351
|
Valladão GMR, Gallani SU, Ikefuti CV, da Cruz C, Levy-Pereira N, Rodrigues MVN, Pilarski F. Essential oils to control ichthyophthiriasis in pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg): special emphasis on treatment with Melaleuca alternifolia. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2016; 39:1143-1152. [PMID: 26776242 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In vitro effect of the Melaleuca alternifolia, Lavandula angustifolia and Mentha piperita essential oils (EOs) against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and in vivo effect of M. alternifolia for treating ichthyophthiriasis in one of the most important South American fish, Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg), were evaluated. The in vitro test consisted of three EOs, each at concentrations of 57 μL L(-1) , 114 μL L (-1) , 227 μL L(-1) and 455 μL L (-1) , which were assessed once an hour for 4 h in microtitre plates (96 wells). The in vitro results demonstrated that all tested EOs showed a cytotoxic effect against I. multifiliis compared to control groups (P < 0.05). The in vivo treatment for white spot disease was performed in a bath for 2 h day(-1) for 5 days using the M. alternifolia EO (50 μL L (-1) ). In this study, 53.33% of the fish severely infected by I. multifiliis survived after the treatment with M. alternifolia (50 μL L (-1) ) and the parasitological analysis has shown an efficacy of nearly 100% in the skin and gills, while all the fish in the control group died. Furthermore, the potential positive effect of M. alternifolia EO against two emergent opportunistic bacteria in South America Edwardsiella tarda and Citrobacter freundii was discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G M R Valladão
- Aquaculture Center, Universidade Estadual Paulista (CAUNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S U Gallani
- Aquaculture Center, Universidade Estadual Paulista (CAUNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C V Ikefuti
- Center for Environmental Studies and Research of Weed (NEPEAM), Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C da Cruz
- Center for Environmental Studies and Research of Weed (NEPEAM), Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - N Levy-Pereira
- Aquaculture Center, Universidade Estadual Paulista (CAUNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M V N Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Multidisciplinary Center for Chemical, Biological and Agricultural Research (CPQBA), Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F Pilarski
- Aquaculture Center, Universidade Estadual Paulista (CAUNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
352
|
Yadav E, Kumar S, Mahant S, Khatkar S, Rao R. Tea tree oil: a promising essential oil. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2016.1232665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
353
|
Hans VM, Grover HS, Deswal H, Agarwal P. Antimicrobial Efficacy of Various Essential Oils at Varying Concentrations against Periopathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:ZC16-ZC19. [PMID: 27790572 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/18956.8435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.gingivalis) is a notorious perio-pathogen with the ability to evade host defense mechanism and invade into the periodontal tissues. Many antimicrobial agents have been tested that curb its growth, although these agents tend to produce side effects such as antibiotic resistance and opportunistic infections. Therefore search for naturally occurring anti-microbials with lesser side effects is the need of the hour. AIM The aim of this study was to substantiate the antimicrobial activity of various essential oils; eucalyptus oil, chamomile oil, tea tree oil and turmeric oil against P. gingivalis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pure cultures of P. gingivalis were grown on selective blood agar. Antimicrobial efficacy of various concentrations of essential oils (0%, 25%, 50% and 100%) was assessed via disc diffusion test. Zone of inhibition were measured around disc after 48 hours in millimeters. RESULTS Zones of inhibition were directly proportional to the concentration of essential oils tested. At 100% concentration all the tested oils possess antimicrobial activity against P.gingivalis with eucalyptus oil being most effective followed by tea tree oil, chamomile oil and turmeric oil. CONCLUSION All essential oils tested were effective against P.gingivalis. After testing for their clinical safety they could be developed into local agents to prevent and treat periodontitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veenu Madaan Hans
- Reader, Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, SGT University , Gurgaon, Delhi-NCR, India
| | - Harpreet Singh Grover
- Professor, Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, SGT University , Gurgaon, Delhi-NCR, India
| | - Himanshu Deswal
- Post Graduate Student, Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, SGT University , Gurgaon, Delhi-NCR, India
| | - Preeti Agarwal
- Microbiologist, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, SGT University , Gurgaon, Delhi-NCR, India
| |
Collapse
|
354
|
Abstract
Many plant essential oils, extracts, and individual chemical components have been demonstrated to possess antiviral efficacy against enveloped and/or non-enveloped viruses. In general, plant antimicrobials exhibit greater antiviral efficacy against enveloped viruses than non-enveloped viruses (though not in all cases). There appear to be multiple mechanisms of antiviral action for plant antimicrobials; nevertheless, the majority of antimicrobials appear to act either directly on the virus itself (e.g., on the envelope or capsid) or during the early stages of virus replication following internalization of the virus into its host cell.
Collapse
|
355
|
Brilhante RSN, Caetano ÉP, Lima RACD, Marques FJDF, Castelo-Branco DDSCM, Melo CVSD, Guedes GMDM, Oliveira JSD, Camargo ZPD, Moreira JLB, Monteiro AJ, Bandeira TDJPG, Cordeiro RDA, Rocha MFG, Sidrim JJC. Terpinen-4-ol, tyrosol, and β-lapachone as potential antifungals against dimorphic fungi. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 47:917-924. [PMID: 27520529 PMCID: PMC5052391 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of terpinen-4-ol, tyrosol, and β-lapachone against strains of Coccidioides posadasii in filamentous phase (n=22) and Histoplasma capsulatum in both filamentous (n=40) and yeast phases (n=13), using the broth dilution methods as described by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of these compounds. The mechanisms of action of these compounds were also investigated by analyzing their effect on cell membrane permeability and ergosterol synthesis. The MIC and MFCf these compounds against C. posadasii, mycelial H. capsulatum, and yeast-like H. capsulatum, were in the following ranges: 350-5720μg/mL, 20-2860μg/mL, and 40-1420μg/mL, respectively for terpinen-4-ol; 250-4000μg/mL, 30-2000μg/mL, and 10-1000μg/mL, respectively, for tyrosol; and 0.48-7.8μg/mL, 0.25-16μg/mL, and 0.125-4μg/mL, respectively for β-lapachone. These compounds showed a decrease in MIC when the samples were subjected to osmotic stress, suggesting that the compounds acted on the fungal membrane. All the compounds were able to reduce the ergosterol content of the fungal strains. Finally, tyrosol was able to cause a leakage of intracellular molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raimunda Sâmia Nogueira Brilhante
- Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, CE, Brazil; Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, CE, Brazil.
