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Abstract
Hematopoiesis is a dynamic process in which blood cells are continuously generated from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). The regulatory mechanisms controlling HSC fate have been studied extensively over the past several decades. Although many protein-coding genes have been shown to regulate hematopoietic differentiation, additional levels of HSC regulation are not well studied. Advances in deep sequencing have revealed many new classes of regulatory noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as enhancer RNAs and antisense ncRNAs. Functional analysis of some of these ncRNAs has provided insights into the molecular mechanisms that regulate hematopoietic development and disease. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of functional regulatory ncRNAs associated with hematopoietic self-renewal and differentiation, as well as those dysregulated ncRNAs involved in hematologic malignancies.
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Julian LM, Carpenedo RL, Rothberg JLM, Stanford WL. Formula G1: Cell cycle in the driver's seat of stem cell fate determination. Bioessays 2016; 38:325-32. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201500187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Julian
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research; Regenerative Medicine Program; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; Ottawa ON Canada
- Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies; Ottawa; ON Canada
| | - Richard L. Carpenedo
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research; Regenerative Medicine Program; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; Ottawa ON Canada
- Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies; Ottawa; ON Canada
| | - Janet L. Manias Rothberg
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research; Regenerative Medicine Program; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; Ottawa ON Canada
- Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies; Ottawa; ON Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; University of Ottawa; Ottawa ON Canada
| | - William L. Stanford
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research; Regenerative Medicine Program; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; Ottawa ON Canada
- Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies; Ottawa; ON Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; University of Ottawa; Ottawa ON Canada
- Department of Biochemistry; Microbiology and Immunology; University of Ottawa; Ottawa ON Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology; Ottawa; Ontario Canada
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404
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DNA, the central molecule of aging. Mutat Res 2016; 786:1-7. [PMID: 26871429 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanism of aging could have enormous medical implications. Despite a century of research, however, there is no universally accepted theory regarding the molecular basis of aging. On the other hand, there is plentiful evidence suggesting that DNA constitutes the central molecule in this process. Here, we review the roles of chromatin structure, DNA damage, and shortening of telomeres in aging and propose a hypothesis for how their interplay leads to aging phenotypes.
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405
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Abstract
Aberrant DNA methylation is a characteristic feature of cancer including blood malignancies. Mutations in the DNA methylation regulators DNMT3A, TET1/2 and IDH1/2 are recurrent in leukemia and lymphoma. Specific and distinct DNA methylation patterns characterize subtypes of AML and lymphoma. Regulatory regions such as promoter CpG islands, CpG shores and enhancers show changes in methylation during transformation. However, the reported poor correlation between changes in methylation and gene expression in many mouse models and human studies reflects the complexity in the precise molecular mechanism for why aberrant DNA methylation promotes malignancies. This review will summarize current concepts regarding the mechanisms behind aberrant DNA methylation in hematopoietic malignancy and discuss its importance in cancer prognosis, tumor heterogeneity and relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Guillamot
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA; Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center and Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Stem Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Luisa Cimmino
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA; Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center and Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Stem Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Iannis Aifantis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA; Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center and Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Stem Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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406
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Hirabayashi Y, Tsuboi I, Kuramoto K, Kusunoki Y, Inoue T. Cell cycle of primitive hematopoietic progenitors decelerated in senescent mice is reactively accelerated after 2-Gy whole-body irradiation. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:485-92. [PMID: 26743757 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215625472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is considered to be a functional retardation of continuous xenobiotic responses over a lifetime after the developmental period; thus, the effects of ionizing radiation over a lifetime may be somewhat accounted for by a modifier of aging effects. This study was conducted to evaluate the possible/synergic effects of radiation during aging by determining cell-cycle parameters of hematopoietic stem cells/hematopoietic progenitor cells (HSCs/HPCs), such as the percent of cells in cycling, the generation doubling time, and the cumulative cycling-cell fraction, by bromodeoxyuridine-ultraviolet assay, which enables the determination of their cycling capacity in vivo. Colony-forming progenitor cells, such as colony-forming unit (CFU)-granulocyte/macrophage (GM), CFU in the spleen on day 9 (CFU-S9), and CFU-S on day 13 (CFU-S13) for mature, less mature, and immature HPCs, respectively, were evaluated in young and old mice (6 weeks and 21 months of age, respectively) with or without 2-Gy whole-body irradiation and a 4-week recovery period. Then, cell-cycle parameters were evaluated and compared. As a result, the generation doubling time of all types of HPC was prolonged by the irradiation in both young and old mouse groups, except that of CFU-S13 in old mice, which showed acceleration of the cell cycle following the irradiation. In addition, only CFU-S13 in irradiated old mice showed a significant increase in the cumulative cycling-cell-fraction ratio. Significant changes due to the effects of aging and irradiation on HPCs were observed only in the immature HPCs, i.e., the cell cycle of immature HPCs was suppressed by aging without irradiation and was, in contrast, accelerated as the cells recovered from radiation-induced damage. This suggests that the mechanisms of peripheral blood recovery after 2-Gy whole-body irradiation are markedly different between young and old mice, although 21-month-old mice showed almost the same level of recovery as the young mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Hirabayashi
- Cellular and Molecular Toxicology Division, National Center for Biological Safety and Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Isao Tsuboi
- Department of Functional Morphology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Kazunao Kuramoto
- Animal Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kusunoki
- Department of Radiobiology/Molecular Epidemiology, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima 732-0815, Japan
| | - Tohru Inoue
- Department of Functional Morphology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
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407
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Van Beek AA, Hoogerland JA, Belzer C, De Vos P, De Vos WM, Savelkoul HFJ, Leenen PJM. Interaction of mouse splenocytes and macrophages with bacterial strains in vitro: the effect of age in the immune response. Benef Microbes 2015; 7:275-87. [PMID: 26689225 DOI: 10.3920/bm2015.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Probiotics influence the immune system, both at the local and systemic level. Recent findings suggest the relation between microbiota and the immune system alters with age. Our objective was to address direct effects of six bacterial strains on immune cells from young and aged mice: Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1, Lactobacillus casei BL23, Lactococcus lactis MG1363, Bifidobacterium breve ATCC15700, Bifidobacterium infantis ATCC15697, and Akkermansia muciniphila ATCC BAA-835. We used splenocytes and naïve or interferon-γ-stimulated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) as responder populations. All tested bacterial strains induced phenotypic and cytokine responses in splenocytes and BMDM. Based on magnitude of the cellular inflammatory response and cytokine profiles, two subgroups of bacteria were identified, i.e. L. plantarum and L. casei versus B. breve, B. infantis, and A. muciniphila. The latter group of bacteria induced high levels of cytokines produced under inflammatory conditions, including tumour necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10. Responses to L. lactis showed features of both subgroups. In addition, we compared responses by splenocytes and BMDM derived from young mice to those of aged mice, and found that splenocytes and BMDM derived from aged mice had an increased IL-10 production and dysregulated IL-6 and TNF production compared to young immune cells. Overall, our study shows differential inflammatory responses to distinct bacterial strains, and profound age-dependent effects. These findings, moreover, support the view that immune environment importantly influences bacterial immune effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Van Beek
- 1 Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Nieuwe Kanaal 9A, 6709 PA Wageningen, the Netherlands.,2 Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6709 PG Wageningen, the Netherlands.,3 Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J A Hoogerland
- 1 Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Nieuwe Kanaal 9A, 6709 PA Wageningen, the Netherlands.,2 Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6709 PG Wageningen, the Netherlands.,3 Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C Belzer
- 4 Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 10, 6703 HB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - P De Vos
- 1 Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Nieuwe Kanaal 9A, 6709 PA Wageningen, the Netherlands.,5 University of Groningen, Pathology and Medical Biology, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - W M De Vos
