351
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Zorzoli A, Meyer BH, Adair E, Torgov VI, Veselovsky VV, Danilov LL, Uhrin D, Dorfmueller HC. Group A, B, C, and G Streptococcus Lancefield antigen biosynthesis is initiated by a conserved α-d-GlcNAc-β-1,4-l-rhamnosyltransferase. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:15237-15256. [PMID: 31506299 PMCID: PMC6802508 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A carbohydrate (GAC) is a bacterial peptidoglycan-anchored surface rhamnose polysaccharide (RhaPS) that is essential for growth of Streptococcus pyogenes and contributes to its ability to infect the human host. In this study, using molecular and synthetic biology approaches, biochemistry, radiolabeling techniques, and NMR and MS analyses, we examined the role of GacB, encoded in the S. pyogenes GAC gene cluster, in the GAC biosynthesis pathway. We demonstrate that GacB is the first characterized α-d-GlcNAc-β-1,4-l-rhamnosyltransferase that synthesizes the committed step in the biosynthesis of the GAC virulence determinant. Importantly, the substitution of S. pyogenes gacB with the homologous gene from Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus), Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (Group C Streptococcus), Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (Group G Streptococcus), or Streptococcus mutans complemented the GAC biosynthesis pathway. These results, combined with those from extensive in silico studies, reveal a common phylogenetic origin of the genes required for this priming step in >40 pathogenic species of the Streptococcus genus, including members from the Lancefield Groups B, C, D, E, G, and H. Importantly, this priming step appears to be unique to streptococcal ABC transporter-dependent RhaPS biosynthesis, whereas the Wzx/Wzy-dependent streptococcal capsular polysaccharide pathways instead require an α-d-Glc-β-1,4-l-rhamnosyltransferase. The insights into the RhaPS priming step obtained here open the door to targeting the early steps of the group carbohydrate biosynthesis pathways in species of the Streptococcus genus of high clinical and veterinary importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azul Zorzoli
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin H Meyer
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Adair
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Vladimir I Torgov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Veselovsky
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Leonid L Danilov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Dusan Uhrin
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Helge C Dorfmueller
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
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352
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Leonard AC, Petrie LE, Cox G. Bacterial Anti-adhesives: Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Colonization. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:1668-1681. [PMID: 31374164 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial adhesion to the skin and mucosa is often a fundamental and early step in host colonization, the establishment of bacterial infections, and pathology. This process is facilitated by adhesins on the surface of the bacterial cell that recognize host cell molecules. Interfering with bacterial host cell adhesion, so-called anti-adhesive therapeutics, offers promise for the development of novel approaches to control bacterial infections. In this review, we focus on the discovery of anti-adhesives targeting the high priority pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. This organism remains a major clinical burden, and S. aureus nasal colonization is associated with poor clinical outcomes. We describe the molecular basis of nasal colonization and highlight potentially efficacious targets for the development of novel nasal decolonization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison C. Leonard
- College of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Laurenne E. Petrie
- College of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Georgina Cox
- College of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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353
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Jing X, Jin K. A gold mine for drug discovery: Strategies to develop cyclic peptides into therapies. Med Res Rev 2019; 40:753-810. [PMID: 31599007 DOI: 10.1002/med.21639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As a versatile therapeutic modality, peptides attract much attention because of their great binding affinity, low toxicity, and the capability of targeting traditionally "undruggable" protein surfaces. However, the deficiency of cell permeability and metabolic stability always limits the success of in vitro bioactive peptides as drug candidates. Peptide macrocyclization is one of the most established strategies to overcome these limitations. Over the past decades, more than 40 cyclic peptide drugs have been clinically approved, the vast majority of which are derived from natural products. The de novo discovered cyclic peptides on the basis of rational design and in vitro evolution, have also enabled the binding with targets for which nature provides no solutions. The current review summarizes different classes of cyclic peptides with diverse biological activities, and presents an overview of various approaches to develop cyclic peptide-based drug candidates, drawing upon series of examples to illustrate each strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshu Jing
- Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kang Jin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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354
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Sumrall ET, Shen Y, Keller AP, Rismondo J, Pavlou M, Eugster MR, Boulos S, Disson O, Thouvenot P, Kilcher S, Wollscheid B, Cabanes D, Lecuit M, Gründling A, Loessner MJ. Phage resistance at the cost of virulence: Listeria monocytogenes serovar 4b requires galactosylated teichoic acids for InlB-mediated invasion. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008032. [PMID: 31589660 PMCID: PMC6779246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes is distinguished by its ability to invade and replicate within mammalian cells. Remarkably, of the 15 serovars within the genus, strains belonging to serovar 4b cause the majority of listeriosis clinical cases and outbreaks. The Listeria O-antigens are defined by subtle structural differences amongst the peptidoglycan-associated wall-teichoic acids (WTAs), and their specific glycosylation patterns. Here, we outline the genetic determinants required for WTA decoration in serovar 4b L. monocytogenes, and demonstrate the exact nature of the 4b-specific antigen. We show that challenge by bacteriophages selects for surviving clones that feature mutations in genes involved in teichoic acid glycosylation, leading to a loss of galactose from both wall teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid molecules, and a switch from serovar 4b to 4d. Surprisingly, loss of this galactose decoration not only prevents phage adsorption, but leads to a complete loss of surface-associated Internalin B (InlB),the inability to form actin tails, and a virulence attenuation in vivo. We show that InlB specifically recognizes and attaches to galactosylated teichoic acid polymers, and is secreted upon loss of this modification, leading to a drastically reduced cellular invasiveness. Consequently, these phage-insensitive bacteria are unable to interact with cMet and gC1q-R host cell receptors, which normally trigger cellular uptake upon interaction with InlB. Collectively, we provide detailed mechanistic insight into the dual role of a surface antigen crucial for both phage adsorption and cellular invasiveness, demonstrating a trade-off between phage resistance and virulence in this opportunistic pathogen. L. monocytogenes is a Gram-positive, food-borne, intracellular pathogen that causes severe infection in susceptible individuals. Interestingly, almost all infections are caused by a subset of strains belonging to certain serovars featuring a complex glycosylation pattern on their cell surface. Using an engineered bacteriophage that specifically recognizes these modifications we selected for mutants that lost these sugars. We found that the resulting strains are severely deficient in invading host cells as we observed that a major virulence factor mediating host cell entry requires galactose decoration of the cell surface for its function. Without this galactose decoration, the strain represents a serovar not associated with disease. Altogether, we show a complex interplay between bacteriophages, bacteria, and the host, demonstrating that cellular invasiveness is dependent upon a serovar-defining structure, which also serves as a phage receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T. Sumrall
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yang Shen
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (YS); (MJL)
| | - Anja P. Keller
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jeanine Rismondo
- Section of Microbiology and MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Pavlou
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcel R. Eugster
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samy Boulos
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Disson
- Biology of Infection Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Inserm U1117, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Thouvenot
- Biology of Infection Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Inserm U1117, Paris, France
| | - Samuel Kilcher
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Wollscheid
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Didier Cabanes
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde; Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marc Lecuit
- Biology of Infection Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Inserm U1117, Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, APHP, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Angelika Gründling
- Section of Microbiology and MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J. Loessner
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (YS); (MJL)
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355
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Patel V, Black KA, Rhee KY, Helmann JD. Bacillus subtilis PgcA moonlights as a phosphoglucosamine mutase in support of peptidoglycan synthesis. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008434. [PMID: 31589605 PMCID: PMC6797236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphohexomutase superfamily enzymes catalyze the reversible intramolecular transfer of a phosphoryl moiety on hexose sugars. Bacillus subtilis phosphoglucomutase PgcA catalyzes the reversible interconversion of glucose 6-phosphate (Glc-6-P) and glucose 1-phosphate (Glc-1-P), a precursor of UDP-glucose (UDP-Glc). B. subtilis phosphoglucosamine mutase (GlmM) is a member of the same enzyme superfamily that converts glucosamine 6-phosphate (GlcN-6-P) to glucosamine 1-phosphate (GlcN-1-P), a precursor of the amino sugar moiety of peptidoglycan. Here, we present evidence that B. subtilis PgcA possesses activity as a phosphoglucosamine mutase that contributes to peptidoglycan biosynthesis. This activity was made genetically apparent by the synthetic lethality of pgcA with glmR, a positive regulator of amino sugar biosynthesis, which can be specifically suppressed by overproduction of GlmM. A gain-of-function mutation in a substrate binding loop (PgcA G47S) increases this secondary activity and suppresses a glmR mutant. Our results demonstrate that bacterial phosphoglucomutases may possess secondary phosphoglucosamine mutase activity, and that this dual activity may provide some level of functional redundancy for the essential peptidoglycan biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaidehi Patel
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Katherine A. Black
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Kyu Y. Rhee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - John D. Helmann
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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356
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Hager FF, Sützl L, Stefanović C, Blaukopf M, Schäffer C. Pyruvate Substitutions on Glycoconjugates. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4929. [PMID: 31590345 PMCID: PMC6801904 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoconjugates are the most diverse biomolecules of life. Mostly located at the cell surface, they translate into cell-specific "barcodes" and offer a vast repertoire of functions, including support of cellular physiology, lifestyle, and pathogenicity. Functions can be fine-tuned by non-carbohydrate modifications on the constituting monosaccharides. Among these modifications is pyruvylation, which is present either in enol or ketal form. The most commonly best-understood example of pyruvylation is enol-pyruvylation of N-acetylglucosamine, which occurs at an early stage in the biosynthesis of the bacterial cell wall component peptidoglycan. Ketal-pyruvylation, in contrast, is present in diverse classes of glycoconjugates, from bacteria to algae to yeast-but not in humans. Mild purification strategies preventing the loss of the acid-labile ketal-pyruvyl group have led to a collection of elucidated pyruvylated glycan structures. However, knowledge of involved pyruvyltransferases creating a ring structure on various monosaccharides is scarce, mainly due to the lack of knowledge of fingerprint motifs of these enzymes and the unavailability of genome sequences of the organisms undergoing pyruvylation. This review compiles the current information on the widespread but under-investigated ketal-pyruvylation of monosaccharides, starting with different classes of pyruvylated glycoconjugates and associated functions, leading to pyruvyltransferases, their specificity and sequence space, and insight into pyruvate analytics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona F Hager
