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Hugendieck G, Lettau M, Andreas S, Neumann S, Reinhardt N, Arnold P, Theilig F, Bastian L, Rogmans C, Weimer JP, Flörkemeier I, Wesch D, Arnold N, Maass N, Janssen O, Bauerschlag D, Hedemann N. Chemotherapy-induced release of ADAM17 bearing EV as a potential resistance mechanism in ovarian cancer. J Extracell Vesicles 2023; 12:e12338. [PMID: 37408115 PMCID: PMC10323107 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OvCa) is the gynaecological disorder with the poorest prognosis due to the fast development of chemoresistance. We sought to connect chemoresistance and cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EV). The mechanisms of how chemoresistance is sustained by EV remained elusive. One potentially contributing factor is A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17)-itself being able to promote chemoresistance and inducing tumour cell proliferation and survival via the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) pathway by shedding several of its ligands including Amphiregulin (AREG). We now demonstrate that upon chemotherapeutic treatment, proteolytically active ADAM17 is released in association with EV from OvCa cells. In terms of function, we show that patient-derived EV induce AREG shedding and restore chemoresistance in ADAM17-deficient cells. Confirming that ADAM17-containing EV transmit chemoresistance in OvCa, we propose that ADAM17 levels (also on EV) might serve as an indicator for tumour progression and the chemosensitivity status of a given patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit Hugendieck
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marcus Lettau
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Svenja Andreas
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sabrina Neumann
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Natalie Reinhardt
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Philipp Arnold
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Franziska Theilig
- Institute of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lorenz Bastian
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christoph Rogmans
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jörg P Weimer
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Inken Flörkemeier
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Wesch
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Norbert Arnold
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nicolai Maass
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ottmar Janssen
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dirk Bauerschlag
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nina Hedemann
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Hellmold D, Kubelt C, Daunke T, Beckinger S, Janssen O, Hauck M, Schütt F, Adelung R, Lucius R, Haag J, Sebens S, Synowitz M, Held-Feindt J. Sequential Treatment with Temozolomide Plus Naturally Derived AT101 as an Alternative Therapeutic Strategy: Insights into Chemoresistance Mechanisms of Surviving Glioblastoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109075. [PMID: 37240419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a poorly treatable disease due to the fast development of tumor recurrences and high resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy. To overcome the highly adaptive behavior of GBMs, especially multimodal therapeutic approaches also including natural adjuvants have been investigated. However, despite increased efficiency, some GBM cells are still able to survive these advanced treatment regimens. Given this, the present study evaluates representative chemoresistance mechanisms of surviving human GBM primary cells in a complex in vitro co-culture model upon sequential application of temozolomide (TMZ) combined with AT101, the R(-) enantiomer of the naturally occurring cottonseed-derived gossypol. Treatment with TMZ+AT101/AT101, although highly efficient, yielded a predominance of phosphatidylserine-positive GBM cells over time. Analysis of the intracellular effects revealed phosphorylation of AKT, mTOR, and GSK3ß, resulting in the induction of various pro-tumorigenic genes in surviving GBM cells. A Torin2-mediated mTOR inhibition combined with TMZ+AT101/AT101 partly counteracted the observed TMZ+AT101/AT101-associated effects. Interestingly, treatment with TMZ+AT101/AT101 concomitantly changed the amount and composition of extracellular vesicles released from surviving GBM cells. Taken together, our analyses revealed that even when chemotherapeutic agents with different effector mechanisms are combined, a variety of chemoresistance mechanisms of surviving GBM cells must be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Hellmold
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Carolin Kubelt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Tina Daunke
- Institute of Experimental Cancer Research, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Silje Beckinger
- Institute of Experimental Cancer Research, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ottmar Janssen
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Margarethe Hauck
- Functional Nanomaterials, Department of Materials Science, Kiel University, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Fabian Schütt
- Functional Nanomaterials, Department of Materials Science, Kiel University, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Adelung
- Functional Nanomaterials, Department of Materials Science, Kiel University, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ralph Lucius
- Institute of Anatomy, Kiel University, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jochen Haag
- Department of Pathology, Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Susanne Sebens
- Institute of Experimental Cancer Research, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Synowitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Janka Held-Feindt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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de Oliveira TD, vom Stein A, Rebollido-Rios R, Lobastova L, Lettau M, Janssen O, Wagle P, Nguyen PH, Hallek M, Hansen HP. Stromal cells support the survival of human primary chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells through Lyn-driven extracellular vesicles. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 9:1059028. [PMID: 36714146 PMCID: PMC9880074 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1059028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the tumor cells receive survival support from stromal cells through direct cell contact, soluble factors and extracellular vesicles (EVs). The protein tyrosine kinase Lyn is aberrantly expressed in the malignant and stromal cells in CLL tissue. We studied the role of Lyn in the EV-based communication and tumor support. Methods We compared the Lyn-dependent EV release, uptake and functionality using Lyn-proficient (wild-type) and -deficient stromal cells and primary CLL cells. Results Lyn-proficient cells caused a significantly higher EV release and EV uptake as compared to Lyn-deficient cells and also conferred stronger support of primary CLL cells. Proteomic comparison of the EVs from Lyn-proficient and -deficient stromal cells revealed 70 significantly differentially expressed proteins. Gene ontology studies categorized many of which to organization of the extracellular matrix, such as collagen, fibronectin, fibrillin, Lysyl oxidase like 2, integrins and endosialin (CD248). In terms of function, a knockdown of CD248 in Lyn+ HS-5 cells resulted in a diminished B-CLL cell feeding capacity compared to wildtype or scrambled control cells. CD248 is a marker of certain tumors and cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) and crosslinks fibronectin and collagen in a membrane-associated context. Conclusion Our data provide preclinical evidence that the tyrosine kinase Lyn crucially influences the EV-based communication between stromal and primary B-CLL cells by raising EV release and altering the concentration of functional molecules of the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Dolzany de Oliveira
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany,CECAD Center of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander vom Stein
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany,CECAD Center of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rocio Rebollido-Rios
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany,CECAD Center of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Liudmila Lobastova
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany,CECAD Center of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marcus Lettau
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany,Department of Hematology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ottmar Janssen
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Prerana Wagle
- CECAD Center of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, Proteomics Facility, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Phuong-Hien Nguyen
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany,CECAD Center of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Hallek
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany,CECAD Center of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hinrich P. Hansen
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany,CECAD Center of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany,*Correspondence: Hinrich P. Hansen,
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Bernicke B, Engelbogen N, Klein K, Franzenburg J, Borzikowsky C, Peters C, Janssen O, Junker R, Serrano R, Kabelitz D. Analysis of the Seasonal Fluctuation of γδ T Cells and Its Potential Relation with Vitamin D3. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091460. [PMID: 35563767 PMCID: PMC9099506 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to its role in bone metabolism, vitamin D3 exerts immunomodulatory effects and has been proposed to contribute to seasonal variation of immune cells. This might be linked to higher vitamin D3 levels in summer than in winter due to differential sun exposure. γδ T cells comprise a numerically small subset of T cells in the blood, which contribute to anti-infective and antitumor immunity. We studied the seasonal fluctuation of γδ T cells, the possible influence of vitamin D3, and the effect of the active metabolite 1α,25(OH)2D3 on the in vitro activation of human γδ T cells. In a retrospective analysis with 2625 samples of random blood donors, we observed higher proportions of γδ T cells in winter when compared with summer. In a prospective study over one year with a small cohort of healthy adults who did or did not take oral vitamin D3 supplementation, higher proportions of γδ T cells were present in donors without oral vitamin D3 uptake, particularly in spring. However, γδ T cell frequency in blood did not directly correlate with serum levels of 25(OH)D3. The active metabolite 1α,25(OH)2D3 inhibited the in vitro activation of γδ T cells at the level of proliferation, cytotoxicity, and interferon-γ production. Our study reveals novel insights into the seasonal fluctuation of γδ T cells and the immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birthe Bernicke
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (B.B.); (K.K.); (C.P.); (O.J.)
| | - Nils Engelbogen
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (N.E.); (J.F.); (R.J.)
| | - Katharina Klein
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (B.B.); (K.K.); (C.P.); (O.J.)
| | - Jeanette Franzenburg
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (N.E.); (J.F.); (R.J.)
| | - Christoph Borzikowsky
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Statistics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Christian Peters
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (B.B.); (K.K.); (C.P.); (O.J.)
| | - Ottmar Janssen
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (B.B.); (K.K.); (C.P.); (O.J.)
| | - Ralf Junker
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (N.E.); (J.F.); (R.J.)
| | - Ruben Serrano
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (B.B.); (K.K.); (C.P.); (O.J.)
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (B.B.); (K.K.); (C.P.); (O.J.)
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (D.K.)
