351
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Gehrig S, Macpherson JA, Driscoll PC, Symon A, Martin SR, MacRae JI, Kleinjung J, Fraternali F, Anastasiou D. An engineered photoswitchable mammalian pyruvate kinase. FEBS J 2017; 284:2955-2980. [PMID: 28715126 PMCID: PMC5637921 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Changes in allosteric regulation of glycolytic enzymes have been linked to metabolic reprogramming involved in cancer. Remarkably, allosteric mechanisms control enzyme function at significantly shorter time-scales compared to the long-term effects of metabolic reprogramming on cell proliferation. It remains unclear if and how the speed and reversibility afforded by rapid allosteric control of metabolic enzymes is important for cell proliferation. Tools that allow specific, dynamic modulation of enzymatic activities in mammalian cells would help address this question. Towards this goal, we have used molecular dynamics simulations to guide the design of mPKM2 internal light/oxygen/voltage-sensitive domain 2 (LOV2) fusion at position D24 (PiL[D24]), an engineered pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) variant that harbours an insertion of the light-sensing LOV2 domain from Avena Sativa within a region implicated in allosteric regulation by fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP). The LOV2 photoreaction is preserved in the PiL[D24] chimera and causes secondary structure changes that are associated with a 30% decrease in the Km of the enzyme for phosphoenolpyruvate resulting in increased pyruvate kinase activity after light exposure. Importantly, this change in activity is reversible upon light withdrawal. Expression of PiL[D24] in cells leads to light-induced increase in labelling of pyruvate from glucose. PiL[D24] therefore could provide a means to modulate cellular glucose metabolism in a remote manner and paves the way for studying the importance of rapid allosteric phenomena in the regulation of metabolism and enzyme control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Gehrig
- Cancer Metabolism LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | | | - Paul C. Driscoll
- Metabolomics Science Technology PlatformThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Alastair Symon
- Instrument Prototyping Science Technology PlatformThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Stephen R. Martin
- Structural Biology Science Technology PlatformThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - James I. MacRae
- Metabolomics Science Technology PlatformThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Jens Kleinjung
- Computational BiologyThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Franca Fraternali
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular BiophysicsKing's CollegeLondonUK
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352
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Rinaldi G, Rossi M, Fendt SM. Metabolic interactions in cancer: cellular metabolism at the interface between the microenvironment, the cancer cell phenotype and the epigenetic landscape. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 10. [DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gianmarco Rinaldi
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation; VIB Center for Cancer Biology; Leuven Belgium
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology; KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI); Leuven Belgium
| | - Matteo Rossi
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation; VIB Center for Cancer Biology; Leuven Belgium
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology; KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI); Leuven Belgium
| | - Sarah-Maria Fendt
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation; VIB Center for Cancer Biology; Leuven Belgium
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology; KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI); Leuven Belgium
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353
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Tee SS, Park JM, Hurd RE, Brimacombe KR, Boxer MB, Massoud TF, Rutt BK, Spielman DM. PKM2 activation sensitizes cancer cells to growth inhibition by 2-deoxy-D-glucose. Oncotarget 2017; 8:90959-90968. [PMID: 29207616 PMCID: PMC5710897 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer metabolism has emerged as an increasingly attractive target for interfering with tumor growth. Small molecule activators of pyruvate kinase isozyme M2 (PKM2) suppress tumor formation but have an unknown effect on established tumors. We demonstrate that TEPP-46, a PKM2 activator, results in increased glucose consumption, providing the rationale for combining PKM2 activators with the toxic glucose analog, 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG). Combination treatment resulted in reduced viability of a range of cell lines in standard cell culture conditions at concentrations of drugs that had no effect when used alone. This effect was replicated in vivo on established subcutaneous tumors. We further demonstrated the ability to detect acute metabolic differences in combination treatment using hyperpolarized magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Combination treated tumors displayed a higher pyruvate to lactate 13C-label exchange 2 hr post-treatment. This ability to assess the effect of drugs non-invasively may accelerate the implementation and clinical translation of drugs that target cancer metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sui Seng Tee
