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Ribeiro MF, Rezende DAN, Freitas RG, Brito MD, Solce GN, Souza CD, Buneri ID, Zanuncio JC, Wilcken CF. First detection of Gonipterus platensis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and its parasitoid Anaphes nitens (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in eucalyptus plantations in Minas Gerais, Brazil. BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 83:e271694. [PMID: 37255201 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.271694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M F Ribeiro
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Departamento de Proteção Vegetal, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | | | | | - M D Brito
- LD Celulose, Indianópolis, MG, Brasil
| | - G N Solce
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Departamento de Proteção Vegetal, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - C D Souza
- Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Florestais - IPEF, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil
| | - I D Buneri
- University of Karachi, Department of Zoology, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - J C Zanuncio
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Entomologia - BIOAGRO, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
| | - C F Wilcken
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Departamento de Proteção Vegetal, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
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Anani K, Adjrah Y, Améyapoh Y, Karou SD, Agbonon A, de Souza C, Gbeassor M. Antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities of Jatropha multifida L. (Euphorbiaceae). Pharmacognosy Res 2016; 8:142-6. [PMID: 27034606 PMCID: PMC4780141 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.172657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jatropha multifida is used in Togolease folk medicine for the healing of chronic wounds. OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the leaves ethanolic extract. MATERIALS AND METHODS The antimicrobial activity was assayed by National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards broth microdilution method on strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomoas aeruginosa isolated from wounds, whereas the anti-inflammatory activity was performed by carrageenan and histamine induced paw edema method in rat modele. The 2, 2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were used for the antioxidant activity. RESULTS The antibacterial assay showed an in vitro growth inhibition of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus in dose-dependent manner, with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 2.5 to 3.12 mg/mL for S. aureus and from 6.25 to 12.5 mg/mL for P. aeruginosa. The maximum paw anti-inflammatory effect occurred after 3 and 5 h administration of histamine and carrageenan, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging and the FRAP assays yielded weak antioxidant activity. CONCLUSION J. multifida possesses antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities that could justify the use of the plant for the treatment of wounds in the folk medicine. SUMMARY Antibacterial on germs isolated from wound, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of Jatropha multifida were assayed by NCCLS broth method, carrageenan and histamine, DPPH and FRAP respectively. The results indicated that Jatropha multifida possesses antibacterial and anti-inflammatory and weak antioxidant activities that could justify its use for the treatment of wounds in the folk medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kokou Anani
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Contrôle de Qualité des Denrées Alimentaires (LAMICODA), Togo; Centre de Recherche et de Formation sur les Plantes Médicinales (CERFOPLAM), Togo; Centre de Recherche en Agriculture Biologique et Substances Naturelles (CRABISNA), Togo
| | - Yao Adjrah
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Contrôle de Qualité des Denrées Alimentaires (LAMICODA), Togo; Centre de Recherche et de Formation sur les Plantes Médicinales (CERFOPLAM), Togo; Centre de Recherche en Agriculture Biologique et Substances Naturelles (CRABISNA), Togo
| | - Yaovi Améyapoh
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Contrôle de Qualité des Denrées Alimentaires (LAMICODA), Togo; Centre de Recherche et de Formation sur les Plantes Médicinales (CERFOPLAM), Togo
| | - Simplice Damintoti Karou
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Contrôle de Qualité des Denrées Alimentaires (LAMICODA), Togo; Centre de Recherche et de Formation sur les Plantes Médicinales (CERFOPLAM), Togo; Centre de Recherche en Agriculture Biologique et Substances Naturelles (CRABISNA), Togo
| | - Amegnona Agbonon
- Centre de Recherche et de Formation sur les Plantes Médicinales (CERFOPLAM), Togo; Laboratoire de Physiologie et de Pharmacologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Lomé, B.P. 1515, Lomé, Togo
| | - Comlan de Souza
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Contrôle de Qualité des Denrées Alimentaires (LAMICODA), Togo; Centre de Recherche et de Formation sur les Plantes Médicinales (CERFOPLAM), Togo
| | - Messanvi Gbeassor
- Centre de Recherche et de Formation sur les Plantes Médicinales (CERFOPLAM), Togo; Laboratoire de Physiologie et de Pharmacologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Lomé, B.P. 1515, Lomé, Togo
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Anani K, Adjrah Y, Ameyapoh Y, Karou SD, Agbonon A, de Souza C, Gbeassor M. Effects of hydroethanolic extracts of Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile (Balanitaceae) on some resistant pathogens bacteria isolated from wounds. J Ethnopharmacol 2015; 164:16-21. [PMID: 25666430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bark of Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile (Balanitaceae) is widely used in the Togolese folk medicine for the treatment of wounds, malaria and skin diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant properties and the activity of the bark extract of this plant against some resistant bacteria isolated from wounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS The antimicrobial activity was assayed using the NCCLS microdilution while the DPPH free radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were used for the antioxidant activity. The susceptibility to conventional antibiotics of bacteria was assessed by an agar disk diffusion method using commercial disk. Phenolics were quantified using spectrophotometric methods. RESULTS The hydroethanolic extracts of the bark inhibited in vitro the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus in a dose-dependent manner. Bacteriostatic effects were observed on 15 (33%) and 21 (47%) strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa respectively. The MICs and MBCs against Staphylococcus aureus strains ranged respectively from 2.5 to 12.5 µg/mL and 2.5 to 50 µg/mL. Concerning Pseudomonas aeruginosa, these values were equal (12.5 µg/mL). Multidrug resistance was 95% against six antibiotics for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 91% against five antibiotics for Staphylococcus aureus. The DPPH radical scavenging and the FRAP assays yielded weak antioxidant activity, closely linked with the total phenolic contents. CONCLUSION This study indicated that the bark extract of Balanites aegyptiaca possess bioactive compounds implicated in the free radical scavenging and antibacterial activities, justifying the use of the plant in the traditional medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kokou Anani
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Contrôle de Qualité des Denrées Alimentaires, Ecole Supérieure des Techniques Biologiques et Alimentaires - Université de Lomé, B.P. 1515 Lomé, Togo; Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Plantes Médicinales (CERFOPLAM), Université de Lomé, Togo; Centre de Recherche en Agriculture Biologique et Substances Naturelles (CRABISNA), Lomé,Togo
| | - Yao Adjrah
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Contrôle de Qualité des Denrées Alimentaires, Ecole Supérieure des Techniques Biologiques et Alimentaires - Université de Lomé, B.P. 1515 Lomé, Togo; Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Plantes Médicinales (CERFOPLAM), Université de Lomé, Togo; Centre de Recherche en Agriculture Biologique et Substances Naturelles (CRABISNA), Lomé,Togo.