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Leander Sützl
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Muthgasse 11, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Cordula Stefanović
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Markus Blaukopf
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Organic Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Christina Schäffer
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
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357
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G C B, Sahukhal GS, Elasri MO. Role of the msaABCR Operon in Cell Wall Biosynthesis, Autolysis, Integrity, and Antibiotic Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:e00680-19. [PMID: 31307991 PMCID: PMC6761503 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00680-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen in both community and health care settings. One of the challenges with S. aureus as a pathogen is its acquisition of antibiotic resistance. Previously, we showed that deletion of the msaABCR operon reduces cell wall thickness, resulting in decreased resistance to vancomycin in vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA). In this study, we investigated the nature of the cell wall defect in the msaABCR operon mutant in the Mu50 (VISA) and USA300 LAC methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. Results showed that msaABCR mutant cells had decreased cross-linking in both strains. This defect is typically due to increased murein hydrolase activity and/or nonspecific processing of murein hydrolases mediated by increased protease activity in mutant cells. The defect was enhanced by a decrease in teichoic acid content in the msaABCR mutant. Therefore, we propose that deletion of the msaABCR operon results in decreased peptidoglycan cross-linking, leading to increased susceptibility toward cell wall-targeting antibiotics, such as β-lactams and vancomycin. Moreover, we also observed significantly downregulated transcription of early cell wall-synthesizing genes, supporting the finding that msaABCR mutant cells have decreased peptidoglycan synthesis. More specifically, the msaABCR mutant in the USA300 LAC strain (MRSA) showed significantly reduced expression of the murA gene, whereas the msaABCR mutant in the Mu50 strain (VISA) showed significantly reduced expression of glmU, murA, and murD Thus, we conclude that the msaABCR operon controls the balance between cell wall synthesis and cell wall hydrolysis, which is required for maintaining a robust cell wall and acquiring resistance to cell wall-targeting antibiotics, such as vancomycin and the β-lactams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibek G C
- Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Gyan S Sahukhal
- Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Mohamed O Elasri
- Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, USA
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358
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Yin Y, Yao H, Doijad S, Kong S, Shen Y, Cai X, Tan W, Wang Y, Feng Y, Ling Z, Wang G, Hu Y, Lian K, Sun X, Liu Y, Wang C, Jiao K, Liu G, Song R, Chen X, Pan Z, Loessner MJ, Chakraborty T, Jiao X. A hybrid sub-lineage of Listeria monocytogenes comprising hypervirulent isolates. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4283. [PMID: 31570766 PMCID: PMC6768887 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12072-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is a highly heterogeneous species and currently comprises of 4 evolutionarily distinct lineages. Here, we characterize isolates from severe ovine listeriosis outbreaks that represent a hybrid sub-lineage of the major lineage II (HSL-II) and serotype 4h. HSL-II isolates are highly virulent and exhibit higher organ colonization capacities than well-characterized hypervirulent strains of Lm in an orogastric mouse infection model. The isolates harbour both the Lm Pathogenicity Island (LIPI)-1 and a truncated LIPI-2 locus, encoding sphingomyelinase (SmcL), a virulence factor required for invasion and bacterial translocation from the gut, and other non-contiguous chromosomal segments from another pathogenic species, L. ivanovii. HSL-II isolates exhibit a unique wall teichoic acid (WTA) structure essential for resistance to antimicrobial peptides, bacterial invasion and virulence. The discovery of isolates harbouring pan-species virulence genes of the genus Listeria warrants global efforts to identify further hypervirulent lineages of Lm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuelan Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Hao Yao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Swapnil Doijad
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, 35394, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Campus Gießen, Justus-Liebig University, Gießen, 35394, Germany
| | - Suwei Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yang Shen
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xuexue Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weijun Tan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Youwei Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhiting Ling
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guoliang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yachen Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kai Lian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xinyu Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuliang Liu
- China Animal Disease Control Center, No.17 Tiangui Street, Daxing District, 102618, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanbin Wang
- China Animal Disease Control Center, No.17 Tiangui Street, Daxing District, 102618, Beijing, China
| | - Kuhua Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guoping Liu
- Xuyi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Xuyi City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ruilong Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhiming Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Martin J Loessner
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Trinad Chakraborty
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, 35394, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Campus Gießen, Justus-Liebig University, Gießen, 35394, Germany.
| | - Xin'an Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Hsu YP, Booher G, Egan A, Vollmer W, VanNieuwenhze MS. d-Amino Acid Derivatives as in Situ Probes for Visualizing Bacterial Peptidoglycan Biosynthesis. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:2713-2722. [PMID: 31419110 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial cell wall is composed of membrane layers and a rigid yet flexible scaffold called peptidoglycan (PG). PG provides mechanical strength to enable bacteria to resist damage from the environment and lysis due to high internal turgor. PG also has a critical role in dictating bacterial cell morphology. The essential nature of PG for bacterial propagation, as well as its value as an antibiotic target, has led to renewed interest in the study of peptidoglycan biosynthesis. However, significant knowledge gaps remain that must be addressed before a clear understanding of peptidoglycan synthesis and dynamics is realized. For example, the enzymes involved in the PG biosynthesis pathway have not been fully characterized. Our understanding of PG biosynthesis has been frequently revamped by the discovery of novel enzymes or newly characterized functions of known enzymes. In addition, we do not clearly know how the respective activities of these enzymes are coordinated with each other and how they control the spatial and temporal dynamics of PG synthesis. The emergence of molecular probes and imaging techniques has significantly advanced the study PG synthesis and modification. Prior efforts utilized the specificity of PG-targeting antibiotics and proteins to develop PG-specific probes, such as fluorescent vancomycin and fluorescent wheat germ agglutinin. However, these probes suffer from limitations due to toxic effects toward bacterial cells and poor membrane permeability. To address these issues, we designed and introduced a family of novel molecular probes, fluorescent d-amino acids (FDAAs), which are covalently incorporated into PG through the activities of endogenous bacterial transpeptidases. Their high biocompatibility and PG specificity have made them powerful tools for labeling peptidoglycan. In addition, their enzyme-mediated incorporation faithfully reflects the activity of PG synthases, providing a direct in situ method for studying PG formation during the bacterial life cycle. In this Account, we describe our efforts directed at the development of FDAAs and their derivatives. These probes have enabled for the first time the ability to visualize PG synthesis in live bacterial cells and in real time. We summarize experimental evidence for FDAA incorporation into PG and the enzyme-mediated incorporation pathway. We demonstrate various applications of FDAAs, including bacterial morphology analyses, PG growth model studies, investigation of PG-enzyme correlation, in vitro PG synthase activity assays, and antibiotic inhibition tests. Finally, we discuss the current limitations of the probes and our ongoing efforts to improve them. We are confident that these probes will prove to be valuable tools that will enable the discovery of new antibiotic targets and expand the available arsenal directed at the public health threat posed by antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Pang Hsu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, Simon Hall 001, 212 South Hawthorne Drive, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Garrett Booher
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, Simon Hall 001, 212 South Hawthorne Drive, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Alexander Egan
- The Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Newcastle University, Richardson Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, United Kingdom
| | - Waldemar Vollmer
- The Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Newcastle University, Richardson Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S. VanNieuwenhze
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, Simon Hall 001, 212 South Hawthorne Drive, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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360
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Wu X, Zha J, Koffas MAG, Dordick JS. ReducingStaphylococcus aureusresistance to lysostaphin using CRISPR‐dCas9. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:3149-3159. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wu
- School of Food and Biological EngineeringShaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an Shaanxi China
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary StudiesRensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy New York
| | - Jian Zha
- School of Food and Biological EngineeringShaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an Shaanxi China
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary StudiesRensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy New York
| | - Mattheos A. G. Koffas
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary StudiesRensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy New York
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringRensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy New York
| | - Jonathan S. Dordick
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary StudiesRensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy New York
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringRensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy New York
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringRensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy New York
- Department of Biological SciencesRensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy New York
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361
