401
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Vanden Berghe T, Linkermann A, Jouan-Lanhouet S, Walczak H, Vandenabeele P. Regulated necrosis: the expanding network of non-apoptotic cell death pathways. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2014; 15:135-47. [PMID: 24452471 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1316] [Impact Index Per Article: 131.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cell death research was revitalized by the understanding that necrosis can occur in a highly regulated and genetically controlled manner. Although RIPK1 (receptor-interacting protein kinase 1)- and RIPK3-MLKL (mixed lineage kinase domain-like)-mediated necroptosis is the most understood form of regulated necrosis, other examples of this process are emerging, including cell death mechanisms known as parthanatos, oxytosis, ferroptosis, NETosis, pyronecrosis and pyroptosis. Elucidating how these pathways of regulated necrosis are interconnected at the molecular level should enable this process to be therapeutically targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Vanden Berghe
- 1] Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Inflammation Research Center, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium. [2]
| | - Andreas Linkermann
- 1] Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Christian-Albrechts-University, 24105 Kiel, Germany. [2]
| | - Sandrine Jouan-Lanhouet
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Inflammation Research Center, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Henning Walczak
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation (CCCI), UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Inflammation Research Center, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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402
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Galluzzi L, Kepp O, Krautwald S, Kroemer G, Linkermann A. Molecular mechanisms of regulated necrosis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 35:24-32. [PMID: 24582829 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It is now clear that apoptosis does not constitute the sole genetically encoded form of cell death. Rather, cells can spontaneously undertake or exogenously be driven into a cell death subroutine that manifests with necrotic features, yet can be inhibited by pharmacological and genetic interventions. As regulated necrosis (RN) plays a major role in both physiological scenarios (e.g., embryonic development) and pathological settings (e.g., ischemic disorders), consistent efforts have been made throughout the last decade toward the characterization of the molecular mechanisms that underlie this cell death modality. Contrarily to initial beliefs, RN does not invariably result from the activation of a receptor interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3)-dependent signaling pathway, but may be ignited by distinct molecular networks. Nowadays, various types of RN have been characterized, including (but not limited to) necroptosis, mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT)-dependent RN and parthanatos. Of note, the inhibition of only one of these modules generally exerts limited cytoprotective effects in vivo, underscoring the degree of interconnectivity that characterizes RN. Here, we review the signaling pathways, pathophysiological relevance and therapeutic implications of the major molecular cascades that underlie RN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75005 Paris, France; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Oliver Kepp
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75005 Paris, France; INSERM, U848, F-94805 Villejuif, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Stefan Krautwald
- Division for Nephrology and Hypertension, Christian-Albrechts-University, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75005 Paris, France; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75005 Paris, France; INSERM, U848, F-94805 Villejuif, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, F-75015 Paris, France.
| | - Andreas Linkermann
- Division for Nephrology and Hypertension, Christian-Albrechts-University, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
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403
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Lee IK, Son YM, Ju YJ, Song SK, Gu M, Song KD, Lee HC, Woo JS, Seol JG, Park SM, Han SH, Yun CH. Survival of porcine fibroblasts enhanced by human FasL and dexamethasone-treated human dendritic cells in vitro. Transpl Immunol 2014; 30:99-106. [PMID: 24518159 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell-mediated and acute vascular rejections remain to be one of the primary hurdles to achieve successful xenotransplantation. Fas ligand is known to be an important molecule for the formation of 'immune-privileged' condition and dendritic cells treated with dexamethasone (Dex-DCs) acting like tolerogenic DCs (tDCs) which are known to protect transplanted cells and organs from unwanted immune responses. The present study investigated the possibility that porcine fibroblasts expressing human Fas ligand (PhF) together with human Dex-DCs could induce prolonged survival of porcine fibroblasts in vitro. PhF was collected from an ear of human Fas ligand transgenic porcine and cell-line was established by MGEM Inc. PhF labeled with CFSE co-cultured with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs) were examined with respect to induction of tolerance and cell death when co-cultured with Dex-DCs for 3days. PhF induced the apoptosis in hPBMCs, especially CD4(+) T cells. Dex-DCs showed significant (P<0.05) reduction on the expression of CD80, CD86 and MHC class I/II, and the secretion of IL-12p70, TNF-α and IL-10, but increase of latency-associated peptide (LAP). Survival of PhF was significantly higher than that of WT and it was increased in the presence of Dex-DCs when compared to the other DCs (i.e.,DCs, LPS-treated DCs and LPS/Dex-treated DCs) in vitro. Survival of PhF did not change by co-culture with Dex-DCs due to apoptotic cell death of Dex-DCs. Dex-DCs reduced the death of porcine fibroblasts and, at the same time, PhF induced the apoptosis from hPBMCs, but it was not synergistic.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Kyu Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Min Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jun Ju
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Kwang Song
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjung Gu