- 4 Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 10, 6703 HB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - H F J Savelkoul
- 2 Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6709 PG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - P J M Leenen
- 3 Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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408
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409
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Li RQ, Ouyang NY, Ou SB, Ni RM, Mai MQ, Zhang QX, Yang DZ, Wang WJ. Does reducing gamete co-incubation time improve clinical outcomes: a retrospective study. J Assist Reprod Genet 2015; 33:33-8. [PMID: 26631402 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-015-0618-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this retrospective study was to determine whether patients undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) benefit from reducing the gamete co-incubation time. METHODS Patients (n = 570) were enrolled, including 281 patients in the reduced incubation time group (2-h incubation) and 289 patients in the standard IVF group (18-h incubation). RESULTS The observed outcomes, including the clinical pregnancy rate (CPR), implantation rate (IR), live birth rate (LBR), and miscarriage rate (MR), were similar between the two groups. When the data were divided into two subgroups based on the maternal age (≤30 and >30 years), the rates of top-quality embryos (30.83 vs. 25.89 %; p = 0.028), CPR (66.67 vs. 42.11 %; p = 0.013), and IR (41.90 vs. 31.25 %, p = 0.019) of the 2-h incubation group were significantly higher in the younger subgroup. However, for older patients, only a lower MR (7.59 vs. 20.83 %; p = 0.019) was achieved. Reducing the time of incubation still improved the CPR (OR = 1.993, 95 % CI 1.141-3.480) and MR (OR = 3.173, 95 % CI 1.013-9.936) in the younger and older subgroups, respectively, after it was adjusted for potential confounders. CONCLUSIONS Reducing incubation time improves the clinical results of IVF, although the LBR is not statistically different between the 2- and 18-h incubation time groups. And the specific clinical outcomes of reducing incubation time varied between the >30-year-old and the ≤30-year-old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Qi Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China, 510120. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medicine Centre, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China, 510120.
| | - Neng-Yong Ouyang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China, 510120. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medicine Centre, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China, 510120.
| | - Song-Bang Ou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China, 510120. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medicine Centre, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China, 510120.
| | - Ren-Min Ni
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China, 510120. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medicine Centre, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China, 510120.
| | - Mei-Qi Mai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China, 510120. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medicine Centre, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China, 510120.
| | - Qing-Xue Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China, 510120. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medicine Centre, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China, 510120.
| | - Dong-Zi Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China, 510120. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medicine Centre, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China, 510120.
| | - Wen-Jun Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China, 510120. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medicine Centre, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China, 510120.
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410
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Yang Y, Jiao J, Gao R, Le R, Kou X, Zhao Y, Wang H, Gao S, Wang Y. Enhanced Rejuvenation in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neurons Compared with Directly Converted Neurons from an Aged Mouse. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:2767-77. [PMID: 26192905 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Yang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiao Jiao
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Gao
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rongrong Le
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaochen Kou
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanhong Zhao
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaorong Gao
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixuan Wang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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411
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Epigenetic Control of Haematopoietic Stem Cell Aging and Its Clinical Implications. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:5797521. [PMID: 26681950 PMCID: PMC4670691 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5797521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging, chronic inflammation, and environmental insults play an important role in a number of disease processes through alterations of the epigenome. In this review we explore how age-related changes in the epigenetic landscape can affect heterogeneity within the haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) compartment and the deriving clinical implications.
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412
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Zhao Z, Chen L, Dawlaty MM, Pan F, Weeks O, Zhou Y, Cao Z, Shi H, Wang J, Lin L, Chen S, Yuan W, Qin Z, Ni H, Nimer SD, Yang FC, Jaenisch R, Jin P, Xu M. Combined Loss of Tet1 and Tet2 Promotes B Cell, but Not Myeloid Malignancies, in Mice. Cell Rep 2015; 13:1692-704. [PMID: 26586431 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
TET1/2/3 are methylcytosine dioxygenases that regulate cytosine hydroxymethylation. Tet1/2 are abundantly expressed in HSC/HPCs and are implicated in hematological malignancies. Tet2 deletion in mice causes myeloid malignancies, while Tet1-null mice develop B cell lymphoma after an extended period of latency. Interestingly, TET1/2 are often concomitantly downregulated in acute B-lymphocytic leukemia. Here, we investigated the overlapping and non-redundant functions of Tet1/2 using Tet1/2 double-knockout (DKO) mice. DKO and Tet2(-/-) HSC/HPCs show overlapping and unique 5 hmC and 5 mC profiles. DKO mice exhibit strikingly decreased incidence and delayed onset of myeloid malignancies in comparison to Tet2(-/-) mice and in contrast develop lethal B cell malignancies. Transcriptome analysis of DKO tumors reveals expression changes in many genes dysregulated in human B cell malignancies, including LMO2, BCL6, and MYC. These results highlight the critical roles of TET1/2 individually and together in the pathogenesis of hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Zhao
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Hematology and Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, China; Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Meelad M Dawlaty
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and the Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Feng Pan
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Ophelia Weeks
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Yuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Zeng Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Hui Shi
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Jiapeng Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Shi Chen
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Weiping Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Zhaohui Qin
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hongyu Ni
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Stephen D Nimer
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Feng-Chun Yang
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Rudolf Jaenisch
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and the Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Mingjiang Xu
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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413
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Hodjat M, Rezvanfar MA, Abdollahi M. A systematic review on the role of environmental toxicants in stem cells aging. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 86:298-308. [PMID: 26582272 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are an important target for environmental toxicants. As they are the main source for replenishing of organs in the body, any changes in their normal function could affect the regenerative potential of organs, leading to the appearance of age-related disease and acceleration of the aging process. Environmental toxicants could exert their adverse effect on stem cell function via multiple cellular and molecular mechanisms, resulting in changes in the stem cell differentiation fate and cell transformation, and reduced self-renewal capacity, as well as induction of stress-induced cellular senescence. The present review focuses on the effect of environmental toxicants on stem cell function associated with the aging process. We categorized environmental toxicants according to their preferred molecular mechanism of action on stem cells, including changes in genomic, epigenomic, and proteomic levels and enhancing oxidative stress. Pesticides, tobacco smoke, radiation and heavy metals are well-studied toxicants that cause stem cell dysfunction via induction of oxidative stress. Transgenerational epigenetic changes are the most important effects of a variety of toxicants on germ cells and embryos that are heritable and could affect health in the next several generations. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of toxicant-induced stem cell aging will help us to develop therapeutic intervention strategies against environmental aging. Meanwhile, more efforts are required to find the direct in vivo relationship between adverse effect of environmental toxicants and stem cell aging, leading to organismal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Hodjat
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), Endocrinology & Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Toxicology & Poisoning Research Center (TPRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran 1417614411, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Rezvanfar
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), Endocrinology & Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Toxicology & Poisoning Research Center (TPRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran 1417614411, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), Endocrinology & Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Toxicology & Poisoning Research Center (TPRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran 1417614411, Iran.