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Lettau M, Janssen O. Intra- and Extracellular Effector Vesicles From Human T And NK Cells: Same-Same, but Different? Front Immunol 2022; 12:804895. [PMID: 35003134 PMCID: PMC8733945 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.804895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and Natural Killer (NK) cells utilize an overlapping effector arsenal for the elimination of target cells. It was initially proposed that all cytotoxic effector proteins are stored in lysosome-related effector vesicles (LREV) termed "secretory lysosomes" as a common storage compartment and are only released into the immunological synapse formed between the effector and target cell. The analysis of enriched LREV, however, revealed an uneven distribution of individual effectors in morphologically distinct vesicular entities. Two major populations of LREV were distinguished based on their protein content and signal requirements for degranulation. Light vesicles carrying FasL and 15 kDa granulysin are released in a PKC-dependent and Ca2+-independent manner, whereas dense granules containing perforin, granzymes and 9 kDa granulysin require Ca2+-signaling as a hallmark of classical degranulation. Notably, both types of LREV do not only contain the mentioned cytolytic effectors, but also store and transport diverse other immunomodulatory proteins including MHC class I and II, costimulatory and adhesion molecules, enzymes (i.e. CD26/DPP4) or cytokines. Interestingly, the recent analyses of CTL- or NK cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EV) revealed the presence of a related mixture of proteins in microvesicles or exosomes that in fact resemble fingerprints of the cells of origin. This overlapping protein profile indicates a direct relation of intra- and extracellular vesicles. Since EV potentially also interact with cells at distant sites (apart from the IS), they might act as additional effector vesicles or intercellular communicators in a more systemic fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Lettau
- Molecular Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine II, Unit for Hematological Diagnostics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ottmar Janssen
- Molecular Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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Lobastova L, Lettau M, Babatz F, de Oliveira TD, Nguyen PH, Pauletti BA, Schauss AC, Dürkop H, Janssen O, Paes Leme AF, Hallek M, Hansen HP. CD30-Positive Extracellular Vesicles Enable the Targeting of CD30-Negative DLBCL Cells by the CD30 Antibody-Drug Conjugate Brentuximab Vedotin. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:698503. [PMID: 34395429 PMCID: PMC8362802 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.698503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CD30, a member of the TNF receptor superfamily, is selectively expressed on a subset of activated lymphocytes and on malignant cells of certain lymphomas, such as classical Hodgkin Lymphoma (cHL), where it activates critical bystander cells in the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, it is not surprising that the CD30 antibody-drug conjugate Brentuximab Vedotin (BV) represents a powerful, FDA-approved treatment option for CD30+ hematological malignancies. However, BV also exerts a strong anti-cancer efficacy in many cases of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) with poor CD30 expression, even when lacking detectable CD30+ tumor cells. The mechanism remains enigmatic. Because CD30 is released on extracellular vesicles (EVs) from both, malignant and activated lymphocytes, we studied whether EV-associated CD30 might end up in CD30– tumor cells to provide binding sites for BV. Notably, CD30+ EVs bind to various DLBCL cell lines as well as to the FITC-labeled variant of the antibody-drug conjugate BV, thus potentially conferring the BV binding also to CD30– cells. Confocal microscopy and imaging cytometry studies revealed that BV binding and uptake depend on CD30+ EVs. Since BV is only toxic toward CD30– DLBCL cells when CD30+ EVs support its uptake, we conclude that EVs not only communicate within the tumor microenvironment but also influence cancer treatment. Ultimately, the CD30-based BV not only targets CD30+ tumor cell but also CD30– DLBCL cells in the presence of CD30+ EVs. Our study thus provides a feasible explanation for the clinical impact of BV in CD30– DLBCL and warrants confirming studies in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudmila Lobastova
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,CECAD Center of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marcus Lettau
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany.,Department of Hematology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Felix Babatz
- CECAD Center of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, Imaging Facility, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thais Dolzany de Oliveira
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,CECAD Center of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, Cologne, Germany
| | - Phuong-Hien Nguyen
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,CECAD Center of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bianca Alves Pauletti
- Laboratório de Espectrometria de Massas, Laboratório Nacional de Biociências, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Astrid C Schauss
- CECAD Center of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, Imaging Facility, Cologne, Germany
| | - Horst Dürkop
- Pathodiagnostik Berlin MVZ GmbH Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ottmar Janssen
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Adriana F Paes Leme
- Laboratório de Espectrometria de Massas, Laboratório Nacional de Biociências, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Michael Hallek
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,CECAD Center of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hinrich P Hansen
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,CECAD Center of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, Cologne, Germany
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Lettau M, Dietz M, Dohmen K, Leippe M, Kabelitz D, Janssen O. Granulysin species segregate to different lysosome-related effector vesicles (LREV) and get mobilized by either classical or non-classical degranulation. Mol Immunol 2019; 107:44-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Peters C, Meyer A, Kouakanou L, Feder J, Schricker T, Lettau M, Janssen O, Wesch D, Kabelitz D. TGF-β enhances the cytotoxic activity of Vδ2 T cells. Oncoimmunology 2018; 8:e1522471. [PMID: 30546961 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1522471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
TGF-β is a pleiotropic cytokine with multiple roles in immunity. Apart from its suppressive activity, TGF-β is a driving cytokine in the differentiation of induced regulatory T cells (iTreg) but also in the polarization of interleukin-9 (IL-9) producing T helper 9 (Th9) T cells. Human Vδ2 expressing γδ T cells exert potent cytotoxicity towards a variety of solid tumor and leukemia/lymphoma target cells and thus are in the focus of current strategies to develop cell-based immunotherapies. Here we report that TGF-β unexpectedly augments the cytotoxic effector activity of short-term expanded Vδ2 T cells when purified γδ T cells are activated with specific pyrophosphate antigens and IL-2 or IL-15 in the presence of TGF-β. TGF-β up-regulates the expression of CD54, CD103, interferon-γ, IL-9 and granzyme B in γδ T cells while CD56 and CD11a/CD18 are down-regulated. Moreover, we show that CD103 (αE/β7 integrin) is recruited to the immunological synapse in γδ T cells. Increased cytotoxic activity of TGF-β-exposed γδ T cells is reduced by anti-CD103 and further diminished upon additional anti-CD11a antibody treatment, pointing to a role of cellular adhesion in the enhanced cytolytic activity. Furthermore, magnetically sorted CD103-positive Vδ2 T cells exhibit superior cytolytic activity. In view of the importance of CD103 for tissue homing of lymphocytes, our results suggest that adoptive transfer of CD103-expressing Vδ2 T cells might favor their homing to solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Peters
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Annika Meyer
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Léonce Kouakanou
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Julia Feder
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tim Schricker
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marcus Lettau
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ottmar Janssen
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Wesch
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Dorronsoro JD, Halliwell JJ, Hartle JB, Hertog T, Janssen O, Vreys Y. Damped Perturbations in the No-Boundary State. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 121:081302. [PMID: 30192566 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.081302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We evaluate the no-boundary path integral exactly in a Bianchi type IX minisuperspace with two scale factors. In this model the no-boundary proposal can be implemented by requiring one scale factor to be zero initially together with a judiciously chosen regularity condition on the momentum conjugate to the second scale factor. Taking into account the nonlinear backreaction of the perturbations we recover the predictions of the original semiclassical no-boundary proposal. In particular we find that large perturbations are strongly damped, consistent with vacuum state wave functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J J Halliwell
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW7 2BZ, United Kingdom
| | - J B Hartle
- Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - T Hertog
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - O Janssen
- Center for Cosmology and Particle Physics, New York University, New York 10003, USA
| | - Y Vreys
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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10
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Lettau M, Armbrust F, Dohmen K, Drews L, Poch T, Dietz M, Kabelitz D, Janssen O. Mechanistic peculiarities of activation-induced mobilization of cytotoxic effector proteins in human T cells. Int Immunol 2018; 30:215-228. [PMID: 29373679 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that cytotoxic T and NK cells store effector proteins including granzymes, perforin and Fas ligand (FasL) in intracellular granules, often referred to as secretory lysosomes. Upon target cell encounter, these organelles are transported to the cytotoxic immunological synapse, where they fuse with the plasma membrane to release the soluble effector molecules and to expose transmembrane proteins including FasL on the cell surface. We previously described two distinct species of secretory vesicles in T and NK cells that differ in size, morphology and protein loading, most strikingly regarding FasL and granzyme B. We now show that the signal requirements for the mobilization of one or the other granule also differ substantially. We report that prestored FasL can be mobilized independent of extracellular Ca2+, whereas the surface exposure of lysosome-associated membrane proteins (Lamps; CD107a and CD63) and the release of granzyme B are calcium-dependent. The use of selective inhibitors of actin dynamics unequivocally points to different transport mechanisms for individual vesicles. While inhibitors of actin polymerization/dynamics inhibit the surface appearance of prestored FasL, they increase the activation-induced mobilization of CD107a, CD63 and granzyme B. In contrast, inhibition of the actin-based motor protein myosin 2a facilitates FasL-, but impairs CD107a-, CD63- and granzyme B mobilization. From our data, we conclude that distinct cytotoxic effector granules are differentially regulated with respect to signaling requirements and transport mechanisms. We suggest that a T cell might 'sense' which effector proteins it needs to mobilize in a given context, thereby increasing efficacy while minimizing collateral damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Lettau
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Fred Armbrust
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Katharina Dohmen
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lisann Drews
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tobias Poch
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michelle Dietz
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ottmar Janssen
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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11
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Fritsch J, Fickers R, Klawitter J, Särchen V, Zingler P, Adam D, Janssen O, Krause E, Schütze S. TNF induced cleavage of HSP90 by cathepsin D potentiates apoptotic cell death. Oncotarget 2018; 7:75774-75789. [PMID: 27716614 PMCID: PMC5342777 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During apoptosis induction by TNF, the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways converge at the lysosomal-mitochondrial interface. Earlier studies showed that the lysosomal aspartic protease Cathepsin D (CtsD) cleaves Bid to tBid, resulting in the amplification of the initial apoptotic cascade via mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP). The goal of this study was to identify further targets for CtsD that might be involved in activation upon death receptor ligation. Using a proteomics screen, we identified the heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) to be cleaved by CtsD after stimulation of U937 or other cell lines with TNF, FasL and TRAIL. HSP90 cleavage corresponded to apoptosis sensitivity of the cell lines to the different stimuli. After mutation of the cleavage site, HSP90 partially prevented apoptosis induction in U937 and Jurkat cells. Overexpression of the cleavage fragments in U937 and Jurkat cells showed no effect on apoptosis, excluding a direct pro-apoptotic function of these fragments. Pharmacological inhibition of HSP90 with 17AAG boosted ligand mediated apoptosis by enhancing Bid cleavage and caspase-9 activation. Together, we demonstrated that HSP90 plays an anti-apoptotic role in death receptor signalling and that CtsD-mediated cleavage of HSP90 sensitizes cells for apoptosis. These findings identify HSP90 as a potential target for cancer therapy in combination with death ligands (e.g. TNF or TRAIL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Fritsch