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; WCU Biomodulation major and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Duk Song
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; WCU Biomodulation major and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwi-Cheul Lee
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Seok Woo
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sung Moo Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; WCU Biomodulation major and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology & Immunology, DRI, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; WCU Biomodulation major and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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404
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Vitner EB, Salomon R, Farfel-Becker T, Meshcheriakova A, Ali M, Klein AD, Platt FM, Cox TM, Futerman AH. RIPK3 as a potential therapeutic target for Gaucher's disease. Nat Med 2014; 20:204-8. [PMID: 24441827 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Gaucher's disease (GD), an inherited metabolic disorder caused by mutations in the glucocerebrosidase gene (GBA), is the most common lysosomal storage disease. Heterozygous mutations in GBA are a major risk factor for Parkinson's disease. GD is divided into three clinical subtypes based on the absence (type 1) or presence (types 2 and 3) of neurological signs. Type 1 GD was the first lysosomal storage disease (LSD) for which enzyme therapy became available, and although infusions of recombinant glucocerebrosidase (GCase) ameliorate the systemic effects of GD, the lack of efficacy for the neurological manifestations, along with the considerable expense and inconvenience of enzyme therapy for patients, renders the search for alternative or complementary therapies paramount. Glucosylceramide and glucosylsphingosine accumulation in the brain leads to massive neuronal loss in patients with neuronopathic GD (nGD) and in nGD mouse models. However, the mode of neuronal death is not known. Here, we show that modulating the receptor-interacting protein kinase-3 (Ripk3) pathway markedly improves neurological and systemic disease in a mouse model of GD. Notably, Ripk3 deficiency substantially improved the clinical course of GD mice, with increased survival and motor coordination and salutary effects on cerebral as well as hepatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einat B Vitner
- 1] Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel. [2]
| | - Ran Salomon
- 1] Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel. [2]
| | - Tamar Farfel-Becker
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Anna Meshcheriakova
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mohammad Ali
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Andrés D Klein
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Frances M Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Timothy M Cox
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anthony H Futerman
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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405
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Linkermann
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Douglas R. Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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406
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Murphy JM, Silke J. Ars Moriendi; the art of dying well - new insights into the molecular pathways of necroptotic cell death. EMBO Rep 2014; 15:155-64. [PMID: 24469330 DOI: 10.1002/embr.201337970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
When our time comes to die most people would probably opt for a quick, peaceful and painless exit. But the manner and timing are rarely under our direct control. Hence the Ars moriendi, literally, "The Art of Dying", two texts written in Latin around the 15th century that offered advice on how to die well according to the Christian ideals of the time. In contrast, for individual cells, the death process is frequently under their control and several signaling pathways that cause cell death, including apoptosis, pyroptosis and necroptosis, have been described. Furthermore the manner in which cells die can have good or bad consequences for the organism. In this review we will discuss how cells die via the necroptotic signaling pathway, with emphasis on recent structural work and place this work in a biological context by discussing relevant studies with knock-out animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Murphy
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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407
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Gurung P, Anand PK, Malireddi RKS, Vande Walle L, Van Opdenbosch N, Dillon CP, Weinlich R, Green DR, Lamkanfi M, Kanneganti TD. FADD and caspase-8 mediate priming and activation of the canonical and noncanonical Nlrp3 inflammasomes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:1835-46. [PMID: 24453255 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 510] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Nlrp3 inflammasome is critical for host immunity, but the mechanisms controlling its activation are enigmatic. In this study, we show that loss of FADD or caspase-8 in a RIP3-deficient background, but not RIP3 deficiency alone, hampered transcriptional priming and posttranslational activation of the canonical and noncanonical Nlrp3 inflammasome. Deletion of caspase-8 in the presence or absence of RIP3 inhibited caspase-1 and caspase-11 activation by Nlrp3 stimuli but not the Nlrc4 inflammasome. In addition, FADD deletion prevented caspase-8 maturation, positioning FADD upstream of caspase-8. Consequently, FADD- and caspase-8-deficient mice had impaired IL-1β production when challenged with LPS or infected with the enteropathogen Citrobacter rodentium. Thus, our results reveal FADD and caspase-8 as apical mediators of canonical and noncanonical Nlrp3 inflammasome priming and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajwal Gurung
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
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408