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414
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Low-Cell-Number Epigenome Profiling Aids the Study of Lens Aging and Hematopoiesis. Cell Rep 2015; 13:1505-1518. [PMID: 26549448 PMCID: PMC5466415 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how chromatin modification regulates development and disease can be limited by available material. Despite recent progress, balancing high-quality and reliable mapping using chromatin-immunoprecipitation-based deep sequencing (ChIP-seq) remains a challenge. We report two techniques, recovery via protection (RP)-ChIP-seq and favored amplification RP-ChIP-seq (FARP-ChIP-seq), that provide reproducible mapping in as few as 500 cells. RP-ChIP-seq allows detection of age-associated epigenetic changes in a single mouse lens, whereas FARP-ChIP-seq accurately maps histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) and H3K27me3 in long-term hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSCs), short-term HSCs (ST-HSCs), and multi-potent progenitors (MPPs) from one mouse. These datasets not only highlight genes that may be involved in lens aging but also indicate a lack of H3K4me3/H3K27me3 bivalency on hematopoietic genes in HSCs.
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415
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Yun MH. Changes in Regenerative Capacity through Lifespan. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:25392-432. [PMID: 26512653 PMCID: PMC4632807 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161025392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Most organisms experience changes in regenerative abilities through their lifespan. During aging, numerous tissues exhibit a progressive decline in homeostasis and regeneration that results in tissue degeneration, malfunction and pathology. The mechanisms responsible for this decay are both cell intrinsic, such as cellular senescence, as well as cell-extrinsic, such as changes in the regenerative environment. Understanding how these mechanisms impact on regenerative processes is essential to devise therapeutic approaches to improve tissue regeneration and extend healthspan. This review offers an overview of how regenerative abilities change through lifespan in various organisms, the factors that underlie such changes and the avenues for therapeutic intervention. It focuses on established models of mammalian regeneration as well as on models in which regenerative abilities do not decline with age, as these can deliver valuable insights for our understanding of the interplay between regeneration and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximina H Yun
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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416
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Shlush LI, Zandi S, Itzkovitz S, Schuh AC. Aging, clonal hematopoiesis and preleukemia: not just bad luck? Int J Hematol 2015; 102:513-22. [PMID: 26440972 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-015-1870-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronological human aging is associated with a number of changes in the hematopoietic system, occurring at many levels from stem to mature cells, and the marrow microenvironment as well. This review will focus mainly on the aging of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), and on the associated increases in the incidence of hematological malignancies. HSPCs manifest reduced function and acquire molecular changes with chronological aging. Furthermore, while for many years it has been known that the human hematopoietic system becomes increasingly clonal with chronological aging (clonal hematopoiesis), only in the last few years has it become clear that clonal hematopoiesis may result from the accumulation of preleukemic mutations in HSPCs. Such mutations confer a selective advantage that leads to clonal hematopoiesis, and that may occasionally result in the development of leukemia, and define the existence of both preleukemic stem cells, and of 'preleukemia' as a clinical entity. While it is well appreciated that clonal hematopoiesis is very common in the elderly, several questions remain unanswered: why and how does clonal hematopoiesis develop? How is clonal hematopoiesis related to the age-related changes observed in the hematopoietic system? And why do only some individuals with clonal hematopoiesis develop leukemia?
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Affiliation(s)
- Liran I Shlush
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network (UHN), 610 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada. .,Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Sasan Zandi
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network (UHN), 610 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | | | - Andre C Schuh
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network (UHN), 610 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
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417
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Kowalczyk MS, Tirosh I, Heckl D, Rao TN, Dixit A, Haas BJ, Schneider RK, Wagers AJ, Ebert BL, Regev A. Single-cell RNA-seq reveals changes in cell cycle and differentiation programs upon aging of hematopoietic stem cells. Genome Res 2015; 25:1860-72. [PMID: 26430063 PMCID: PMC4665007 DOI: 10.1101/gr.192237.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 470] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Both intrinsic cell state changes and variations in the composition of stem cell populations have been implicated as contributors to aging. We used single-cell RNA-seq to dissect variability in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) and hematopoietic progenitor cell populations from young and old mice from two strains. We found that cell cycle dominates the variability within each population and that there is a lower frequency of cells in the G1 phase among old compared with young long-term HSCs, suggesting that they traverse through G1 faster. Moreover, transcriptional changes in HSCs during aging are inversely related to those upon HSC differentiation, such that old short-term (ST) HSCs resemble young long-term (LT-HSCs), suggesting that they exist in a less differentiated state. Our results indicate both compositional changes and intrinsic, population-wide changes with age and are consistent with a model where a relationship between cell cycle progression and self-renewal versus differentiation of HSCs is affected by aging and may contribute to the functional decline of old HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Itay Tirosh
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Dirk Heckl
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Tata Nageswara Rao
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute and Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA; Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Atray Dixit
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Brian J Haas
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Rebekka K Schneider
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Amy J Wagers
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute and Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA; Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA; Paul F. Glenn Laboratories for the Biological Mechanisms of Aging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, USA
| | - Benjamin L Ebert
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Aviv Regev
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, USA
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418
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Ori A, Toyama BH, Harris MS, Bock T, Iskar M, Bork P, Ingolia NT, Hetzer MW, Beck M. Integrated Transcriptome and Proteome Analyses Reveal Organ-Specific Proteome Deterioration in Old Rats. Cell Syst 2015; 1:224-37. [PMID: 27135913 PMCID: PMC4802414 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with the decline of protein, cell, and organ function. Here, we use an integrated approach to characterize gene expression, bulk translation, and cell biology in the brains and livers of young and old rats. We identify 468 differences in protein abundance between young and old animals. The majority are a consequence of altered translation output, that is, the combined effect of changes in transcript abundance and translation efficiency. In addition, we identify 130 proteins whose overall abundance remains unchanged but whose sub-cellular localization, phosphorylation state, or splice-form varies. While some protein-level differences appear to be a generic property of the rats’ chronological age, the majority are specific to one organ. These may be a consequence of the organ’s physiology or the chronological age of the cells within the tissue. Taken together, our study provides an initial view of the proteome at the molecular, sub-cellular, and organ level in young and old rats. An integrated approach identifies molecular alterations between young and old rats Changes in translation output explain the majority of the altered protein abundances Key protein complexes are altered in abundance and composition We provide a rich data resource to stimulate further studies of aging
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Ori
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Brandon H Toyama
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael S Harris
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Thomas Bock
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Murat Iskar
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Peer Bork
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - Nicholas T Ingolia
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Martin W Hetzer
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Martin Beck
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany.
