401
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Coad BR, Kizhakkedathu JN, Haynes CA, Brooks DE. Synthesis of novel size exclusion chromatography support by surface initiated aqueous atom transfer radical polymerization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:11791-11803. [PMID: 17924673 DOI: 10.1021/la701703c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We report the use of aqueous surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) to grow polymer brushes from a "gigaporous" polymeric chromatography support for use as a novel size exclusion chromatography medium. Poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (PDMA) was grown from hydrolyzable surface initiators via SI-ATRP catalyzed by 1,1,4,7,10,10-hexamethyltriethylenetetramine (HMTETA)/CuCl. Grafted polymer was characterized semiquantitatively by ATR-FTIR and also cleaved and quantitatively characterized for mass, molecular weight, and polydispersity via analytical SEC/MALLS. The synthesis provides control over graft density and allows the creation of dense brushes. Incorporation of negative surface charge was found to be crucial for improving the initiation efficiency. As polymer molecular weight and density could be controlled through reaction conditions, the resulting low-polydispersity grafted polymer brush medium is shown to be suitable for use as a customizable size exclusion chromatography medium for investigating the principals of entropic interaction chromatography. All packed media investigated showed size-dependent partitioning of solutes, even for low graft density systems. Increasing the molecular weight of the grafts allowed solutes more access to the volume fraction in the column available for partitioning. Compared to low graft density media, increased graft density caused eluted solute probes to be retained less within the column and allowed for greater size discrimination of probes whose molecular weights were less than 10(4) kDa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan R Coad
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
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402
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Nicolas J, Ruzette AV, Farcet C, Gérard P, Magnet S, Charleux B. Nanostructured latex particles synthesized by nitroxide-mediated controlled/living free-radical polymerization in emulsion. POLYMER 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2007.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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403
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He GL, Merlitz H, Sommer JU, Wu CX. Static and Dynamic Properties of Polymer Brushes at Moderate and High Grafting Densities: A Molecular Dynamics Study. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma070983l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Li He
- Department of Physics and ITPA, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China, and Leibniz Institut für Polymerforschung, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Holger Merlitz
- Department of Physics and ITPA, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China, and Leibniz Institut für Polymerforschung, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens-Uwe Sommer
- Department of Physics and ITPA, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China, and Leibniz Institut für Polymerforschung, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Chen-Xu Wu
- Department of Physics and ITPA, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China, and Leibniz Institut für Polymerforschung, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
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404
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Towards Controlled Graft Polymerization of Poly[styrene-co-(maleic anhydride)] on Functionalized Silica Mediated by Oxoaminium Bromide Salt. Facile Synthetic Pathway Using Nitroxide Chemistry. Macromol Rapid Commun 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200700182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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405
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McNamee CE, Yamamoto S, Higashitani K. Effect of the physicochemical properties of poly(ethylene glycol) brushes on their binding to cells. Biophys J 2007; 93:324-34. [PMID: 17434943 PMCID: PMC1914419 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.106.102251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2006] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of the number of oxyethylene groups (polymer molecular weight) and the interchain binding and/or entanglements of methoxy-terminated-poly(ethylene glycol) (m-PEG) brushes on their ability to adsorb to living malignant melanoma B16F10 cells. We used the atomic force microscope colloid probe method to determine the adhering ability of the m-PEG brushes to the cells, as the magnitude of the adhesion force between the m-PEG modified particles and the living cells in a physiological buffer was related to the binding strength of the m-PEGs to the cells. We saw that m-PEG brushes (average molecular weights 330, 1900, and 5000 g/mol), which were chemically attached to silica particles, may bind to living B16F10 cells. The binding of m-PEGs to living B16F10 cells increased as the oxyethylene chain length of the m-PEGs increased, if the m-PEGs had a low degree of entanglements or little inter-m-PEG chain binding. A high degree of entanglements or interchain binding decreased the ability of an m-PEG chain to bind to a living cell. The effect of m-PEG (molecular weight 1900 g/mol) being present at cell surfaces for 24 h was also seen not to induce the death of the cells or affect their growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy E McNamee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
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406
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Atarashi H, Akabori KI, Tanaka A, Ozawa M, Tanaka K, Nagamura T. Graft Polymerization Initiated by Photosensitizer Segregated at Surface of Polymer Film upon Ultraviolet Irradiation. CHEM LETT 2007. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2007.808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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407
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Kobayashi M, Terayama Y, Hosaka N, Kaido M, Suzuki A, Yamada N, Torikai N, Ishihara K, Takahara A. Friction behavior of high-density poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) brush in aqueous media. SOFT MATTER 2007; 3:740-746. [PMID: 32900137 DOI: 10.1039/b615780g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Super-hydrophilic polymer brushes were prepared by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) on initiator-immobilized silicon wafers. The graft density was estimated to be 0.22 chains nm based on the linear relationship between and the layer thickness. The contact angle against water was very low, and air bubbles in water hardly attached onto the brush surface, indicating a super-hydrophilic surface. Neutron reflectivity measurements of the poly(MPC) brush showed that the grafting polymer chains extended a fair amount in the vertical direction from the substrate in a good solvent such as water, while they shrunk in a poor solvent. Frictional properties of the poly(MPC) brushes were characterized by sliding a glass ball probe in air and various solvents under a load of 0.49 N at a sliding velocity of 90 mm min. An extremely low friction coefficient of the poly(MPC) brush was observed in humid atmosphere because water molecules adsorbed into the brush layer acted as a lubricant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoyasu Kobayashi
- The Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, JAPAN.