| | - Érica Pacheco Caetano
- Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, CE, Brazil
| | - Rita Amanda Chaves de Lima
- Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, CE, Brazil
| | | | | | - Charlline Vládia Silva de Melo
- Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, CE, Brazil
| | - Glaucia Morgana de Melo Guedes
- Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, CE, Brazil
| | - Jonathas Sales de Oliveira
- Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, CE, Brazil
| | - Zoilo Pires de Camargo
- Federal University of São Paulo, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Cellular Biology Division, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - José Luciano Bezerra Moreira
- Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, CE, Brazil
| | - André Jalles Monteiro
- Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Department of Statistics and Applied Mathematics, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Rossana de Aguiar Cordeiro
- Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, CE, Brazil; Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, CE, Brazil
| | - Marcos Fábio Gadelha Rocha
- Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, CE, Brazil; State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, Forteleza, CE, Brazil
| | - José Júlio Costa Sidrim
- Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, CE, Brazil; Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, CE, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
356
|
Mátis G, Kulcsár A, Petrilla J, Talapka P, Neogrády Z. Porcine hepatocyte-Kupffer cell co-culture as an in vitro model for testing the efficacy of anti-inflammatory substances. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016; 101:201-207. [PMID: 27450109 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As Kupffer cells are highly involved in the regulation of hepatic inflammatory response, the main goal of this study was to improve and to characterize a hepatocyte-Kupffer cell co-culture of pig origin for modelling endotoxin-induced hepatic inflammation and for testing the efficacy of potential anti-inflammatory substances. This monolayer co-culture was prepared from primary isolated swine hepatocytes and Kupffer cells in the ratio of 6:1 and 2:1, mimicking different states of liver inflammation. The prepared cell cultures were characterized by immunohistochemical CD-68 detection. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge of both co-cultures resulted in elevated interleukin-8 (IL-8) and that of 6:1 co-cultures in increased IL-6 production with a higher extent than on hepatocyte monocultures, justifying the key role of Kupffer cells in pro-inflammatory cytokine production. LPS-induced IL-8 production was successfully attenuated by concomitant application of both sodium butyrate and terpinen-4-ol on hepatocyte monocultures, but not on co-cultures, demonstrating the importance of the presence of Kupffer cells in cell cultures as inflammatory models. Based on these initial data, the applied porcine primary hepatocyte-Kupffer cell co-culture is suggested to be a proper tool for in vitro investigations on liver physiology and hepatic inflammation in pigs and can be used as a useful model mimicking in vivo conditions in veterinary research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Mátis
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - A Kulcsár
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - J Petrilla
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - P Talapka
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Z Neogrády
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
357
|
Reis M, Carvalho C, Andrade F, Fernandes O, Arruda W, Silva M. Fisetin as a promising antifungal agent against Cryptocococcus neoformans
species complex. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 121:373-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M.P.C. Reis
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública; Universidade Federal de Goiás; Goiânia Goiás Brazil
| | - C.R.C. Carvalho
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública; Universidade Federal de Goiás; Goiânia Goiás Brazil
| | - F.A. Andrade
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública; Universidade Federal de Goiás; Goiânia Goiás Brazil
| | - O.F.L. Fernandes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública; Universidade Federal de Goiás; Goiânia Goiás Brazil
| | - W. Arruda
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Departamento de Morfologia; Universidade Federal de Goiás; Goiânia Goiás Brazil
| | - M.R.R. Silva
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública; Universidade Federal de Goiás; Goiânia Goiás Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
358
|
F Souza C, Baldissera MD, A Vaucher R, Lopes LQS, Vizzotto BS, Raffin RP, Santos RCV, L da Veiga M, U M da Rocha MI, Stefani LM, Baldisserotto B. In vivo bactericidal effect of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil against Aeromonas hydrophila: Silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) as an experimental model. Microb Pathog 2016; 98:82-7. [PMID: 27392700 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila is one of the main causative agent of high mortality and significative economic losses in aquaculture and has become increasingly resistant to conventional antibiotics. One feasible alternative to control and treat it is the use of essential oils. This study aimed to evaluate A. hydrophila susceptibility to tea tree oil (TTO-Melaleuca alternifolia) in vivo, and the effect of this treatment. In vivo tests were performed using silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) as the experimental model. Silver catfish were treated with TTO at 25 and 50 μL/L for seven days before infection. After seven days, the fish were inoculated with A. hydrophila via intramuscularly. Treatment with TTO at 50 μL/L was able to extend longevity of infected fish, and showed 88% of therapeutic success, even though it did not show curative efficacy. TTO treatment was not toxic under these tested concentrations, since biomarkers of hepatic and renal functions were not affected, and the concentration of 50 μL/L was able to prevent increased levels of aspartate aminotransferase. There was no significative differences regarding hematological parameters (p < 0.05). Treatment with TTO 50 μL/L was able to reduce histopathological alterations usually caused by this type of bacteria in the gills, but it was unable to reduce hepatic histopathological alterations. Our results showed, for the first time, that TTO has high activity against A. hydrophila and proved to be a natural alternative to prevent and control this pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carine F Souza
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Matheus D Baldissera
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A Vaucher
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Centro Universitário Franciscano, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Microbiology, Centro Universitário Franciscano, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Q S Lopes
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Centro Universitário Franciscano, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Microbiology, Centro Universitário Franciscano, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruno S Vizzotto
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Centro Universitário Franciscano, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Renata P Raffin
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Centro Universitário Franciscano, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Roberto C V Santos
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Centro Universitário Franciscano, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Microbiology, Centro Universitário Franciscano, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo L da Veiga
- Laboratory of Experimental Morphophysiology, Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Izabel U M da Rocha
- Laboratory of Experimental Morphophysiology, Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Lenita M Stefani
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Baldisserotto
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
359
|
Avonto C, Chittiboyina AG, Wang M, Vasquez Y, Rua D, Khan IA. In Chemico Evaluation of Tea Tree Essential Oils as Skin Sensitizers: Impact of the Chemical Composition on Aging and Generation of Reactive Species. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1108-17. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Diego Rua
- The
Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
360
|
de Groot AC, Schmidt E. Tea tree oil: contact allergy and chemical composition. Contact Dermatitis 2016; 75:129-43. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
361
|
Low WL, Kenward K, Britland ST, Amin MC, Martin C. Essential oils and metal ions as alternative antimicrobial agents: a focus on tea tree oil and silver. Int Wound J 2016; 14:369-384. [PMID: 27146784 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.12611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing occurrence of hospital-acquired infections and the emerging problems posed by antibiotic-resistant microbial strains have both contributed to the escalating cost of treatment. The presence of infection at the wound site can potentially stall the healing process at the inflammatory stage, leading to the development of a chronic wound. Traditional wound treatment regimes can no longer cope with the complications posed by antibiotic-resistant strains; hence, there is a need to explore the use of alternative antimicrobial agents. Pre-antibiotic compounds, including heavy metal ions and essential oils, have been re-investigated for their potential use as effective antimicrobial agents. Essential oils have potent antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and other beneficial therapeutic properties. Similarly, heavy metal ions have also been used as disinfecting agents because of their broad spectrum activities. Both of these alternative antimicrobials interact with many different intracellular components, thereby resulting in the disruption of vital cell functions and eventually cell death. This review will discuss the application of essential oils and heavy metal ions, particularly tea tree oil and silver ions, as alternative antimicrobial agents for the treatment of chronic, infected wounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Li Low
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Ken Kenward
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Stephen T Britland
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK.,Research Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Mohd Cim Amin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Claire Martin
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK.,Research Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| |
Collapse
|
362
|
Pliego Zamora A, Edmonds JH, Reynolds MJ, Khromykh AA, Ralph SJ. The in vitro and in vivo antiviral properties of combined monoterpene alcohols against West Nile virus infection. Virology 2016; 495:18-32. [PMID: 27152479 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
West Nile Virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that can cause neuroinvasive disease in humans and animals for which no therapies are currently available. We studied an established combination of monoterpene alcohols (CMA) derived from Melaleuca alternifolia, against WNV infection. The in vitro results show that CMA exhibits virucidal activity, as well as reduces the viral titres and percentage of infected cells. The antiviral mechanism of action of CMA was studied. We found that CMA did not alter the intracellular pH, neither induced apoptosis, but did induce cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1-phase although that was not the antiviral mechanism. Furthermore, we tested CMA in vivo using IRF 3(-)(/)(-)/7(-/-)mice and it was found that CMA treatment significantly delayed morbidity due to WNV infection, reduced the loss of body weight and reduced the viral titres in brain. These findings suggest that CMA could be a therapeutic agent against WNV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Pliego Zamora