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419
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Epigenetic regulation of ageing: linking environmental inputs to genomic stability. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2015; 16:593-610. [PMID: 26373265 DOI: 10.1038/nrm4048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ageing is affected by both genetic and non-genetic factors. Here, we review the chromatin-based epigenetic changes that occur during ageing, the role of chromatin modifiers in modulating lifespan and the importance of epigenetic signatures as biomarkers of ageing. We also discuss how epigenome remodelling by environmental stimuli affects several aspects of transcription and genomic stability, with important consequences for longevity, and outline epigenetic differences between the 'mortal soma' and the 'immortal germ line'. Finally, we discuss the inheritance of characteristics of ageing and potential chromatin-based strategies to delay or reverse hallmarks of ageing or age-related diseases.
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420
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Niedzwiecki MM, Liu X, Hall MN, Thomas T, Slavkovich V, Ilievski V, Levy D, Alam S, Siddique AB, Parvez F, Graziano JH, Gamble MV. Sex-specific associations of arsenic exposure with global DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation in leukocytes: results from two studies in Bangladesh. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 24:1748-57. [PMID: 26364164 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-15-0432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depletion of global 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) is observed in human cancers and is strongly implicated in skin cancer development. Although arsenic (As)-a class I human carcinogen linked to skin lesion and cancer risk-is known to be associated with changes in global %5-methylcytosine (%5-mC), its influence on 5-hmC has not been widely studied. METHODS We evaluated associations of As in drinking water, urine, and blood with global %5-mC and %5-hmC in two studies of Bangladeshi adults: (i) leukocyte DNA in the Nutritional Influences on Arsenic Toxicity study (n = 196; 49% male, 19-66 years); and (ii) peripheral blood mononuclear cell DNA in the Folate and Oxidative Stress study (n = 375; 49% male, 30-63 years). RESULTS Overall, As was not associated with global %5-mC or %5-hmC. Sex-specific analyses showed that associations of As exposure with global %5-hmC were positive in males and negative in females (P for interaction < 0.01). Analyses examining interactions by elevated plasma total homocysteine (tHcys), an indicator of B-vitamin deficiency, found that tHcys also modified the association between As and global %5-hmC (P for interaction < 0.10). CONCLUSION In two samples, we observed associations between As exposure and global %5-hmC in blood DNA that were modified by sex and tHcys. IMPACT Our findings suggest that As induces sex-specific changes in 5-hmC, an epigenetic mark that has been associated with cancer. Future research should explore whether altered %5-hmC is a mechanism underlying the sex-specific influences of As on skin lesion and cancer outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Niedzwiecki
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Xinhua Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Megan N Hall
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Tiffany Thomas
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Vesna Slavkovich
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Vesna Ilievski
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Diane Levy
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Shafiul Alam
- Columbia University Arsenic Project in Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abu B Siddique
- Columbia University Arsenic Project in Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Faruque Parvez
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Joseph H Graziano
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Mary V Gamble
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York.
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421
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Mehta A, Zhao JL, Sinha N, Marinov GK, Mann M, Kowalczyk MS, Galimidi RP, Du X, Erikci E, Regev A, Chowdhury K, Baltimore D. The MicroRNA-132 and MicroRNA-212 Cluster Regulates Hematopoietic Stem Cell Maintenance and Survival with Age by Buffering FOXO3 Expression. Immunity 2015; 42:1021-32. [PMID: 26084022 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are critical post-transcriptional regulators of hematopoietic cell-fate decisions, though little remains known about their role in aging hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). We found that the microRNA-212/132 cluster (Mirc19) is enriched in HSCs and is upregulated during aging. Both overexpression and deletion of microRNAs in this cluster leads to inappropriate hematopoiesis with age. Enforced expression of miR-132 in the bone marrow of mice led to rapid HSC cycling and depletion. A genetic deletion of Mirc19 in mice resulted in HSCs that had altered cycling, function, and survival in response to growth factor starvation. We found that miR-132 exerted its effect on aging HSCs by targeting the transcription factor FOXO3, a known aging associated gene. Our data demonstrate that Mirc19 plays a role in maintaining balanced hematopoietic output by buffering FOXO3 expression. We have thus identified it as a potential target that might play a role in age-related hematopoietic defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnav Mehta
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jimmy L Zhao
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nikita Sinha
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Georgi K Marinov
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Mati Mann
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | | | - Rachel P Galimidi
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Xiaomi Du
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Erdem Erikci
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Gottingen 37077, Germany
| | - Aviv Regev
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
| | - Kamal Chowdhury
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Gottingen 37077, Germany
| | - David Baltimore
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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422
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Zhang XY, Li M, Sun K, Chen XJ, Meng J, Wu L, Zhang P, Tong X, Jiang WW. Decreased expression of GRIM-19 by DNA hypermethylation promotes aerobic glycolysis and cell proliferation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2015; 6:101-15. [PMID: 25575809 PMCID: PMC4381581 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To identify novel tumor suppressor genes that are down-regulated by promoter hypermethylation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), genome-wide methylation profiling was performed using a methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP) array in HNSCC and normal mucosa tissue samples. Promoter hypermethylation of the candidate gene, gene associated with retinoid-interferon induced mortality-19 (GRIM-19), was confirmed in HNSCC cell lines. Multivariate regression analysis determined that GRIM-19 hypermethylation was an independent significant factor for HNSCC diagnosis (OR:125.562; P < 0.001). HNSCC patients with lower ratio of GRIM-19/ACTB hypermethylation had increased overall and disease free survival. Furthermore, the optimal cutoff provided 90% sensitivity and 77% specificity of GRIM-19 hypermethylation as a diagnostic marker for HNSCC. Ectopic expression of GRIM-19 in HNSCC cells led to increased oxygen consumption, reduced glycolysis and decreased cell proliferation. HNSCC cells ectopically expressing GRIM-19 displayed increased p53 activity as well as decreased Stat3 and HIF-1α activities. Moreover, GRIM-19 knockdown not only resulted in decreased oxygen consumption and increased aerobic glycolysis but also promoted cell proliferation and tumorigenic capacity in HNSCC cells. Our data indicate that decreased GRIM-19 expression due to promoter hypermethylation may be important in head and neck carcinogenesis by promoting cell proliferation and regulating metabolic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yun Zhang