| | - Yaovi Ameyapoh
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Contrôle de Qualité des Denrées Alimentaires, Ecole Supérieure des Techniques Biologiques et Alimentaires - Université de Lomé, B.P. 1515 Lomé, Togo; Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Plantes Médicinales (CERFOPLAM), Université de Lomé, Togo
| | - Simplice Damintoti Karou
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Contrôle de Qualité des Denrées Alimentaires, Ecole Supérieure des Techniques Biologiques et Alimentaires - Université de Lomé, B.P. 1515 Lomé, Togo; Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Plantes Médicinales (CERFOPLAM), Université de Lomé, Togo; Centre de Recherche en Agriculture Biologique et Substances Naturelles (CRABISNA), Lomé,Togo
| | - Amegnona Agbonon
- Laboratoire de Physiologie et de Pharmacologie, Faculté des Sciences - Université de Lomé, BP. 1515 Lomé, Togo; Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Plantes Médicinales (CERFOPLAM), Université de Lomé, Togo
| | - Comlan de Souza
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Contrôle de Qualité des Denrées Alimentaires, Ecole Supérieure des Techniques Biologiques et Alimentaires - Université de Lomé, B.P. 1515 Lomé, Togo; Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Plantes Médicinales (CERFOPLAM), Université de Lomé, Togo
| | - Messanvi Gbeassor
- Laboratoire de Physiologie et de Pharmacologie, Faculté des Sciences - Université de Lomé, BP. 1515 Lomé, Togo; Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Plantes Médicinales (CERFOPLAM), Université de Lomé, Togo
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Kagoné TS, Bisseye C, Méda N, Testa J, Pietra V, Kania D, Yonli AT, Compaoré TR, Nikiéma JB, de Souza C, Simpore J. A variant of DC-SIGN gene promoter associated with resistance to HIV-1 in serodiscordant couples in Burkina Faso. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2014; 7S1:S93-6. [PMID: 25312200 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60211-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the involvement of variations in 4 genes associated with susceptibility and/or protection against HIV-1 in serodiscordant couples in Burkina Faso, namely, genes encoding HLA-B57, interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1), dendritic cell-specific ICAM3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) and CCR5 delta 32 (CCR5Δ32). METHODS Two DC-SIGN and two IRF1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as well as HLA-B57*01 and CCR5Δ32 alleles were genotyped in 51 serodiscordant couples in Burkina Faso. DC-SIGN, IRF1 and HLA-B57*01 genotyping was carried out by real time PCR using TaqMan assays (Applied Biosystems, USA and Sacace Biotechnologies, Italy). CCR5Δ32 deletion was investigated by PCR. RESULTS The two SNPs of DC-SIGN promoter showed a significant genotypic difference in serodiscordant couples. After multivariate analysis, only the association between DC-SIGN rs2287886 and HIV-1 remained significant (P<0.01). No association was found between IRF1 SNPs and HIV-1 infection. CCR5Δ32 wild type allele was found in 100% of serodiscordant couples. A high frequency of HLA-B57*01 allele was found in the HIV-positive (78%) compared with HIV-negative group (51%), however this difference was no longer significant after the correction of the sex confounding effect in the logistic regression model. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests a protective role of a variation of DC-SIGN promoter and genetic resistance to HIV-1 in serodiscordant couples in Burkina Faso.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thérèse Samdapawindé Kagoné
- Biomolecular Research Center Pietro Annigoni CERBA/Labiogene University of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Centre MURAZ Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Cyrille Bisseye
- Biomolecular Research Center Pietro Annigoni CERBA/Labiogene University of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Science and Technique of Masuku (USTM), Franceville, Gabon.