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Ingmer H, Gerlach D, Wolz C. Temperate Phages of Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiol Spectr 2019; 7:10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0058-2018. [PMID: 31562736 PMCID: PMC10921950 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0058-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Most Staphylococcus aureus isolates carry multiple bacteriophages in their genome, which provide the pathogen with traits important for niche adaptation. Such temperate S. aureus phages often encode a variety of accessory factors that influence virulence, immune evasion and host preference of the bacterial lysogen. Moreover, transducing phages are primary vehicles for horizontal gene transfer. Wall teichoic acid (WTA) acts as a common phage receptor for staphylococcal phages and structural variations of WTA govern phage-host specificity thereby shaping gene transfer across clonal lineages and even species. Thus, bacteriophages are central for the success of S. aureus as a human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Ingmer
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David Gerlach
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christiane Wolz
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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362
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Keinhörster D, George SE, Weidenmaier C, Wolz C. Function and regulation of Staphylococcus aureus wall teichoic acids and capsular polysaccharides. Int J Med Microbiol 2019; 309:151333. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2019.151333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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363
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Alizadeh Behbahani B, Noshad M, Falah F. Inhibition of Escherichia coli adhesion to human intestinal Caco-2 cells by probiotic candidate Lactobacillus plantarum strain L15. Microb Pathog 2019; 136:103677. [PMID: 31437574 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics are microbial strains beneficial to human health if consumed in appropriate amounts. Their potential has recently led to a significant increase in research interest in their effects on the intestine, mainly by reinforcing the intestinal epithelium and modulating the gut microbiota. This study aimed to evaluate the probiotic features of Lactobacillus plantarum strain L15 based on adhesive properties for the inhibition of the adhesion of infectious pathogens. The molecular identification of the strain was performed from the sequencing of 16S ribosomal DNA with 27FYM and 1492R primers, and its probiotic features, including resistance to gastric juices, resistance to bile salts, and hydrophobicity were evaluated. The potential of Lactobacillus plantarum strain L15 to adhere to human adenocarcinoma intestinal cell line, Caco-2, as well as the auto and co-aggregation and anti-adherence activity against Escherichia coli were investigated. The results demonstrated that this strain has a desirable potential for passing through the low pH of the stomach and entering the intestines. Moreover, 54% hydrophobicity, 44% auto-aggregation, and 32% co-aggregation were observed for this strain. The adhesion level of Lactobacillus plantarum strain L15 to Caco-2 cells was 12%, and adhered lactobacilli cells were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, this strain showed appropriate anti-adherence effects, including competition, inhibition, and replacement properties against Escherichia coli. The results indicated that Lactobacillus plantarum strain L15 had good potential for exerting antagonistic effects against E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrooz Alizadeh Behbahani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Technology, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Noshad
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Technology, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Falah
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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364
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Claessen D, Errington J. Cell Wall Deficiency as a Coping Strategy for Stress. Trends Microbiol 2019; 27:1025-1033. [PMID: 31420127 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The cell wall is a surface layer located outside the cell membrane of almost all bacteria; it protects cells from environmental stresses and gives them their typical shape. The cell wall is highly conserved in bacteria and is the target for some of our best antibiotics. Surprisingly, some bacteria are able to shed their wall under the influence of stress, yielding cells that are cell-wall-deficient. Notably, wall-deficient cells are flexible and are able to maneuver through narrow spaces, insensitive to wall-targeting antibiotics, and capable of taking up and exchanging DNA. Moreover, given that wall-associated epitopes are often recognized by host defense systems, wall deficiency provides a plausible explanation for how some bacteria may hide in their host. In this review we focus on this paradoxical stress response, which provides cells with unique opportunities that are unavailable to walled cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Claessen
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333, BE, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Jeff Errington
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4AX, UK.
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365
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van Tol W, van Scherpenzeel M, Alsady M, Riemersma M, Hermans E, Kragt E, Tasca G, Kamsteeg EJ, Pennings M, van Beusekom E, Vermeulen JR, van Bokhoven H, Voermans NC, Willemsen MA, Ashikov A, Lefeber DJ. Cytidine Diphosphate-Ribitol Analysis for Diagnostics and Treatment Monitoring of Cytidine Diphosphate-l-Ribitol Pyrophosphorylase A Muscular Dystrophy. Clin Chem 2019; 65:1295-1306. [PMID: 31375477 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2019.305391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many muscular dystrophies currently remain untreatable. Recently, dietary ribitol has been suggested as a treatment for cytidine diphosphate (CDP)-l-ribitol pyrophosphorylase A (CRPPA, ISPD), fukutin (FKTN), and fukutin-related protein (FKRP) myopathy, by raising CDP-ribitol concentrations. Thus, to facilitate fast diagnosis, treatment development, and treatment monitoring, sensitive detection of CDP-ribitol is required. METHODS An LC-MS method was optimized for CDP-ribitol in human and mice cells and tissues. RESULTS CDP-ribitol, the product of CRPPA, was detected in all major human and mouse tissues. Moreover, CDP-ribitol concentrations were reduced in fibroblasts and skeletal muscle biopsies from patients with CRPPA myopathy, showing that CDP-ribitol could serve as a diagnostic marker to identify patients with CRPPA with severe Walker-Warburg syndrome and mild limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) phenotypes. A screen for potentially therapeutic monosaccharides revealed that ribose, in addition to ribitol, restored CDP-ribitol concentrations and the associated O-glycosylation defect of α-dystroglycan. As the effect occurred in a mutation-dependent manner, we established a CDP-ribitol blood test to facilitate diagnosis and predict individualized treatment response. Ex vivo incubation of blood cells with ribose or ribitol restored CDP-ribitol concentrations in a patient with CRPPA LGMD. CONCLUSIONS Sensitive detection of CDP-ribitol with LC-MS allows fast diagnosis of patients with severe and mild CRPPA myopathy. Ribose offers a readily testable dietary therapy for CRPPA myopathy, with possible applicability for patients with FKRP and FKTN myopathy. Evaluation of CDP-ribitol in blood is a promising tool for the evaluation and monitoring of dietary therapies for CRPPA myopathy in a patient-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walinka van Tol
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Monique van Scherpenzeel
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Mohammad Alsady
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Moniek Riemersma
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Esther Hermans
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Else Kragt
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Giorgio Tasca
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Invecchiamento, Neurologiche, Ortopediche e della Testa-Collo, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Erik-Jan Kamsteeg
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Maartje Pennings
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ellen van Beusekom
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Hans van Bokhoven
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Nicol C Voermans
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Michèl A Willemsen
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Amalia Children's Hospital, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Angel Ashikov
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk J Lefeber
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; .,Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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366
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Dalal V, Kumar P, Rakhaminov G, Qamar A, Fan X, Hunter H, Tomar S, Golemi-Kotra D, Kumar P. Repurposing an Ancient Protein Core Structure: Structural Studies on FmtA, a Novel Esterase of Staphylococcus aureus. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:3107-3123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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367
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Yasir M, Dutta D, Willcox MDP. Mode of action of the antimicrobial peptide Mel4 is independent of Staphylococcus aureus cell membrane permeability. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215703. [PMID: 31356627 PMCID: PMC6663011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mel4 is a novel cationic peptide with potent activity against Gram-positive bacteria. The current study examined the anti-staphylococcal mechanism of action of Mel4 and its precursor peptide melimine. The interaction of peptides with lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and with the cytoplasmic membrane using DiSC(3)-5, Sytox green, Syto-9 and PI dyes were studied. Release of ATP and DNA/RNA from cells exposed to the peptides were determined. Bacteriolysis and autolysin-activated cell death were determined by measuring decreases in OD620nm and killing of Micrococcus lysodeikticus cells by cell-free media. Both peptides bound to LTA and rapidly dissipated the membrane potential (within 30 seconds) without affecting bacterial viability. Disturbance of the membrane potential was followed by the release of ATP (50% of total cellular ATP) by melimine and by Mel4 (20%) after 2 minutes exposure (p<0.001). Mel4 resulted in staphylococcal cells taking up PI with 3.9% cells predominantly stained after 150 min exposure, whereas melimine showed 34% staining. Unlike melimine, Mel4 did not release DNA/RNA. Cell-free media from Mel4 treated cells hydrolysed peptidoglycan and produced greater zones of inhibition against M. lysodeikticus lawn than melimine treated samples. These findings suggest that pore formation is unlikely to be involved in Mel4-mediated membrane destabilization for staphylococci, since there was no significant Mel4-induced PI staining and DNA/RNA leakage. It is likely that the S. aureus killing mechanism of Mel4 involves the release of autolysins followed by cell death. Whereas, membrane interaction is the primary bactericidal activity of melimine, which includes membrane depolarization, pore formation, release of cellular contents leading to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Yasir
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Debarun Dutta
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Ophthalmic Research Group, School of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mark D. P. Willcox
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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368
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Coupri D, Budin-Verneuil A, Hartke A, Benachour A, Léger L, Lequeux T, Pfund E, Verneuil N. Genetic and pharmacological inactivation of d-alanylation of teichoic acids sensitizes pathogenic enterococci to β-lactams. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019; 74:3162-3169. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkz322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundEnterococci intrinsically resistant to cephalosporins represent a major cause of healthcare-associated infections, and the emergence of MDR makes therapeutic approaches particularly challenging.ObjectivesTeichoic acids are cell wall glycopolymers present in Gram-positive bacteria. Teichoic acids can be modified by d-alanylation, which requires four proteins encoded by the dltABCD operon. Our objective was to evaluate the Dlt system as a druggable target to treat enterococcal infections.MethodsThe susceptibility of a d-alanylation-deficient strain of Enterococcus faecalis to β-lactam antibiotics individually and/or in combination was analysed. Moreover, a DltA inhibitor was synthesized to test pharmacological inhibition of d-alanylation in vivo and in host using the animal model Galleria mellonella with different clinical isolates of E. faecalis and Enterococcus faecium.ResultsMost cephalosporins used as mono treatment had no impact on survival of the parental strain, but were slightly lethal for the dltA mutant of E. faecalis. Addition of a very low concentration of amoxicillin significantly increased killing of the dltA mutant under these conditions. The most spectacular effect was obtained with a combination of cefotaxime (1 mg/L) and amoxicillin (0.03 mg/L). In the presence of the inhibitor, the WT strain was as susceptible to this combination treatment as the dltA mutant. This molecule associated with the antibiotics was also effective in killing other E. faecalis clinical isolates and successfully prevented death of Galleria infected with either E. faecalis or E. faecium.ConclusionsThe combined results support the potential usefulness of the Dlt system as a target to potentiate antibiotic combination therapies for the treatment of drug-resistant enterococci.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Axel Hartke