- School of Medical Sciences, Molecular Basis of Disease, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia; Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Judith H Edmonds
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Maxwell J Reynolds
- Centre for Environment and Population Health, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alexander A Khromykh
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen J Ralph
- School of Medical Sciences, Molecular Basis of Disease, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
363
|
Ferreira Lins R, Rogério Lustri W, Minharro S, Alonso A, de Sousa Neto D. On the formation, physicochemical properties and antibacterial activity of colloidal systems containing tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
364
|
Abstract
Fungal biofilms have become an increasingly important clinical problem. The widespread use of antibiotics, frequent use of indwelling medical devices, and a trend toward increased patient immunosuppression have resulted in a creation of opportunity for clinically important yeasts and molds to form biofilms. This review will discuss the diversity and importance of fungal biofilms in the context of clinical medicine, provide novel insights into the clinical management of fungal biofilm infection, present evidence why these structures are recalcitrant to antifungal therapy, and discuss how our knowledge and understanding may lead to novel therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
|
365
|
Lin PC, Lee JJ, Chang IJ. Essential oils from Taiwan: Chemical composition and antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli. J Food Drug Anal 2016; 24:464-470. [PMID: 28911550 PMCID: PMC9336662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical compositions of seven essential oils from Taiwan were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The eluates were identified by matching the mass fragment patents to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 08 database. The quantitative analysis showed that the major components of lemon verbena are geranial (26.9%) and neral (23.1%); those of sweet marjoram are γ-terpinene (18.5%), thymol methyl ether (15.5%), and terpinen-4-ol (12.0%); those of clove basil are eugenol (73.6%), and β-(Z)-ocimene (15.4%); those of patchouli are carvacrol (47.5%) and p-cymene (15.2%); those of rosemary are α-pinene (54.8%) and 1,8-cineole (22.2%); those of tea tree are terpinen-4-ol (33.0%) and 1,8-cineole (27.7%); and those of rose geranium are citronellol (28.9%) and 6,9-guaiadiene (20.1%). These components are somewhat different from the same essential oils that were obtained from other origins. Lemon verbena has the same major components everywhere. Tea tree, rose geranium, and clove basil have at least one major component throughout different origins. The major components and their amounts in sweet marjoram, patchouli, and rosemary vary widely from one place to another. These results demonstrate that essential oils have a large diversity in their composition in line with their different origins. The antibacterial activity of essential oils against Escherichia coli was evaluated using the optical density method (turbidimetry). Patchouli is a very effective inhibitor, in that it completely inhibits the growth of E. coli at 0.05%. Clove basil and sweet marjoram are good inhibitors, and the upper limit of their minimum inhibitory concentration is 0.1%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Po-Chen Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jason Jwo Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Jy Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
366
|
Comin VM, Lopes LQ, Quatrin PM, de Souza ME, Bonez PC, Pintos FG, Raffin RP, Vaucher RDA, Martinez DS, Santos RC. Influence of Melaleuca alternifolia oil nanoparticles on aspects of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm. Microb Pathog 2016; 93:120-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
367
|
Anani K, Adjrah Y, Améyapoh Y, Karou SD, Agbonon A, de Souza C, Gbeassor M. Antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities of Jatropha multifida L. (Euphorbiaceae). Pharmacognosy Res 2016; 8:142-6. [PMID: 27034606 PMCID: PMC4780141 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.172657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jatropha multifida is used in Togolease folk medicine for the healing of chronic wounds. OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the leaves ethanolic extract. MATERIALS AND METHODS The antimicrobial activity was assayed by National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards broth microdilution method on strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomoas aeruginosa isolated from wounds, whereas the anti-inflammatory activity was performed by carrageenan and histamine induced paw edema method in rat modele. The 2, 2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were used for the antioxidant activity. RESULTS The antibacterial assay showed an in vitro growth inhibition of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus in dose-dependent manner, with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 2.5 to 3.12 mg/mL for S. aureus and from 6.25 to 12.5 mg/mL for P. aeruginosa. The maximum paw anti-inflammatory effect occurred after 3 and 5 h administration of histamine and carrageenan, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging and the FRAP assays yielded weak antioxidant activity. CONCLUSION J. multifida possesses antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities that could justify the use of the plant for the treatment of wounds in the folk medicine. SUMMARY Antibacterial on germs isolated from wound, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of Jatropha multifida were assayed by NCCLS broth method, carrageenan and histamine, DPPH and FRAP respectively. The results indicated that Jatropha multifida possesses antibacterial and anti-inflammatory and weak antioxidant activities that could justify its use for the treatment of wounds in the folk medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kokou Anani
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Contrôle de Qualité des Denrées Alimentaires (LAMICODA), Togo; Centre de Recherche et de Formation sur les Plantes Médicinales (CERFOPLAM), Togo; Centre de Recherche en Agriculture Biologique et Substances Naturelles (CRABISNA), Togo
| | - Yao Adjrah
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Contrôle de Qualité des Denrées Alimentaires (LAMICODA), Togo; Centre de Recherche et de Formation sur les Plantes Médicinales (CERFOPLAM), Togo; Centre de Recherche en Agriculture Biologique et Substances Naturelles (CRABISNA), Togo
| | - Yaovi Améyapoh
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Contrôle de Qualité des Denrées Alimentaires (LAMICODA), Togo; Centre de Recherche et de Formation sur les Plantes Médicinales (CERFOPLAM), Togo
| | - Simplice Damintoti Karou
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Contrôle de Qualité des Denrées Alimentaires (LAMICODA), Togo; Centre de Recherche et de Formation sur les Plantes Médicinales (CERFOPLAM), Togo; Centre de Recherche en Agriculture Biologique et Substances Naturelles (CRABISNA), Togo
| | - Amegnona Agbonon
- Centre de Recherche et de Formation sur les Plantes Médicinales (CERFOPLAM), Togo; Laboratoire de Physiologie et de Pharmacologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Lomé, B.P. 1515, Lomé, Togo
| | - Comlan de Souza
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Contrôle de Qualité des Denrées Alimentaires (LAMICODA), Togo; Centre de Recherche et de Formation sur les Plantes Médicinales (CERFOPLAM), Togo
| | - Messanvi Gbeassor
- Centre de Recherche et de Formation sur les Plantes Médicinales (CERFOPLAM), Togo; Laboratoire de Physiologie et de Pharmacologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Lomé, B.P. 1515, Lomé, Togo
| |
Collapse
|
368
|
|
369
|
Fahed L, El Beyrouthy M, Ouaini N, Eparvier V, Stien D. Isolation and characterization of santolinoidol, a bisabolene sesquiterpene from Achillea santolinoides subsp wilhelmsii (K. Koch) Greuter. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
370
|
Malhi HK, Tu J, Riley TV, Kumarasinghe SP, Hammer KA. Tea tree oil gel for mild to moderate acne; a 12 week uncontrolled, open-label phase II pilot study. Australas J Dermatol 2016; 58:205-210. [PMID: 27000386 DOI: 10.1111/ajd.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy, tolerability and acceptability of a tea tree oil gel (200 mg/g) and face wash (7 mg/g) were evaluated for the treatment of mild to moderate facial acne. METHODS In this open-label, uncontrolled phase II pilot study, participants applied tea tree oil products to the face twice daily for 12 weeks and were assessed after 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Efficacy was determined from total numbers of facial acne lesions and the investigator global assessment (IGA) score. Tolerability was evaluated by the frequency of adverse events and the mean tolerability score determined at each visit. Product acceptability was assessed via a questionnaire at the end of the study period. RESULTS Altogether 18 participants were enrolled, of whom 14 completed the study. Mean total lesion counts were 23.7 at baseline, 17.2 at 4, 15.1 at 8 and 10.7 at 12 weeks. Total lesion counts differed significantly over time by repeated measures anova (P < 0.0001). The mean IGA score was 2.4 at baseline, 2.2 at 4, 2.0 at 8 and 1.9 at 12 weeks, which also differed significantly over time (P = 0.0094). No serious adverse events occurred and minor local tolerability events were limited to peeling, dryness and scaling, all of which resolved without intervention. CONCLUSION This study shows that the use of the tea tree oil products significantly improved mild to moderate acne and that the products were well tolerated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harsimran Kaur Malhi
- Department of General Medicine, St John of God Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jenny Tu
- Department of Dermatology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Thomas V Riley
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M504), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sujith Prasad Kumarasinghe
- Department of Dermatology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Hollywood Medical Centre, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Katherine A Hammer
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M504), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
371
|
In vitro and in vivo action of terpinen-4-ol, γ-terpinene, and α-terpinene against Trypanosoma evansi. Exp Parasitol 2016; 162:43-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
372
|
Ionically Crosslinked Chitosan Hydrogels for the Controlled Release of Antimicrobial Essential Oils and Metal Ions for Wound Management Applications. MEDICINES 2016; 3:medicines3010008. [PMID: 28930118 PMCID: PMC5456230 DOI: 10.3390/medicines3010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The emerging problems posed by antibiotic resistance complicate the treatment regime required for wound infections and are driving the need to develop more effective methods of wound management. There is growing interest in the use of alternative, broad spectrum, pre-antibiotic antimicrobial agents such as essential oils (e.g., tea tree oil, TTO) and metal ions (e.g., silver, Ag+). Both TTO and Ag+ have broad spectrum antimicrobial activity and act on multiple target sites, hence reducing the likelihood of developing resistance. Combining such agents with responsive, controlled release delivery systems such as hydrogels may enhance microbiocidal activity and promote wound healing. The advantages of using chitosan to formulate the hydrogels include its biocompatible, mucoadhesive and controlled release properties. In this study, hydrogels loaded with TTO and Ag+ exhibited antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and C. albicans. Combining TTO and Ag+ into the hydrogel further improved antimicrobial activity by lowering the effective concentrations required, respectively. This has obvious advantages for reducing the potential toxic effects on the healthy tissues surrounding the wound. These studies highlight the feasibility of delivering lower effective concentrations of antimicrobial agents such as TTO and Ag+ in ionically crosslinked chitosan hydrogels to treat common wound-infecting pathogens.