| | | | - Jean Testa
- Centre MURAZ Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | | | - Albert Théophane Yonli
- Biomolecular Research Center Pietro Annigoni CERBA/Labiogene University of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Tegwindé Rebeca Compaoré
- Biomolecular Research Center Pietro Annigoni CERBA/Labiogene University of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Jean Baptiste Nikiéma
- Biomolecular Research Center Pietro Annigoni CERBA/Labiogene University of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Jacques Simpore
- Biomolecular Research Center Pietro Annigoni CERBA/Labiogene University of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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Marinho CR, Souza CD, Barros TC, Teixeira SP. Scent glands in legume flowers. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2014; 16:215-226. [PMID: 23574349 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Scent glands, or osmophores, are predominantly floral secretory structures that secrete volatile substances during anthesis, and therefore act in interactions with pollinators. The Leguminosae family, despite being the third largest angiosperm family, with a wide geographical distribution and diversity of habits, morphology and pollinators, has been ignored with respect to these glands. Thus, we localised and characterised the sites of fragrance production and release in flowers of legumes, in which scent plays an important role in pollination, and also tested whether there are relationships between the structure of the scent gland and the pollinator habit: diurnal or nocturnal. Flowers in pre-anthesis and anthesis of 12 legume species were collected and analysed using immersion in neutral red, olfactory tests and anatomical studies (light and scanning electron microscopy). The main production site of floral scent is the perianth, especially the petals. The scent glands are distributed in a restricted way in Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Anadenanthera peregrina, Inga edulis and Parkia pendula, constituting mesophilic osmophores, and in a diffuse way in Bauhinia rufa, Hymenaea courbaril, Erythrostemon gilliesii, Poincianella pluviosa, Pterodon pubescens, Platycyamus regnellii, Mucuna urens and Tipuana tipu. The glands are comprised of cells of the epidermis and mesophyll that secrete mainly terpenes, nitrogen compounds and phenols. Relationships between the presence of osmophores and type of anthesis (diurnal and nocturnal) and the pollinator were not found. Our data on scent glands in Leguminosae are original and detail the type of diffuse release, which has been very poorly studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Marinho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - C D Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Comparada, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - T C Barros
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Comparada, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - S P Teixeira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Karou SD, Balaka A, Bamoké M, Tchelougou D, Assih M, Anani K, Agbonoko K, Simpore J, de Souza C. Epidemiology and antibiotic resistance of bacterial meningitis in Dapaong, northern Togo. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2013; 5:848-52. [PMID: 23146796 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(12)60158-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the seasonality of the bacterial meningitis and the antibiotic resistance of incriminated bacteria over the last three years in the northern Togo. METHODS From January 2007 to January 2010, 533 cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) samples were collected from patients suspected of meningitis in the Regional Hospital of Dapaong (northern Togo). After microscopic examination, samples were cultured for bacterial identification and antibiotic susceptibility. RESULTS The study included 533 patients (306 male and 227 female) aged from 1 day to 55 years [average age (13.00±2.07) years]. Bacterial isolation and identification were attempted for 254/533 (47.65%) samples. The bacterial species identified were: Neisseria meningitidis A (N. meningitidis A) (58.27%), Neisseria meningitidis W135 (N. meningitidis W135) (7.09%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) (26.77%), Haemophilus influenza B (H. influenza B) (6.30%) and Enterobacteriaceae (1.57%). The results indicated that bacterial meningitis occur from November to May with a peak in February for H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae and March for Neisseriaceae. The distribution of positive CSF with regards to the age showed that subjects between 6 and 12 years followed by subjects of 0 to 5 years were most affected with respective frequencies of 67.82% and 56.52% (P<0.001). Susceptibility tests revealed that bacteria have developed resistance to several antibiotics including aminosides (resistance rate >20% for both bacterial strains), macrolides (resistance rate > 30% for H. influenzae) quinolones (resistance rate >15% for H. influenzae and N. meningitidis W135). Over three years, the prevalence of S. pneumoniae significantly increased from 8.48% to 73.33% (P<0.001), while the changes in the prevalence of H. influenzae B were not statistically significant: 4.24%, vs. 8.89%, (P = 0.233). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that data in African countries differ depending on geographical location in relation to the African meningitis belt. This underlines the importance of epidemiological surveillance of bacterial meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simplice D Karou
- Ecole Supérieure des Techniques Biologiques et Alimentaires, Université de Lomé, Togo.