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Minle Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Kai Sun
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Xiao-Jie Chen
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Jian Meng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Lifang Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xuemei Tong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wei-Wen Jiang
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
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423
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Making the case for chromatin profiling: a new tool to investigate the immune-regulatory landscape. Nat Rev Immunol 2015; 15:585-94. [DOI: 10.1038/nri3884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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424
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Wong SHK, Goode DL, Iwasaki M, Wei MC, Kuo HP, Zhu L, Schneidawind D, Duque-Afonso J, Weng Z, Cleary ML. The H3K4-Methyl Epigenome Regulates Leukemia Stem Cell Oncogenic Potential. Cancer Cell 2015; 28:198-209. [PMID: 26190263 PMCID: PMC4536132 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The genetic programs that maintain leukemia stem cell (LSC) self-renewal and oncogenic potential have been well defined; however, the comprehensive epigenetic landscape that sustains LSC cellular identity and functionality is less well established. We report that LSCs in MLL-associated leukemia reside in an epigenetic state of relative genome-wide high-level H3K4me3 and low-level H3K79me2. LSC differentiation is associated with reversal of these broad epigenetic profiles, with concomitant downregulation of crucial MLL target genes and the LSC maintenance transcriptional program that is driven by the loss of H3K4me3, but not H3K79me2. The H3K4-specific demethylase KDM5B negatively regulates leukemogenesis in murine and human MLL-rearranged AML cells, demonstrating a crucial role for the H3K4 global methylome in determining LSC fate.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- HEK293 Cells
- Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase/genetics
- Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase/metabolism
- Histones/metabolism
- Humans
- Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit/deficiency
- Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit/genetics
- Jumonji Domain-Containing Histone Demethylases/genetics
- Jumonji Domain-Containing Histone Demethylases/metabolism
- Leukemia/genetics
- Leukemia/metabolism
- Leukemia/pathology
- Lysine/metabolism
- Methylation
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein/genetics
- Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- RNA Interference
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transplantation, Heterologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen H K Wong
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David L Goode
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Masayuki Iwasaki
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael C Wei
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hsu-Ping Kuo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Li Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dominik Schneidawind
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jesus Duque-Afonso
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ziming Weng
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael L Cleary
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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425
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Ezh2 loss in hematopoietic stem cells predisposes mice to develop heterogeneous malignancies in an Ezh1-dependent manner. Blood 2015. [PMID: 26219303 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-03-634428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent genome sequencing revealed inactivating mutations in EZH2, which encodes an enzymatic component of polycomb-repressive complex 2 (PRC2), in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), and MDS/MPN overlap disorders. We herein demonstrated that the hematopoietic-specific deletion of Ezh2 in mice induced heterogeneous hematopoietic malignancies. Myelodysplasia was detected in mice following the deletion of Ezh2, and resulted in the development of MDS and MDS/MPN. Thrombocytosis was induced by Ezh2 loss and sustained in some mice with myelodysplasia. Although less frequent, Ezh2 loss also induced T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and the clonal expansion of B-1a B cells. Gene expression profiling showed that PRC2 target genes were derepressed upon the deletion of Ezh2 in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, but were largely repressed during the development of MDS and MDS/MPN. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequence analysis of trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3K27me3) revealed a compensatory function of Ezh1, another enzymatic component of PRC2, in this process. The deletion of Ezh1 alone did not cause dysplasia or any hematologic malignancies in mice, but abolished the repopulating capacity of hematopoietic stem cells when combined with Ezh2 loss. These results clearly demonstrated an essential role of Ezh1 in the pathogenesis of hematopoietic malignancies induced by Ezh2 insufficiency, and highlighted the differential functions of Ezh1 and Ezh2 in hematopoiesis.
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426
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Bennett JA, Singh KP, Unnisa Z, Welle SL, Gasiewicz TA. Deficiency in Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR) Expression throughout Aging Alters Gene Expression Profiles in Murine Long-Term Hematopoietic Stem Cells. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26208102 PMCID: PMC4514744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) signaling can contribute to the development of diseases of the blood system. Lack of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) has been associated with alterations in gene expression related to HSC function and the subsequent development of a myeloproliferative disorder in aging female mice. We sorted the most primitive population of HSCs with the highest stem cell potential (Long-term, or LT-HSCs) from 18-month-old AhR-null-allele (AhR-KO) and WT mice and analyzed gene expression using microarray to determine alterations in gene expression and cell signaling networks in HSCs that could potentially contribute to the aging phenotype of AhR-KO mice. Comparisons with previous array data from 8-week old mice indicated that aging alone is sufficient to alter gene expression. In addition, a significant number of gene expression differences were observed in aged LT-HSCs that are dependent on both aging and lack of AhR. Pathway analysis of these genes revealed networks related to hematopoietic stem cell activity or function. qPCR was used to confirm the differential expression of a subset of these genes, focusing on genes that may represent novel AhR targets due to the presence of a putative AhR binding site in their upstream regulatory region. We verified differential expression of PDGF-D, Smo, Wdfy1, Zbtb37 and Zfp382. Pathway analysis of this subset of genes revealed overlap between cellular functions of the novel AhR targets and AhR itself. Lentiviral-mediated knockdown of AhR in lineage-negative hematopoietic cells was sufficient to induce changes in all five of the candidate AhR targets identified. Taken together, these data suggest a role for AhR in HSC functional regulation, and identify novel HSC AhR target genes that may contribute to the phenotypes observed in AhR-KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A. Bennett
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Kameshwar P. Singh
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Zeenath Unnisa
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Stephen L. Welle
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Thomas A. Gasiewicz
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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427