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Moriwaki K, Chan FKM. Necrosis-dependent and independent signaling of the RIP kinases in inflammation. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2013; 25:167-74. [PMID: 24412261 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that some forms of necrosis are controlled by a dedicated signaling pathway triggered by various cell surface and intracellular receptors. This regulated form of necrosis is mediated by the kinase activity of receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIP1/RIPK1) and/or RIP3/RIPK3. A number of studies using the RIP1 kinase inhibitor Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) and its derivatives, or RIP3-deficient mice demonstrated that RIP1 and RIP3 are involved in various infectious and sterile inflammatory diseases. As a consequence, these specific phenotypes were construed to depend on necrosis. However, emerging evidence indicates that the RIP1 kinase activity and RIP3 can also control apoptosis and inflammatory cytokine production independent of necrosis. Therefore, we may need to re-interpret conclusions drawn based on loss of RIP1 or RIP3 functions in in vivo models. We propose that studies of RIP1 and RIP3 in different inflammatory responses need to consider cell death-dependent and independent mechanisms of the RIP kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Moriwaki
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Immunology and Microbiology Program, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Francis K M Chan
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Immunology and Microbiology Program, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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409
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Croker BA, O'Donnell JA, Gerlic M. Pyroptotic death storms and cytopenia. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 26:128-37. [PMID: 24556409 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For over two decades, we have embraced the cytokine storm theory to explain sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock. The failure of numerous large-scale clinical trials, which aimed to treat sepsis by neutralizing inflammatory cytokines and LPS, indicates that alternative pathophysiological mechanisms are likely to account for sepsis and the associated immune suppression in patients with severe infection. Recent insights that extricate pyroptotic death from inflammatory cytokine production in vivo have highlighted a need to investigate the consequences of apoptotic and non-apoptotic death in contributing to cytopenia and immune suppression. In this review, we will focus on the biochemical and cellular mechanisms controlling pyroptosis, a Caspase-1/11 dependent form of cell death during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben A Croker
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Joanne A O'Donnell
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Motti Gerlic
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
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410
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Concepts of tissue injury and cell death in inflammation: a historical perspective. Nat Rev Immunol 2013; 14:51-9. [PMID: 24336099 DOI: 10.1038/nri3561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that the molecular mechanisms of cell death have regulatory roles in inflammation and that the molecular changes that are associated with different forms of cell death affect the course of inflammation in different ways. In this Timeline article, we discuss how our understanding of the mechanisms and functional roles of tissue injury and cell death in inflammation has evolved on the basis of almost two centuries of study. We describe how such ideas have led to our current models of cell death and inflammation, and we highlight the remaining gaps in our knowledge of the subject.
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411
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Tavares AH, Magalhães KG, Almeida RDN, Correa R, Burgel PH, Bocca AL. NLRP3 inflammasome activation by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2595. [PMID: 24340123 PMCID: PMC3855149 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is the etiologic agent of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), the most prevalent systemic mycosis that is geographically confined to Latin America. The pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β that is mainly derived from the activation of the cytoplasmic multiprotein complex inflammasome is an essential host factor against opportunistic fungal infections; however, its role in infection with a primary fungal pathogen, such as P. brasiliensis, is not well understood. In this study, we found that murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells responded to P. brasiliensis yeast cells infection by releasing IL-1β in a spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), caspase-1 and NOD-like receptor (NLR) family member NLRP3 dependent manner. In addition, P. brasiliensis-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation was dependent on potassium (K+) efflux, reactive oxygen species production, phagolysosomal acidification and cathepsin B release. Finally, using mice lacking the IL-1 receptor, we demonstrated that IL-1β signaling has an important role in killing P. brasiliensis by murine macrophages. Altogether, our results demonstrate that the NLRP3 inflammasome senses and responds to P. brasiliensis yeast cells infection and plays an important role in host defense against this fungus. Paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic disease that has an important mortality and morbidity impact in Latin America. It mainly affects rural workers of Argentina, Colombia, Venezuela and Brazil. Upon host infection, one of the most important aspects that contribute to the disease outcome is the initial interaction of the Paracoccidioides brasiliensis fungus with the phagocytic cells and the induction of the inflammatory process. Among several inflammatory mediators, the cytokine interleukin-1β is of pivotal importance in this complex process. Here, we demonstrate that P. brasiliensis is sensed by the NLRP3 inflammasome, a cytoplasmatic multiprotein complex that lead to the processing and secretion of IL-1β. In addition, we described the intracellular perturbations that may be associated with NLRP3 activation such as potassium efflux, production of reactive oxygen species, and lysosomal damage. Finally, our work provides evidence for the protective role of IL-1β during fungal infection of murine macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Henrique Tavares
- Faculdade de Ceilândia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brasil
- Laboratorio de Imunologia Aplicada, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brasil
- * E-mail: .