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Adjrah Y, Dovlo A, Karou SD, Eklu-Gadegbeku K, Agbonon A, de Souza C, Gbeassor M. Survey of pesticide application on vegetables in the Littoral area of Togo. Ann Agric Environ Med 2013; 20:715-720. [PMID: 24364441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Vegetable production in Togo is seriously affected by pests attack. To reduce damage, farmers indiscriminately use pesticides. Various studies have reported high concentrations of pesticide residues more than acceptable limits in vegetables and other edible food. The aim of the presented study is to study the attitudes and practices developed by vegetable growers about pesticides applications. A standardized questionnaires which included socio-professional factors, provisions and operations concerning the use of varieties of pesticides were addressed to 150 growers in vegetable farms along the Littoral of Togo. In order to complete data concerning pesticides, seven runoff private companies and agents of the 'Direction de la Protection des Végétaux' were interviewed. Data were statistical treated using Sphinx Plus. The survey showed that vegetable growers have an acceptable educational level (36% have more than 7 years of formal education) to exploit instructions concerning pesticide use, but more than 97% do not use recommended tools. Only 21% of them received training for pesticide use. Moreover, 84% of them did not usually wear gloves, and less than 30% used oro-nasal masks. Failure to observe minimum intervals between pesticide application and sale is worrying because extremely hazardous (Carbofuran and Cadusaphos) or moderately toxic (Cypermethrin, Dimethoate, Endosulfan, Chlorpyrifos-ethyl, Fipronil) are the products currently used. The presented study indicates that pesticides application in the survey area represents a potential risk for the environment, farmers and consumers. More investigations are needed to quantify pesticides residues on the vegetables currently con,umed and moreover, to determine the potential effect of those products on human and animals health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Adjrah
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Contrôle de qualité des Denrées Alimentaires, Ecole Supérieure des Techniques Biologiques et Alimentaires (ESTBA), Université de Lomé, Lomé - Togo
| | - Agbéko Dovlo
- Société phytopharmaceutique mega recoltes, Lomé - Togo
| | - Simplice D Karou
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Contrôle de qualité des Denrées Alimentaires, Ecole Supérieure des Techniques Biologiques et Alimentaires (ESTBA), Université de Lomé, Lomé - Togo
| | - Kwashie Eklu-Gadegbeku
- Laboratoire de Physiologie et de Pharmacologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Lomé, Lomé - Togo
| | - Amégnona Agbonon
- Laboratoire de Physiologie et de Pharmacologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Lomé, Lomé - Togo
| | - Comlan de Souza
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Contrôle de qualité des Denrées Alimentaires, Ecole Supérieure des Techniques Biologiques et Alimentaires (ESTBA), Université de Lomé, Lomé - Togo
| | - Messanvi Gbeassor
- Laboratoire de Physiologie et de Pharmacologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Lomé, Lomé - Togo
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Tchacondo T, Karou SD, Agban A, Bako M, Batawila K, Bawa ML, Gbeassor M, de Souza C. Medicinal plants use in central Togo (Africa) with an emphasis on the timing. Pharmacognosy Res 2012; 4:92-103. [PMID: 22518081 PMCID: PMC3326763 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.94724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Plant-based remedies continue to play a key role in the health care of people in Togo; however, there is a lack of published data in medicinal plants and medical practices of the people in the country. Objective: This study was aimed at documenting the plant utilization in the Tem folk medicine in the central region of Togo. Materials and Methods: An ethnobotanical survey was conducted with traditional healers in the central region of Togo using a semi-structured questionnaire. Results: This study demonstrated that local specialists in the central region of Togo tend to agree with each other in terms of the plants used to treat diabetes (ICF = 0.38), infertility, and abdominal pains (ICF = 0.33), but cite a much more diverse groups of plants to treat problems related to arterial hypertension, sickle cell disease, and abscess. They use 144 herbal concoctions made of 72 plants, distributed among 36 botanical families. The Euphorbiaceae family with eight species was best represented in terms of the number of species. The species with the highest use value were Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss. (Meliaceae) (UV = 0.36), Anthocleista djalonensis A. Chev. (Gentianaceae) (UV = 0.27), Trichilia emetica Vahl (Meliaceae) (UV = 0.25), and Sarcocephalus latifolius (Sm.) E. A. Bruce (Rubiaceae) (UV = 0.21). They also rely on the timing in the plant processing and the administration of herbal remedies. Conclusion: All these findings are based on empirical observations; laboratory screenings are needed to check the effectiveness of these plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tchadjobo Tchacondo
- Centre de Recherche et de Formation sur les Plantes Médicinales (CERFOPLAM), Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
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Karou SD, Tchacondo T, Tchibozo MAD, Anani K, Ouattara L, Simpore J, de Souza C. Screening Togolese medicinal plants for few pharmacological properties. Pharmacognosy Res 2012; 4:116-22. [PMID: 22518084 PMCID: PMC3326758 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.94737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Terminalia macroptera Guill. et Perr. (Combretaceae), Sida alba L. (Malvaceae), Prosopis africana Guill et Perr. Taub. (Mimosaceae), Bridelia ferruginea Benth. (Euphorbiaceae), and Vetiveria nigritana Stapf. (Asteraceae) are traditionally used in Togolese folk medicine to treat several diseases including microbial infections. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and hemolytic properties of the crude extracts of the above-mentioned plants. Materials and Methods: The antimicrobial and the antioxidant activities were assayed using the NCCLS microdilution method and the DPPH free radical scavenging, respectively. Human A+ red blood cells were used to perform the hemolytic assay. Phenolics were further quantified in the extracts using spectrophotometric methods. Results: Minimal inhibitory concentrations in the range of 230-1800 μg/ml were recorded in the NCCLS broth microdilution for both bacterial and fungal strains with methanol extracts. The DPPH radical scavenging assay yielded interesting antioxidant activities of the extracts of P. africana and T. macroptera (IC50 values of 0.003 ± 0.00 μg/ml and 0.05 ± 0.03 μg/ml, respectively). These activities were positively correlated with the total phenolic contents and negatively correlated with the proanthocyanidin content of the extracts. The hemolytic assay revealed that great hemolysis occurred with the methanol extracts of T. macroptera, S. longepedunculata, and B. ferruginea. Conclusion: These results support in part the use of the selected plants in the treatment of microbial infections. In addition, the plant showed an interesting antioxidant activity that could be useful in the management of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simplice D Karou