Collapse
|
373
|
Sutili FJ, Gatlin DM, Rossi W, Heinzmann BM, Baldisserotto B. In vitro effects of plant essential oils on non-specific immune parameters of red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus L. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016; 100:1113-1120. [PMID: 26898359 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Phytochemicals such as plant essential oils (EOs) have been reported to favour various activities in the innate immune system of fish. Thus, the aim of this study was to verify the in vitro effect of three different plant EOs (Ocimum americanum, Cymbopogon flexuosus and Melaleuca alternifolia) on non-specific immune parameters and erythrocyte osmotic fragility of red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus. Concentrations of each plant EO evaluated in preparations of head-kidney macrophages, blood leucocytes and blood plasma were as follows: 0.0 (control), 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0, and 16.0 μg/ml. Red drum head-kidney macrophages significantly increased extracellular superoxide anion production when exposed (20 h) to O. americanum EO (1.0-8.0 μg/ml) and C. flexuosus EO (2.0 and 4.0 μg/ml). The respiratory burst of blood leucocytes (NBT test) significantly increased in all concentrations when compared to the respective control group, for all EOs. At the highest concentration (16.0 μg/ml), C. flexuosus EO significantly inhibited the haemolytic activity of complement system in red drum blood after 1 h exposure. None of the tested concentrations significantly altered plasma lysozyme activity or erythrocyte osmotic fragility after exposing (1 h) red drum whole blood to each EO. This study demonstrated that these plant EOs are capable of triggering superoxide anion production in red drum leucocytes (head-kidney macrophages and/or blood leucocytes). In vivo studies are warranted to address their potential as immunostimulants in the diet of red drum and other aquacultured species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F J Sutili
- CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília, DF, Brazil.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - D M Gatlin
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University System College Station, TX, USA
| | - W Rossi
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University System College Station, TX, USA
| | - B M Heinzmann
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - B Baldisserotto
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
374
|
Sinha P, Srivastava S, Mishra N, Singh DK, Luqman S, Chanda D, Yadav NP. Development, optimization, and characterization of a novel tea tree oil nanogel using response surface methodology. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2016; 42:1434-45. [PMID: 26821208 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2016.1141931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop and optimize nanoemulsion (NE)-based emulgel (EG) formulation as a potential vehicle for topical delivery of tea tree oil (TTO). METHODOLOGY Central composite design was adopted for optimizing the processing conditions for NE preparation by high energy emulsification method viz. surfactant concentration, co-surfactant concentration, and stirring speed. The optimized NE was developed into emulgel (EG) using pH sensitive polymer Carbopol 940 and triethanolamine as alkalizer. The prepared EG was evaluated for its pH, viscosity, and texture parameters, ex vivo permeation at 37 °C and stability. Antimicrobial evaluation of EG in comparison to conventional gel and pure TTO was also carried out against selected microbial strains. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Optimized NE had particle size and zeta potential of 16.23 ± 0.411 nm and 36.11 ± 1.234 mV, respectively. TEM analysis revealed the spherical shape of droplets. The pH of EG (5.57 ± 0.05 ) was found to be in accordance with the range of human skin pH. EG also illustrated efficient permeation (79.58 μL/cm(2)) and flux value (JSS) of 7.96 μL cm(2)/h through skin in 10 h. Viscosity and texture parameters, firmness (9.3 ± 0.08 g), spreadability (2.26 ± 0.06 mJ), extrudability (61.6 ± 0.05 mJ), and adhesiveness (8.66 ± 0.08 g) depict its suitability for topical application. Antimicrobial evaluation of EG with same amount of TTO as conventional gel revealed broader zones of growth inhibitions against all the selected microbial strains. Moreover, EG was also found to be nonirritant (PII 0.0833). These parameters were consistent over 90 d. CONCLUSION TTO EG turned out to be a promising vehicle for the topical delivery of TTO with enhanced therapeutic efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyam Sinha
- a Department of Herbal Medicinal Products , CSIR - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, PO CIMAP , Lucknow , UP , India
| | - Shruti Srivastava
- a Department of Herbal Medicinal Products , CSIR - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, PO CIMAP , Lucknow , UP , India
| | - Nidhi Mishra
- a Department of Herbal Medicinal Products , CSIR - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, PO CIMAP , Lucknow , UP , India
| | - Dhananjay Kumar Singh
- b Department of Molecular Bioprospection , CSIR - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, PO CIMAP , Lucknow , UP , India
| | - Suaib Luqman
- b Department of Molecular Bioprospection , CSIR - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, PO CIMAP , Lucknow , UP , India
| | - Debabrata Chanda
- b Department of Molecular Bioprospection , CSIR - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, PO CIMAP , Lucknow , UP , India
| | - Narayan Prasad Yadav
- a Department of Herbal Medicinal Products , CSIR - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, PO CIMAP , Lucknow , UP , India
| |
Collapse
|
375
|
Li M, Zhu L, Liu B, Du L, Jia X, Han L, Jin Y. Tea tree oil nanoemulsions for inhalation therapies of bacterial and fungal pneumonia. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 141:408-416. [PMID: 26895502 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Tea tree oil (TTO) is a natural essential oil with strong antimicrobial efficacy and little drug resistance. However, the biomedical applications of TTO are limited due to its hydrophobicity and formulation problems. Here, we prepared an inhalable TTO nanoemulsion (nanoTTO) for local therapies of bacterial and fungal pneumonia. The optimal formulation of nanoTTOs consisted of TTO/Cremophor EL/water with a mean size of 12.5nm. The nanoTTOs showed strong in vitro antimicrobial activities on Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. After inhalation to the lung, the nanoTTOs had higher anti-fungal effect than fluconazole on the fungal pneumonia rat models with reduced lung injury, highly microbial clearance, blocking of leukocyte recruitment, and decrease of pro-inflammatory mediators. In the case of rat bacterial pneumonia, the nanoTTOs showed slightly lower therapeutic efficacy than penicillin though at a much lower dose. Taken together, our results show that the inhalable nanoTTOs are promising nanomedicines for local therapies of fungal and bacterial pneumonia with no obvious adverse events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Lifei Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Boming Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China; Pharmaceutical College of Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Lina Du
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiaodong Jia
- Institute of Disease Control & Prevention of PLA, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Li Han
- Institute of Disease Control & Prevention of PLA, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China.