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, U2RM, Caen, France
| | | | - Loïc Léger
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, U2RM, Caen, France
| | - Thierry Lequeux
- Normandie Université, Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et Thioorganique UMR 6507, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, 6 Bd du Maréchal Juin, Caen, France
| | - Emmanuel Pfund
- Normandie Université, Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et Thioorganique UMR 6507, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, 6 Bd du Maréchal Juin, Caen, France
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369
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The Ser/Thr Kinase PrkC Participates in Cell Wall Homeostasis and Antimicrobial Resistance in Clostridium difficile. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00005-19. [PMID: 31085703 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00005-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in adults. During infection, C. difficile must detect the host environment and induce an appropriate survival strategy. Signal transduction networks involving serine/threonine kinases (STKs) play key roles in adaptation, as they regulate numerous physiological processes. PrkC of C. difficile is an STK with two PASTA domains. We showed that PrkC is membrane associated and is found at the septum. We observed that deletion of prkC affects cell morphology with an increase in mean size, cell length heterogeneity, and presence of abnormal septa. A ΔprkC mutant was able to sporulate and germinate but was less motile and formed more biofilm than the wild-type strain. Moreover, a ΔprkC mutant was more sensitive to antimicrobial compounds that target the cell envelope, such as the secondary bile salt deoxycholate, cephalosporins, cationic antimicrobial peptides, and lysozyme. This increased susceptibility was not associated with differences in peptidoglycan or polysaccharide II composition. However, the ΔprkC mutant had less peptidoglycan and released more polysaccharide II into the supernatant. A proteomic analysis showed that the majority of C. difficile proteins associated with the cell wall were less abundant in the ΔprkC mutant than the wild-type strain. Finally, in a hamster model of infection, the ΔprkC mutant had a colonization delay that did not significantly affect overall virulence.
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370
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Kovacs CJ, Faustoferri RC, Bischer AP, Quivey RG. Streptococcus mutans requires mature rhamnose-glucose polysaccharides for proper pathophysiology, morphogenesis and cellular division. Mol Microbiol 2019; 112:944-959. [PMID: 31210392 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria has been shown to mediate environmental stress tolerance, antibiotic susceptibility, host immune evasion and overall virulence. The majority of these traits have been demonstrated for the well-studied system of wall teichoic acid (WTA) synthesis, a common cell wall polysaccharide among Gram-positive organisms. Streptococcus mutans, a Gram-positive odontopathogen that contributes to the enamel-destructive disease dental caries, lacks the capabilities to generate WTA. Instead, the cell wall of S. mutans is highly decorated with rhamnose-glucose polysaccharides (RGP), for which functional roles are poorly defined. Here, we demonstrate that the RGP has a distinct role in protecting S. mutans from a variety of stress conditions pertinent to pathogenic capability. Mutant strains with disrupted RGP synthesis failed to properly localize cell division complexes, suffered from aberrant septum formation and exhibited enhanced cellular autolysis. Surprisingly, mutant strains of S. mutans with impairment in RGP side chain modification grew into elongated chains and also failed to properly localize the presumed cell wall hydrolase, GbpB. Our results indicate that fully mature RGP has distinct protective and morphogenic roles for S. mutans, and these structures are functionally homologous to the WTA of other Gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Kovacs
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Box 672, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Roberta C Faustoferri
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Box 611, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Andrew P Bischer
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Box 672, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Robert G Quivey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Box 672, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.,Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Box 611, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
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371
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Mayer C, Kluj RM, Mühleck M, Walter A, Unsleber S, Hottmann I, Borisova M. Bacteria's different ways to recycle their own cell wall. Int J Med Microbiol 2019; 309:151326. [PMID: 31296364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to recover components of their own cell wall is a common feature of bacteria. This was initially recognized in the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli, which recycles about half of the peptidoglycan of its cell wall during one cell doubling. Moreover, E. coli was shown to grow on peptidoglycan components provided as nutrients. A distinguished recycling enzyme of E. coli required for both, recovery of the cell wall sugar N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc) of the own cell wall and for growth on external MurNAc, is the MurNAc 6-phosphate (MurNAc 6P) lactyl ether hydrolase MurQ. We revealed however, that most Gram-negative bacteria lack a murQ ortholog and instead harbor a pathway, absent in E. coli, that channels MurNAc directly to peptidoglycan biosynthesis. This "anabolic recycling pathway" bypasses the initial steps of peptidoglycan de novo synthesis, including the target of the antibiotic fosfomycin, thus providing intrinsic resistance to the antibiotic. The Gram-negative oral pathogen Tannerella forsythia is auxotrophic for MurNAc and apparently depends on the anabolic recycling pathway to synthesize its own cell wall by scavenging cell wall debris of other bacteria. In contrast, Gram-positive bacteria lack the anabolic recycling genes, but mostly contain one or two murQ orthologs. Quantification of MurNAc 6P accumulation in murQ mutant cells by mass spectrometry allowed us to demonstrate for the first time that Gram-positive bacteria do recycle their own peptidoglycan. This had been questioned earlier, since peptidoglycan turnover products accumulate in the spent media of Gram-positives. We showed, that these fragments are recovered during nutrient limitation, which prolongs starvation survival of Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. Peptidoglycan recycling in these bacteria however differs, as the cell wall is either cleaved exhaustively and monosaccharide building blocks are taken up (B. subtilis) or disaccharides are released and recycled involving a novel phosphomuramidase (MupG; S.aureus). In B. subtilis also the teichoic acids, covalently bound to the peptidoglycan (wall teichoic acids; WTAs), are recycled. During phosphate limitation, the sn-glycerol-3-phosphate phosphodiesterase GlpQ specifically degrades WTAs of B. subtilis. In S. aureus, in contrast, GlpQ is used to scavenge external teichoic acid sources. Thus, although bacteria generally recover their own cell wall, they apparently apply distinct strategies for breakdown and reutilization of cell wall fragments. This review summarizes our work on this topic funded between 2011 and 2019 by the DFG within the collaborative research center SFB766.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Mayer
- Mikrobiologie/Biotechnologie, Interfakultäres Institut für Mikrobiologie und Infektionsmedizin Tübingen (IMIT), Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Robert Maria Kluj
- Mikrobiologie/Biotechnologie, Interfakultäres Institut für Mikrobiologie und Infektionsmedizin Tübingen (IMIT), Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maraike Mühleck
- Mikrobiologie/Biotechnologie, Interfakultäres Institut für Mikrobiologie und Infektionsmedizin Tübingen (IMIT), Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Axel Walter
- Mikrobiologie/Biotechnologie, Interfakultäres Institut für Mikrobiologie und Infektionsmedizin Tübingen (IMIT), Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Unsleber
- Mikrobiologie/Biotechnologie, Interfakultäres Institut für Mikrobiologie und Infektionsmedizin Tübingen (IMIT), Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Isabel Hottmann
- Mikrobiologie/Biotechnologie, Interfakultäres Institut für Mikrobiologie und Infektionsmedizin Tübingen (IMIT), Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marina Borisova
- Mikrobiologie/Biotechnologie, Interfakultäres Institut für Mikrobiologie und Infektionsmedizin Tübingen (IMIT), Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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372
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Porfírio S, Carlson RW, Azadi P. Elucidating Peptidoglycan Structure: An Analytical Toolset. Trends Microbiol 2019; 27:607-622. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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373
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Azam AH, Kadoi K, Miyanaga K, Usui M, Tamura Y, Cui L, Tanji Y. Analysis host-recognition mechanism of staphylococcal kayvirus ɸSA039 reveals a novel strategy that protects Staphylococcus aureus against infection by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius Siphoviridae phages. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:6809-6823. [PMID: 31236618 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09940-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Following the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP), phage therapy has attracted significant attention as an alternative to antibiotic treatment. Bacteriophages belonging to kayvirus (previously known as Twort-like phages) have broad host range and are strictly lytic in Staphylococcus spp. Previous work revealed that kayvirus ɸSA039 has a host-recognition mechanism distinct from those of other known kayviruses: most of kayviruses use the backbone of wall teichoic acid (WTA) as their receptor; by contrast, ɸSA039 uses the β-N-acetylglucosamine (β-GlcNAc) residue in WTA. In this study, we found that ɸSA039 could switch its receptor to be able to infect S. aureus lacking the β-GlcNAc residue by acquiring a spontaneous mutation in open reading frame (ORF) 100 and ORF102. Moreover, ɸSA039 could infect S. pseudintermedius, which has a different WTA structure than S. aureus. By comparison, with newly isolated S. pseudintermedius-specific phage (SP phages), we determined that glycosylation in WTA of S. pseudintermedius is essential for adsorption of SP phages, but not ɸSA039. Finally, we describe a novel strategy of S. aureus which protects the bacteria from infection of SP phages. Notably, glycosylation of ribitol phosphate (RboP) WTA by TarM or/and TarS prevents infection of S. aureus by SP phages. These findings could help to establish a new strategy for the treatment of S. aureus and S. pseudintermedius infection, as well as provide valuable insights into the biology of phage-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aa Haeruman Azam
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 J2-15 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan.,Division of Bacteriology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Kenji Kadoi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 J2-15 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Miyanaga
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 J2-15 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Masaru Usui
- Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyoudaimidorimachi, Ebetsu-shi, Hokkaido, 069-0836, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tamura
- Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyoudaimidorimachi, Ebetsu-shi, Hokkaido, 069-0836, Japan
| | - Longzhu Cui
- Division of Bacteriology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Yasunori Tanji
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 J2-15 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan.