- Centre de Recherche et de Formation sur les Plantes Médicinales (CERFOPLAM), Université de Lomé, BP 1515, Lomé, Togo
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Karou SD, Tchacondo T, Ouattara L, Anani K, Savadogo A, Agbonon A, Attaia MB, de Souza C, Sakly M, Simpore J. Antimicrobial, antiplasmodial, haemolytic and antioxidant activities of crude extracts from three selected Togolese medicinal plants. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2012; 4:808-13. [PMID: 22014738 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(11)60199-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiplasmodial, acute toxicity and haemolytic activities of methanolic extracts of three plants. Phytochemical analysis to determine the phenolic contents was also carried out. METHODS The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, NCCLS broth microdilution and Plasmodium Lactate Dehydrogenase (pLDH) assays were used to determine antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiplasmodial activities, respectively. Haemolysis assay was conducted on A(+) human red blood cells and acute toxicity on male Swiss albino mice. Phenolics were quantitatively determined using spectrophotometric methods. RESULTS The DPPH assay yielded interesting antioxidant activities of methanolic extract of Parinari curatellifolia (P. curatellifolia) and Entada africana (E. africana) (IC(50) were 0.20±0.01 μg/mL and 0.47±0.01 μg/mL, respectively). This activity was highly correlated with phenolic contents of extracts. The antimicrobial tests displayed minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) values ranging from 0.90 to 1.80 mg/mL for Serratia marcescens (S. marcescens) the most susceptible bacterial strain. MIC value was 1.20 mg/mL for susceptible fungal strains including Mucor rouxi (M. rouxi), Fusarium oxyporum (F. oxyporum) and Rhizopus nigricans (R. nigricans). pLDH assay showed moderate antiplasmodial activity of Balanites aegyptiaca (B. aegyptiaca) (IC(50) = 24.56±3.45 μg/mL), however this extract was highly haemolytic and toxic in mice (LD(50) = 625±128 mg/kg). CONCLUSIONS Our results support in part the use of the selected plants in the treatment of microbial infections. In addition the plant showed interesting antioxidant activity that could be useful in the management of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simplice D Karou
- Centre de Recherche et de Formation sur les Plantes Médicinales, Université de Lomé, Togo.
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Koudouvo K, Karou SD, Ilboudo DP, Kokou K, Essien K, Aklikokou K, de Souza C, Simpore J, Gbéassor M. In vitro antiplasmodial activity of crude extracts from Togolese medicinal plants. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2012; 4:129-32. [PMID: 21771436 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(11)60052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 11/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the antimalarial effect of a few plants in Togo folk medicine. METHODS After ethnobotanical survey, Opilia celtidifolia, Pavetta corymbosa (P. corymbosa) and Tamarindus indica (T. indica) were selected for screening. In vitro antimalarial tests were performed on crude extracts against fresh clinical isolates of Plasmodium falciparum using the semi microtest. RESULTS Different IC(50) values of the extracts ranged from 2.042 to 100.000 μg/mL. According to the results, the methanol extract of aerial part of P. corymbosa followed by aqueous extract of fruit of T. indica were the most active (IC(50) of 2.042 and 4.786 μg/mL, respectively). Qualitative test revealed the presence of alkaloids in the leaves of P. corymbosa that may be responsible for the activity of the plant. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides scientific evidence for usage of plant in the folk medicine, and further studies are needed for identification and purification of the active principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koffi Koudouvo
- Centre de Recherche et de Formation sur les Plantes Médicinales (CERFOPLAM), Université de Lomé, Togo
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Karou SD, Tchacondo T, Djikpo Tchibozo MA, Abdoul-Rahaman S, Anani K, Koudouvo K, Batawila K, Agbonon A, Simpore J, de Souza C. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in the management of diabetes mellitus and hypertension in the Central Region of Togo. Pharm Biol 2011; 49:1286-1297. [PMID: 22077164 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2011.621959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The Tem tribe in the Central Region of Togo is a population with an extensive knowledge of medicinal plants. However, little is known about their medical practices, principally the use of plants in the management of diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension (HTN). OBJECTIVE The present study documented the indigenous medicinal plant utilization for the management of DM and HTN in the Togo Central Region. METHODOLOGY From March to October 2010, 55 traditional healers were interviewed about their knowledge on the use of plants for DM and HTN treatment. RESULTS The results revealed that 35/55 (63.64%) healers had treated at least one case of DM and/or HTN. They highlighted the use of 64 species belonging to 31 families in the treatment of DM and/or HTN. The most used plants against diabetes were Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae), Khaya senegalensis A. Juss. (Meliaceae), Sarcocephalus latifolius (Sm.) E.A. Bruce (Rubiaceae), Annona muricata L. (Annonaceae), Bridelia ferruginea Benth. (Phyllanthaceae), and Securidaca longepedunculata Fresen. (Polygalacae), while Allium sativum L. (Liliaceae) and Parkia biglobosa Benth. (Fabaceae), followed by Khaya senegalensis A. Juss. (Meliaceae), Gardenia ternifolia Schumach. (Rubiaceae), and Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) were the most commonly cited as antihypertensive. CONCLUSION The issue revealed that traditional healers of the above mentioned region have basic knowledge regarding herbal medicine for DM and HTN in comparison with previous published reports. Further pharmacological screening of the identified plants should be conducted to ascertain the effectiveness of these plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simplice Damintoti Karou
- Centre de Recherche et de Formation sur les Plantes Médicinales-CERFOPLAM, Université de Lomé-ESTBA-UL, BP 1515, Lomé, Togo.