| | - Yiguang Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China; Pharmaceutical College of Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| |
Collapse
|
376
|
Abstract
The high concentrations of essential oils are generally required to receive microbial purity of the products (cosmetics, medicine). On the other hand, their application due to the high concentration of essential oils may be limited by changes in organoleptic and textural quality of the products, as well as they cause irritation and allergies in users. Addition of linalool to essential oil may significantly enhance its antimicrobial effectiveness and reduce their concentrations in products, taking advantage of their synergistic and additive effects. The aim of the study was to compare antimicrobial activity of essential oil alone and in combination with linalool. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris, Juniperus communis, Pelargonium graveolens, Citrus bergamia, Citrus grandis, Lavandula angustifolia, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Melaleuca alternifolia, Syzygium aromaticum, linalool and their combination was investigated against bacteria and fungi using the disc diffusion method. The addition of linalool to S. aromaticum oil in a synergistic manner enhanced its antimicrobial efficacy against P. aeruginosa and A. brasiliensis. Moreover, the additive interaction between this oil and linalool was observed against S. aureus, E. coli and C. albicans. It was also found that linalool in an additive manner increased the antimicrobial effectiveness of T. vulgaris oil against P. aeruginosa. The antimicrobial properties of mixture of essential oils with their active constituents may be used for creating new strategies to maintain microbiological purity of products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Herman
- Academy of Cosmetics and Health Care, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Tambor
- Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Herman
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jablonna, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
377
|
Plants and other natural products used in the management of oral infections and improvement of oral health. Acta Trop 2016; 154:6-18. [PMID: 26522671 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Challenges of resistance to synthetic antimicrobials have opened new vistas in the search for natural products. This article rigorously reviews plants and other natural products used in oral health: Punica granatum L. (pomegranate), Matricaria recutita L. (chamomile), Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze (green tea), chewing sticks made from Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst. ex A.D.C., Diospyros lycioides Desf., and Salvadora persica L. (miswak), honey and propolis from the manuka tree (Leptospermum scoparium J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.), rhein from Rheum rhabarbarum L. (rhubarb), dried fruits of Vitis vinifera L. (raisins), essential oils, probiotics and mushrooms. Further, the review highlights plants from Africa, Asia, Brazil, Mexico, Europe, and the Middle East. Some of the plants' antimicrobial properties and chemical principles have been elucidated. While the use of natural products for oral health is prominent in resource-poor settings, antimicrobial testing is mainly conducted in the following countries (in decreasing order of magnitude): India, South Africa, Brazil, Japan, France, Egypt, Iran, Mexico, Kenya, Switzerland, Nigeria, Australia, Uganda, and the United Kingdom. While the review exposes a dire gap for more studies on clinical efficacy and toxicity, the following emerging trend was noted: basic research on plants for oral health is mainly done in Brazil, Europe and Australia. Brazil, China, India and New Zealand generally conduct value addition of natural products for fortification of toothpastes. African countries focus on bioprospecting and primary production of raw plants and other natural products with antimicrobial efficacies. The Middle East and Egypt predominantly research on plants used as chewing sticks. More research and funding are needed in the field of natural products for oral health, especially in Africa where oral diseases are fuelled by human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS).
Collapse
|
378
|
Ayseli MT, İpek Ayseli Y. Flavors of the future: Health benefits of flavor precursors and volatile compounds in plant foods. Trends Food Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
379
|
Thomas J, Carson CF, Peterson GM, Walton SF, Hammer KA, Naunton M, Davey RC, Spelman T, Dettwiller P, Kyle G, Cooper GM, Baby KE. Therapeutic Potential of Tea Tree Oil for Scabies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 94:258-266. [PMID: 26787146 PMCID: PMC4751955 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, scabies affects more than 130 million people at any time. In the developed world, outbreaks in health institutions and vulnerable communities result in a significant economic burden. A review of the literature demonstrates the emergence of resistance toward classical scabicidal treatments and the lack of effectiveness of currently available scabicides in reducing the inflammatory skin reactions and pyodermal progression that occurs in predisposed patient cohorts. Tea tree oil (TTO) has demonstrated promising acaricidal effects against scabies mites in vitro and has also been successfully used as an adjuvant topical medication for the treatment of crusted scabies, including cases that did not respond to standard treatments. Emerging acaricide resistance threatens the future usefulness of currently used gold standard treatments (oral ivermectin and topical permethrin) for scabies. The imminent development of new chemical entities is doubtful. The cumulative acaricidal, antibacterial, antipruritic, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing effects of TTO may have the potential to successfully reduce the burden of scabies infection and the associated bacterial complications. This review summarizes current knowledge on the use of TTO for the treatment of scabies. On the strength of existing data for TTO, larger scale, randomized controlled clinical trials are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Thomas
- University of Canberra, Faculty of Health, Bruce, Canberra, Australia; Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia; School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia and Translational Renal Research Group, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, Western Australia; Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; School of Medicine, Flinders University, Katherine, Northern Territory, Australia; Private Practice, Charnwood, Canberra, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
380
|
Calixto GMF, Garcia MH, Cilli EM, Chiavacci LA, Chorilli M. Design and Characterization of a Novel p1025 Peptide-Loaded Liquid Crystalline System for the Treatment of Dental Caries. Molecules 2016; 21:158. [PMID: 26828470 PMCID: PMC6273485 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21020158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental caries, mainly caused by the adhesion of Streptococcus mutans to pellicle-coated tooth surfaces, is an important public health problem worldwide. A synthetic peptide (p1025) corresponding to residues 1025–1044 of the adhesin can inhibit this binding. Peptides are particularly susceptible to the biological environment; therefore, a p1025 peptide-loaded liquid crystalline system (LCS) consisting of tea tree oil as the oil phase, polyoxypropylene-(5)-polyoxyethylene-(20)-cetyl alcohol as the surfactant, and water or 0.5% polycarbophil polymer dispersions as the aqueous phase was employed as a drug delivery platform. This system exhibited anticaries and bioadhesive properties and provided a protective environment to p1025 at the site of action, thereby modulating its action, prolonging its contact with the teeth, and decreasing the frequency of administration. LCSs were characterized by polarized light microscopy (PLM), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and rheological, texture, and bioadhesive tests. PLM and SAXS revealed the presence of hexagonal liquid crystalline phases and microemulsions. Rheological analyses demonstrated that the addition of polymer dispersions favored characteristics such as shear thinning and thixotropy, hence improving buccal application. Bioadhesion tests showed that polymer dispersions contributed to the adhesion onto the teeth. Taken together, LCS could provide a novel pharmaceutical nanotechnology platform for dental caries treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Matheus Henrique Garcia
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Araraquara, SP 14800-850, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Maffud Cilli
- Instituto de Química, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Araraquara, SP 14800-900, Brazil.
| | - Leila Aparecida Chiavacci
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Araraquara, SP 14800-850, Brazil.
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Araraquara, SP 14800-850, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
381
|
Falci SPP, Teixeira MA, Chagas PFD, Martinez BB, Loyola ABAT, Ferreira LM, Veiga DF. Antimicrobial activity of Melaleuca sp. oil against clinical isolates of antibiotics resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Acta Cir Bras 2016; 30:491-6. [PMID: 26270141 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020150070000007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To extract the Melaleuca sp. oil and to assess its in vitro inhibitory effect against Staphylococcus aureus isolates obtained from lower limb wounds and resistant to several antibiotics. METHODS A total of 14 test-tubes containing Mueller-Hinton broth were used to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). The following concentrations of the Melaleuca sp. oil were added to the first 11 tubes: 8; 4; 2; 1; 0.5; 0.2; 0.1; 0.05; 0.025; 0.0125 and 0.00625%. The 12th and 13th tubes, with and without oil, were used as the positive and negative controls, respectively. The experimental study was carried out in triplicate at 37ºC for 18 hours. The Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), able of killing all the microorganisms, was also determined. Two S. aureus isolates were obtained from lower limb wounds of female patients and the identification of the microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus) and the test for susceptibility to the antimicrobial agents were carried out by automation using the apparatus MicroScan(r). After identification, the isolates were preserved in liquid Trypticase Soy medium, and inoculated for determination of the MIC and MBC. RESULTS The MIC was 0.2% and the MBC was 0.4%. CONCLUSION The Melaleuca sp. oil showed antimicrobial properties in vitro against strains isolated from lower limb wounds which were resistant to multiple antibiotics.