| | - Kelly Grace Magalhães
- Laboratorio de Imunologia e Inflamação, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brasil
| | - Raquel Das Neves Almeida
- Laboratorio de Imunologia e Inflamação, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brasil
| | - Rafael Correa
- Laboratorio de Imunologia e Inflamação, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brasil
| | - Pedro Henrique Burgel
- Laboratorio de Imunologia Aplicada, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brasil
| | - Anamélia Lorenzetti Bocca
- Laboratorio de Imunologia Aplicada, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brasil
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412
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Eckhart L, Lippens S, Tschachler E, Declercq W. Cell death by cornification. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:3471-3480. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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413
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Participation of c-FLIP in NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasome activation. Cell Death Differ 2013; 21:451-61. [PMID: 24270411 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) is an inhibitor of caspase-8 and is required for macrophage survival. Recent studies have revealed a selective role of caspase-8 in noncanonical IL-1β production that is independent of caspase-1 or inflammasome. Here we demonstrated that c-FLIP(L) is an unexpected contributor to canonical inflammasome activation for the generation of caspase-1 and active IL-1β. Hemizygotic deletion of c-FLIP impaired ATP- and monosodium uric acid (MSU)-induced IL-1β production in macrophages primed through Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Decreased IL-1β expression was attributed to a reduced activation of caspase-1 in c-FLIP hemizygotic cells. In contrast, the production of TNF-α was not affected by downregulation in c-FLIP. c-FLIP(L) interacted with NLRP3 or procaspase-1. c-FLIP is required for the full NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and NLRP3 mitochondrial localization, and c-FLIP is associated with NLRP3 inflammasome. c-FLIP downregulation also reduced AIM2 inflammasome activation. In contrast, c-FLIP inhibited SMAC mimetic-, FasL-, or Dectin-1-induced IL-1β generation that is caspase-8-mediated. Our results demonstrate a prominent role of c-FLIP(L) in the optimal activation of the NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes, and suggest that c-FLIP could be a valid target for treatment of inflammatory diseases caused by over-activation of inflammasomes.
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414
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Abstract
Necroptosis is mediated by engagement of RIP kinases and a downstream pseudokinase, MLKL. In this issue of Immunity, Murphy et al. (2013) show that it operates at or close to the final execution mechanism of the death process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38139, USA.
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415
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Wen H, Miao EA, Ting JPY. Mechanisms of NOD-like receptor-associated inflammasome activation. Immunity 2013; 39:432-41. [PMID: 24054327 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A major function of a subfamily of NLR (nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat containing, or NOD-like receptor) proteins is in inflammasome activation, which has been implicated in a multitude of disease models and human diseases. This work will highlight key progress in understanding the mechanisms that activate the best-studied NLRs (NLRP3, NLRC4, NAIP, and NLRP1) and in uncovering inflammasome NLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Wen
- The Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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416
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Weinlich R, Oberst A, Dillon CP, Janke LJ, Milasta S, Lukens JR, Rodriguez DA, Gurung P, Savage C, Kanneganti TD, Green DR. Protective roles for caspase-8 and cFLIP in adult homeostasis. Cell Rep 2013; 5:340-8. [PMID: 24095739 PMCID: PMC3843376 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspase-8 or cellular FLICE-like inhibitor protein (cFLIP) deficiency leads to embryonic lethality in mice due to defects in endothelial tissues. Caspase-8(-/-) and receptor-interacting protein kinase-3 (RIPK3)(-/-), but not cFLIP(-/-) and RIPK3(-/-), double-knockout animals develop normally, indicating that caspase-8 antagonizes the lethal effects of RIPK3 during development. Here, we show that the acute deletion of caspase-8 in the gut of adult mice induces enterocyte death, disruption of tissue homeostasis, and inflammation, resulting in sepsis and mortality. Likewise, acute deletion of caspase-8 in a focal region of the skin induces local keratinocyte death, tissue disruption, and inflammation. Strikingly, RIPK3 ablation rescues both phenotypes. However, acute loss of cFLIP in the skin produces a similar phenotype that is not rescued by RIPK3 ablation. TNF neutralization protects from either acute loss of caspase-8 or cFLIP. These results demonstrate that caspase-8-mediated suppression of RIPK3-induced death is required not only during development but also for adult homeostasis. Furthermore, RIPK3-dependent inflammation is dispensable for the skin phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Weinlich
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Andrew Oberst
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Laura J. Janke
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sandra Milasta
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - John R. Lukens
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Diego A. Rodriguez
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Prajwal Gurung
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Chandra Savage
- Animal Resource Center, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Douglas R. Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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417
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Abstract
The receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIP3/RIPK3) has emerged as a critical regulator of programmed necrosis/necroptosis, an inflammatory form of cell death with important functions in pathogen-induced and sterile inflammation. RIP3 activation is tightly regulated by phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and caspase-mediated cleavage. These post-translational modifications coordinately regulate the assembly of a macromolecular signaling complex termed the necrosome. Recently, several reports indicate that RIP3 can promote inflammation independent of its pronecrotic activity. Here, we review our current understanding of the mechanisms that drive RIP3-dependent necrosis and its role in different inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Moriwaki