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Etsè KD, Aïdam AV, de Souza C, Crèche J, Lanoue A. In vitropropagation ofZanthoxylum zanthoxyloidesLam., an endangered African medicinal plant. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/12538078.2011.10516253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Agassounon Djikpo-Tchibozo M, Karou SD, Sanon S, Toukourou F, de Souza C. In vitro antiplasmodial properties of Flacourtia flavescens Willd. (Flacourtiaceae) and Rytigynia canthioides (Benth.) Robyns (Rubiaceae). Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2010; 8:66-68. [PMID: 22238485 PMCID: PMC3218440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the in vitro antimalarial activity of Flacourtia flavescens Willd. (Flacourtiaceae) and Rytigynia canthioides (Benth.) Robyns (Rubiaceae). These two plants are used in Benin folk medicine to treat malaria and fever. Antimalarial activity was assayed on fresh clinical isolates of chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum using the in vitro semi-microtest. The results revealed that the IC(50) varied from 1.55 to 22.36µg/ml. F. flavescens hydro methanol extract was more active than R. canthioides. The study demonstrated scientific rationale behind the traditional usage of these plants, however further bioactivity guided phytochemical analyses are necessary to identify the active principles.
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Tchacondo T, Karou SD, Batawila K, Agban A, Ouro-Bang'na K, Anani KT, Gbeassor M, de Souza C. Herbal remedies and their adverse effects in Tem tribe traditional medicine in Togo. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2010; 8:45-60. [PMID: 22238483 DOI: 10.4314/ajtcam.v8i1.60522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In Africa, up to 80% of the population relies on herbal concoctions for their primarily health care. In Togo, western Africa, Tem tribe is a population with old knowledge of medicinal plants, however, still very little is known about their medical practices. The present study was conducted to access for the apprehension of adverse effects of traditional remedies by Tem traditional healers (TH). Enquiry was performed by interviews with healers from August to October 2007 in Tchaoudjo prefecture (Togo). The study allowed us to interview 54 TH including 41(75.93%) males and 13(24.07%) females, who cited 102 recipes assumed to have adverse effects. The recipes were used alone to cure several diseases including haemorrhoids (22.55%), female sexual disorders and infertility (21.57%), gastrointestinal disorders (18.63%), and malaria (6.86%). A total of 34 plants belonging to 21 families were cited to be components of the recipes. Euphorbiaceae and Mimosaceae families were the most represented, however, Nauclea latifolia, Khaya senegalensis, Pseudocedrela kotschyi and Xeroderris stuhlmannii were the main components of recipes linked to adverse effects. A total of 20 adverse effects were linked to the administration of theses drugs, and among them; diarrhoea, abdominal pains, polyuria, general weakness and vomiting were the most frequently encountered. These findings were in accordance with several reports of the literature concerning medicinal plants, although they were based on empirical observations. Laboratory screenings are needed to access for the effectiveness as well as the possible toxic effects of the recipes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tchadjobo Tchacondo
- Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Plantes Médicinales (CERFOPLAM), Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
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de Souza C, Ameyapoh Y, Karou SD, Anani KT, Kpodar ML, Gbeassor M. Assessing market-sold remedies in lomé (togo) for hygienic quality. Biotechnol Res Int 2010; 2011:572521. [PMID: 21350662 PMCID: PMC3042602 DOI: 10.4061/2011/572521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Traditional concoctions sold in marketplaces are always assumed to be safe and efficient; however, they can be potentially toxic because of poor hygienic practices in plant processing or storage. The present study aimed to assess for the microbial quality of market-sold vegetable drugs in Lomé. Thus, a total of 209 plant remedies were collected in marketplaces and analysed for the presence of total aerobic bacteria, total coliforms, thermotolerant coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus, sulphite reducing bacteria, and yeast and moulds according to the French Association of Normalisation (AFNOR) guidelines. The results revealed that all formulations were contaminated by several microorganisms, excepted alcohol-based mixtures. According to AFNOR limits nonconform drugs were according to total aerobic bacteria (86.96% powders, 81.82% capsules, 66.67% tisanes, and 42.11% decoctions); to total coliforms (9.10% capsules, 8.70% powders and 1.75% decoction); to yeasts and moulds (77.78% ointments, 40% calcined powders, 36.36% capsules, and 23.91% powders). The microbiological analysis revealed that the majority of contaminating bacteria were gram positive catalase positive and oxidase positive bacilli. Quality control studies on market-sold remedies are currently needed to evaluate the microbial risk in consuming these products and they may allow the standardisation of plant processing and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Comlan de Souza
- Centre de Recherche et de Formation sur les Plantes Médicinales (CEFOPLAM), ESTBA, Université de Lomé, Lomé BP 1515, Togo
| | - Yaovi Ameyapoh
- Centre de Recherche et de Formation sur les Plantes Médicinales (CEFOPLAM), ESTBA, Université de Lomé, Lomé BP 1515, Togo
| | - Simplice D. Karou
- Centre de Recherche et de Formation sur les Plantes Médicinales (CEFOPLAM), ESTBA, Université de Lomé, Lomé BP 1515, Togo
| | - Kokou T. Anani
- Centre de Recherche et de Formation sur les Plantes Médicinales (CEFOPLAM), ESTBA, Université de Lomé, Lomé BP 1515, Togo
| | - Madje L. Kpodar
- Centre de Recherche et de Formation sur les Plantes Médicinales (CEFOPLAM), ESTBA, Université de Lomé, Lomé BP 1515, Togo
| | - Mensavi Gbeassor
- Centre de Recherche et de Formation sur les Plantes Médicinales (CEFOPLAM), ESTBA, Université de Lomé, Lomé BP 1515, Togo
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Abstract