Collapse
|
382
|
Clinical evaluation of an antiinflammatory and antioxidant diet effect in 30 dogs affected by chronic otitis externa: preliminary results. Vet Res Commun 2016; 40:29-38. [PMID: 26743397 PMCID: PMC4754334 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-015-9651-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this evaluation study was to assess the possible role of a specific nutraceutical diet in relieving main clinical symptoms of chronic bilateral otitis externa (occlusion of ear canal, erythema, discharge quantity, and odor) in 30 adult dogs. Thirty dogs of different breeds (mean age ± SEM; 6.03 ± 0.15 years and mean weight ± SEM; 32.01 ± 1.17 Kg; 53.3% males, 46.6% females) with evident chronic clinical otitis symptoms were equally divided and randomly assigned to receive either the nutraceutical diet (ND group) or a standard diet (SD group) over a period of 90 days. In all cases a topical pharmacological treatment was given. The nutraceutical diet, also endowed with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, significantly decreased the mean score intensity of all symptoms after 90 days of intervention (P < 0.0001) with the exception of Malassezia pachydermatis infection which was only slightly reduced. Our investigation is one of the few evidence-based results where a commercial nutraceutical diet has been proven effective, in combination with drugs, in relieving otitis externa-related symptoms. This study opens new insights into otitis externa clinical management providing evidence of efficacy of a combined therapy with drugs and a specific nutraceutical diet.
Collapse
|
383
|
Chen M, Hu Y, Zhou J, Xie Y, Wu H, Yuan T, Yang Z. Facile fabrication of tea tree oil-loaded antibacterial microcapsules by complex coacervation of sodium alginate/quaternary ammonium salt of chitosan. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra26052c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, flavoured tea tree oil (TTO)-loaded antibacterial microcapsules were developed based on the complex coacervation of sodium alginate (SA) and a quaternary ammonium salt of chitosan (HACC).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minjie Chen
- Institute of Biomaterials
- College of Materials and Energy
- South China Agriculture University
- Guangzhou 510642
- China
| | - Yang Hu
- Institute of Biomaterials
- College of Materials and Energy
- South China Agriculture University
- Guangzhou 510642
- China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Institute of Biomaterials
- College of Materials and Energy
- South China Agriculture University
- Guangzhou 510642
- China
| | - Yirong Xie
- Institute of Biomaterials
- College of Materials and Energy
- South China Agriculture University
- Guangzhou 510642
- China
| | - Hong Wu
- College of Life Sciences
- South China Agriculture University
- Guangzhou 510642
- China
| | - Teng Yuan
- Institute of Biomaterials
- College of Materials and Energy
- South China Agriculture University
- Guangzhou 510642
- China
| | - Zhuohong Yang
- Institute of Biomaterials
- College of Materials and Energy
- South China Agriculture University
- Guangzhou 510642
- China
| |
Collapse
|
384
|
Rajkowska K, Nowak A, Kunicka-Styczyńska A, Siadura A. Biological effects of various chemically characterized essential oils: investigation of the mode of action against Candida albicans and HeLa cells. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra21108a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential oils of different chemical compositions show a specificity in amplitude but not in the mode of biological action againstCandida albicansand HeLa cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Rajkowska
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences
- Lodz University of Technology
- 90-924 Lodz
- Poland
| | - Adriana Nowak
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences
- Lodz University of Technology
- 90-924 Lodz
- Poland
| | - Alina Kunicka-Styczyńska
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences
- Lodz University of Technology
- 90-924 Lodz
- Poland
| | - Anna Siadura
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences
- Lodz University of Technology
- 90-924 Lodz
- Poland
| |
Collapse
|
385
|
Bagchi B, Banerjee S, Kool A, Thakur P, Bhandary S, Hoque NA, Das S. Synthesis of eucalyptus/tea tree oil absorbed biphasic calcium phosphate–PVDF polymer nanocomposite films: a surface active antimicrobial system for biomedical application. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:16775-85. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp03493d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A biocompatible poly(vinylidene) difluoride (PVDF) based film has been prepared by in situ precipitation of calcium phosphate precursors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arpan Kool
- Physics Department
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Pradip Thakur
- Physics Department
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata 700032
- India
- Department of Physics
| | - Suman Bhandary
- Division of Molecular Medicine
- Bose Institute
- Kolkata 700054
- India
| | - Nur Amin Hoque
- Physics Department
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Sukhen Das
- Physics Department
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| |
Collapse
|
386
|
Simpson BS, Bulone V, Semple SJ, Booker GW, McKinnon RA, Weinstein P. Arid awakening: new opportunities for Australian plant natural product research. RANGELAND JOURNAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/rj16004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The importance of plants and other natural reserves as sources for biologically important compounds, particularly for application in food and medicine, is undeniable. Herein we provide a historical context of the major scientific research programs conducted in Australia that have been aimed at discovering novel bioactive natural products from terrestrial plants. Generally speaking, the main approaches used to guide the discovery of novel bioactive compounds from natural resources have included random, ethnobotanical and chemotaxonomic strategies. Previous Australian plant natural product research campaigns appear to have lacked the use of a fourth strategy with equally high potential, namely the ecologically guided approach. In addition, many large studies have sampled plant material predominantly from tropical regions of Australia, even though arid and semi-arid zones make up 70% of mainland Australia. Therefore, plants growing in arid zone environments, which are exposed to different external stressors (e.g. low rainfall, high ultraviolet exposure) compared with tropical flora, remain an untapped reservoir of potentially novel bioactive compounds. Research of Australian arid zone plants that is ecologically guided creates a new opportunity for the discovery of novel bioactive compounds from plants (and potentially other biota) for application in health care, food and agricultural industries.
Collapse
|
387
|
Mantil E, Daly G, Avis TJ. Effect of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil as a natural antimicrobial agent in lipophilic formulations. Can J Microbiol 2015; 61:82-8. [PMID: 25515896 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2014-0667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There has been increased interest surrounding the use of tea tree oil (TTO) as a natural antimicrobial. In this study, the antimicrobial activity of TTO and its components were investigated in vitro and in a predominantly lipid-based personal care formulation. In vitro, TTO showed minimal inhibitory concentrations of 0.2% (for Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pythium sulcatum), 0.4% (for Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Rhizopus stolonifer), and 0.8% (for Botrytis cinerea). TTO at 0.08%-0.8% was often as efficient as parabens. Comparison of the antimicrobial activities of TTO components showed that terpinen-4-ol and γ-terpinene were generally most effective in inhibiting microbial growth. TTO activity in a personal care product was evaluated through air and water exposure, artificial inoculation, and shelf life studies. While TTO did not increase shelf life of unopened products, it decreased microbial load in products exposed to water and air. Results from this study support that antimicrobial activity of TTO can be attributed to varying levels of its components and that low levels of TTO were effective in reducing microbial growth during the use of the product. This study showed that TTO can act as a suitable preservative system within an oil-based formulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Mantil
- a Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
388
|
Linalool Affects the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Essential Oils. Curr Microbiol 2015; 72:165-172. [PMID: 26553262 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-015-0933-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The high concentrations of essential oils are generally required to receive microbial purity of the products (cosmetics, medicine). On the other hand, their application due to the high concentration of essential oils may be limited by changes in organoleptic and textural quality of the products, as well as they cause irritation and allergies in users. Addition of linalool to essential oil may significantly enhance its antimicrobial effectiveness and reduce their concentrations in products, taking advantage of their synergistic and additive effects. The aim of the study was to compare antimicrobial activity of essential oil alone and in combination with linalool. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris, Juniperus communis, Pelargonium graveolens, Citrus bergamia, Citrus grandis, Lavandula angustifolia, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Melaleuca alternifolia, Syzygium aromaticum, linalool and their combination was investigated against bacteria and fungi using the disc diffusion method. The addition of linalool to S. aromaticum oil in a synergistic manner enhanced its antimicrobial efficacy against P. aeruginosa and A. brasiliensis. Moreover, the additive interaction between this oil and linalool was observed against S. aureus, E. coli and C. albicans. It was also found that linalool in an additive manner increased the antimicrobial effectiveness of T. vulgaris oil against P. aeruginosa. The antimicrobial properties of mixture of essential oils with their active constituents may be used for creating new strategies to maintain microbiological purity of products.