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374
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Norman RO, Millat T, Schatschneider S, Henstra AM, Breitkopf R, Pander B, Annan FJ, Piatek P, Hartman HB, Poolman MG, Fell DA, Winzer K, Minton NP, Hodgman C. Genome‐scale model of
C. autoethanogenum
reveals optimal bioprocess conditions for high‐value chemical production from carbon monoxide. ENGINEERING BIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1049/enb.2018.5003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rupert O.J. Norman
- Synthetic Biology Research CentreUniversity of Nottingham, University ParkNottinghamNG7 2RDUK
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamSutton Bonington Campus, Sutton BoningtonLeicestershireLE12 5RDUK
| | - Thomas Millat
- Synthetic Biology Research CentreUniversity of Nottingham, University ParkNottinghamNG7 2RDUK
| | - Sarah Schatschneider
- Synthetic Biology Research CentreUniversity of Nottingham, University ParkNottinghamNG7 2RDUK
- Evonik Nutrition and Care GmbHKantstr. 233798Halle‐KinsbeckGermany
| | - Anne M. Henstra
- Synthetic Biology Research CentreUniversity of Nottingham, University ParkNottinghamNG7 2RDUK
| | - Ronja Breitkopf
- Synthetic Biology Research CentreUniversity of Nottingham, University ParkNottinghamNG7 2RDUK
| | - Bart Pander
- Synthetic Biology Research CentreUniversity of Nottingham, University ParkNottinghamNG7 2RDUK
| | - Florence J. Annan
- Synthetic Biology Research CentreUniversity of Nottingham, University ParkNottinghamNG7 2RDUK
| | - Pawel Piatek
- Synthetic Biology Research CentreUniversity of Nottingham, University ParkNottinghamNG7 2RDUK
| | - Hassan B. Hartman
- Department of Biology and Medical SciencesOxford Brookes UniversityOxfordOX3 0BPUK
- Public Health England61 Colindale AvenueLondonNW9 5EQUK
| | - Mark G. Poolman
- Department of Biology and Medical SciencesOxford Brookes UniversityOxfordOX3 0BPUK
| | - David A. Fell
- Department of Biology and Medical SciencesOxford Brookes UniversityOxfordOX3 0BPUK
| | - Klaus Winzer
- Synthetic Biology Research CentreUniversity of Nottingham, University ParkNottinghamNG7 2RDUK
| | - Nigel P. Minton
- Synthetic Biology Research CentreUniversity of Nottingham, University ParkNottinghamNG7 2RDUK
| | - Charlie Hodgman
- Synthetic Biology Research CentreUniversity of Nottingham, University ParkNottinghamNG7 2RDUK
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamSutton Bonington Campus, Sutton BoningtonLeicestershireLE12 5RDUK
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375
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Jeong S, Kim HY, Kim AR, Yun CH, Han SH. Propionate Ameliorates Staphylococcus aureus Skin Infection by Attenuating Bacterial Growth. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1363. [PMID: 31275281 PMCID: PMC6591440 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes various diseases including skin and soft tissue infections, pneumonia, gastroenteritis, and sepsis. Antibiotic-resistant S. aureus such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and multidrug-resistant S. aureus is a serious threat in healthcare-associated settings and in the communities. In this study, we investigated the effects of short-chain fatty acids, metabolites produced by commensal bacteria, on the growth of S. aureus both in vitro and in vivo. Sodium propionate (NaP) most potently inhibited the growth of MRSA and multidrug-resistant clinical isolates. Of note, only NaP, but not sodium acetate (NaA) or sodium butyrate (NaB), ameliorated MRSA skin infection, significantly lowering bacterial load, excessive cytokine production, and the size and weight of abscesses approximately by twofold. In addition, interestingly, S. aureus deficient of lipoteichoic acids (LTA) or wall teichoic acids (WTA), which are important in bacterial physiology and antimicrobial susceptibility, was more susceptible to NaP than the wild-type. Furthermore, S. aureus deficient of D-alanine motifs common in LTA and WTA was more susceptible to NaP, its growth being almost completely inhibited. Concordantly, MRSA treated with an inhibitor of D-alanylation on LTA and WTA was more susceptible to NaP, and co-treatment of NaP and a D-alanylation inhibitor further decreased the pathology of MRSA skin infection. Collectively, these results demonstrate that NaP ameliorates MRSA skin infection by attenuating the growth of S. aureus, and suggest an alternative combination treatment strategy against S. aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Jeong
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Young Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - A Reum Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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376
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Falk NA. Surfactants as Antimicrobials: A Brief Overview of Microbial Interfacial Chemistry and Surfactant Antimicrobial Activity. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2019; 22:1119-1127. [PMID: 32336911 PMCID: PMC7166552 DOI: 10.1002/jsde.12293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this brief overview of a large and complex subject, as presented at the 2018 Surfactants in Solution conference, the need for, and impact of, hard surface antimicrobial products is demonstrated. The composition of the interfaces of three common classes of pathological microbes, bacteria, viruses, and fungi, is discussed so that surfactant and cleaning product development scientists better understand their interfacial characteristics. Studies of antimicrobial efficacy from the four major classes of surfactants (cationic, anionic, amphoteric, and nonionic) are shown. The need for preservatives in surfactants is elucidated. The regulatory aspects of antimicrobials in cleaning products to make antimicrobial claims are stressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy A Falk
- Clorox Services Company 4900 Johnson Drive, Pleasanton CA 94588 USA
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377
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Abstract
Bacteria in the genus Staphylococcus are important targets for phage therapy due to their prevalence as pathogens and increasing antibiotic resistance. Here we review Staphylococcus outer surface features and specific phage resistance mechanisms that define the host range, the set of strains that an individual phage can potentially infect. Phage infection goes through five distinct phases: attachment, uptake, biosynthesis, assembly, and lysis. Adsorption inhibition, encompassing outer surface teichoic acid receptor alteration, elimination, or occlusion, limits successful phage attachment and entry. Restriction-modification systems (in particular, type I and IV systems), which target phage DNA inside the cell, serve as the major barriers to biosynthesis as well as transduction and horizontal gene transfer between clonal complexes and species. Resistance to late stages of infection occurs through mechanisms such as assembly interference, in which staphylococcal pathogenicity islands siphon away superinfecting phage proteins to package their own DNA. While genes responsible for teichoic acid biosynthesis, capsule, and restriction-modification are found in most Staphylococcus strains, a variety of other host range determinants (e.g., clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats, abortive infection, and superinfection immunity) are sporadic. The fitness costs of phage resistance through teichoic acid structure alteration could make staphylococcal phage therapies promising, but host range prediction is complex because of the large number of genes involved, and the roles of many of these are unknown. In addition, little is known about the genetic determinants that contribute to host range expansion in the phages themselves. Future research must identify host range determinants, characterize resistance development during infection and treatment, and examine population-wide genetic background effects on resistance selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham G Moller
- Program in Microbiology and Molecular Genetics (MMG), Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (GDBBS), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jodi A Lindsay
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy D Read
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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378
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Xu L, Coleman-Derr D. Causes and consequences of a conserved bacterial root microbiome response to drought stress. Curr Opin Microbiol 2019; 49:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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379
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380
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham J. Waldman
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Carolyn R. Bertozzi
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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381
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Extracellular electron transfer features of Gram-positive bacteria. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1076:32-47. [PMID: 31203962 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Electroactive microorganisms possess the unique ability to transfer electrons to or from solid phase electron conductors, e.g., electrodes or minerals, through various physiological mechanisms. The processes are commonly known as extracellular electron transfer and broadly harnessed in microbial electrochemical systems, such as microbial biosensors, microbial electrosynthesis, or microbial fuel cells. Apart from a few model microorganisms, the nature of the microbe-electrode conductive interaction is poorly understood for most of the electroactive species. The interaction determines the efficiency and a potential scaling up of bioelectrochemical systems. Gram-positive bacteria generally have a thick electron non-conductive cell wall and are believed to exhibit weak extracellular electron shuttling activity. This review highlights reported research accomplishments on electroactive Gram-positive bacteria. The use of electron-conducting polymers as mediators is considered as one promising strategy to enhance the electron transfer efficiency up to application scale. In view of the recent progress in understanding the molecular aspects of the extracellular electron transfer mechanisms of Enterococcus faecalis, the electron transfer properties of this bacterium are especially focused on. Fundamental knowledge on the nature of microbial extracellular electron transfer and its possibilities can provide insight in interspecies electron transfer and biogeochemical cycling of elements in nature. Additionally, a comprehensive understanding of cell-electrode interactions may help in overcoming insufficient electron transfer and restricted operational performance of various bioelectrochemical systems and facilitate their practical applications.