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Current/Present address: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jae Mo Park
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ralph E Hurd
- Applied Sciences Laboratory, GE Healthcare, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Kyle R Brimacombe
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.,NIH Chemical Genomics Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Matthew B Boxer
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tarik F Massoud
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brian K Rutt
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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354
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Zhang HS, Zhang ZG, Zhou Z, Du GY, Li H, Yu XY, Huang YH. PKM2-mediated inhibition of autophagy facilitates Tat's inducing HIV-1 transactivation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 625-626:17-23. [PMID: 28583828 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Considerable evidence has shown that autophagy has an important role in HIV-1 infection. However, it is still unknown whether metabolism-regulated autophagy pathway is involved in Tat-mediated HIV-1 transactivation. This study demonstrated that treatment of Tat in TZM-bl cells significantly down-regulated protein levels of Beclin-1, Atg-5, Atg-7, and LC3B-II and up-regulated of p62 levels. Blockage of autophagy enhanced Tat-induced HIV-1 transactivation in TZM-bl cells. Moreover, we found that Tat activated the Akt/mTOR and inhibited AMPK signaling pathway that was related to its up-regulation of PKM2 expression. In addition, we showed that PI3K/AKT activation and AMPK inhibtion was required for the PKM2-mediated inhibition of autophagy in Tat-treated TZM-bl cells. In conclusion, our data reveals that PKM2-mediated autophagy inhibition is required for Tat-mediated HIV-1 transactivation. Metabolism-related autophagic pathway may act as a promising diagnostic and therapeutic tool for HIV-1 infection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Sheng Zhang
- College of Life Science & Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Pingleyuan 100(#), District of Chaoyang, Beijing, 100124, China.
| | - Zhong-Guo Zhang
- College of Life Science & Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Pingleyuan 100(#), District of Chaoyang, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- College of Life Science & Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Pingleyuan 100(#), District of Chaoyang, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Guang-Yuan Du
- College of Life Science & Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Pingleyuan 100(#), District of Chaoyang, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Hu Li
- College of Life Science & Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Pingleyuan 100(#), District of Chaoyang, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Yu
- College of Life Science & Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Pingleyuan 100(#), District of Chaoyang, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Ying-Hui Huang
- College of Life Science & Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Pingleyuan 100(#), District of Chaoyang, Beijing, 100124, China
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355
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Ning X, Qi H, Li R, Li Y, Jin Y, McNutt MA, Liu J, Yin Y. Discovery of novel naphthoquinone derivatives as inhibitors of the tumor cell specific M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 138:343-352. [PMID: 28688274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) is a rate-limiting enzyme of the glycolytic pathway which is highly expressed in cancer cells. Cancer cells rely heavily on PKM2 for anabolic and energy requirements, and specific targeting of PKM2 therefore has potential as strategy for cancer therapy. Here, we report the synthesis and biologic evaluation of novel naphthoquinone derivatives as selective small molecule inhibitors of PKM2. Some target compounds, such as compound 3k, displayed more potent PKM2 inhibitory activity than the reported optimal PKM2 inhibitor shikonin. The well performing compound 3k also showed nanomolar antiproliferative activity toward a series of cancer cell lines with high expression of PKM2 including HCT116, Hela and H1299 with IC50 values ranging from 0.18 to 1.56 μM. Moreover, compound 3k exhibited more cytotoxicity on cancer cells than normal cells. The identification of novel potent small molecule inhibitors of PKM2 not only offers candidate compounds for cancer therapy, but also provides a tool with which to evaluate the function of PKM2 in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianling Ning
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hailong Qi
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ridong Li
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yunqiao Li
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Michael A McNutt
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Junyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxin Yin
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
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356