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ricarda Fickers
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan Klawitter
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Vinzenz Särchen
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Philipp Zingler
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Adam
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ottmar Janssen
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Eberhard Krause
- Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Schütze
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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12
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Chitadze G, Flüh C, Quabius ES, Freitag-Wolf S, Peters C, Lettau M, Bhat J, Wesch D, Oberg HH, Luecke S, Janssen O, Synowitz M, Held-Feindt J, Kabelitz D. In-depth immunophenotyping of patients with glioblastoma multiforme: Impact of steroid treatment. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1358839. [PMID: 29147621 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1358839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite aggressive treatment regimens based on surgery and radiochemotherapy, the prognosis of patients with grade IV glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) remains extremely poor, calling for alternative options such as immunotherapy. Immunological mechanisms including the Natural Killer Group 2 member D (NKG2D) receptor-ligand system play an important role in tumor immune surveillance and targeting the NKG2D system might be beneficial. However, before considering any kind of immunotherapy, a precise characterization of the immune system is important, particularly in GBM patients where conventional therapies with impact on the immune system are frequently co-administered. Here we performed an in-depth immunophenotyping of GBM patients and age-matched healthy controls and analyzed NKG2D ligand expression on primary GBM cells ex vivo. We report that GBM patients have a compromised innate immune system irrespective of steroid (dexamethasone) medication. However, dexamethasone drastically reduced the number of immune cells in the blood of GBM patients. Moreover, higher counts of immune cells influenced by dexamethasone like CD45+ lymphocytes and non-Vδ2 γδ T cells were associated with better overall survival. Higher levels of NKG2D ligands on primary GBM tumor cells were observed in patients who received radiochemotherapy, pointing towards increased immunogenic potential of GBM cells following standard radiochemotherapy. This study sheds light on how steroids and radiochemotherapy affect immune cell parameters of GBM patients, a pre-requisite for the development of new therapeutic strategies targeting the immune system in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guranda Chitadze
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Hostein, Germany
| | - Charlotte Flüh
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, UKSH Campus Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Hostein, Germany
| | - Elgar Susanne Quabius
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Hostein, Germany.,Dept. of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, UKSH Campus Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Hostein, Germany
| | - Sandra Freitag-Wolf
- Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Kiel University, Kiel, Schleswig-Hostein, Germany
| | - Christian Peters
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Hostein, Germany
| | - Marcus Lettau
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Hostein, Germany
| | - Jaydeep Bhat
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Hostein, Germany
| | - Daniela Wesch
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Hostein, Germany
| | - Hans-Heinrich Oberg
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Hostein, Germany
| | - Stefanie Luecke
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Hostein, Germany
| | - Ottmar Janssen
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Hostein, Germany
| | - Michael Synowitz
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, UKSH Campus Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Hostein, Germany
| | - Janka Held-Feindt
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, UKSH Campus Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Hostein, Germany
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Hostein, Germany
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14
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Abstract
In contrast to conventional T lymphocytes, which carry an αβ T-cell receptor and recognize antigens as peptides presented by major histocompatibility complex class I or class II molecules, human γδ T cells recognize different metabolites such as non-peptidic pyrophosphate molecules that are secreted by microbes or overproduced by tumor cells. Hence, γδ T cells play a role in immunosurveillance of infection and cellular transformation. Until recently, it has been unknown how the γδ T-cell receptor senses such pyrophosphates in the absence of known antigen-presenting molecules. Recent studies from several groups have identified a unique role of butyrophilin (BTN) protein family members in this process, notably of BTN3A1. BTNs are a large family of transmembrane proteins with diverse functions in lipid secretion and innate and adaptive immunity. Here we discuss current models of how BTN molecules regulate γδ T-cell activation. We also address the implications of these recent findings on the design of novel immunotherapeutic strategies based on the activation of γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building 17, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Marcus Lettau
- Institute of Immunology, University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building 17, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ottmar Janssen
- Institute of Immunology, University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building 17, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
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15
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Stephan M, Edelmann B, Winoto-Morbach S, Janssen O, Bertsch U, Perrotta C, Schütze S, Fritsch J. Role of caspases in CD95-induced biphasic activation of acid sphingomyelinase. Oncotarget 2017; 8:20067-20085. [PMID: 28223543 PMCID: PMC5386744 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Acid sphingomyelinase (A-SMase) plays an important role in the initiation of CD95 signaling by forming ceramide-enriched membrane domains that enable clustering and activation of the death receptors. In TNF-R1 and TRAIL-R1/R2 signaling, A-SMase also contributes to the lysosomal apoptosis pathway triggered by receptor internalization. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanism of CD95-mediated A-SMase activation, demonstrating that A-SMase is located in internalized CD95-receptosomes and is activated by the CD95/CD95L complex in a biphasic manner.Since several caspases have been described to be involved in the activation of A-SMase, we evaluated expression levels of caspase-8, caspase-7 and caspase-3 in CD95-receptosomes. The occurrence of cleaved caspase-8 correlated with the first peak of A-SMase activity and translocation of the A-SMase to the cell surface which could be blocked by the caspase-8 inhibitor IETD.Inhibition of CD95-internalization selectively reduced the second phase of A-SMase activity, suggesting a fusion between internalized CD95-receptosomes and an intracellular vesicular pool of A-SMase. Further analysis demonstrated that caspase-7 activity correlates with the second phase of the A-SMase activity, whereas active caspase-3 is present at early and late internalization time points. Blocking caspases-7/ -3 by DEVD reduced the second phase of A-SMase activation in CD95-receptosomes suggesting the potential role of caspase-7 or -3 for late A-SMase activation.In summary, we describe a biphasic A-SMase activation in CD95-receptosomes indicating (I.) a caspase-8 dependent translocation of A-SMase to plasma membrane and (II.) a caspase-7 and/or -3 dependent fusion of internalized CD95-receptosomes with intracellular A-SMase-containing vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Stephan
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Bärbel Edelmann
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Ottmar Janssen
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Uwe Bertsch
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Cristiana Perrotta
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “Luigi Sacco” (DIBIC), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefan Schütze
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jürgen Fritsch
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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16
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Nerdal PT, Peters C, Oberg HH, Zlatev H, Lettau M, Quabius ES, Sousa S, Gonnermann D, Auriola S, Olive D, Määttä J, Janssen O, Kabelitz D. Butyrophilin 3A/CD277-Dependent Activation of Human γδ T Cells: Accessory Cell Capacity of Distinct Leukocyte Populations. J Immunol 2016; 197:3059-3068. [PMID: 27619996 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells recognize in a butyrophilin 3A/CD277-dependent way microbial (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP) or endogenous pyrophosphates (isopentenyl pyrophosphate [IPP]). Nitrogen-bisphosphonates such as zoledronic acid (ZOL) trigger selective γδ T cell activation because they stimulate IPP production in monocytes by inhibiting the mevalonate pathway downstream of IPP synthesis. We performed a comparative analysis of the capacity of purified monocytes, neutrophils, and CD4 T cells to serve as accessory cells for Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation in response to three selective but mechanistically distinct stimuli (ZOL, HMBPP, agonistic anti-CD277 mAb). Only monocytes supported γδ T cell expansion in response to all three stimuli, whereas both neutrophils and CD4 T cells presented HMBPP but failed to induce γδ T cell expansion in the presence of ZOL or anti-CD277 mAb. Preincubation of accessory cells with the respective stimuli revealed potent γδ T cell-stimulating activity of ZOL- or anti-CD277 mAb-pretreated monocytes, but not neutrophils. In comparison with monocytes, ZOL-pretreated neutrophils produced little, if any, IPP and expressed much lower levels of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase. Exogenous IL-18 enhanced the γδ T cell expansion with all three stimuli, remarkably also in response to CD4 T cells and neutrophils preincubated with anti-CD277 mAb or HMBPP. Our study uncovers unexpected differences between monocytes and neutrophils in their accessory function for human γδ T cells and underscores the important role of IL-18 in driving γδ T cell expansion. These results may have implications for the design of γδ T cell-based immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Theodor Nerdal
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Peters
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Hans-Heinrich Oberg
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Hristo Zlatev
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marcus Lettau
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Elgar Susanne Quabius
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Sofia Sousa
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Daniel Gonnermann
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Seppo Auriola
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Daniel Olive
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie des Tumeurs, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, INSERM, U1068, F-13009 Marseille, France.,CNRS, UMR7258, F-13009 Marseille, France.,Institut Paoli-Calmettes, F-13009 Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille University, UM 105, F-13284 Marseille, France; and
| | - Jorma Määttä
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Ottmar Janssen
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, D-24105 Kiel, Germany;
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17
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Schmidt F, Müller M, Prox J, Arnold P, Schönherr C, Tredup C, Minder P, Ebsen H, Janssen O, Annaert W, Pietrzik C, Schmidt-Arras D, Sterchi EE, Becker-Pauly C. Tetraspanin 8 is an interactor of the metalloprotease meprin β within tetraspanin-enriched microdomains. Biol Chem 2016; 397:857-69. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Meprin β is a dimeric type I transmembrane protein and acts as an ectodomain sheddase at the cell surface. It has been shown that meprin β cleaves the amyloid precursor protein (APP), thereby releasing neurotoxic amyloid β peptides and implicating a role of meprin β in Alzheimer’s disease. In order to identify non-proteolytic regulators of meprin β, we performed a split ubiquitin yeast two-hybrid screen using a small intestinal cDNA library. In this screen we identified tetraspanin 8 (TSPAN8) as interaction partner for meprin β. As several members of the tetraspanin family were described to interact with metalloproteases thereby affecting their localization and/or activity, we hypothesized similar functions of TSPAN8 in the regulation of meprin β. We employed cell biological methods to confirm direct binding of TSPAN8 to meprin β. Surprisingly, we did not observe an effect of TSPAN8 on the catalytic activity of meprin β nor on the specific cleavage of its substrate APP. However, both proteins were identified as present in tetraspanin-enriched microdomains. Therefore we hypothesize that TSPAN8 might be important for the orchestration of meprin β at the cell surface with impact on certain proteolytic processes that have to be further identified.