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382
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Abstract
The chapter about the Gram-positive bacterial cell wall gives a brief historical background on the discovery of Gram-positive cell walls and their constituents and microscopic methods applied for studying the Gram-positive cell envelope. Followed by the description of the different chemical building blocks of peptidoglycan and the biosynthesis of the peptidoglycan layers and high turnover of peptidoglycan during bacterial growth. Lipoteichoic acids and wall teichoic acids are highlighted as major components of the cell wall. Characterization of capsules and the formation of extracellular vesicles by Gram-positive bacteria close the section on cell envelopes which have a high impact on bacterial pathogenesis. In addition, the specialized complex and unusual cell wall of mycobacteria is introduced thereafter. Next a short back view is given on the development of electron microscopic examinations for studying bacterial cell walls. Different electron microscopic techniques and methods applied to examine bacterial cell envelopes are discussed in the view that most of the illustrated methods should be available in a well-equipped life sciences orientated electron microscopic laboratory. In addition, newly developed and mostly well-established cryo-methods like high-pressure freezing and freeze-substitution (HPF-FS) and cryo-sections of hydrated vitrified bacteria (CEMOVIS, Cryo-electron microscopy of vitreous sections) are described. At last, modern cryo-methods like cryo-electron tomography (CET) and cryo-FIB-SEM milling (focus ion beam-scanning electron microscopy) are introduced which are available only in specialized institutions, but at present represent the best available methods and techniques to study Gram-positive cell walls under close-to-nature conditions in great detail and at high resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Rohde
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, HZI, Central Facility for Microscopy, ZEIM, Braunschweig, Germany
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383
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Tran NT, Huang X, Hong HJ, Bush MJ, Chandra G, Pinto D, Bibb MJ, Hutchings MI, Mascher T, Buttner MJ. Defining the regulon of genes controlled by σ E , a key regulator of the cell envelope stress response in Streptomyces coelicolor. Mol Microbiol 2019; 112:461-481. [PMID: 30907454 PMCID: PMC6767563 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The extracytoplasmic function (ECF) σ factor, σE , is a key regulator of the cell envelope stress response in Streptomyces coelicolor. Although its role in maintaining cell wall integrity has been known for over a decade, a comprehensive analysis of the genes under its control has not been undertaken. Here, using a combination of chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-seq), microarray transcriptional profiling and bioinformatic analysis, we attempt to define the σE regulon. Approximately half of the genes identified encode proteins implicated in cell envelope function. Seventeen novel targets were validated by S1 nuclease mapping or in vitro transcription, establishing a σE -binding consensus. Subsequently, we used bioinformatic analysis to look for conservation of the σE target promoters identified in S. coelicolor across 19 Streptomyces species. Key proteins under σE control across the genus include the actin homolog MreB, three penicillin-binding proteins, two L,D-transpeptidases, a LytR-CpsA-Psr-family protein predicted to be involved in cell wall teichoic acid deposition and a predicted MprF protein, which adds lysyl groups to phosphatidylglycerol to neutralize membrane surface charge. Taken together, these analyses provide biological insight into the σE -mediated cell envelope stress response in the genus Streptomyces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngat T Tran
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Xiaoluo Huang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.,Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Str. 2-4, Planegg-Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| | - Hee-Jeon Hong
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Matthew J Bush
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Govind Chandra
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Daniela Pinto
- Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Str. 2-4, Planegg-Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| | - Maureen J Bibb
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Matthew I Hutchings
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Thorsten Mascher
- Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Str. 2-4, Planegg-Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| | - Mark J Buttner
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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384
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Structure and mechanism of TagA, a novel membrane-associated glycosyltransferase that produces wall teichoic acids in pathogenic bacteria. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007723. [PMID: 31002736 PMCID: PMC6493773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus and other bacterial pathogens affix wall teichoic acids (WTAs) to their surface. These highly abundant anionic glycopolymers have critical functions in bacterial physiology and their susceptibility to β-lactam antibiotics. The membrane-associated TagA glycosyltransferase (GT) catalyzes the first-committed step in WTA biosynthesis and is a founding member of the WecB/TagA/CpsF GT family, more than 6,000 enzymes that synthesize a range of extracellular polysaccharides through a poorly understood mechanism. Crystal structures of TagA from T. italicus in its apo- and UDP-bound states reveal a novel GT fold, and coupled with biochemical and cellular data define the mechanism of catalysis. We propose that enzyme activity is regulated by interactions with the bilayer, which trigger a structural change that facilitates proper active site formation and recognition of the enzyme's lipid-linked substrate. These findings inform upon the molecular basis of WecB/TagA/CpsF activity and could guide the development of new anti-microbial drugs.
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385
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Azam AH, Tanji Y. Peculiarities of Staphylococcus aureus phages and their possible application in phage therapy. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:4279-4289. [PMID: 30997551 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09810-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriophage has become an attractive alternative for the treatment of antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. For the success of phage therapy, phage host range is an important criterion when considering a candidate phage. Most reviews of S. aureus (SA) phages have focused on their impact on host evolution, especially their contribution to the spread of virulence genes and pathogenesis factors. The potential therapeutic use of SA phages, especially detailed characterizations of host recognition mechanisms, has not been extensively reviewed so far. In this report, we provide updates on the study of SA phages, focusing on host recognition mechanisms with the recent discovery of phage receptor-binding proteins (RBPs) and the possible applications of SA phages in phage therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aa Haeruman Azam
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 J2-15, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Yasunori Tanji
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 J2-15, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan.
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386
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Habusha M, Tzipilevich E, Fiyaksel O, Ben‐Yehuda S. A mutant bacteriophage evolved to infect resistant bacteria gained a broader host range. Mol Microbiol 2019; 111:1463-1475. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Habusha
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Institute for Medical Research Israel‐Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University‐Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem Israel
| | - Elhanan Tzipilevich
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Institute for Medical Research Israel‐Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University‐Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem Israel
| | - Osher Fiyaksel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Institute for Medical Research Israel‐Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University‐Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem Israel
| | - Sigal Ben‐Yehuda
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Institute for Medical Research Israel‐Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University‐Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem Israel
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387
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Flores-Kim J, Dobihal GS, Fenton A, Rudner DZ, Bernhardt TG. A switch in surface polymer biogenesis triggers growth-phase-dependent and antibiotic-induced bacteriolysis. eLife 2019; 8:44912. [PMID: 30964003 PMCID: PMC6456293 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Penicillin and related antibiotics disrupt cell wall synthesis to induce bacteriolysis. Lysis in response to these drugs requires the activity of cell wall hydrolases called autolysins, but how penicillins misactivate these deadly enzymes has long remained unclear. Here, we show that alterations in surface polymers called teichoic acids (TAs) play a key role in penicillin-induced lysis of the Gram-positive pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp). We find that during exponential growth, Sp cells primarily produce lipid-anchored TAs called lipoteichoic acids (LTAs) that bind and sequester the major autolysin LytA. However, penicillin-treatment or prolonged stationary phase growth triggers the degradation of a key LTA synthase, causing a switch to the production of wall-anchored TAs (WTAs). This change allows LytA to associate with and degrade its cell wall substrate, thus promoting osmotic lysis. Similar changes in surface polymer assembly may underlie the mechanism of antibiotic- and/or growth phase-induced lysis for other important Gram-positive pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué Flores-Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | | | - Andrew Fenton
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,The Florey Institute, Molecular Biology Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - David Z Rudner
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Thomas G Bernhardt
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, United States
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388
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Giuliano C, Patel CR, Kale-Pradhan PB. A Guide to Bacterial Culture Identification And Results Interpretation. P & T : A PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL FOR FORMULARY MANAGEMENT 2019; 44:192-200. [PMID: 30930604 PMCID: PMC6428495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To provide a guide to interpreting bacterial culture results. METHODS Studies were identified via a PubMed literature search (from 1966 to January 2018). Search terms included microbial sensitivity tests, microbial drug resistance, and anti-infective agents/pharmacology. Articles were included if they were published in English. References within identified articles were also reviewed. RESULTS This paper reviewed core concepts of interpreting bacterial culture results, including timing of cultures, common culture sites, potential for contamination, interpreting the Gram stain, role of rapid diagnostic tests, conventional antibiotic susceptibility testing, and automated testing. CONCLUSION This guide can assist pharmacists in their role as integral members of the antimicrobial stewardship team in an effort to improve patient care.
