, Gnjatic S, Hoos A, Hosmalin A, Jäger D, Kalinski P, Kärre K, Kepp O, Kiessling R, Kirkwood JM, Klein E, Knuth A, Lewis CE, Liblau R, Lotze MT, Lugli E, Mach JP, Mattei F, Mavilio D, Melero I, Melief CJ, Mittendorf EA, Moretta L, Odunsi A, Okada H, Palucka AK, Peter ME, Pienta KJ, Porgador A, Prendergast GC, Rabinovich GA, Restifo NP, Rizvi N, Sautès-Fridman C, Schreiber H, Seliger B, Shiku H, Silva-Santos B, Smyth MJ, Speiser DE, Spisek R, Srivastava PK, Talmadge JE, Tartour E, Van Der Burg SH, Van Den Eynde BJ, Vile R, Wagner H, Weber JS, Whiteside TL, Wolchok JD, Zitvogel L, Zou W, Kroemer G. Classification of current anticancer immunotherapies. Oncotarget 2014; 5:12472-508. [PMID: 25537519 PMCID: PMC4350348 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past decades, anticancer immunotherapy has evolved from a promising therapeutic option to a robust clinical reality. Many immunotherapeutic regimens are now approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency for use in cancer patients, and many others are being investigated as standalone therapeutic interventions or combined with conventional treatments in clinical studies. Immunotherapies may be subdivided into "passive" and "active" based on their ability to engage the host immune system against cancer. Since the anticancer activity of most passive immunotherapeutics (including tumor-targeting monoclonal antibodies) also relies on the host immune system, this classification does not properly reflect the complexity of the drug-host-tumor interaction. Alternatively, anticancer immunotherapeutics can be classified according to their antigen specificity. While some immunotherapies specifically target one (or a few) defined tumor-associated antigen(s), others operate in a relatively non-specific manner and boost natural or therapy-elicited anticancer immune responses of unknown and often broad specificity. Here, we propose a critical, integrated classification of anticancer immunotherapies and discuss the clinical relevance of these approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Equipe 11 labellisée pas la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Erika Vacchelli
- Equipe 11 labellisée pas la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - José-Manuel Bravo-San Pedro
- Equipe 11 labellisée pas la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Aitziber Buqué
- Equipe 11 labellisée pas la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Laura Senovilla
- Equipe 11 labellisée pas la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Elisa Elena Baracco
- Equipe 11 labellisée pas la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Faculté de Medicine, Université Paris Sud/Paris XI, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Norma Bloy
- Equipe 11 labellisée pas la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Faculté de Medicine, Université Paris Sud/Paris XI, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Francesca Castoldi
- Equipe 11 labellisée pas la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Faculté de Medicine, Université Paris Sud/Paris XI, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Sotio a.c., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jean-Pierre Abastado
- Pole d'innovation thérapeutique en oncologie, Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, Suresnes, France
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Cell Death Research and Therapy (CDRT) Laboratory, Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ron N. Apte
- The Shraga Segal Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Fernando Aranda
- Equipe 11 labellisée pas la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Group of Immune receptors of the Innate and Adaptive System, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maha Ayyoub
- INSERM, U1102, Saint Herblain, France
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint Herblain, France
| | - Philipp Beckhove
- Translational Immunology Division, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jean-Yves Blay
- Equipe 11, Centre Léon Bérard (CLR), Lyon, France
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
| | - Laura Bracci
- Dept. of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Anne Caignard
- INSERM, U1160, Paris, France
- Groupe Hospitalier Saint Louis-Lariboisière - F. Vidal, Paris, France
| | - Chiara Castelli
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Dept. of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Federica Cavallo
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Dept. of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Estaban Celis
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, Georgia Regents University Cancer Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aled Clayton
- Institute of Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Velindre Cancer Centre, Cardiff, UK
| | - Mario P. Colombo
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Dept. of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Lisa Coussens
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Madhav V. Dhodapkar
- Sect. of Hematology and Immunobiology, Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Wolf H. Fridman
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
- Equipe 13, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Jitka Fučíková
- Sotio a.c., Prague, Czech Republic
- Dept. of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dmitry I. Gabrilovich
- Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jérôme Galon
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Abhishek Garg
- Cell Death Research and Therapy (CDRT) Laboratory, Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - François Ghiringhelli
- INSERM, UMR866, Dijon, France
- Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Giuseppe Giaccone
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Eli Gilboa
- Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sacha Gnjatic
- Sect. of Hematology/Oncology, Immunology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Axel Hoos
- Glaxo Smith Kline, Cancer Immunotherapy Consortium, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Anne Hosmalin
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1016, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Dirk Jäger
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Medical Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pawel Kalinski
- Dept. of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Dept. of Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Klas Kärre
- Dept. of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oliver Kepp
- Equipe 11 labellisée pas la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Rolf Kiessling
- Dept. of Oncology, Karolinska Institute Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John M. Kirkwood
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Laboratory, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Eva Klein
- Dept. of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander Knuth
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Claire E. Lewis
- Academic Unit of Inflammation and Tumour Targeting, Dept. of Oncology, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, UK
| | - Roland Liblau
- INSERM, UMR1043, Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5282, Toulouse, France
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, CHU Toulouse, Université Toulouse II, Toulouse, France
| | - Michael T. Lotze
- Dept. of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Enrico Lugli
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Jean-Pierre Mach
- Dept. of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Mattei
- Dept. of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Mavilio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Rozzano, Italy
- Dept. of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Dept. of Immunology, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Dept. of Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Cornelis J. Melief
- ISA Therapeutics, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Dept. of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth A. Mittendorf
- Research Dept. of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Adekunke Odunsi
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Hideho Okada
- Dept. of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Marcus E. Peter
- Div. of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kenneth J. Pienta
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Angel Porgador
- The Shraga Segal Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - George C. Prendergast
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, USA
- Dept. of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gabriel A. Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicholas P. Restifo
- National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Naiyer Rizvi
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY, USA
| | - Catherine Sautès-Fridman
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
- Equipe 13, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Hans Schreiber
- Dept. of Pathology, The Cancer Research Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Barbara Seliger
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Shiku
- Dept. of Immuno-GeneTherapy, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Bruno Silva-Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mark J. Smyth
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel E. Speiser
- Dept. of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Radek Spisek
- Sotio a.c., Prague, Czech Republic
- Dept. of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pramod K. Srivastava
- Dept. of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
- Carole and Ray Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - James E. Talmadge
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, Dept. of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Eric Tartour
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- INSERM, U970, Paris, France
- Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), Paris, France
- Service d'Immunologie Biologique, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou (HEGP), AP-HP, Paris, France
| | | | - Benoît J. Van Den Eynde
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
- de Duve Institute, Brussels, Belgium
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Richard Vile
- Dept. of Molecular Medicine and Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Hermann Wagner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jeffrey S. Weber
- Donald A. Adam Comprehensive Melanoma Research Center, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Theresa L. Whiteside
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jedd D. Wolchok
- Dept. of Medicine and Ludwig Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- INSERM, U1015, Villejuif, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie 507 (CICBT507), Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Weiping Zou
- University of Michigan, School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 labellisée pas la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou (HEGP), AP-HP, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|