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18
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Schmidt F, Müller M, Prox J, Arnold P, Schönherr C, Tredup C, Minder P, Ebsen H, Janssen O, Annaert W, Pietrzik C, Schmidt-Arras D, Sterchi EE, Becker-Pauly C. Tetraspanin 8 is an interactor of the metalloprotease meprin β within tetraspanin-enriched microdomains. Biol Chem 2016; 0:/j/bchm.just-accepted/hsz-20-2016-0126/hsz-20-2016-0126.xml. [PMID: 27180357 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-20-2016-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Meprin β is a dimeric type I transmembrane protein and acts as an ectodomain sheddase at the cell surface. It was shown that meprin β cleaves the amyloid precursor protein (APP), thereby releasing neurotoxic amyloid β peptides and implicating a role of meprin β in Alzheimer's disease. In order to identify non-proteolytic regulators of meprin β, we performed a split ubiquitin yeast two-hybrid screen using a small intestinal cDNA library. In this screen we identified tetraspanin 8 (TSPAN8) as interaction partner for meprin β. Since several members of the tetraspanin family were described to interact with metalloproteases thereby affecting their localization and/or activity, we hypothesized similar functions of TSPAN8 in the regulation of meprin β. We employed cell biological methods to confirm direct binding of TSPAN8 to meprin β. Surprisingly, we did not observe an effect of TSPAN8 on the catalytic activity of meprin β nor on the specific cleavage of its substrate APP. However, both proteins were identified being present in tetraspanin-enriched microdomains. Therefore we hypothesize that TSPAN8 might be important for the orchestration of meprin β at the cell surface with impact on certain proteolytic processes that have to be further identified.
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19
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Collins SP, Laundy D, Connolley T, van der Laan G, Fabrizi F, Janssen O, Cooper MJ, Ebert H, Mankovsky S. On the possibility of using X-ray Compton scattering to study magnetoelectrical properties of crystals. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2016; 72:197-205. [PMID: 26919371 PMCID: PMC4770871 DOI: 10.1107/s2053273316000863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of using X-ray Compton scattering to reveal antisymmetric components of the electron momentum density, as a fingerprint of magnetoelectric sample properties, is investigated experimentally and theoretically by studying the polar ferromagnet GaFeO3. This paper discusses the possibility of using Compton scattering – an inelastic X-ray scattering process that yields a projection of the electron momentum density – to probe magnetoelectrical properties. It is shown that an antisymmetric component of the momentum density is a unique fingerprint of such time- and parity-odd physics. It is argued that polar ferromagnets are ideal candidates to demonstrate this phenomenon and the first experimental results are shown, on a single-domain crystal of GaFeO3. The measured antisymmetric Compton profile is very small (≃ 10−5 of the symmetric part) and of the same order of magnitude as the statistical errors. Relativistic first-principles simulations of the antisymmetric Compton profile are presented and it is shown that, while the effect is indeed predicted by theory, and scales with the size of the valence spin–orbit interaction, its magnitude is significantly overestimated. The paper outlines some important constraints on the properties of the antisymmetric Compton profile arising from the underlying crystallographic symmetry of the sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Collins
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, England
| | - D Laundy
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, England
| | - T Connolley
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, England
| | - G van der Laan
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, England
| | - F Fabrizi
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, England
| | - O Janssen
- Department of Physics, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - M J Cooper
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL, England
| | - H Ebert
- Universität München, Department Chemie, Haus E2.033, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - S Mankovsky
- Universität München, Department Chemie, Haus E2.033, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, D-81377 München, Germany
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Chitadze G, Lettau M, Luecke S, Wang T, Janssen O, Fürst D, Mytilineos J, Wesch D, Oberg HH, Held-Feindt J, Kabelitz D. NKG2D- and T-cell receptor-dependent lysis of malignant glioma cell lines by human γδ T cells: Modulation by temozolomide and A disintegrin and metalloproteases 10 and 17 inhibitors. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1093276. [PMID: 27141377 PMCID: PMC4839372 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1093276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of the MHC class I-related chain molecules A and B (MICA and MICB) and UL-16 binding protein (ULBP) family members expressed on tumor cells with the corresponding NKG2D receptor triggers cytotoxic effector functions in NK cells and γδ T cells. However, as a mechanism of tumor immune escape, NKG2D ligands (NKG2DLs) can be released from the cell surface. In this study, we investigated the NKG2DL system in different human glioblastoma (GBM) cell lines, the most lethal brain tumor in adults. Flow cytometric analysis and ELISA revealed that despite the expression of various NKG2DLs only ULBP2 is released as a soluble protein via the proteolytic activity of "a disintegrin and metalloproteases" (ADAM) 10 and 17. Moreover, we report that temozolomide (TMZ), a chemotherapeutic agent in clinical use for the treatment of GBM, increases the cell surface expression of NKG2DLs and sensitizes GBM cells to γδ T cell-mediated lysis. Both NKG2D and the T-cell receptor (TCR) are involved. The cytotoxic activity of γδ T cells toward GBM cells is strongly enhanced in a TCR-dependent manner by stimulation with pyrophosphate antigens. These data clearly demonstrate the complexity of mechanisms regulating NKG2DL expression in GBM cells and further show that treatment with TMZ can increase the immunogenicity of GBM. Thus, TMZ might enhance the potential of the adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded γδ T cells for the treatment of malignant glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guranda Chitadze
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel , Kiel, Germany
| | - Marcus Lettau
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel , Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefanie Luecke
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel , Kiel, Germany
| | - Ting Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany; University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Ottmar Janssen
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel , Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniel Fürst
- Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, Baden-Wuerttemberg-Hessen, Ulm, Germany; Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Joannis Mytilineos
- Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, Baden-Wuerttemberg-Hessen, Ulm, Germany; Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniela Wesch
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel , Kiel, Germany
| | - Hans-Heinrich Oberg
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel , Kiel, Germany
| | - Janka Held-Feindt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH , Campus Kiel , Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel , Kiel, Germany
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Lettau M, Kabelitz D, Janssen O. Lysosome-Related Effector Vesicles in T Lymphocytes and NK Cells. Scand J Immunol 2015; 82:235-43. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Lettau
- Institute of Immunology; University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel; Kiel Germany
| | - D. Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology; University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel; Kiel Germany
| | - O. Janssen
- Institute of Immunology; University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel; Kiel Germany
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22
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Ebsen H, Lettau M, Kabelitz D, Janssen O. Subcellular localization and activation of ADAM proteases in the context of FasL shedding in T lymphocytes. Mol Immunol 2015; 65:416-28. [PMID: 25745808 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The "A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinases" (ADAMs) form a subgroup of the metzincin endopeptidases. Proteolytically active members of this protein family act as sheddases and govern key processes in development and inflammation by regulating cell surface expression and release of cytokines, growth factors, adhesion molecules and their receptors. In T lymphocytes, ADAM10 sheds the death factor Fas Ligand (FasL) and thereby regulates T cell activation, death and effector function. Although FasL shedding by ADAM10 was confirmed in several studies, its regulation is still poorly defined. We recently reported that ADAM10 is highly abundant on T cells whereas its close relative ADAM17 is expressed at low levels and transiently appears at the cell surface upon stimulation. Since FasL is also stored intracellularly and brought to the plasma membrane upon stimulation, we addressed where the death factor gets exposed to ADAM proteases. We report for the first time that both ADAM10 and ADAM17 are associated with FasL-containing secretory lysosomes. Moreover, we demonstrate that TCR/CD3/CD28-stimulation induces a partial positioning of both proteases and FasL to lipid rafts and only the activation-induced raft-positioning results in FasL processing. TCR/CD3/CD28-induced FasL proteolysis is markedly affected by reducing both ADAM10 and ADAM17 protein levels, indicating that in human T cells also ADAM17 is implicated in FasL processing. Since FasL shedding is affected by cholesterol depletion and by inhibition of Src kinases or palmitoylation, we conclude that it requires mobilization and co-positioning of ADAM proteases in lipid raft-like platforms associated with an activation of raft-associated Src-family kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Ebsen
- University of Kiel, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3 Bldg 17, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Marcus Lettau
- University of Kiel, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3 Bldg 17, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- University of Kiel, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3 Bldg 17, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ottmar Janssen
- University of Kiel, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3 Bldg 17, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