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389
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Discovery of glycerol phosphate modification on streptococcal rhamnose polysaccharides. Nat Chem Biol 2019; 15:463-471. [PMID: 30936502 PMCID: PMC6470023 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-019-0251-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cell wall glycopolymers on the surface of Gram-positive bacteria are fundamental to bacterial physiology and infection biology. Here we identify gacH, a gene in the Streptococcus pyogenes group A carbohydrate (GAC) biosynthetic cluster, in two independent transposon library screens for its ability to confer resistance to zinc and susceptibility to the bactericidal enzyme human group IIA-secreted phospholipase A2. Subsequent structural and phylogenetic analysis of the GacH extracellular domain revealed that GacH represents an alternative class of glycerol phosphate transferase. We detected the presence of glycerol phosphate in the GAC, as well as the serotype c carbohydrate from Streptococcus mutans, which depended on the presence of the respective gacH homologs. Finally, nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of GAC confirmed that glycerol phosphate is attached to approximately 25% of the GAC N-acetylglucosamine side-chains at the C6 hydroxyl group. This previously unrecognized structural modification impacts host-pathogen interaction and has implications for vaccine design.
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390
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Han X, Sun R, Sandalova T, Achour A. Structural and functional studies of Spr1654: an essential aminotransferase in teichoic acid biosynthesis in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Open Biol 2019; 8:rsob.170248. [PMID: 29669826 PMCID: PMC5936713 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Spr1654 from Streptococcus pneumoniae plays a key role in the production of unusual sugars, presumably functioning as a pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP)-dependent aminotransferase. Spr1654 was predicted to catalyse the transferring of amino group to form the amino sugar 2-acetamido-4-amino-2, 4, 6-trideoxygalactose moiety (AATGal), representing a crucial step in biosynthesis of teichoic acids in S. pneumoniae. We have determined the crystal structures of the apo-, PLP- and PMP-bound forms of Spr1654. Spr1654 forms a homodimer, in which each monomer contains one active site. Using spectrophotometry and based on absorbance profiles of PLP- and PMP-formed enzymes, our results indicate that l-glutamate is most likely the preferred amino donor. Structural superposition of the crystal structures of Spr1654 on previously determined structures of other sugar aminotransferases in complex with glutamate and/or UDP-activated sugar allowed us to identify key Spr1654 residues for ligand binding and catalysis. The crystal structures of Spr1654 and in complex with PLP and PMP can direct the future rational design of novel therapeutic compounds against S. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Han
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, Solna, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Renhua Sun
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, Solna, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tatyana Sandalova
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, Solna, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Adnane Achour
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, Solna, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden .,Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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391
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Prevention of EloR/KhpA heterodimerization by introduction of site-specific amino acid substitutions renders the essential elongasome protein PBP2b redundant in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3681. [PMID: 30842445 PMCID: PMC6403258 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38386-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The RNA binding proteins EloR and KhpA are important components of the regulatory network that controls and coordinates cell elongation and division in S. pneumoniae. Loss of either protein reduces cell length, and makes the essential elongasome proteins PBP2b and RodA dispensable. It has been shown previously in formaldehyde crosslinking experiments that EloR co-precipitates with KhpA, indicating that they form a complex in vivo. In the present study, we used 3D modeling and site directed mutagenesis in combination with protein crosslinking to further study the relationship between EloR and KhpA. Protein-protein interaction studies demonstrated that KhpA forms homodimers and that KhpA in addition binds to the KH-II domain of EloR. Site directed mutagenesis identified isoleucine 61 (I61) as crucial for KhpA homodimerization. When substituting I61 with phenylalanine, KhpA lost the ability to homodimerize, while it still interacted clearly with EloR. In contrast, both homo- and heterodimerization were lost when I61 was substituted with tyrosine. By expressing these KhpA versions in S. pneumoniae, we were able to show that disruption of EloR/KhpA heterodimerization makes the elongasome redundant in S. pneumoniae. Of note, loss of KhpA homodimerization did not give rise to this phenotype, demonstrating that the EloR/KhpA complex is crucial for regulating the activity of the elongasome. In support of this conclusion, we found that localization of KhpA to the pneumococcal mid-cell region depends on its interaction with EloR. Furthermore, we found that the EloR/KhpA complex co-localizes with FtsZ throughout the cell cycle.
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392
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Belete TM. Novel targets to develop new antibacterial agents and novel alternatives to antibacterial agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humic.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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393
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Structure and Mechanism of LcpA, a Phosphotransferase That Mediates Glycosylation of a Gram-Positive Bacterial Cell Wall-Anchored Protein. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.01580-18. [PMID: 30782654 PMCID: PMC6381275 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01580-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In Gram-positive bacteria, the conserved LCP family enzymes studied to date are known to attach glycopolymers, including wall teichoic acid, to the cell envelope. It is unknown if these enzymes catalyze glycosylation of surface proteins. We show here in the actinobacterium Actinomyces oris by X-ray crystallography and biochemical analyses that A. oris LcpA is an LCP homolog, possessing pyrophosphatase and phosphotransferase activities known to belong to LCP enzymes that require conserved catalytic Arg residues, while harboring a unique disulfide bond critical for protein stability. Importantly, LcpA mediates glycosylation of the surface protein GspA via phosphotransferase activity. Our studies provide the first experimental evidence of an archetypal LCP enzyme that promotes glycosylation of a cell wall-anchored protein in Gram-positive bacteria. The widely conserved LytR-CpsA-Psr (LCP) family of enzymes in Gram-positive bacteria is known to attach glycopolymers, including wall teichoic acid, to the cell envelope. However, it is undetermined if these enzymes are capable of catalyzing glycan attachment to surface proteins. In the actinobacterium Actinomyces oris, an LCP homolog here named LcpA is genetically linked to GspA, a glycoprotein that is covalently attached to the bacterial peptidoglycan by the housekeeping sortase SrtA. Here we show by X-ray crystallography that LcpA adopts an α-β-α structural fold, akin to the conserved LCP domain, which harbors characteristic catalytic arginine residues. Consistently, alanine substitution for these residues, R149 and R266, abrogates GspA glycosylation, leading to accumulation of an intermediate form termed GspALMM, which is also observed in the lcpA mutant. Unlike other LCP proteins characterized to date, LcpA contains a stabilizing disulfide bond, mutations of which severely affect LcpA stability. In line with the established role of disulfide bond formation in oxidative protein folding in A. oris, deletion of vkor, coding for the thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase VKOR, also significantly reduces LcpA stability. Biochemical studies demonstrated that the recombinant LcpA enzyme possesses pyrophosphatase activity, enabling hydrolysis of diphosphate bonds. Furthermore, this recombinant enzyme, which weakly interacts with GspA in solution, catalyzes phosphotransfer to GspALMM. Altogether, the findings support that A. oris LcpA is an archetypal LCP enzyme that glycosylates a cell wall-anchored protein, a process that may be conserved in Actinobacteria, given the conservation of LcpA and GspA in these high-GC-content organisms.