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Raval A, Behbehani GK, Nguyen LXT, Thomas D, Kusler B, Garbuzov A, Ramunas J, Holbrook C, Park CY, Blau H, Nolan GP, Artandi SE, Mitchell BS. Reversibility of Defective Hematopoiesis Caused by Telomere Shortening in Telomerase Knockout Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131722. [PMID: 26133370 PMCID: PMC4489842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomere shortening is common in bone marrow failure syndromes such as dyskeratosis congenita (DC), aplastic anemia (AA) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). However, improved knowledge of the lineage-specific consequences of telomere erosion and restoration of telomere length in hematopoietic progenitors is required to advance therapeutic approaches. We have employed a reversible murine model of telomerase deficiency to compare the dependence of erythroid and myeloid lineage differentiation on telomerase activity. Fifth generation Tert-/- (G5 Tert-/-) mice with shortened telomeres have significant anemia, decreased erythroblasts and reduced hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) populations associated with neutrophilia and increased myelopoiesis. Intracellular multiparameter analysis by mass cytometry showed significantly reduced cell proliferation and increased sensitivity to activation of DNA damage checkpoints in erythroid progenitors and in erythroid-biased CD150hi HSC, but not in myeloid progenitors. Strikingly, Cre-inducible reactivation of telomerase activity restored hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) proliferation, normalized the DNA damage response, and improved red cell production and hemoglobin levels. These data establish a direct link between the loss of TERT activity, telomere shortening and defective erythropoiesis and suggest that novel strategies to restore telomerase function may have an important role in the treatment of the resulting anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Raval
- Stanford Cancer Institute and Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States of America
| | - Gregory K. Behbehani
- Stanford Cancer Institute and Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States of America
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States of America
| | - Le Xuan Truong Nguyen
- Stanford Cancer Institute and Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States of America
| | - Daniel Thomas
- Stanford Cancer Institute and Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States of America
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94035, United States of America
| | - Brenda Kusler
- Stanford Cancer Institute and Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States of America
| | - Alina Garbuzov
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States of America
| | - John Ramunas
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States of America
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94035, United States of America
| | - Colin Holbrook
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States of America
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94035, United States of America
| | - Christopher Y. Park
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, United States of America
| | - Helen Blau
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States of America
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94035, United States of America
| | - Garry P. Nolan
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States of America
| | - Steven E. Artandi
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States of America
| | - Beverly S. Mitchell
- Stanford Cancer Institute and Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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428
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Koyuncu S, Irmak D, Saez I, Vilchez D. Defining the General Principles of Stem Cell Aging: Lessons from Organismal Models. CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40778-015-0017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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429
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Christopeit M, Bartholdy B. Epigenetic signatures as prognostic tools in acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes. Epigenomics 2015; 6:371-4. [PMID: 25333846 DOI: 10.2217/epi.14.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Christopeit
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
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430
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Insights into cell ontogeny, age, and acute myeloid leukemia. Exp Hematol 2015; 43:745-55. [PMID: 26051919 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogenous disease of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and progenitor cells (HSPCs). The pathogenesis of AML involves cytogenetic abnormalities, genetic mutations, and epigenetic anomalies. Although it is widely accepted that the cellular biology, gene expression, and epigenetic landscape of normal HSCs change with age, little is known about the interplay between the age at which the cell becomes leukemic and the resultant leukemia. Despite its rarity, childhood AML is a leading cause of childhood cancer mortality. Treatment is in general extrapolated from adult AML on the assumption that adult AML and pediatric AML are similar biological entities. However, distinct biological processes and epigenetic modifications in pediatric and adult AML may mean that response to novel therapies in children may differ from that in adults with AML. A better understanding of the key pathways involved in transformation and how these differ between childhood and adult AML is an important step in identifying effective treatment. This review highlights both the commonalities and differences between pediatric and adult AML disease biology with respect to age.
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431
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Abstract
Aging is characterized by a decrease in genome integrity, impaired organ maintenance, and an increased risk of cancer, which coincide with clonal dominance of expanded mutant stem and progenitor cell populations in aging tissues, such as the intestinal epithelium, the hematopoietic system, and the male germline. Here we discuss possible explanations for age-associated increases in the initiation and/or progression of mutant stem/progenitor clones and highlight the roles of stem cell quiescence, replication-associated DNA damage, telomere shortening, epigenetic alterations, and metabolic challenges as determinants of stem cell mutations and clonal dominance in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Adams
- University of Glasgow and Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Heinrich Jasper
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945-1400, USA
| | - K Lenhard Rudolph
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V. (FLI), Beutenbergstr. 11, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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432
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Abstract
Stem cell decline is an important cellular driver of aging-associated pathophysiology in multiple tissues. Epigenetic regulation is central to establishing and maintaining stem cell function, and emerging evidence indicates that epigenetic dysregulation contributes to the altered potential of stem cells during aging. Unlike terminally differentiated cells, the impact of epigenetic dysregulation in stem cells is propagated beyond self; alterations can be heritably transmitted to differentiated progeny, in addition to being perpetuated and amplified within the stem cell pool through self-renewal divisions. This Review focuses on recent studies examining epigenetic regulation of tissue-specific stem cells in homeostasis, aging, and aging-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Beerman
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02116, USA
| | - Derrick J Rossi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02116, USA.
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433
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Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) functionally decline and are prone to lineage bias and myeloid malignancies upon aging. Two recent studies (Beerman et al., 2014; Flach et al., 2014) investigate the underlying mechanisms associated with aged HSC phenotypes and highlight DNA damage, replication stress, and ribosomal stress in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Soulier
- Institute of Hematology (IUH), INSERM UMR944/CNRS UMR7212, Saint-Louis Hospital and University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, av Claude Vellefaux 75010, Paris, France.