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Lettau M, Kabelitz D, Janssen O. SDF1α-induced interaction of the adapter proteins Nck and HS1 facilitates actin polymerization and migration in T cells. Eur J Immunol 2014; 45:551-61. [PMID: 25359136 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Noncatalytic region of tyrosine kinase (Nck) is an adapter protein that comprises one SH2 (Src homology) domain and three SH3 domains. Nck links receptors and receptor-associated tyrosine kinases or adapter proteins to proteins that regulate the actin cytoskeleton. Whereas the SH2 domain binds to phosphorylated receptors or associated phosphoproteins, individual interactions of the SH3 domains with proline-based recognition motifs result in the formation of larger protein complexes. In T cells, changes in cell polarity and morphology during T-cell activation and effector function require the T-cell receptor-mediated recruitment and activation of actin-regulatory proteins to initiate cytoskeletal reorganization at the immunological synapse. We previously identified the adapter protein HS1 as a putative Nck-interacting protein. We now demonstrate that the SH2 domain of Nck specifically interacts with HS1 upon phosphorylation of its tyrosine residue 378. We report that in human T cells, ligation of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 by stromal cell-derived factor 1α (SDF1α) induces a rapid and transient phosphorylation of tyrosine 378 of HS1 resulting in an increased association with Nck. Consequently, siRNA-mediated downregulation of HS1 and/or Nck impairs SDF1α-induced actin polymerization and T-cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Lettau
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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24
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Ebsen H, Lettau M, Kabelitz D, Janssen O. Identification of SH3 domain proteins interacting with the cytoplasmic tail of the a disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10). PLoS One 2014; 9:e102899. [PMID: 25036101 PMCID: PMC4103893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The a disintegrin and metalloproteases (ADAMs) play a pivotal role in the control of development, adhesion, migration, inflammation and cancer. Although numerous substrates of ADAM10 have been identified, the regulation of its surface expression and proteolytic activity is still poorly defined. One current hypothesis is that both processes are in part modulated by protein-protein interactions mediated by the intracellular portion of the protease. For related proteases, especially proline-rich regions serving as docking sites for Src homology domain 3 (SH3) domain-containing proteins proved to be important for mediating regulatory interactions. In order to identify ADAM10-binding SH3 domain proteins, we screened the All SH3 Domain Phager library comprising 305 human SH3 domains using a GST fusion protein with the intracellular region of human ADAM10 as a bait for selection. Of a total of 291 analyzed phage clones, we found 38 SH3 domains that were precipitated with the ADAM10-derived fusion protein but not with GST. We verified the binding to the cytosolic portion of ADAM10 for several candidates by co-immunoprecipitation and/or pull down analyses. Intriguingly, several of the identified proteins have been implicated in regulating surface appearance and/or proteolytic activity of related ADAMs. Thus, it seems likely that they also play a role in ADAM10 biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Ebsen
- University of Kiel, Molecular Immunology, Institute for Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marcus Lettau
- University of Kiel, Molecular Immunology, Institute for Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- University of Kiel, Molecular Immunology, Institute for Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ottmar Janssen
- University of Kiel, Molecular Immunology, Institute for Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- * E-mail:
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25
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Abstract
A polymer and free sulfur are formed in carbon disulfide under the influence of ionizing radiations. The polymer has the summary formula (CS) n when it is formed in liquid CS2 at 150°C. Its composition is close to (CS2)n if it is produced in liquid CS2 at —84°C or in CS2-gas at 23°C. G(—CS2) strongly depends on the phase: <0.01 in the solid state (—185°C), 0.8 at 27°C and 1.3 at —84°C in the liquid, 15.4 in the gas (23°C). G(—CS2) in the gas is independent of dose, dose rate, CS2-pressure and of the kind of radiation (γ, electrons, protons). A gas phase dosimeter is described which allows one to determine the absorbed dose by simple manometric measurement. The energy required to produce an ion pair in CS2-vapour was found to be equal to 26.5 eV.
Dissolved sulfur retards the decomposition of liquid CS2. Dissolved iodine and DPPH are consumed. Much higher concentrations of these solutes are required to scavenge all intermediate products than in hydrocarbons. At low solute concentrations, no dependence of the yield on the dose rate could be observed. It seems therefore that these solutes react with intermediates in the spurs. The iodine consumed is incorporated into the polymer. Polymers with iodine contents up to 60 weight % have been obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Janssen
- Aus dem Hahn-Meitner-Institut für Kernforschung Berlin, Berlin-Wannsee und Radiation Research Laboratories, Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - A. Henglein
- Aus dem Hahn-Meitner-Institut für Kernforschung Berlin, Berlin-Wannsee und Radiation Research Laboratories, Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - D. Perner
- Aus dem Hahn-Meitner-Institut für Kernforschung Berlin, Berlin-Wannsee und Radiation Research Laboratories, Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa
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Lettau M, Kliche S, Kabelitz D, Janssen O. The adapter proteins ADAP and Nck cooperate in T cell adhesion. Mol Immunol 2014; 60:72-9. [PMID: 24769494 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Nck adapter proteins link receptor and receptor-associated tyrosine kinases with proteins implicated in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. Nck is involved in a multitude of receptor-initiated signaling pathways and its physiological role thus covers aspects of tissue development and homeostasis, malignant transformation/invasiveness of tumour cells and also immune cell function. In T cells, changes of cell polarity and morphology associated with cellular activation and effector function crucially rely on the T cell receptor-mediated recruitment and activation of different actin-regulatory proteins to orchestrate and drive cytoskeletal reorganization at the immunological synapse. In a former approach to determine the interactome of Nck in human T cells, we identified the adapter protein ADAP as a Nck-interacting protein. This adhesion and degranulation-promoting adapter protein had already been implicated in the inside-out activation of integrins. Employing co-immunoprecipitations, we demonstrate that both Nck family members Nck1 and Nck2 coprecipitate with ADAP. Specifically, Nck interacts via its Src homology 2 domain with phosphorylated tyrosine Y595DDV and Y651DDV sites of ADAP. Moreover, we show that endogenous ADAP is phosphorylated in primary human T cell blasts and thus associates with Nck. At the functional level, ADAP and Nck adapter proteins cooperatively facilitate T cell adhesion to the LFA-1 ligand ICAM-1. Our data indicate that the ADAP/Nck complex might provide a means to link integrin activation with the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Lettau
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Bldg 17, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Kliche
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Bldg 17, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Ottmar Janssen
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Bldg 17, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
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Haselmann V, Kurz A, Bertsch U, Hübner S, Olempska-Müller M, Fritsch J, Häsler R, Pickl A, Fritsche H, Annewanter F, Engler C, Fleig B, Bernt A, Röder C, Schmidt H, Gelhaus C, Hauser C, Egberts JH, Heneweer C, Rohde AM, Böger C, Knippschild U, Röcken C, Adam D, Walczak H, Schütze S, Janssen O, Wulczyn FG, Wajant H, Kalthoff H, Trauzold A. Nuclear death receptor TRAIL-R2 inhibits maturation of let-7 and promotes proliferation of pancreatic and other tumor cells. Gastroenterology 2014; 146:278-90. [PMID: 24120475 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL-R1) (TNFRSF10A) and TRAIL-R2 (TNFRSF10B) on the plasma membrane bind ligands that activate apoptotic and other signaling pathways. Cancer cells also might have TRAIL-R2 in the cytoplasm or nucleus, although little is known about its activities in these locations. We investigated the functions of nuclear TRAIL-R2 in cancer cell lines. METHODS Proteins that interact with TRAIL-R2 initially were identified in pancreatic cancer cells by immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry, and immunofluorescence analyses. Findings were validated in colon, renal, lung, and breast cancer cells. Functions of TRAIL-R2 were determined from small interfering RNA knockdown, real-time polymerase chain reaction, Drosha-activity, microRNA array, proliferation, differentiation, and immunoblot experiments. We assessed the effects of TRAIL-R2 overexpression or knockdown in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells and their ability to form tumors in mice. We also analyzed levels of TRAIL-R2 in sections of PDACs and non-neoplastic peritumoral ducts from patients. RESULTS TRAIL-R2 was found to interact with the core microprocessor components Drosha and DGCR8 and the associated regulatory proteins p68, hnRNPA1, NF45, and NF90 in nuclei of PDAC and other tumor cells. Knockdown of TRAIL-R2 increased Drosha-mediated processing of the let-7 microRNA precursor primary let-7 (resulting in increased levels of mature let-7), reduced levels of the let-7 targets (LIN28B and HMGA2), and inhibited cell proliferation. PDAC tissues from patients had higher levels of nuclear TRAIL-R2 than non-neoplastic pancreatic tissue, which correlated with increased nuclear levels of HMGA2 and poor outcomes. Knockdown of TRAIL-R2 in PDAC cells slowed their growth as orthotopic tumors in mice. Reduced nuclear levels of TRAIL-R2 in cultured pancreatic epithelial cells promoted their differentiation. CONCLUSIONS Nuclear TRAIL-R2 inhibits maturation of the microRNA let-7 in pancreatic cancer cell lines and increases their proliferation. Pancreatic tumor samples have increased levels of nuclear TRAIL-R2, which correlate with poor outcome of patients. These findings indicate that in the nucleus, death receptors can function as tumor promoters and might be therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Haselmann
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexandra Kurz
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Uwe Bertsch
- Institute of Immunology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hübner
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Monika Olempska-Müller
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jürgen Fritsch
- Institute of Immunology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Robert Häsler
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas Pickl
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hendrik Fritsche
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Franka Annewanter
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christine Engler