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
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418
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Sakhon OS, Severo MS, Kotsyfakis M, Pedra JHF. A Nod to disease vectors: mitigation of pathogen sensing by arthropod saliva. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:308. [PMID: 24155744 PMCID: PMC3801108 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthropod saliva possesses anti-hemostatic, anesthetic, and anti-inflammatory properties that facilitate feeding and, inadvertently, dissemination of pathogens. Vector-borne diseases caused by these pathogens affect millions of people each year. Many studies address the impact of arthropod salivary proteins on various immunological components. However, whether and how arthropod saliva counters Nod-like (NLR) sensing remains elusive. NLRs are innate immune pattern recognition molecules involved in detecting microbial molecules and danger signals. Nod1/2 signaling results in activation of the nuclear factor-κB and the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Caspase-1 NLRs regulate the inflammasome~– a protein scaffold that governs the maturation of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. Recently, several vector-borne pathogens have been shown to induce NLR activation in immune cells. Here, we provide a brief overview of NLR signaling and discuss clinically relevant vector-borne pathogens recognized by NLR pathways. We also elaborate on possible anti-inflammatory effects of arthropod saliva on NLR signaling and microbial pathogenesis for the purpose of exchanging research perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia S Sakhon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
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419
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Man SM, Tourlomousis P, Hopkins L, Monie TP, Fitzgerald KA, Bryant CE. Salmonella infection induces recruitment of Caspase-8 to the inflammasome to modulate IL-1β production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:5239-46. [PMID: 24123685 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs) detect pathogens and danger-associated signals within the cell. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, an intracellular pathogen, activates caspase-1 required for the processing of the proinflammatory cytokines, pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18, and pyroptosis. In this study, we show that Salmonella infection induces the formation of an apoptosis-associated specklike protein containing a CARD (ASC)-Caspase-8-Caspase-1 inflammasome in macrophages. Caspase-8 and caspase-1 are recruited to the ASC focus independently of one other. Salmonella infection initiates caspase-8 proteolysis in a manner dependent on NLRC4 and ASC, but not NLRP3, caspase-1 or caspase-11. Caspase-8 primarily mediates the synthesis of pro-IL-1β, but is dispensable for Salmonella-induced cell death. Overall, our findings highlight that the ASC inflammasome can recruit different members of the caspase family to induce distinct effector functions in response to Salmonella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Ming Man
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
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420
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Sosna J, Voigt S, Mathieu S, Kabelitz D, Trad A, Janssen O, Meyer-Schwesinger C, Schütze S, Adam D. The proteases HtrA2/Omi and UCH-L1 regulate TNF-induced necroptosis. Cell Commun Signal 2013; 11:76. [PMID: 24090154 PMCID: PMC3850939 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-11-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In apoptosis, proteolysis by caspases is the primary mechanism for both initiation and execution of programmed cell death (PCD). In contrast, the impact of proteolysis on the regulation and execution of caspase-independent forms of PCD (programmed necrosis, necroptosis) is only marginally understood. Likewise, the identity of the involved proteases has remained largely obscure. Here, we have investigated the impact of proteases in TNF-induced necroptosis. Results The serine protease inhibitor TPKC protected from TNF-induced necroptosis in multiple murine and human cells systems whereas inhibitors of metalloproteinases or calpain/cysteine and cathepsin proteases had no effect. A screen for proteins labeled by a fluorescent TPCK derivative in necroptotic cells identified HtrA2/Omi (a serine protease previously implicated in PCD) as a promising candidate. Demonstrating its functional impact, pharmacological inhibition or genetic deletion of HtrA2/Omi protected from TNF-induced necroptosis. Unlike in apoptosis, HtrA2/Omi did not cleave another protease, ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase (UCH-L1) during TNF-induced necroptosis, but rather induced monoubiquitination indicative for UCH-L1 activation. Correspondingly, pharmacologic or RNA interference-mediated inhibition of UCH-L1 protected from TNF-induced necroptosis. We found that UCH-L1 is a mediator of caspase-independent, non-apoptotic cell death also in diseased kidney podocytes by measuring cleavage of the protein PARP-1, caspase activity, cell death and cell morphology. Indicating a role of TNF in this process, podocytes with stably downregulated UCH-L1 proved resistant to TNF-induced necroptosis. Conclusions The proteases HtrA2/Omi and UCH-L1 represent two key components of TNF-induced necroptosis, validating the relevance of proteolysis not only for apoptosis, but also for caspase-independent PCD. Since UCH-L1 clearly contributes to the non-apoptotic death of podocytes, interference with the necroptotic properties of HtrA2/Omi and UCH-L1 may prove beneficial for the treatment of patients, e.g. in kidney failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Sosna
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr, 5, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
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421