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434
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Jung M, Jin SG, Zhang X, Xiong W, Gogoshin G, Rodin AS, Pfeifer GP. Longitudinal epigenetic and gene expression profiles analyzed by three-component analysis reveal down-regulation of genes involved in protein translation in human aging. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:e100. [PMID: 25977295 PMCID: PMC4551908 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Data on biological mechanisms of aging are mostly obtained from cross-sectional study designs. An inherent disadvantage of this design is that inter-individual differences can mask small but biologically significant age-dependent changes. A serially sampled design (same individual at different time points) would overcome this problem but is often limited by the relatively small numbers of available paired samples and the statistics being used. To overcome these limitations, we have developed a new vector-based approach, termed three-component analysis, which incorporates temporal distance, signal intensity and variance into one single score for gene ranking and is combined with gene set enrichment analysis. We tested our method on a unique age-based sample set of human skin fibroblasts and combined genome-wide transcription, DNA methylation and histone methylation (H3K4me3 and H3K27me3) data. Importantly, our method can now for the first time demonstrate a clear age-dependent decrease in expression of genes coding for proteins involved in translation and ribosome function. Using analogies with data from lower organisms, we propose a model where age-dependent down-regulation of protein translation-related components contributes to extend human lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Jung
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Seung-Gi Jin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Wenying Xiong
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Grigoriy Gogoshin
- Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Andrei S Rodin
- Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Gerd P Pfeifer
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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435
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Wabik A, Jones PH. Switching roles: the functional plasticity of adult tissue stem cells. EMBO J 2015; 34:1164-79. [PMID: 25812989 PMCID: PMC4426478 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201490386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult organisms have to adapt to survive, and the same is true for their tissues. Rates and types of cell production must be rapidly and reversibly adjusted to meet tissue demands in response to both local and systemic challenges. Recent work reveals how stem cell (SC) populations meet these requirements by switching between functional states tuned to homoeostasis or regeneration. This plasticity extends to differentiating cells, which are capable of reverting to SCs after injury. The concept of the niche, the micro-environment that sustains and regulates stem cells, is broadening, with a new appreciation of the role of physical factors and hormonal signals. Here, we review different functions of SCs, the cellular mechanisms that underlie them and the signals that bias the fate of SCs as they switch between roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Wabik
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge Hutchison/MRC Research Centre Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Philip H Jones
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge Hutchison/MRC Research Centre Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
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436
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Goodell MA, Nguyen H, Shroyer N. Somatic stem cell heterogeneity: diversity in the blood, skin and intestinal stem cell compartments. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2015; 16:299-309. [PMID: 25907613 PMCID: PMC5317203 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Somatic stem cells replenish many tissues throughout life to repair damage and to maintain tissue homeostasis. Stem cell function is frequently described as following a hierarchical model in which a single master cell undergoes self-renewal and differentiation into multiple cell types and is responsible for most regenerative activity. However, recent data from studies on blood, skin and intestinal epithelium all point to the concomitant action of multiple types of stem cells with distinct everyday roles. Under stress conditions such as acute injury, the surprising developmental flexibility of these stem cells enables them to adapt to diverse roles and to acquire different regeneration capabilities. This paradigm shift raises many new questions about the developmental origins, inter-relationships and molecular regulation of these multiple stem cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Goodell
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center and Departments of Pediatrics, Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Hoang Nguyen
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center and Departments of Pediatrics, Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Noah Shroyer
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center and Departments of Pediatrics, Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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437
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Göttgens B. Regulatory network control of blood stem cells. Blood 2015; 125:2614-20. [PMID: 25762179 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-08-570226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are characterized by their ability to execute a wide range of cell fate choices, including self-renewal, quiescence, and differentiation into the many different mature blood lineages. Cell fate decision making in HSCs, as indeed in other cell types, is driven by the interplay of external stimuli and intracellular regulatory programs. Given the pivotal nature of HSC decision making for both normal and aberrant hematopoiesis, substantial research efforts have been invested over the last few decades into deciphering some of the underlying mechanisms. Central to the intracellular decision making processes are transcription factor proteins and their interactions within gene regulatory networks. More than 50 transcription factors have been shown to affect the functionality of HSCs. However, much remains to be learned about the way in which individual factors are connected within wider regulatory networks, and how the topology of HSC regulatory networks might affect HSC function. Nevertheless, important progress has been made in recent years, and new emerging technologies suggest that the pace of progress is likely to accelerate. This review will introduce key concepts, provide an integrated view of selected recent studies, and conclude with an outlook on possible future directions for this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berthold Göttgens
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust & Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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438
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Chen Z, Yi W, Morita Y, Wang H, Cong Y, Liu JP, Xiao Z, Rudolph KL, Cheng T, Ju Z. Wip1 deficiency impairs haematopoietic stem cell function via p53 and mTORC1 pathways. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6808. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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439
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Cardiac aging - Getting to the stem of the problem. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 83:32-6. [PMID: 25886698 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac aging is a heterogeneous process caused by a combination of stochastic events which manifests as loss of structure and function in the heart, however several recent studies draw attention to aging being primarily a stem cell problem. This review summarizes findings in support of the "stem cell hypothesis of aging" and discusses the impact of age on cardiac stem cells and the niche. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'CV Aging'.
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440
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TGF-β signaling in the control of hematopoietic stem cells. Blood 2015; 125:3542-50. [PMID: 25833962 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-12-618090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood is a tissue with high cellular turnover, and its production is a tightly orchestrated process that requires constant replenishment. All mature blood cells are generated from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which are the self-renewing units that sustain lifelong hematopoiesis. HSC behavior, such as self-renewal and quiescence, is regulated by a wide array of factors, including external signaling cues present in the bone marrow. The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family of cytokines constitutes a multifunctional signaling circuitry, which regulates pivotal functions related to cell fate and behavior in virtually all tissues of the body. In the hematopoietic system, TGF-β signaling controls a wide spectrum of biological processes, from homeostasis of the immune system to quiescence and self-renewal of HSCs. Here, we review key features and emerging concepts pertaining to TGF-β and downstream signaling pathways in normal HSC biology, featuring aspects of aging, hematologic disease, and how this circuitry may be exploited for clinical purposes in the future.
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441
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Dnmt3a loss predisposes murine hematopoietic stem cells to malignant transformation. Blood 2015; 125:629-38. [PMID: 25416277 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-08-594648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) is mutated in hematologic malignancies affecting myeloid, mixed, and lymphoid lineages, and these mutations are associated with poor prognosis. Past studies in mice revealed Dnmt3a-knockout (KO)hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) had increased self-renewal, but no leukemia was observed. Here, all lethally irradiated mice transplanted with Dnmt3a-deleted HSCs died within 1 year. Animals were diagnosed with a spectrum of malignancies similar to those seen in patients with DNMT3A mutations, including myelodysplastic syndrome, acute myeloid leukemia, primary myelofibrosis, and T- and B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia. In some cases, acquired malignancies exhibited secondary mutations similar to those identified in patients. Loss of Dnmt3a led to disturbed methylation patterns that were distinct in lymphoid and myeloid disease, suggesting lineage-specific methylation aberrations promoted by Dnmt3a loss. Global hypomethylation was observed in all of the malignancies, but lymphoid malignancies also exhibited hypermethylation, particularly at promoter regions. This mouse model underscores the important role of Dnmt3a in normal hematopoietic development and demonstrates that Dnmt3a loss of function confers a preleukemic phenotype on murine HSCs. This model may serve as a tool to study DNMT3A mutation associated malignancies and for developing targeted strategies for eliminating preleukemic cells for prevention and treatment of hematologic malignancies in the future.