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Barbara Fleig
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexander Bernt
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Röder
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | | | - Charlotte Hauser
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Clinic for General Surgery, Visceral, Thoracic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Egberts
- Clinic for General Surgery, Visceral, Thoracic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Carola Heneweer
- Clinic for Diagnostic Radiology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anna Maria Rohde
- Center for Anatomy, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Uwe Knippschild
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Centre of Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Dieter Adam
- Institute of Immunology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Henning Walczak
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation, University College London Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Schütze
- Institute of Immunology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ottmar Janssen
- Institute of Immunology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - F Gregory Wulczyn
- Center for Anatomy, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Harald Wajant
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Holger Kalthoff
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anna Trauzold
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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Ebsen H, Schröder A, Kabelitz D, Janssen O. Differential surface expression of ADAM10 and ADAM17 on human T lymphocytes and tumor cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76853. [PMID: 24130797 PMCID: PMC3793918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A disintegrin and metalloproteases (ADAMs) have been implicated in many processes controlling organismic development and integrity. Important substrates of ADAM proteases include growth factors, cytokines and their receptors and adhesion proteins. The inducible but irreversible cleavage of their substrates alters cell-cell communication and signaling. The crucial role of ADAM proteases (e.g. ADAM10 and 17) for mammalian development became evident from respective knockout mice, that displayed pre- or perinatal lethality with severe defects in many organs and tissues. Although many substrates for these two ADAM proteases were identified over the last decade, the regulation of their surface appearance, their enzymatic activity and their substrate specificity are still not well understood. We therefore analyzed the constitutive and inducible surface expression of ADAM10 and ADAM17 on a variety of human T cell and tumor cell lines. We demonstrate that ADAM10 is constitutively present at comparably high levels on the majority of the tested cell types. Stimulation with phorbol ester and calcium ionophore does not significantly alter the amount of surface ADAM10, except for a slight down-regulation from T cell blasts. Using FasL shedding as a readout for ADAM10 activity, we show that PKC activation and calcium mobilization are both prerequisite for activation of ADAM10 resulting in a production of soluble FasL. In contrast to ADAM10, the close relative ADAM17 is detected at only low levels on unstimulated cells. ADAM17 surface expression on T cell blasts is rapidly induced by stimulation. Since this inducible mobilization of ADAM17 is sensitive to inhibitors of actin filament formation, we propose that ADAM17 but not ADAM10 is prestored in a subcellular compartment that is transported to the cell surface in an activation- and actin-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Ebsen
- University of Kiel, Institute for Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexandra Schröder
- University of Kiel, Institute for Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- University of Kiel, Institute for Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ottmar Janssen
- University of Kiel, Institute for Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- * E-mail:
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29
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Sosna J, Voigt S, Mathieu S, Kabelitz D, Trad A, Janssen O, Meyer-Schwesinger C, Schütze S, Adam D. The proteases HtrA2/Omi and UCH-L1 regulate TNF-induced necroptosis. Cell Commun Signal 2013; 11:76. [PMID: 24090154 PMCID: PMC3850939 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-11-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In apoptosis, proteolysis by caspases is the primary mechanism for both initiation and execution of programmed cell death (PCD). In contrast, the impact of proteolysis on the regulation and execution of caspase-independent forms of PCD (programmed necrosis, necroptosis) is only marginally understood. Likewise, the identity of the involved proteases has remained largely obscure. Here, we have investigated the impact of proteases in TNF-induced necroptosis. Results The serine protease inhibitor TPKC protected from TNF-induced necroptosis in multiple murine and human cells systems whereas inhibitors of metalloproteinases or calpain/cysteine and cathepsin proteases had no effect. A screen for proteins labeled by a fluorescent TPCK derivative in necroptotic cells identified HtrA2/Omi (a serine protease previously implicated in PCD) as a promising candidate. Demonstrating its functional impact, pharmacological inhibition or genetic deletion of HtrA2/Omi protected from TNF-induced necroptosis. Unlike in apoptosis, HtrA2/Omi did not cleave another protease, ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase (UCH-L1) during TNF-induced necroptosis, but rather induced monoubiquitination indicative for UCH-L1 activation. Correspondingly, pharmacologic or RNA interference-mediated inhibition of UCH-L1 protected from TNF-induced necroptosis. We found that UCH-L1 is a mediator of caspase-independent, non-apoptotic cell death also in diseased kidney podocytes by measuring cleavage of the protein PARP-1, caspase activity, cell death and cell morphology. Indicating a role of TNF in this process, podocytes with stably downregulated UCH-L1 proved resistant to TNF-induced necroptosis. Conclusions The proteases HtrA2/Omi and UCH-L1 represent two key components of TNF-induced necroptosis, validating the relevance of proteolysis not only for apoptosis, but also for caspase-independent PCD. Since UCH-L1 clearly contributes to the non-apoptotic death of podocytes, interference with the necroptotic properties of HtrA2/Omi and UCH-L1 may prove beneficial for the treatment of patients, e.g. in kidney failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Sosna
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr, 5, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
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Chitadze G, Bhat J, Lettau M, Janssen O, Kabelitz D. Generation of soluble NKG2D ligands: proteolytic cleavage, exosome secretion and functional implications. Scand J Immunol 2013; 78:120-9. [PMID: 23679194 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The activating natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D) receptor is expressed on NK cells, cytotoxic T cells and additional T cell subsets. Ligands for human NKG2D comprise two groups of MHC class I-related molecules, the MHC class I chain-related proteins A and B (MICA/B) and 6 UL16-binding proteins (ULBP1-6). While NKG2D ligands are absent from most normal cells, expression is induced upon stress and malignant transformation. In fact, most solid tumours and leukaemia/lymphomas constitutively express at least one NKG2D ligand and thereby are susceptible to NKG2D-dependent immunosurveillance. However, soluble NKG2D ligands are released from tumour cells and can down-modulate NKG2D activation as a means of tumour immune escape. In some tumour entities, levels of soluble NKG2D ligands in the serum correlate with tumour progression. NKG2D ligands can be proteolytically shed from the cell surface or liberated from the membrane by phospholipase C in the case of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored molecules. Moreover, NKG2D ligands can be secreted in exosomal microvesicles together with other tumour-derived molecules. Depending on the specific tumour/immune cell setting, these various forms of soluble and/or exosome-bound NKG2D ligands can exert multiple effects on NKG2D/NKG2D ligand interactions. In this review, we focus on the role of various proteases in the shedding of human NKG2D ligands from tumour cells and discuss the not completely unanimous reported functional implications of soluble and exosome-secreted NKG2D ligands for immunosurveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Chitadze
- Institute of Immunology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Koop A, Sellami N, Adam-Klages S, Lettau M, Kabelitz D, Janssen O, Heidebrecht HJ. Down-regulation of the cancer/testis antigen 45 (CT45) is associated with altered tumor cell morphology, adhesion and migration. Cell Commun Signal 2013; 11:41. [PMID: 23758873 PMCID: PMC3689639 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-11-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Due to their restricted expression in male germ cells and certain tumors, cancer/testis (CT) antigens are regarded as promising targets for tumor therapy. CT45 is a recently identified nuclear CT antigen that was associated with a severe disease score in Hodgkin’s lymphoma and poor prognosis in multiple myeloma. As for many CT antigens, the biological function of CT45 in developing germ cells and in tumor cells is largely unknown. Methods CT45 expression was down-regulated in CT45-positive Hodgkin’s lymphoma (L428), fibrosarcoma (HT1080) and myeloma (U266B1) cells using RNA interference. An efficient CT45 knock-down was confirmed by immunofluorescence staining and/or Western blotting. These cellular systems allowed us to analyze the impact of CT45 down-regulation on proliferation, cell cycle progression, morphology, adhesion, migration and invasive capacity of tumor cells. Results Reduced levels of CT45 did not coincide with changes in cell cycle progression or proliferation. However, we observed alterations in cell adherence, morphology and migration/invasion after CT45 down-regulation. Significant changes in the distribution of cytoskeleton-associated proteins were detected by confocal imaging. Changes in cell adherence were recorded in real-time using the xCelligence system with control and siRNA-treated cells. Altered migratory and invasive capacity of CT45 siRNA-treated cells were visualized in 3D migration and invasion assays. Moreover, we found that CT45 down-regulation altered the level of the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein syncrip (hnRNP-Q1) which is known to be involved in the control of focal adhesion formation and cell motility. Conclusions Providing first evidence of a cell biological function of CT45, we suggest that this cancer/testis antigen is involved in the modulation of cell morphology, cell adherence and cell motility. Enhanced motility and/or invasiveness of CT45-positive cells could contribute to the more severe disease progression that is correlated to CT45-positivity in several malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Koop
- Institute for Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str, 3, Bldg 17, Kiel, 24105, Germany.