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Antonopoulos C, El Sanadi C, Kaiser WJ, Mocarski ES, Dubyak GR. Proapoptotic chemotherapeutic drugs induce noncanonical processing and release of IL-1β via caspase-8 in dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:4789-803. [PMID: 24078693 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The identification of noncanonical (caspase-1-independent) pathways for IL-1β production has unveiled an intricate interplay between inflammatory and death-inducing signaling platforms. We found a heretofore unappreciated role for caspase-8 as a major pathway for IL-1β processing and release in murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC) costimulated with TLR4 agonists and proapoptotic chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin (Dox) or staurosporine (STS). The ability of Dox to stimulate release of mature (17-kDa) IL-1β was nearly equivalent in wild-type (WT) BMDC, Casp1(-/-)Casp11(-/-) BMDC, WT BMDC treated with the caspase-1 inhibitor YVAD, and BMDC lacking the inflammasome regulators ASC, NLRP3, or NLRC4. Notably, Dox-induced production of mature IL-1β was temporally correlated with caspase-8 activation in WT cells and greatly suppressed in Casp8(-/-)Rip3(-/-) or Trif(-/-) BMDC, as well as in WT BMDC treated with the caspase-8 inhibitor, IETD. Similarly, STS stimulated robust IL-1β processing and release in Casp1(-/-)Casp11(-/-) BMDC that was IETD sensitive. These data suggest that TLR4 induces assembly of caspase-8-based signaling complexes that become licensed as IL-1β-converting enzymes in response to Dox and STS. The responses were temporally correlated with downregulation of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1, suggesting suppressive roles for this and likely other inhibitor of apoptosis proteins on the stability and/or proteolytic activity of the caspase-8 platforms. Thus, proapoptotic chemotherapeutic agents stimulate the caspase-8-mediated processing and release of IL-1β, implicating direct effects of such drugs on a noncanonical inflammatory cascade that may modulate immune responses in tumor microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Antonopoulos
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
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422
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The pseudokinase MLKL mediates necroptosis via a molecular switch mechanism. Immunity 2013; 39:443-53. [PMID: 24012422 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 987] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) is a component of the "necrosome," the multiprotein complex that triggers tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced cell death by necroptosis. To define the specific role and molecular mechanism of MLKL action, we generated MLKL-deficient mice and solved the crystal structure of MLKL. Although MLKL-deficient mice were viable and displayed no hematopoietic anomalies or other obvious pathology, cells derived from these animals were resistant to TNF-induced necroptosis unless MLKL expression was restored. Structurally, MLKL comprises a four-helical bundle tethered to the pseudokinase domain, which contains an unusual pseudoactive site. Although the pseudokinase domain binds ATP, it is catalytically inactive and its essential nonenzymatic role in necroptotic signaling is induced by receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 3 (RIPK3)-mediated phosphorylation. Structure-guided mutation of the MLKL pseudoactive site resulted in constitutive, RIPK3-independent necroptosis, demonstrating that modification of MLKL is essential for propagation of the necroptosis pathway downstream of RIPK3.
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423
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Wallach D. The TNF cytokine family: One track in a road paved by many. Cytokine 2013; 63:225-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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424
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Ambiguities in NLRP3 inflammasome regulation: is there a role for mitochondria? Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:1433-40. [PMID: 23994495 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The NLRP3 inflammasome is a sensor of specific pathogen, host and environmental danger molecules. Upon activation NLRP3 recruits caspase-1, which cleaves and thereby activates precursor interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 to initiate immune responses. Several recent studies have posited that the mitochondria are a central regulator of NLRP3 function. SCOPE OF REVIEW Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) production, mitochondrial apoptosis, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) release, mitophagy, calcium induced mitochondrial damage and mitochondrial co-ordination of NLRP3 localization have all been implicated in regulating NLRP3 activity. In this article we review the literature both for and against these models of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and highlight other recent contentious issues concerning NLRP3 functioning. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Although many mechanisms have been proposed for activating NLRP3, no unified model has yet to gain acceptance. Further research is required to clarify how the mitochondria might influence NLRP3 activity. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE While the NLRP3 inflammasome is important for host protection against microbial infection, rare genetic mutations in NLRP3 also cause severe auto-inflammatory diseases. More recent research has implicated NLRP3 activity in pathologies such as atherosclerosis, cancer, type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. Understanding the mechanisms of NLRP3 inflammasome formation and regulation therefore has the potential to uncover new inflammasome and disease specific therapeutic targets. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Frontiers of Mitochondrial Research.
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425
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Abstract
Inflammasomes are key signalling platforms that detect pathogenic microorganisms and sterile stressors, and that activate the highly pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18. In this Review, we discuss the complex regulatory mechanisms that facilitate a balanced but effective inflammasome-mediated immune response, and we highlight the similarities to another molecular signalling platform - the apoptosome - that monitors cellular health. Extracellular regulatory mechanisms are discussed, as well as the intracellular control of inflammasome assembly, for example, via ion fluxes, free radicals and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eicke Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany.