| | - Yuki Terayama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 8129-0395, JAPAN
| | - Nao Hosaka
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 8129-0395, JAPAN
| | - Masataka Kaido
- TOYOTA Motor Co., 1 Toyota-cho, Toyota, Aichi 472-8572, JAPAN
| | - Atsushi Suzuki
- TOYOTA Motor Co., 1 Toyota-cho, Toyota, Aichi 472-8572, JAPAN
| | - Norifumi Yamada
- Neutron Science Laboratory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, JAPAN
| | - Naoya Torikai
- Neutron Science Laboratory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, JAPAN
| | - Kazuhiko Ishihara
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyou-ku, Tokyo 110-8586, JAPAN
| | - Atsushi Takahara
- The Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, JAPAN. and Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 8129-0395, JAPAN
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408
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Nicolas J, Mantovani G, Haddleton DM. Living Radical Polymerization as a Tool for the Synthesis of Polymer-Protein/Peptide Bioconjugates. Macromol Rapid Commun 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200700112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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409
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Matsuura K, Ohno K, Kagaya S, Kitano H. Carboxybetaine Polymer-Protected Gold Nanoparticles: High Dispersion Stability and Resistance against Non-Specific Adsorption of Proteins. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200600652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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410
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Uekusa T, Nagano S, Seki T. Unique molecular orientation in a smectic liquid crystalline polymer film attained by surface-initiated graft polymerization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:4642-5. [PMID: 17341105 DOI: 10.1021/la063467h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystalline (LC) polymer brushes containing a mesogenic azobenzene (Az) moiety are synthesized on a quartz or silicon substrate by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. The molecular orientation of the Az units and the LC properties in the grafted chains are evaluated by UV-vis spectroscopy, polarized optical microscopy, and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction measurements. The Az side chains of the grafted chains exhibited a smectic LC phase in which the smectic layers are oriented perpendicular to the substrate with a parallel orientation of the mesogens. In contrast, a spincast film of the identical LC polymer without grafting to the surface shows layer structures parallel to the substrate. A drastic effect of tethering one end to the substrate on the LC orientation is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Uekusa
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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411
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Schmelmer U, Paul A, Küller A, Steenackers M, Ulman A, Grunze M, Gölzhäuser A, Jordan R. Nanostructured polymer brushes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2007; 3:459-65. [PMID: 17245782 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200600528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanopatterned polymer brushes with sub-50-nm resolution were prepared by a combination of electron-beam chemical lithography (EBCL) of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) and surface-initiated photopolymerization (SIPP). As a further development of our previous work, selective EBCL was performed with a highly focused electron beam and not via a mask, to region-selectively convert a SAM of 4'-nitro-1,1'-biphenyl-4-thiol to defined areas of crosslinked 4'-amino-1,1'-biphenyl-4-thiol. These "written" structures were then used to prepare surface-bonded, asymmetric, azo initiator sites of 4'-azomethylmalonodinitrile-1,1'-biphenyl-4-thiol. In the presence of bulk styrene, SIPP amplified the primary structures of line widths from 500 to 10 nm to polystyrene structures of line widths 530 nm down to approximately 45 nm at a brush height of 10 or 7 nm, respectively, as measured by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The relative position of individual structures was within a tolerance of a few nanometers, as verified by AFM. At line-to-line spacings down to 50-70 nm, individual polymer brush structures are still observable. Below this threshold, neighboring structures merge due to chain overlap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Schmelmer
- Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Stoffe, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
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412
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Yoshikawa C, Goto A, Ishizuka N, Nakanishi K, Kishida A, Tsujii Y, Fukuda T. Size-Exclusion Effect and Protein Repellency of Concentrated Polymer Brushes Prepared by Surface-Initiated Living Radical Polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.200750220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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413
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MORITA H. Chain Conformation Analysis of the Adhesion between Grafted Polymer Films and their Glass Transition Temperatures. KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 2007. [DOI: 10.1295/koron.64.516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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414
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415
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Yoshikawa C, Goto A, Tsujii Y, Ishizuka N, Nakanishi K, Fukuda T. Surface interaction of well-defined, concentrated poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) brushes with proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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416
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Moad G, Rizzardo E, Thang SH. Living Radical Polymerization by the RAFT Process—A First Update. Aust J Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1071/ch06250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 772] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides a first update to the review of living radical polymerization achieved with thiocarbonylthio compounds (ZC(=S)SR) by a mechanism of Reversible Addition–Fragmentation chain Transfer (RAFT) published in June 2005. The time since that publication has witnessed an increased rate of publication on the topic with the appearance of well over 200 papers covering various aspects of RAFT polymerization ranging over reagent synthesis and properties, kinetics, and mechanism of polymerization, novel polymer syntheses, and diverse applications.
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417
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Nishio Y. Material Functionalization of Cellulose and Related Polysaccharides via Diverse Microcompositions. POLYSACCHARIDES II 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/12_095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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