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394
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van Tol W, Wessels H, Lefeber DJ. O-glycosylation disorders pave the road for understanding the complex human O-glycosylation machinery. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 56:107-118. [PMID: 30708323 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Over 100 human Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation (CDG) have been described. Of these, about 30% reside in the O-glycosylation pathway. O-glycosylation disorders are characterized by a high phenotypic variability, reflecting the large diversity of O-glycan structures. In contrast to N-glycosylation disorders, a generic biochemical screening test is lacking, which limits the identification of novel O-glycosylation disorders. The emergence of next generation sequencing (NGS) and O-glycoproteomics technologies have changed this situation, resulting in significant progress to link disease phenotypes with underlying biochemical mechanisms. Here, we review the current knowledge on O-glycosylation disorders, and discuss the biochemical lessons that we can learn on 1) novel glycosyltransferases and metabolic pathways, 2) tissue-specific O-glycosylation mechanisms, 3) O-glycosylation targets and 4) structure-function relationships. Additionally, we provide an outlook on how genetic disorders, O-glycoproteomics and biochemical methods can be combined to answer fundamental questions regarding O-glycan synthesis, structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walinka van Tol
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Wessels
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J Lefeber
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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395
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ENDO T. Mammalian O-mannosyl glycans: Biochemistry and glycopathology. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2019; 95:39-51. [PMID: 30643095 PMCID: PMC6395781 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.95.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is an important posttranslational modification in mammals. The glycans of glycoproteins are classified into two groups, namely, N-glycans and O-glycans, according to their glycan-peptide linkage regions. Recently, O-mannosyl glycan, an O-glycan, has been shown to be important in muscle and brain development. A clear relationship between O-mannosyl glycans and the pathomechanisms of some congenital muscular dystrophies has been established in humans. Ribitol-5-phosphate is a newly identified glycan component in mammals, and its biosynthetic pathway has been elucidated. The discovery of new glycan structures and the identification of highly regulated mechanisms of glycan processing will help researchers to understand glycan functions and develop therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamao ENDO
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: T. Endo, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakaecho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan (e-mail: )
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396
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Peters CE, Lamsa A, Liu RB, Quach D, Sugie J, Brumage L, Pogliano J, Lopez-Garrido J, Pogliano K. Rapid Inhibition Profiling Identifies a Keystone Target in the Nucleotide Biosynthesis Pathway. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:3251-3258. [PMID: 30133247 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanism of action (MOA) of new antimicrobial agents is a critical step in drug discovery but is notoriously difficult for compounds that appear to inhibit multiple cellular pathways. We recently described image-based approaches [bacterial cytological profiling and rapid inducible profiling (RIP)] for identifying the cellular pathways targeted by antibiotics. Here we have applied these methods to examine the effects of proteolytically degrading enzymes involved in pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis, a pathway that produces intermediates for transcription, DNA replication, and cell envelope synthesis. We show that rapid removal of enzymes directly involved in deoxyribonucleotide synthesis blocks DNA replication. However, degradation of cytidylate kinase (CMK), which catalyzes reactions involved in the synthesis of both ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides, blocks both DNA replication and wall teichoic acid biosynthesis, producing cytological effects identical to those created by simultaneously inhibiting both processes with the antibiotics ciprofloxacin and tunicamycin. Our results suggest that RIP can be used to identify and characterize potential keystone enzymes like CMK whose inhibition dramatically affects multiple pathways, thereby revealing important metabolic connections. Identifying and understanding the role of keystone targets might also help to determine the MOAs of drugs that appear to inhibit multiple targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E. Peters
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Anne Lamsa
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Roland B. Liu
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Diana Quach
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Joseph Sugie
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Lauren Brumage
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Joe Pogliano
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Javier Lopez-Garrido
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Kit Pogliano
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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397
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Pathway-Directed Screen for Inhibitors of the Bacterial Cell Elongation Machinery. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 63:AAC.01530-18. [PMID: 30323039 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01530-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
New antibiotics are needed to combat the growing problem of resistant bacterial infections. An attractive avenue toward the discovery of such next-generation therapies is to identify novel inhibitors of clinically validated targets, like cell wall biogenesis. We have therefore developed a pathway-directed whole-cell screen for small molecules that block the activity of the Rod system of Escherichia coli This conserved multiprotein complex is required for cell elongation and the morphogenesis of rod-shaped bacteria. It is composed of cell wall synthases and membrane proteins of unknown function that are organized by filaments of the actin-like MreB protein. Our screen takes advantage of the conditional essentiality of the Rod system and the ability of the beta-lactam mecillinam (also known as amdinocillin) to cause a toxic malfunctioning of the machinery. Rod system inhibitors can therefore be identified as molecules that promote growth in the presence of mecillinam under conditions permissive for the growth of Rod- cells. A screen of ∼690,000 compounds identified 1,300 compounds that were active against E. coli Pathway-directed screening of a majority of this subset of compounds for Rod inhibitors successfully identified eight analogs of the MreB antagonist A22. Further characterization of the A22 analogs identified showed that their antibiotic activity under conditions where the Rod system is essential was strongly correlated with their ability to suppress mecillinam toxicity. This result combined with those from additional biological studies reinforce the notion that A22-like molecules are relatively specific for MreB and suggest that the lipoprotein transport factor LolA is unlikely to be a physiologically relevant target as previously proposed.
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398
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Micoli F, Costantino P, Adamo R. Potential targets for next generation antimicrobial glycoconjugate vaccines. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 42:388-423. [PMID: 29547971 PMCID: PMC5995208 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface carbohydrates have been proven optimal targets for vaccine development. Conjugation of polysaccharides to a carrier protein triggers a T-cell-dependent immune response to the glycan moiety. Licensed glycoconjugate vaccines are produced by chemical conjugation of capsular polysaccharides to prevent meningitis caused by meningococcus, pneumococcus and Haemophilus influenzae type b. However, other classes of carbohydrates (O-antigens, exopolysaccharides, wall/teichoic acids) represent attractive targets for developing vaccines. Recent analysis from WHO/CHO underpins alarming concern toward antibiotic-resistant bacteria, such as the so called ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp.) and additional pathogens such as Clostridium difficile and Group A Streptococcus. Fungal infections are also becoming increasingly invasive for immunocompromised patients or hospitalized individuals. Other emergencies could derive from bacteria which spread during environmental calamities (Vibrio cholerae) or with potential as bioterrorism weapons (Burkholderia pseudomallei and mallei, Francisella tularensis). Vaccination could aid reducing the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and provide protection by herd immunity also to individuals who are not vaccinated. This review analyzes structural and functional differences of the polysaccharides exposed on the surface of emerging pathogenic bacteria, combined with medical need and technological feasibility of corresponding glycoconjugate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena
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399
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Inactivation of the Monofunctional Peptidoglycan Glycosyltransferase SgtB Allows Staphylococcus aureus To Survive in the Absence of Lipoteichoic Acid. J Bacteriol 2018; 201:JB.00574-18. [PMID: 30322854 PMCID: PMC6287468 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00574-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial cell wall acts as a primary defense against environmental insults such as changes in osmolarity. It is also a vulnerable structure, as defects in its synthesis can lead to growth arrest or cell death. The important human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus has a typical Gram-positive cell wall, which consists of peptidoglycan and the anionic polymers LTA and wall teichoic acid. Several clinically relevant antibiotics inhibit the synthesis of peptidoglycan; therefore, it and teichoic acids are considered attractive targets for the development of new antimicrobials. We show that LTA is required for efficient peptidoglycan cross-linking in S. aureus and inactivation of a peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase can partially rescue this defect, together revealing an intimate link between peptidoglycan and LTA synthesis. The cell wall of Staphylococcus aureus is composed of peptidoglycan and the anionic polymers lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and wall teichoic acid. LTA is required for growth and normal cell morphology in S. aureus. Strains lacking LTA are usually viable only when grown under osmotically stabilizing conditions or after the acquisition of compensatory mutations. LTA-negative suppressor strains with inactivating mutations in gdpP, which resulted in increased intracellular c-di-AMP levels, were described previously. Here, we sought to identify factors other than c-di-AMP that allow S. aureus to survive without LTA. LTA-negative strains able to grow in unsupplemented medium were obtained and found to contain mutations in sgtB, mazE, clpX, or vraT. The growth improvement through mutations in mazE and sgtB was confirmed by complementation analysis. We also showed that an S. aureussgtB transposon mutant, with the monofunctional peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase SgtB inactivated, displayed a 4-fold increase in the MIC of oxacillin, suggesting that alterations in the peptidoglycan structure could help bacteria compensate for the lack of LTA. Muropeptide analysis of peptidoglycans isolated from a wild-type strain and sgtB mutant strain did not reveal any sizable alterations in the peptidoglycan structure. In contrast, the peptidoglycan isolated from an LTA-negative ltaS mutant strain showed a significant reduction in the fraction of highly cross-linked peptidoglycan, which was partially rescued in the sgtB ltaS double mutant suppressor strain. Taken together, these data point toward an important function of LTA in cell wall integrity through its necessity for proper peptidoglycan assembly. IMPORTANCE The bacterial cell wall acts as a primary defense against environmental insults such as changes in osmolarity. It is also a vulnerable structure, as defects in its synthesis can lead to growth arrest or cell death. The important human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus has a typical Gram-positive cell wall, which consists of peptidoglycan and the anionic polymers LTA and wall teichoic acid. Several clinically relevant antibiotics inhibit the synthesis of peptidoglycan; therefore, it and teichoic acids are considered attractive targets for the development of new antimicrobials. We show that LTA is required for efficient peptidoglycan cross-linking in S. aureus and inactivation of a peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase can partially rescue this defect, together revealing an intimate link between peptidoglycan and LTA synthesis.
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400
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Isolation and characterization of a galactose-specific lectin (EantH) with antimicrobial activity from Euphorbia antiquorum L. latex. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 120:1846-1854. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.09.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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