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426
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Linkermann A, Bräsen JH, Darding M, Jin MK, Sanz AB, Heller JO, De Zen F, Weinlich R, Ortiz A, Walczak H, Weinberg JM, Green DR, Kunzendorf U, Krautwald S. Two independent pathways of regulated necrosis mediate ischemia-reperfusion injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:12024-9. [PMID: 23818611 PMCID: PMC3718149 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1305538110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 535] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulated necrosis (RN) may result from cyclophilin (Cyp)D-mediated mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) and receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK)1-mediated necroptosis, but it is currently unclear whether there is one common pathway in which CypD and RIPK1 act in or whether separate RN pathways exist. Here, we demonstrate that necroptosis in ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in mice occurs as primary organ damage, independent of the immune system, and that mice deficient for RIPK3, the essential downstream partner of RIPK1 in necroptosis, are protected from IRI. Protection of RIPK3-knockout mice was significantly stronger than of CypD-deficient mice. Mechanistically, in vivo analysis of cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury and hyperacute TNF-shock models in mice suggested the distinctness of CypD-mediated MPT from RIPK1/RIPK3-mediated necroptosis. We, therefore, generated CypD-RIPK3 double-deficient mice that are viable and fertile without an overt phenotype and that survived prolonged IRI, which was lethal to each single knockout. Combined application of the RIPK1 inhibitor necrostatin-1 and the MPT inhibitor sanglifehrin A confirmed the results with mutant mice. The data demonstrate the pathophysiological coexistence and corelevance of two separate pathways of RN in IRI and suggest that combination therapy targeting distinct RN pathways can be beneficial in the treatment of ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Hinrich Bräsen
- Institute for Pathology, Christian-Albrechts-University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Pathology Hamburg-West, Institute for Diagnostic Histopathology and Cytopathology, 22767 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maurice Darding
- Cell Death and Inflammation Laboratory, Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation, University College London Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ana B. Sanz
- El Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Redinren, Fundación Renal Íñigo Álvarez de Toledo, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Ricardo Weinlich
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678; and
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- El Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Redinren, Fundación Renal Íñigo Álvarez de Toledo, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Henning Walczak
- Cell Death and Inflammation Laboratory, Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation, University College London Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Joel M. Weinberg
- Division for Nephrology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5676
| | - Douglas R. Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678; and
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427
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Linkermann A, Heller JO, Prókai A, Weinberg JM, De Zen F, Himmerkus N, Szabó AJ, Bräsen JH, Kunzendorf U, Krautwald S. The RIP1-kinase inhibitor necrostatin-1 prevents osmotic nephrosis and contrast-induced AKI in mice. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 24:1545-57. [PMID: 23833261 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2012121169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of contrast-induced AKI (CIAKI) is incompletely understood due to the lack of an appropriate in vivo model that demonstrates reduced kidney function before administration of radiocontrast media (RCM). Here, we examine the effects of CIAKI in vitro and introduce a murine ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI)-based approach that allows induction of CIAKI by a single intravenous application of standard RCM after injury for in vivo studies. Whereas murine renal tubular cells and freshly isolated renal tubules rapidly absorbed RCM, plasma membrane integrity and cell viability remained preserved in vitro and ex vivo, indicating that RCM do not induce apoptosis or regulated necrosis of renal tubular cells. In vivo, the IRI-based CIAKI model exhibited typical features of clinical CIAKI, including RCM-induced osmotic nephrosis and increased serum levels of urea and creatinine that were not altered by inhibition of apoptosis. Direct evaluation of renal morphology by intravital microscopy revealed dilation of renal tubules and peritubular capillaries within 20 minutes of RCM application in uninjured mice and similar, but less dramatic, responses after IRI pretreatment. Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1), a specific inhibitor of the receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1) kinase domain, prevented osmotic nephrosis and CIAKI, whereas an inactive Nec-1 derivate (Nec-1i) or the pan-caspase inhibitor zVAD did not. In addition, Nec-1 prevented RCM-induced dilation of peritubular capillaries, suggesting a novel role unrelated to cell death for the RIP1 kinase domain in the regulation of microvascular hemodynamics and pathophysiology of CIAKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Linkermann
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
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428
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Inflammasomes are molecular platforms assembled in response to infection or danger signals, and they regulate the activation of caspase-1 and the maturation of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. In this review, we will summarize the centrality of Nod-like receptor proteins that assemble inflammasomes and regulate intestinal homeostasis by controlling host defense responses, microbiota composition, intestinal inflammation and tissue damage. RECENT FINDINGS In the intestine, the innate immune system evolved to tolerate commensal microorganisms while maintaining the capacity to trigger host defense responses to invading pathogens. Recent findings suggest that inflammasomes play a critical role in the intricate interplay between the local microbial community and the mucosal immune system by sensing commensal bacteria, regulating microbial ecology, establishing the host defense response that discriminates pathogenic from commensal microbes and preventing the emergence of pathobionts. A model to reconcile the conflicting results in the literature on the role of inflammasomes in experimental colitis will be discussed. SUMMARY A better understanding of the relationship between inflammasome signaling and the intestinal microbiota might provide insight into the complex interaction of the innate immune system with the intestinal environment, and identify new approaches for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and gastrointestinal cancer.