This study aimed to reduce post-harvest losses of pineapple local variety egbenana by the transformation of juice into vinegar through biotechnological process. Vinegar was produced through two successive fermentations: alcoholic and acetic fermentations. The alcohol fermentation was carried out at 30 degrees C using yeast. Biomass, pH and Brix were evaluated daily during the fermentation. Acetic fermentation was carried out at 30 degrees C using an acetic bacteria strain isolated from pineapple wine previously exposed to ambient temperature (28 degrees C) for 5 days. Biomass, pH and acid levels were monitored each 2 days. The performance of acetic bacteria isolated was also assessed by studying their glucose and ethanol tolerance. The study allowed the isolation of yeast coded Saccharomyces cerevisiae (LAS01) and an acetic bacteria coded Acetobacter sp. (ASV03) both occurring in the pineapple juice. The monitoring of successive fermentations indicated that the pineapple juice with sugar concentration of 20 Brix, seeded with 10(6) cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (LAS01) for alcoholic fermentation for 4 days and afterwards seeded with 10(6) cells of Acetobacter sp. resulted in 4.5 acetic degree vinegar at Brix 5.3% and pH 2.8 for 23 to 25 days. The study of glucose tolerance of the strain of Acetobacter sp. showed that the growth of acetic bacteria was important in a juice with high concentration of sugar. However, the concentration of ethanol did not effect on the acetic bacteria growth. These results enabled on one hand to improve the manufacturing technology of vinegar from fruits and on the other hand to produce a starter of yeast and acetic bacteria strains for this production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyram K Sossou
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Contrôle de Qualité des Denrées Alimentaires, Ecole Supérieure des Techniques Biologiques et Alimentaires, Université de Lomé, BP 1515, Togo
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Karou SD, Ilboudo IP, Nadembega WMC, Ameyapoh Y, Ouermi D, Pignatelli S, Pietra V, Traore AS, de Souza C, Simpore J. Antibiotic resistance in urinary tract bacteria in Ouagadougou. Pak J Biol Sci 2009; 12:712-716. [PMID: 19634476 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2009.712.716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to ascertain for the current situation of antimicrobial resistance of major urinary tract bacteria in Saint Camille Medical Centre. During two consecutive years, 794 urine specimens were analyzed for microorganism isolation and identification. The microorganisms were identified by conventional methods used in the centre and antimicrobial assays were performed by the NCCLS agar disk diffusion. Pathogenic microorganism's isolation was attempted for 89.04% samples. Escherichia coli (32.76%) was the most frequently isolated microorganism followed by Staphylococcus aureus (22.74%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (10.45%). The antimicrobial screenings revealed very high antimicrobial resistance, to beta-lactams. The resistance rates recorded with E. coli were 76.64, 74.01, 25 and 74.34% for ampicillin, amoxicillin amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and trimethoprime-sulfamethoxazole, respectively. Microorganisms were still susceptible to quinolones however, attention should be paid, because, the resistance rate already reached 10% for nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin. Periodic performance of prevalence studies is a useful tool to know the current situation of microorganisms and their resistance patterns in an institution and it helps to access the emergence and the spread of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simplice D Karou
- Centre de Recherche Biomoléculaire Pietro Annigoni, CERBA, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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19
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Abstract
Pathogenic mycobacteria are highly adapted for survival within host mononuclear phagocytes. This is largely due to the organism's capacity to prevent macrophage activation, block phagosome acidification and maturation, and attenuate presentation of antigens to the immune system. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is one such organism that modulates the ruminant innate immune response. It is the causative agent in paratuberculosis, a chronic progressive granulomatous enteritis in ruminants. MAP initially interacts with cell membrane receptors on bovine mononuclear phagocytes and initiates cell signaling responses and phagocytosis. Mannosylated liparabinomannan (Man-LAM) is a major component of the MAP cell wall that interacts with the cell membrane of mononuclear phagocytes and may be a major virulence factor. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) has been incriminated as major signaling receptor that binds to MAP and initiates signaling though the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-p38 pathway. This pathway induces transcription of interleukin (IL)-10. Early production of IL-10 suppresses proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, IL-12, and major histocompatability factor class-II expression. Both IL-10 dependent and IL-10 independent mechanisms appear to be involved in attenuation of phagosome acidification and phagolysosome fusion. Many of the suppressive effects of MAP on bovine mononuclear phagocytes can be reproduced by exposure of bovine monocytes to Man-LAM. Therefore, MAP Man-LAM-induced TLR2-MAPK-p38 signaling with resultant excessive IL-10 expression has emerged as one of the mechanisms by which MAP organisms suppress inflammatory, immune, and antimicrobial responses and promote their survival within host mononuclear phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Weiss
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Ameyapoh Y, de Souza C, Traore AS. Hygienic quality of traditional processing and stability of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) puree in Togo. Bioresour Technol 2008; 99:5798-5803. [PMID: 18164617 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2004] [Revised: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/04/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Microbiological and physicochemical qualities of a tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) puree production line (ripe tomato, washing, cutting, pounding, bleaching, straining, bottling and pasteurization) and its preservation in Togo, West Africa, were studied using the HACCP method. Samples generated during the steps described previously were analyzed by determining sensory, chemical and microbiological characteristics. Samples were analyzed using MPN for coliform populations and plate count methodology for other bacteria. The microorganisms involved in spoilage of the opened products were moulds of genera Penicillium, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Geotrichum, Mucor and gram-positive Bacillus bacteria. The preserved tomato puree exhibited a pH value of 4.3, 90% water content, 0.98 water activity (aw) and an average ascorbic acid level of 27.3mg/100g. Results showed that the critical control point (CCP) of this tomato puree processing line is the pasteurization stage. The analysis of selected microbiological and physicochemical parameters during the preservation of bottled tomato puree indicated that this product was stable over 22 months at 29 degrees C. But the stability of the opened product stored at 29 degrees C did not exceed two months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaovi Ameyapoh