Collapse
|
389
|
Cordova-Albores LC, Zapotitla ES, Ríos MY, Barrera-Necha LL, Hernández-López M, Bautista-Baños S. Microscopic study of the morphology and metabolic activity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladioli treated with Jatropha curcas oil and derivatives. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2015; 4:28-35. [PMID: 30023207 PMCID: PMC6014239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmau.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladioli is one of the main pathogenic microorganisms of the ornamental genus Gladiolus. The attack of this microorganism includes corms and different plant phenological stages. In this study, different microscopic techniques and fluorochromes were used to evaluate the effect of J. curcas oil and acylglycerides, namely trilinolein, triolein, monomyristin and dimyristin, on the morphology, membrane integrity (%), viability (%) and germination (%) of F. oxsporum f sp. gladioli. Phase-contrast optical photomicrographs and scanning microscopy showed that J. curcas oil and the triglycerides triolein and trilinolein caused the formation of numerous vacuoles, alterations in the morphology of the outer covering of the mycelium and conidia, and inhibition of membrane activity in the fungus during 24 h of incubation. The fluorochromes used detected no permanent damage to the viability of the conidia. The high germination percentage of the conidia of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladioli indicates that the damage caused by the application of the treatments was fungistatic rather than fungicidal and did not cause cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L C Cordova-Albores
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos. Km. 6 Carr. Yautepec-Jojutla, Col. San Isidro, CEPROBI 8, Yautepec, Morelos. C.P. 62731 México
| | - E Sandoval Zapotitla
- Jardín Botánico, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad Universitaria. C.P. 04510 México
| | - M Y Ríos
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - L L Barrera-Necha
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos. Km. 6 Carr. Yautepec-Jojutla, Col. San Isidro, CEPROBI 8, Yautepec, Morelos. C.P. 62731 México
| | - M Hernández-López
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos. Km. 6 Carr. Yautepec-Jojutla, Col. San Isidro, CEPROBI 8, Yautepec, Morelos. C.P. 62731 México
| | - S Bautista-Baños
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos. Km. 6 Carr. Yautepec-Jojutla, Col. San Isidro, CEPROBI 8, Yautepec, Morelos. C.P. 62731 México
| |
Collapse
|
390
|
Murbach Teles Andrade BF, Nunes Barbosa L, Bérgamo Alves FC, Albano M, Mores Rall VL, Sforcin JM, Fernandes AAH, Fernandes Júnior A. The antibacterial effects ofMelaleuca alternifolia,Pelargonium graveolensandCymbopogon martiniiessential oils and major compounds on liquid and vapor phase. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2015.1099571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
391
|
Flores FC, Beck RCR, da Silva CDB. Essential Oils for Treatment for Onychomycosis: A Mini-Review. Mycopathologia 2015; 181:9-15. [PMID: 26481920 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-015-9957-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Onychomycosis are fungal infections affecting finger and toenails mainly caused by dermatophyte fungi and some Candida species. Low cure rates and frequent recurrence, development of a fungal resistance front to various antimicrobial agents topical and systemic, and an ineffective topical treatment make onychomycosis difficult to treat. Essential oils are excellent candidates for the topical treatment for onychomycosis because the development of resistance by fungi is rare, and the presence of side effects is low. They are composed of a complex variety of compounds, mainly terpenes, with low molecular weight, which may easily penetrate into the nail plate, finding the fungi elements. The complex mixture confers a broad antifungal spectrum of action, through interaction with biological membranes, interference in radical and enzymatic reaction of fungi cells. Essential oils may become the source of new therapeutic molecules, and the use of an essential oil incorporated into a topical formulation is an interesting, safe, and effective alternative for the treatment for onychomycosis. However, studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy of essential oils in the treatment for onychomycosis in vivo. This mini-review aims to present the potential use of essential oils for the treatment for onychomycosis, focusing on the last decade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda C Flores
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Ruy C R Beck
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Cristiane de B da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
- Departamento de Farmácia Industrial, Curso de Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
392
|
Yu D, Wang J, Shao X, Xu F, Wang H. Antifungal modes of action of tea tree oil and its two characteristic components against Botrytis cinerea. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 119:1253-62. [PMID: 26294100 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) has been evaluated as a potential eco-friendly antifungal agent against Botrytis cinerea. In this study, we investigated the antifungal activity and mode of action of tea tree oil (TTO) and its components against B. cinerea. METHODS AND RESULTS Of the components we tested in contact phase, terpinen-4-ol had the highest antifungal activity, followed by TTO, α-terpineol, terpinolene, then 1,8-cineole. As one of characteristic components of TTO, terpinen-4-ol treatment led to pronounced alterations in mycelial morphology, cellular ultrastructure, membrane permeability under scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope and fluorescent microscope, and also reduced the ergosterol content of fungi. As another characteristic component, 1,8-cineole caused serious intracellular damage but only slightly affected B. cinerea otherwise. When terpinen-4-ol and 1,8-cineole were used together, the synergistic antifungal activity was significantly higher than either component by itself. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study confirmed that terpinen-4-ol and 1,8-cineole act mainly on the cell membranes and organelles of B. cinerea, respectively, and when combined are similar to TTO in antifungal activity due to their differences. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Understanding the mechanism of terpinen-4-ol and 1,8-cineole antifungal action to B. cinerea is helpful for investigation on their synergistic effect and explaining antifungal action modes of TTO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Yu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - J Wang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - X Shao
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - F Xu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - H Wang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| |
Collapse
|
393
|
Thomas J, Narkowicz CK, Jacobson GA, Peterson GM. Safety and efficacy of kunzea oil-containing formulations for the management of psoriasis: a randomized, controlled trial. J Clin Pharm Ther 2015; 40:566-572. [PMID: 30156327 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE Anecdotally, topical kunzea oil has been used to treat various skin conditions, including psoriasis and eczema, with good results. This study compared the clinical efficacy of kunzea oil (20%)-containing formulations in mild to moderate psoriasis. METHODS A randomized, comparative, double-blind, 8-week study was undertaken. Thirty patients (age range: 25-74 years and mean ± SD: 52·8 ± 13·6 years) with mild to moderate psoriasis (affecting at least 10% of one or more body regions: arms, head, legs and trunk) randomly received ointment and/or scalp lotion containing 20% kunzea oil (test group) or control medications not containing kunzea oil (control group). Formulations in both treatment arms also contained 5% liquor carbonis detergens (LCD) and 3% salicylic acid. The clinical responses to the test and control formulations were evaluated using the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION After 8 weeks of treatment, both test and control groups demonstrated a significant (P < 0·05) improvement in PASI scores. Subjects in the test group had a decrease in mean±SD PASI score from 12·7 ± 7·9 to 6·7 ± 7·2, whereas the control group showed a decrease in PASI score from 8·1 ± 4·6 to 3·5 ± 4·7. Comparative efficacy analysis between the test and control groups did not reveal any significant difference (P > 0·05). WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSIONS The inclusion of kunzea oil made no difference to the efficacy of topical formulations containing LCD and salicylic acid for the treatment of psoriasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Thomas
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - C K Narkowicz
- Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - G A Jacobson
- Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - G M Peterson
- Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
394
|
Michalsen A, Eddin O, Salama A. A case series of the effects of a novel composition of a traditional natural preparation for the treatment of psoriasis. J Tradit Complement Med 2015; 6:395-398. [PMID: 27774425 PMCID: PMC5067857 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a specific composition of a traditional herbal preparation (DurrDerma) in adult patients with moderate to severe skin psoriasis. The preparation is a newly developed topical combination containing plant-based extracts traditionally used in skin disease as black cumin, olive oil, tea tree oil, cocoa butter completed by vitamin A and vitamin B12. We documented the effectiveness of the preparation in a first case series. A total of 12 patients (8 males and 4 females, 21–86 y) with manifest and treatment-resistant psoriasis were included and treated for 12 weeks. All patients were assigned to twice-daily treatment with the DurrDerma preparation. Treatment success as determined by the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) score, the body surface area, and the dermatology life index was achieved (PASI reduction of >75%) in 10 of the 12 treated patients (83%). The remaining two patients showed a PASI reduction of ≤50%. In 5 of the patients PASI reduction was achieved <12 weeks (between week 3–11). The beneficial effect in responder patients might be explained by a synergistic anti-oxidative and anti inflammatory activity of all components present in DurrDerma. We conclude that the new preparation using a traditional approach seems to be a promising complementary treatment for psoriasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. Michalsen
- Institut für Sozialmedizin, Epidemiologie und Gesundheitsökonomie, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Luisenstrasse 57, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Klinik für Innere Medizin, Abteilung für Naturheilkunde, Immanuel Krankenhaus Berlin, Königinstraße 63, 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Corresponding author. Institut für Sozialmedizin, Epidemiologie und Gesundheitsökonomie, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Luisenstrasse 57, 10117 Berlin, Germany. Tel.: +49 30 805 05 691; fax: +49 30 805 05 692.