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Chitadze G, Lettau M, Bhat J, Wesch D, Steinle A, Fürst D, Mytilineos J, Kalthoff H, Janssen O, Oberg HH, Kabelitz D. Shedding of endogenous MHC class I-related chain molecules A and B from different human tumor entities: Heterogeneous involvement of the “a disintegrin and metalloproteases” 10 and 17. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:1557-66. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guranda Chitadze
- Institute of Immunology; Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel; Kiel; Germany
| | - Marcus Lettau
- Institute of Immunology; Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel; Kiel; Germany
| | - Jaydeep Bhat
- Institute of Immunology; Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel; Kiel; Germany
| | - Daniela Wesch
- Institute of Immunology; Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel; Kiel; Germany
| | - Alexander Steinle
- Institute for Molecular Medicine; Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main; Germany
| | - Daniel Fürst
- Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics; University of Ulm; Ulm; Germany
| | - Joannis Mytilineos
- Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics; University of Ulm; Ulm; Germany
| | - Holger Kalthoff
- Institute for Experimental Tumor Research, Molecular Oncology Division; Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel; Kiel; Germany
| | - Ottmar Janssen
- Institute of Immunology; Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel; Kiel; Germany
| | | | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology; Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel; Kiel; Germany
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Onkes W, Fredrik R, Micci F, Schönbeck BJ, Martin-Subero JI, Ullmann R, Hilpert F, Bräutigam K, Janssen O, Maass N, Siebert R, Heim S, Arnold N, Weimer J. Breakpoint characterization of the der(19)t(11;19)(q13;p13) in the ovarian cancer cell line SKOV-3. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2013; 52:512-22. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Philipp S, Oberg HH, Janssen O, Leippe M, Gelhaus C. Isolation of erythrocytes infected with viable early stages of Plasmodium falciparum by flow cytometry. Cytometry A 2012; 81:1048-54. [PMID: 23136095 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The erythrocytic life cycle of Plasmodium falciparum is highly associated with severe clinical symptoms of malaria that causes hundreds of thousands of death each year. The parasite develops within human erythrocytes leading to the disruption of the infected red blood cell (iRBC) prior to the start of a new cycle of erythrocyte infection. Emerging mechanisms of resistance against antimalarial drugs require improved knowledge about parasite's blood stages to facilitate new alternative antimalarial strategies. For the analysis of young blood stages of Plasmodium at the molecular level, the isolation of ring stages is essential. However, early stages can hardly be separated from both, late stages and non-infected red blood cells using conventional methods. Here, iRBCs were stained with the DNA-binding dyes Vybrant® DyeCycle™ Violet and SYBR® Green I. Subsequently, cells were subjected to flow-cytometric analysis. This enabled the discrimination of early stage iRBCs as well as late-stage iRBCs from non-infected erythrocytes and the properties of the used dyes were evaluated. Moreover, early stage iRBCs were isolated with high purity (>98%) by FACS. Subsequently, development of sorted early stages of the parasite was monitored over time and compared with control cultures. The described flow cytometry method, based on staining with Vybrant DyeCycle Violet, allows the isolation of viable ring stages of the malarial agent P. falciparum, and thereby provides the basis for new, broad-range molecular investigations of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Philipp
- Department of Zoophysiology, Zoological Institute, University of Kiel, Kiel 24098, Germany.
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Louis-Dit-Sully C, Kubatzky KF, Lindquist JA, Blattner C, Janssen O, Schamel WWA. Meeting report: Signal transduction meets systems biology. Cell Commun Signal 2012; 10:11. [PMID: 22546078 PMCID: PMC3499392 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-10-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the 21st century, systems-wide analyses of biological processes are getting more and more realistic. Especially for the in depth analysis of signal transduction pathways and networks, various approaches of systems biology are now successfully used. The EU FP7 large integrated project SYBILLA (Systems Biology of T-cell Activation in Health and Disease) coordinates such an endeavor. By using a combination of experimental data sets and computational modelling, the consortium strives for gaining a detailed and mechanistic understanding of signal transduction processes that govern T-cell activation. In order to foster the interaction between systems biologists and experimentally working groups, SYBILLA co-organized the 15th meeting “Signal Transduction: Receptors, Mediators and Genes” together with the Signal Transduction Society (STS). Thus, the annual STS conference, held from November 7 to 9, 2011 in Weimar, Germany, provided an interdisciplinary forum for research on signal transduction with a major focus on systems biology addressing signalling events in T-cells. Here we report on a selection of ongoing projects of SYBILLA and how they were discussed at this interdisciplinary conference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Louis-Dit-Sully
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics and Biology III, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79108, Freiburg, Germany.
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Philipp S, Jakoby T, Tholey A, Janssen O, Leippe M, Gelhaus C. Cationic detergents enable the separation of membrane proteins of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes by 2D gel electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:1120-8. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Philipp
- Department of Zoophysiology; Zoological Institute; University of Kiel; Kiel; Germany
| | - Thomas Jakoby
- Division for Systematic Proteome Research,; Institute for Experimental Medicine; University of Kiel; Kiel; Germany
| | - Andreas Tholey
- Division for Systematic Proteome Research,; Institute for Experimental Medicine; University of Kiel; Kiel; Germany
| | - Ottmar Janssen
- Molecular Immunology,; Institute for Immunology; University of Kiel; Kiel; Germany
| | - Matthias Leippe
- Department of Zoophysiology; Zoological Institute; University of Kiel; Kiel; Germany
| | - Christoph Gelhaus
- Department of Zoophysiology; Zoological Institute; University of Kiel; Kiel; Germany
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Holz O, Schaumann F, Janssen O, Lavae-Mokhtari B, Witte L, Krug N, Biller H, Hohlfeld J. Neutrophile Atemwegsentzündung in gesunden Probanden nach niedrig dosierter inhalativer Endotoxin- (LPS) Provokation. Pneumologie 2012. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1302717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Holz O, Schaumann F, Janssen O, Lavae-Mokhtari B, Witte L, Krug N, Heinrich JM, Hohlfeld J. Depletion von neutrophilen Granulozyten aus induziertem Sputum mittels Antikörper-gebundener Beads und Sieb-Trennsystem. Pneumologie 2012. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1302716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Deng X, Hahne T, Schröder S, Redweik S, Nebija D, Schmidt H, Janssen O, Lachmann B, Wätzig H. The challenge to quantify proteins with charge trains due to isoforms or conformers. Electrophoresis 2011; 33:263-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 07/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Deng
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Hahne
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Simone Schröder
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sabine Redweik
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dashnor Nebija
- Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hendrik Schmidt
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunology, Institute for Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig‐Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ottmar Janssen
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunology, Institute for Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig‐Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Bodo Lachmann
- Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hermann Wätzig
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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Marischen L, Wesch D, Oberg HH, Rosenstiel P, Trad A, Shomali M, Grötzinger J, Janssen O, Tchikov V, Schütze S, Kabelitz D. Functional expression of NOD2 in freshly isolated human peripheral blood γδ T cells. Scand J Immunol 2011; 74:126-34. [PMID: 21410503 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02560.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
γδ T cells play an important role in anti-infective immunity. The major subset of human γδ T cells selectively recognizes phosphorylated bacterial metabolites of the isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway, so-called phosphoantigens. The activation of γδ T cells is modulated by functionally expressed innate immune receptors, notably Toll-like receptor 2 and 3. It was also reported that in vitro expanded γδ T cells respond to muramyl dipeptide (MDP), the minimal peptidoglycan motif activating the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) receptor, although it is unknown whether ex vivo isolated human γδ T cells express functional NOD2. Here, we report that freshly isolated, highly purified peripheral blood γδ T cells express NOD2 mRNA and detectable amounts of NOD2 protein. The biologically active MDP L-D isomer but not the inactive D-D isomer augmented the interferon-γ (IFN-γ) secretion in phosphoantigen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Moreover, a moderate but reproducible and statistically significant increase in IFN-γ secretion was also observed when highly purified peripheral blood γδ T cells were activated by T cell receptor cross-linking in the presence of MDP. Taken together, our results indicate that in addition to the T cell receptor and Toll-like receptors, circulating human γδ T cells express NOD2 as a third class of pattern recognition receptor for sensing bacterial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Marischen
- Institute of Immunology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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41
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Schmidt H, Gelhaus C, Nebendahl M, Lettau M, Lucius R, Leippe M, Kabelitz D, Janssen O. Effector Granules in Human T Lymphocytes: Proteomic Evidence for Two Distinct Species of Cytotoxic Effector Vesicles. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:1603-20. [DOI: 10.1021/pr100967v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Knebel B, Lehr S, Janssen O, Hahn S, Nitzgen U, Jacob S, Haas J, Müller-Wieland D, Kotzka J. Verschiebung des Verhältnisses von Inflammationsmarkern in einem Kollektiv mit polyzystischem Ovariensyndrom (PCOS). DIABETOL STOFFWECHS 2011. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1262763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Schmidt H, Gelhaus C, Nebendahl M, Lettau M, Lucius R, Leippe M, Kabelitz D, Janssen O. Effector granules in human T lymphocytes: the luminal proteome of secretory lysosomes from human T cells. Cell Commun Signal 2011; 9:4. [PMID: 21255389 PMCID: PMC3034720 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-9-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cytotoxic cells of the immune system have evolved a lysosomal compartment to store and mobilize effector molecules. In T lymphocytes and NK cells, the death factor FasL is one of the characteristic marker proteins of these so-called secretory lysosomes, which combine properties of conventional lysosomes and exocytotic vesicles. Although these vesicles are crucial for immune effector function, their protein content in T cells has so far not been investigated in detail. Results In the present study, intact membranous vesicles were enriched from homogenates of polyclonally activated T cells and initially characterized by Western blotting and electron microscopic inspection. The vesicular fraction that contained the marker proteins of secretory lysosomes was subsequently analyzed by 2D electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. The proteome analysis and data evaluation revealed that 70% of the 397 annotated proteins had been associated with different lysosome-related organelles in previous proteome studies. Conclusion We provide the first comprehensive proteome map of T cell-derived secretory lysosomes with only minor contaminations by cytosolic, nuclear or other proteins. This information will be useful to more precisely address the activation-dependent maturation and the specific distribution of effector organelles and proteins in individual T or NK cell populations in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Schmidt