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Shang D, Wu J, Guo L, Xu Y, Liu L, Lu J. Metformin increases sensitivity of osteosarcoma stem cells to cisplatin by inhibiting expression of PKM2. Int J Oncol 2017; 50:1848-1856. [PMID: 28393220 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.3950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple drug resistance is reported to be a major obstacle in treatment of osteosarcoma (OS). Research has demonstrated that small subsets of cells called cancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for multiple drug resistance. CSCs are potential targets for reversing chemoresistance. In the present study, we compared cisplatin sensitivity between OS stem cells and OS non-stem cells. We confirmed that OS stem cells showed significant cisplatin-resistance compared with the OS non-CSCs. Mechanically, we proved that overexpression of the pyruvate kinase isoenzyme M2 (PKM2) was responsible for the resistance to cisplatin in OS stem cells. As a potential strategy, we found that co-treatment with metformin significantly decreased the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of cisplatin to HOS OS stem cells by downregulating the expression of PKM2. PKM2 downregulation resulted in, metformin inhibited glucose uptake, lactate production and ATP production in HOS CSCs. Therefore, metformin impaired the resistance of HOS CSCs to cisplatin and promoted cisplatin-induced apoptosis. In addition, antitumor effects of other chemotherapeutic drugs such as doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracil were proved to be enhanced by metformin on OS stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Depeng Shang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, P.R. China
| | - Ju Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, P.R. China
| | - Lianyi Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
| | - Yanju Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, P.R. China
| | - Lezi Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, P.R. China
| | - Jianmin Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, P.R. China
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357
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Kalyanaraman B. Teaching the basics of cancer metabolism: Developing antitumor strategies by exploiting the differences between normal and cancer cell metabolism. Redox Biol 2017; 12:833-842. [PMID: 28448945 PMCID: PMC5406543 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review of the basics of cancer metabolism focuses on exploiting the metabolic differences between normal and cancer cells. The first part of the review covers the different metabolic pathways utilized in normal cells to generate cellular energy, or ATP, and the glycolytic intermediates required to build the cellular machinery. The second part of the review discusses aerobic glycolysis, or the Warburg effect, and the metabolic reprogramming involving glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and glutaminolysis in the context of developing targeted inhibitors in cancer cells. Finally, the selective targeting of cancer mitochondrial metabolism using positively charged lipophilic compounds as potential therapeutics and their ability to mitigate the toxic side effects of conventional chemotherapeutics in normal cells are discussed. I hope this graphical review will be useful in helping undergraduate, graduate, and medical students understand how investigating the basics of cancer cell metabolism could provide new insight in developing potentially new anticancer treatment strategies. Exploiting biochemical and metabolic differences between normal and cancer cells. Mitigating reverse Warburg effect in the tumor stroma or microenvironment to hinder tumor growth. Dual targeting of glycolysis and mitochondrial metabolism to inhibit tumor cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaraman Kalyanaraman
- Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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358
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Dayton TL, Jacks T, Vander Heiden MG. PKM2, cancer metabolism, and the road ahead. EMBO Rep 2016; 17:1721-1730. [PMID: 27856534 PMCID: PMC5283597 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201643300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A major metabolic aberration associated with cancer is a change in glucose metabolism. Isoform selection of the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase has been implicated in the metabolic phenotype of cancer cells, and specific pyruvate kinase isoforms have been suggested to support divergent energetic and biosynthetic requirements of cells in tumors and normal tissues. PKM2 isoform expression has been closely linked to embryogenesis, tissue repair, and cancer. In contrast, forced expression of the PKM1 isoform has been associated with reduced tumor cell proliferation. Here, we discuss the role that PKM2 plays in cells and provide a historical perspective for how the study of PKM2 has contributed to understanding cancer metabolism. We also review recent studies that raise important questions with regard to the role of PKM2 in both normal and cancer cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talya L Dayton
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tyler Jacks
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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