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442
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Cheng Y, Xie N, Jin P, Wang T. DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation in stem cells. Cell Biochem Funct 2015; 33:161-73. [PMID: 25776144 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation are specific epigenetic mechanisms that can contribute to the regulation of gene expression and cellular functions. DNA methylation is important for the function of embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells (such as haematopoietic stem cells, neural stem cells and germline stem cells), and changes in DNA methylation patterns are essential for successful nuclear reprogramming. In the past several years, the rediscovery of hydroxymethylation and the TET enzymes expanded our insights tremendously and uncovered more dynamic aspects of cytosine methylation regulation. Here, we review the current knowledge and highlight the most recent advances in DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation in embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells and several well-studied adult stems cells. Our current understanding of stem cell epigenetics and new advances in the field will undoubtedly stimulate further clinical applications of regenerative medicine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cheng
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nina Xie
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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443
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Luo M, Jeong M, Sun D, Park HJ, Rodriguez BAT, Xia Z, Yang L, Zhang X, Sheng K, Darlington GJ, Li W, Goodell MA. Long non-coding RNAs control hematopoietic stem cell function. Cell Stem Cell 2015; 16:426-38. [PMID: 25772072 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) possess unique gene expression programs that enforce their identity and regulate lineage commitment. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as important regulators of gene expression and cell fate decisions, although their functions in HSCs are unclear. Here we profiled the transcriptome of purified HSCs by deep sequencing and identified 323 unannotated lncRNAs. Comparing their expression in differentiated lineages revealed 159 lncRNAs enriched in HSCs, some of which are likely HSC specific (LncHSCs). These lncRNA genes share epigenetic features with protein-coding genes, including regulated expression via DNA methylation, and knocking down two LncHSCs revealed distinct effects on HSC self-renewal and lineage commitment. We mapped the genomic binding sites of one of these candidates and found enrichment for key hematopoietic transcription factor binding sites, especially E2A. Together, these results demonstrate that lncRNAs play important roles in regulating HSCs, providing an additional layer to the genetic circuitry controlling HSC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Luo
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Department of Pediatrics and Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mira Jeong
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Department of Pediatrics and Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Deqiang Sun
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hyun Jung Park
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Zheng Xia
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Liubin Yang
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Department of Pediatrics and Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiaotian Zhang
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Department of Pediatrics and Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kuanwei Sheng
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Department of Pediatrics and Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Wei Li
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Margaret A Goodell
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Department of Pediatrics and Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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444
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Januar V, Saffery R, Ryan J. Epigenetics and depressive disorders: a review of current progress and future directions. Int J Epidemiol 2015; 44:1364-87. [DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyu273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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445
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Imprinted genes in myeloid lineage commitment in normal and malignant hematopoiesis. Leukemia 2015; 29:1233-42. [PMID: 25703588 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genomic imprinting is characterized by the parent-of-origin monoallelic expression of several diploid genes because of epigenetic regulation. Imprinted genes (IGs) are key factors in development, supporting the ability of a genotype to produce phenotypes in response to environmental stimuli. IGs are highly expressed during prenatal stages but are downregulated after birth. They also affect aspects of life other than growth such as cognition, behavior, adaption to novel environments, social dominance and memory consolidation. Deregulated genomic imprinting leads to developmental disorders and is associated with solid and blood cancer as well. Several data have been published highlighting the involvement of IGs in as early as the very small embryonic-like stem cells stage and further during myeloid lineage commitment in normal and malignant hematopoiesis. Therefore, we have assembled the current knowledge on the topic, based mainly on recent findings, trying not to focus on a particular cluster but rather to have a global view of several different IGs in hematopoiesis.
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446
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Ebina W, Rossi DJ. Transcription factor-mediated reprogramming toward hematopoietic stem cells. EMBO J 2015; 34:694-709. [PMID: 25712209 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201490804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
De novo generation of human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from renewable cell types has been a long sought-after but elusive goal in regenerative medicine. Paralleling efforts to guide pluripotent stem cell differentiation by manipulating developmental cues, substantial progress has been made recently toward HSC generation via combinatorial transcription factor (TF)-mediated fate conversion, a paradigm established by Yamanaka's induction of pluripotency in somatic cells by mere four TFs. This review will integrate the recently reported strategies to directly convert a variety of starting cell types toward HSCs in the context of hematopoietic transcriptional regulation and discuss how these findings could be further developed toward the ultimate generation of therapeutic human HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Ebina
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Derrick J Rossi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
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447
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Epigenetic control of myeloid cell differentiation, identity and function. Nat Rev Immunol 2015; 15:7-17. [PMID: 25534619 DOI: 10.1038/nri3777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid cells are crucial effectors of the innate immune response and important regulators of adaptive immunity. The differentiation and activation of myeloid cells requires the timely regulation of gene expression; this depends on the interplay of a variety of elements, including transcription factors and epigenetic mechanisms. Epigenetic control involves histone modifications and DNA methylation, and is coupled to lineage-specifying transcription factors, upstream signalling pathways and external factors released in the bone marrow, blood and tissue environments. In this Review, we highlight key epigenetic events controlling myeloid cell biology, focusing on those related to myeloid cell differentiation, the acquisition of myeloid identity and innate immune memory.
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448
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Abstract
In this Opinion article, we summarize how changes in DNA methylation occur during aging in mammals and discuss examples of how such events may contribute to the aging process. We explore mechanisms that could facilitate DNA methylation changes in a site-specific manner and highlight a model in which region-specific DNA hypermethylation during aging is facilitated in a competitive manner by destabilization of the Polycomb repressive complex.
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449
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Turner M, Leslie S, Martin NG, Peschanski M, Rao M, Taylor CJ, Trounson A, Turner D, Yamanaka S, Wilmut I. Toward the development of a global induced pluripotent stem cell library. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 19:599-612. [PMID: 24094319 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The ability to preselect the donor genotype of iPSC lines provides important opportunities for immune matching in cell therapy. Here we propose that an international assessment should be made of how immune incompatibility can best be managed and how a network of GMP HLA homozygous haplobanks could be operated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Turner
- Medical Director, SNBTS HeadQuarters, 21 Ellen's Glen Road, Edinburgh EH17 7QT, UK
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450
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Wahlestedt M, Pronk CJ, Bryder D. Concise review: hematopoietic stem cell aging and the prospects for rejuvenation. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 4:186-94. [PMID: 25548388 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of the continuous increases in lifetime expectancy, the incidence of age-related diseases will, unless counteracted, represent an increasing problem at both the individual and socioeconomic levels. Studies on the processes of blood cell formation have revealed several shortcomings as a consequence of chronological age. They include a reduced ability to mount adaptive immune responses and a blood cell composition skewed toward myeloid cells, with the latter coinciding with a dramatically increased incidence of myelogenous diseases, including cancer. Conversely, the dominant forms of acute leukemia affecting children associate with the lymphoid lineages. A growing body of evidence has suggested that aging of various organs and cellular systems, including the hematopoietic system, associates with a functional demise of tissue-resident stem cell populations. Mechanistically, DNA damage and/or altered transcriptional landscapes appear to be major drivers of the hematopoietic stem cell aging state, with recent data proposing that stem cell aging phenotypes are characterized by at least some degree of reversibility. These findings suggest the possibility of rejuvenating, or at least dampening, stem cell aging phenotypes in the elderly for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wahlestedt
- Immunology Section, Institution for Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cornelis Jan Pronk
- Immunology Section, Institution for Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - David Bryder
- Immunology Section, Institution for Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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