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429
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Young JA, He TH, Reizis B, Winoto A. Commensal microbiota are required for systemic inflammation triggered by necrotic dendritic cells. Cell Rep 2013; 3:1932-44. [PMID: 23727238 PMCID: PMC3699966 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between dendritic cells (DCs) and commensal microflora in shaping systemic immune responses is not well understood. Here, we report that mice deficient for the Fas-associated death domain in DCs developed systemic inflammation associated with elevated proinflammatory cytokines and increased myeloid and B cells. These mice exhibited reduced DCs in gut-associated lymphoid tissues due to RIP3-dependent necroptosis, whereas DC functions remained intact. Induction of systemic inflammation required DC necroptosis and commensal microbiota signals that activated MyD88-dependent pathways in other cell types. Systemic inflammation was abrogated with the administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics or complete, but not DC-specific, deletion of MyD88. Thus, we have identified a previously unappreciated role for commensal microbiota in priming immune cells for inflammatory responses against necrotic cells. These studies demonstrate the impact intestinal microflora have on the immune system and their role in eliciting proper immune responses to harmful stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Young
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Tina H. He
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Boris Reizis
- Department of Microbiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Astar Winoto
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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430
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Kaiser WJ, Upton JW, Mocarski ES. Viral modulation of programmed necrosis. Curr Opin Virol 2013; 3:296-306. [PMID: 23773332 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2013.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis and programmed necrosis balance each other as alternate first line host defense pathways against which viruses have evolved countermeasures. Intrinsic apoptosis, the critical programmed cell death pathway that removes excess cells during embryonic development and tissue homeostasis, follows a caspase cascade triggered at mitochondria and modulated by virus-encoded anti-apoptotic B cell leukemia (BCL)2-like suppressors. Extrinsic apoptosis controlled by caspase 8 arose during evolution to trigger executioner caspases directly, circumventing viral suppressors of intrinsic (mitochondrial) apoptosis and providing the selective pressure for viruses to acquire caspase 8 suppressors. Programmed necrosis likely evolved most recently as a 'trap door' adaptation to extrinsic apoptosis. Receptor interacting protein (RIP)3 kinase (also called RIPK3) becomes active when either caspase 8 activity or polyubiquitylation of RIP1 is compromised. This evolutionary dialog implicates caspase 8 as a 'supersensor' alternatively activating and suppressing cell death pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Kaiser
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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431
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Kaczmarek A, Vandenabeele P, Krysko DV. Necroptosis: the release of damage-associated molecular patterns and its physiological relevance. Immunity 2013; 38:209-23. [PMID: 23438821 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1098] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Regulated necrosis, termed necroptosis, is negatively regulated by caspase-8 and is dependent on the kinase activity of RIPK1 and RIPK3. Necroptosis leads to rapid plasma membrane permeabilization and to the release of cell contents and exposure of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). We are only beginning to identify the necroptotic DAMPs, their modifications, and their potential role in the regulation of inflammation. In this review, we discuss the physiological relevance of necroptosis and its role in the modulation of inflammation. For example, during viral infection, RIPK3-mediated necroptosis acts as a backup mechanism to clear pathogens. Necroptosis is also involved in apparently immunologically silent maintenance of T cell homeostasis. In contrast, the induction of necroptosis in skin, intestine, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and ischemia reperfusion injury provoke a strong inflammatory response, which might be triggered by emission of DAMPs from necroptotic cells, showing the detrimental side of necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kaczmarek
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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432
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Lei G, Chen M, Li H, Niu JL, Wu S, Mao L, Lu A, Wang H, Chen W, Xu B, Leng Q, Xu C, Yang G, An L, Zhu LP, Meng G. Biofilm from a clinical strain of Cryptococcus neoformans activates the NLRP3 inflammasome. Cell Res 2013; 23:965-8. [PMID: 23567555 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2013.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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433
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434
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Abstract
Members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily play key roles in innate and adaptive immunity. Here, we review recent structural studies in the intracellular signal transduction of these receptors. A central theme revealed from these structural studies is that upon ligand binding, multiple intracellular proteins form higher-order signaling machines to transduce and amplify receptor activation information to different cellular fates, including NF-κB activation, apoptosis, and programmed necrosis. These studies open a new vista for understanding the biophysical principles in these signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixi Li
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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