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University, UK S-H Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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Lettau M, Paulsen M, Schmidt H, Janssen O. Insights into the molecular regulation of FasL (CD178) biology. Eur J Cell Biol 2010; 90:456-66. [PMID: 21126798 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Fas ligand (FasL, CD95L, APO-1L, CD178, TNFSF6, APT1LG1) is the key death factor of receptor-triggered programmed cell death in immune cells. FasL/Fas-dependent apoptosis plays a pivotal role in activation-induced cell death, termination of immune responses, elimination of autoreactive cells, cytotoxic effector function of T and NK cells, and the establishment of immune privilege. Deregulation or functional impairment of FasL threatens the maintenance of immune homeostasis and defense and results in severe autoimmunity. In addition, FasL has been implicated as an accessory or costimulatory receptor in T cell activation. The molecular mechanisms underlying this reverse signaling capacity are, however, poorly understood and still controversially discussed. Many aspects of FasL biology have been ascribed to selective protein-protein interactions mediated by a unique polyproline region located in the membrane-proximal intracellular part of FasL. Over the past decade, we and others identified a large number of putative FasL-interacting molecules that bind to this polyproline stretch via Src homology 3 or WW domains. Individual interactions were analyzed in more detail and turned out to be crucial for the lysosomal storage, the transport and the surface appearance of the death factor and potentially also for reverse signaling. This review summarizes the work in the framework of the Collaborative Research Consortium 415 (CRC 415) and provides facts and hypotheses about FasL-interacting proteins and their potential role in FasL biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Lettau
- Christian-Albrechts-University, Institute of Immunology, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
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Schmidt H, Gelhaus C, Nebendahl M, Janssen O, Petersen A. Characterization of Phleum pratense pollen extracts by 2-D DIGE and allergen immunoreactivity. Proteomics 2010; 10:4352-62. [PMID: 21136590 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201000451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The allergen content of standardized pollen material is crucial for an effective diagnosis and treatment. However, variations in IgE reactivities of allergic patients to different preparations of Phleum pratense pollen have been reported. In order to define and directly compare the allergen composition of pollen preparations provided by different suppliers, a comprehensive proteome analysis of three different timothy grass pollen extracts was performed. More than 140 proteins were annotated comprising the pollen proteome/allergome in a global 2-D map. With regard to the individual pollen preparations, several major differences in the overall protein composition were detected that also affected known Phleum allergens and their isoforms. Importantly, these differences were also reflected at the level of antibody reactivities in 1-D and 2-D immunoblots. As a consequence, it is suggested that the observed differences should be taken into consideration aiming for a standardized diagnosis and therapy of grass pollen allergies as recommended by international medical agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Schmidt
- Molecular Immunology, Institute for Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Paulsen M, Valentin S, Mathew B, Adam-Klages S, Bertsch U, Lavrik I, Krammer PH, Kabelitz D, Janssen O. Modulation of CD4+ T-cell activation by CD95 co-stimulation. Cell Death Differ 2010; 18:619-31. [PMID: 21052094 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2010.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CD95 is a dual-function receptor that exerts pro- or antiapoptotic effects depending on the cellular context, the state of activation, the signal threshold and the mode of ligation. In this study, we report that CD95 engagement modulates TCR/CD3-driven signaling pathways in resting T lymphocytes in a dose-dependent manner. While high doses of immobilized CD95 agonists silence T cells, lower concentrations augment activation and proliferation. We analyzed the co-stimulatory capacity of CD95 in detail in resting human CD4(+) T cells, and demonstrate that low-dose ligand-induced co-internalization of CD95 and TCR/CD3 complexes enables non-apoptotic caspase activation, the prolonged activation of MAP kinases, the upregulation of antiapoptotic proteins associated with apoptosis resistance, and the activation of transcription factors and cell-cycle regulators for the induction of proliferation and cytokine production. We propose that the levels of CD95L on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), neighboring T cells or epithelial cells regulate inhibitory or co-stimulatory CD95 signaling, which in turn is crucial for fine-tuning of primary T-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Paulsen
- Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, Building 17, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
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Lettau M, Pieper J, Gerneth A, Lengl-Janssen B, Voss M, Linkermann A, Schmidt H, Gelhaus C, Leippe M, Kabelitz D, Janssen O. The adapter protein Nck: role of individual SH3 and SH2 binding modules for protein interactions in T lymphocytes. Protein Sci 2010; 19:658-69. [PMID: 20082308 DOI: 10.1002/pro.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nck is a ubiquitously expressed, primarily cytosolic adapter protein consisting of one SH2 domain and three SH3 domains. It links receptor and nonreceptor tyrosine kinases to actin cytoskeleton reorganizing proteins. In T lymphocytes, Nck is a crucial component of signaling pathways for T cell activation and effector function. It recruits actin remodeling proteins to T cell receptor (TCR)-associated activation clusters and thereby initiates changes in cell polarity and morphology. Moreover, Nck is crucial for the TCR-induced mobilization of secretory vesicles to the cytotoxic immunological synapse. To identify the interactome of Nck in human T cells, we performed a systematic screen for interaction partners in untreated or pervanadate-treated cells. We used GST fusion proteins containing full length Nck, the combined SH3 domains or the individual SH3 and SH2 domains to precipitate putative Nck interactors from cellular lysates. Protein bands were excised from gels, processed by tryptic in-gel digestion and analyzed by mass spectrometry. Using this approach, we confirmed previously established interactions (e.g., with Slp76, CD3 epsilon, WASP, and WIPF1) and identified several novel putative Nck-binding proteins. We subsequently verified the SH2 domain binding to the actin-binding protein HIP55 and to FYB/ADAP, and the SH3-mediated binding to the nuclear proteins SFPQ/NONO. Using laser scanning microscopy, we provide new evidence for a nuclear localization of Nck in human T cells. Our data highlight the fundamental role of Nck in the TCR-to-cytoskeleton crosstalk and point to yet unknown nuclear functions of Nck also in T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Lettau
- Molecular Immunology, Institute for Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
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Krause S, Latendorf T, Schmidt H, Darcan-Nicolaisen Y, Reese G, Petersen A, Janssen O, Becker WM. Peanut varieties with reduced Ara h 1 content indicating no reduced allergenicity. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 54:381-7. [PMID: 19866467 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200900072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Peanut allergy is a major cause of food-induced severe anaphylactic reactions. To date, no medical care is available to prevent and treat peanut allergy and therefore hypoallergenic peanut varieties are of considerable health political and economic interest. Major allergens that induce IgE-responses in peanut-sensitive patients are Ara h 1, Ara h 2 and Ara h 3/4. In order to identify hypoallergenic peanuts, commercially locally available peanut varieties were screened for their allergen content. Ara h 1-deficient peanuts from Southeast Asia were identified by SDS-PAGE, immunoblotting, inhibition assays and ELISA. 2-D PAGE analyses demonstrated the different compositions of the tested extracts and revealed a number of variations of the allergen patterns of peanuts from different varieties. Mediator release experiments of these peanut extracts demonstrated similar allergenicities as compared with standard peanut extract. These results indicate that the allergenicity of peanuts with reduced Ara h 1 content might be compensated by the other allergens, and thus do not necessarily cause a reduction of allergenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Krause
- Research Center Borstel, Molecular und Clinical Allergology, Borstel, Germany
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Kotzka J, Knebel B, Janssen O, Schaefer J, Mack S, Haas J, Avci H, Müller-Wieland D. P235 NOVEL FORM OF SEVERE COMBINED HYPOLIPIDEMIA EXHIBITS A MUTATION IN THE MASTER REGULATOR OF LIPID METABOLISM SREBP-1. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5688(10)70302-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Schmidt H, Krause S, Gelhaus C, Petersen A, Janssen O, Becker WM. Detection and Structural Characterization of Natural Ara h 7, the Third Peanut Allergen of the 2S Albumin Family. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:3701-9. [DOI: 10.1021/pr1002406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Schmidt
- Molecular Immunology, Institute for Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Building 17, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, D-24105 Kiel, Germany, Clinical and Molecular Allergology, Research Center Borstel, Parkallee 22, D-23845 Borstel, Germany, Department of Zoophysiology, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Susanne Krause
- Molecular Immunology, Institute for Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Building 17, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, D-24105 Kiel, Germany, Clinical and Molecular Allergology, Research Center Borstel, Parkallee 22, D-23845 Borstel, Germany, Department of Zoophysiology, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christoph Gelhaus
- Molecular Immunology, Institute for Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Building 17, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, D-24105 Kiel, Germany, Clinical and Molecular Allergology, Research Center Borstel, Parkallee 22, D-23845 Borstel, Germany, Department of Zoophysiology, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Arnd Petersen
- Molecular Immunology, Institute for Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Building 17, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, D-24105 Kiel, Germany, Clinical and Molecular Allergology, Research Center Borstel, Parkallee 22, D-23845 Borstel, Germany, Department of Zoophysiology, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ottmar Janssen
- Molecular Immunology, Institute for Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Building 17, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, D-24105 Kiel, Germany, Clinical and Molecular Allergology, Research Center Borstel, Parkallee 22, D-23845 Borstel, Germany, Department of Zoophysiology, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Wolf-Meinhard Becker
- Molecular Immunology, Institute for Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Building 17, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, D-24105 Kiel, Germany, Clinical and Molecular Allergology, Research Center Borstel, Parkallee 22, D-23845 Borstel, Germany, Department of Zoophysiology, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
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