| | - O. Eddin
- Meoclinic GmbH, Friedrichstraße 71, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - A. Salama
- Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institut für Transfusionsmedizin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
395
|
Bustos-Segura C, Külheim C, Foley W. Effects of Terpene Chemotypes of Melaleuca alternifolia on Two Specialist Leaf Beetles and Susceptibility to Myrtle Rust. J Chem Ecol 2015; 41:937-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-015-0628-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
396
|
Di Vito M, Mattarelli P, Modesto M, Girolamo A, Ballardini M, Tamburro A, Meledandri M, Mondello F. In Vitro Activity of Tea Tree Oil Vaginal Suppositories against Candida spp. and Probiotic Vaginal Microbiota. Phytother Res 2015; 29:1628-33. [PMID: 26235937 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to evaluate the in vitro microbicidal activity of vaginal suppositories (VS) containing tea tree oil (TTO-VS) towards Candida spp. and vaginal probiotics. A total of 20 Candida spp. strains, taken from patients with vaginitis and from an established type collection, including reference strains, were analysed by using the CLSI microdilution method. To study the action of VS towards the beneficial vaginal microbiota, the sensitivity of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (DSM 10140) and Lactobacillus spp. (Lactobacillus casei R-215 and Lactobacillus acidophilus R-52) was tested. Both TTO-VS and TTO showed fungicidal activity against all strains of Candida spp. whereas placebo-VS or the Aloe gel used as controls were ineffective. The study of fractional fungicidal concentrations (FFC) showed synergistic interaction with the association between Amphotericin B and TTO (0.25 to 0.08 µg/ml, respectively) against Candida albicans. Instead, the probiotics were only affected by TTO concentration ≥ 4% v/v, while, at concentrations < 2% v/v, they remained viable. TTO-VS exhibits, in vitro, a selective fungicidal action, slightly affecting only the Bifidobacteriun animalis strain growth belonging to the vaginal microbiota. In vivo studies are needed to confirm the efficacy to prevent acute or recurrent vaginal candidiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maura Di Vito
- U.O.C. of Microbiology and Virology, San Filippo Neri Hospital, Rome, Italy.,Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Monica Modesto
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Bologna University, Italy
| | - Antonietta Girolamo
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Milva Ballardini
- U.O.C. of Microbiology and Virology, San Filippo Neri Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesca Mondello
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
397
|
Hwang GB, Sim KM, Bae GN, Jung JH. Synthesis of hybrid carbon nanotube structures coated with Sophora flavescens nanoparticles and their application to antimicrobial air filtration. JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE 2015; 86:44-54. [PMID: 32226126 PMCID: PMC7094255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Controlling airborne microorganisms has become increasingly important with increase in human indoor activities, epidemic disease outbreaks, and airborne pathogen transmission. Treatments using antimicrobial nanoparticles have shown promise because of the high surface-to-volume ratio of nanoparticles compared to their bulk counterparts, and their unique physical and chemical properties. In this study, hybrid nanostructures of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) coated with antimicrobial, natural product (NP) nanoparticles were synthesized using a twin-head electrospray system (THES). The coated nanoparticles were then used in antimicrobial air filters to increase their antimicrobial efficiency. Electrosprayed droplets were converted to NP nanoparticles and MWCNTs through ethanol evaporation. Oppositely charged NP nanoparticles and MWCNTs were coagulated via Coulombic collisions to form hybrid nanoparticles that were deposited continuously onto an air filter medium. The size distribution and composition of the hybrid NP/MWCNT particles were characterized using a wide-range particle spectrometer (WPS) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The concentration of hybrid NP/MWCNT nanoparticles was lower than that of NP nanoparticles but higher than that of MWCNTs and showed a bimodal size distribution with peak diameters of 21.1 and 49 nm. TEM analyses confirmed that the NP nanoparticles were attached to the MWCNT surface with a density of ~4-9 particles/MWCNT. When deposited onto the filter medium, NP/MWCNT particles formed dendrites on the filter׳s fiber surface. The filtration efficiency and pressure drop of the NP/MWCNT-coated filters were higher than those of pristine, NP nanoparticles-coated or MWCNTs-coated filters. The hybrid filter also exhibited stronger antimicrobial activity than those of NP or MWCNT-coated filters at identical deposited volumes (1.1×10-2 cm3/cm2 filter). Ninety-five percent of the tested bacterial aerosols were inactivated on the NP/MWCNTs filter while only <70% were inactivated on NP- or MWCNT-coated filters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gi Byoung Hwang
- Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5 Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
- Materials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Kyoung Mi Sim
- Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5 Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwi-Nam Bae
- Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5 Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hee Jung
- Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5 Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
398
|
Wong YF, West RN, Chin ST, Marriott PJ. Evaluation of fast enantioselective multidimensional gas chromatography methods for monoterpenic compounds: Authenticity control of Australian tea tree oil. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1406:307-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
399
|
Goodwin NS, Spinks A, Wasiak J. The efficacy of hydrogel dressings as a first aid measure for burn wound management in the pre-hospital setting: a systematic review of the literature. Int Wound J 2015; 13:519-25. [PMID: 26177570 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review was to determine the supporting evidence for the clinical use of hydrogel dressings as a first aid measure for burn wound management in the pre-hospital setting. Two authors searched three databases (Ovid Medline, Ovid Embase and The Cochrane Library) for relevant English language articles published through September 2014. Reference lists, conference proceedings and non-indexed academic journals were manually searched. A separate search was conducted using the Internet search engine Google to source additional studies from burns advisory agencies, first aid bodies, military institutions, manufacturer and paramedic websites. Two authors independently assessed study eligibility and relevance of non-traditional data forms for inclusion. Studies were independently assessed and included if Hydrogel-based burn dressings (HBD) were examined in first aid practices in the pre-hospital setting. A total of 129 studies were considered for inclusion, of which no pre-hospital studies were identified. The review highlights that current use of HBD in the pre-hospital setting appears to be driven by sources of information that do not reflect the paramedic environment. We recommend researchers in the pre-hospital settings undertake clinical trials in this field. More so, the review supports the need for expert consensus to identify key demographic, clinical and injury outcomes for clinicians and researchers undertaking further research into the use of dressings as a first aid measure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anneliese Spinks
- Department of Ecosystem Science, CSIRO, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jason Wasiak
- Epworth Radiology Oncology, Epworth Healthcare, Richmond, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
400
|
Adaptation to NaCl Reduces the Susceptibility of Enterococcus faecalis to Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) Oil. Curr Microbiol 2015; 71:429-33. [PMID: 26159776 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-015-0871-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the hypothesis that the salt adaptation response of Enterococcus faecalis alters susceptibility to tea tree oil (TTO). Six E. faecalis isolates were adapted to 6.5 % NaCl, and then exposed to TTO in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). One isolate was also exposed to TTO in Brain Heart Infusion Broth (BHIB). The viability of salt-adapted and non-adapted control cells was determined at 0, 45 and 90 min and compared. MICs for several antibiotics and TTO were also determined by E test and broth microdilution, respectively. Results showed that susceptibility to TTO in PBS was significantly reduced after salt adaptation for five isolates (83 %) (P < 0.05). Mean differences between salt-adapted and non-adapted cell counts were 2.51 log at 45 min and 2.13 log at 90 min. However, when E. faecalis ATCC 19433 was exposed to TTO in BHIB, no significant differences were seen. In conclusion, salt adaptation resulted in reduced susceptibility to TTO in PBS for the majority of isolates, indicating that cross protection had occurred. This effect was absent in BHIB, suggesting that the uptake of compatible solutes from the growth medium protected non-adapted cells from TTO. Whether this has implications for the clinical effectiveness of TTO remains to be determined.
Collapse
|