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Contrôle de Qualité des Denrées Alimentaires, Ecole Supérieure des Techniques Biologiques et Alimentaires (ESTBA), Université de Lomé, B.P 1515, Lomé, Togo
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Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is the causative agent of Johne's disease, a chronic granulomatous enteritis of wild and domestic ruminants. During a long subclinical period, the organism persists in the intestine despite systemic cellular and humoral immune responses. To explore the mucosal immune response in Johne's disease, we isolated mononuclear leukocytes from the ileum of cows naturally infected with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis and from cows that were not infected. We evaluated the immunophenotype of these cells and the proliferative responses after the addition of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis sonicate or B-cell or T-cell mitogens. Although the percentage of T cells was increased in infected cows, these cells consisted mostly of memory (CD2+CD62L-) and regulatory (CD4+CD25+) T cells. Further evidence of immune hyporesponsiveness included a decrease in the percentage of T cells with an activated phenotype and a decrease in cells expressing major histocompatibility factor class II (MHC class II). Unlike the spleen, ileal lymphocytes from infected cows failed to proliferate in response to M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis sonicate. Additionally, ileal lymphocytes from infected cows proliferated poorly in response to concanavalin A and pokeweed mitogen, suggesting generalized T cell and B cell hyporesponsiveness. These results indicate that a state of tolerance may exist in the intestine of cows subclinically infected with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis organisms in subclinically infected cows. This effect may be induced, at least in part, by proliferation of regulatory T cells that nonspecifically suppress mucosal immune responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Weiss
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Dunn MJG, Mitchell R, Souza CD, Drummond G. Evaluation of propofol and remifentanil for intravenous sedation for reducing shoulder dislocations in the emergency department. Emerg Med J 2006; 23:57-8. [PMID: 16373806 PMCID: PMC2564132 DOI: 10.1136/emj.2004.021410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the combination of propofol and remifentanil for sedation to reduce shoulder dislocations in an ED. METHODS Eleven patients with anterior glenohumeral dislocation were given propofol 0.5 mg/kg and remifentanil 0.5 microg/kg iv over 90 seconds and then further doses of 0.25 mg/kg and 0.25 microg/kg, respectively, if needed. Another practitioner attempted reduction using the Milch technique. RESULTS Reduction was achieved in all patients within four minutes of giving sedation (range 0.3-4; mean 1.6). Seven required one attempt at shoulder reduction, three required two attempts, and one required three attempts. Mean time to recovery of alert status was three minutes (range 1-6). The mean pain score during the reduction was 1.7 out of 10 (range 0-5). Nine patients had full recall, one had partial recall, and one had no recall at all. Eight patients were "very satisfied" with the sedation and three were "satisfied". There were no respiratory or haemodynamic complications that required treatment. CONCLUSIONS Propofol and remifentanil provide excellent sedation and analgesia for the reduction of anterior glenohumeral dislocation, enabling rapid recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J G Dunn
- Emergency Department, The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh at Little France, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, UK.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors report early results of a screening program for Congenital Hypothyroidism in Santa Catarina, Brazil. METHODS All the assays (82.709) analysed by Laboratório Central (LACEN) between July 1993 and December 1994 were studied. A blood sample was collected on filter paper for serum Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) measurement by fluoroimmunoassay, in triplicate. All children who had persistent abnormal TSH values (cord blood: TSH > 30 micro U/ml; from 2 to 7 days: >20 micro U/ml; older than 7 days: > 10 micro U/ml) were recalled for clinical evaluation. RESULTS Out of 82.709 infants aged from 0 to 60 days (40% of the deliveries in this period), 304 presented abnormal results of TSH and 34 were confirmed as Congenital Hypothyroidism. The mean age of beginning the treatment was 45 days of life. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence (1:2500) was higher than that observed in other countries, probably because some children had Transient Congenital Hypothyroidism. Nevertheless, sex prevalence was similar to that described in the literature. Clinical manifestations were inespecific which reinforces the importance of this kind of screening. Efforts have been done to improve the program in order to begin earlier treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Nascimento
- Serviço de Endocrinologia do Hospital Infantil Joana de Gusmão
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Dwivedi S, Souza CD. Mitral valve prolapse and rheumatic heart disease. J Assoc Physicians India 1990; 38:876. [PMID: 2079481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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McDermid HE, Goodfellow PJ, Duncan AM, Brasch KR, Simpson NE, Souza CD, Holden JJ, White BN. A polymorphic locus, D10S5, at 10q21.1. Nucleic Acids Res 1987; 15:5498. [PMID: 2885808 PMCID: PMC305993 DOI: 10.1093/nar/15.13.5498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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