401
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Increased total cytokeratin-18 serum and urine levels in chronic kidney disease. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 412:713-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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402
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Mahmoudi M, Azadmanesh K, Shokrgozar MA, Journeay WS, Laurent S. Effect of Nanoparticles on the Cell Life Cycle. Chem Rev 2011; 111:3407-32. [DOI: 10.1021/cr1003166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Mahmoudi
- National Cell Bank, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551 Iran
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kayhan Azadmanesh
- Virology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551 Iran
| | | | - W. Shane Journeay
- Nanotechnology Toxicology Consulting & Training, Inc., Nova Scotia, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie Medical School, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Sophie Laurent
- Department of General, Organic, and Biomedical Chemistry, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, Avenue Maistriau, 19, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
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403
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Miranda SG, Purdie NG, Osborne VR, Coomber BL, Cant JP. Selenomethionine increases proliferation and reduces apoptosis in bovine mammary epithelial cells under oxidative stress. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:165-73. [PMID: 21183028 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The decline in mammary epithelial cell number as lactation progresses may be due, in part, to oxidative stress. Selenium is an integral component of several antioxidant enzymes. The present study was conducted to examine the effect of oxidative stress and selenomethionine (SeMet) on morphology, viability, apoptosis, and proliferation of bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMEC) in primary culture. Cells were isolated from mammary glands of lactating dairy cows and grown for 3 d in a low-serum gel system containing lactogenic hormones and 0 or 100 μM H2O2 with 0, 10, 20, or 50 nM SeMet. Hydrogen peroxide stress increased intracellular H2O2 to 3 times control concentrations and induced a loss of cuboidal morphology, cell-cell contact, and viability of BMEC by 25%. Apoptotic cell number more than doubled during oxidative stress, but proliferating cell number was not affected. Supplementation with SeMet increased glutathione peroxidase activity 2-fold and restored intracellular H2O2 to control levels with a concomitant return of morphology and viability to normal. Apoptotic BMEC number was decreased 76% below control levels by SeMet and proliferating cell number was increased 4.2-fold. These findings suggest that SeMet modulated apoptosis and proliferation independently of a selenoprotein-mediated reduction of H2O2. In conclusion, SeMet supplementation protects BMEC from H2O2-induced apoptosis and increased proliferation and cell viability under conditions of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Miranda
- Department of Animal Science, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela 4005
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404
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Götze S, Saborowski R. NanoDrop fluorometry adopted for microassays of proteasomal enzyme activities. Anal Biochem 2011; 413:203-5. [PMID: 21342653 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2011] [Revised: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
NanoDrop spectrophotometry and NanoDrop fluorospectrometry are used almost exclusively to determine the concentrations of nucleic acids and proteins. We propose that NanoDrop fluorospectrometry can also be applied for measuring enzyme activities using fluorogenic substrates such as the proteolytic activities of the 26S proteasome. Because the NanoDrop ND-3300 device requires only 2 μl of sample, the amount of sample extract, substrate, and cofactors used for an enzyme assay can be significantly reduced. In this report, we present exemplary microassays for proteasomal activities (chymotrypsin-, trypsin-, and PGPH [peptidyl-glutamyl peptide hydrolase]-like sites) in extracts of isolated hemocytes from a marine crab, Cancer pagurus (Crustaceae).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Götze
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, 27515 Bremerhaven, Germany
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405
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TLR-2 and TLR-9 are sensors of apoptosis in a mouse model of doxorubicin-induced acute inflammation. Cell Death Differ 2011; 18:1316-25. [PMID: 21311566 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2011.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthracycline antibiotics are inducers of an immunogenic form of apoptosis that has immunostimulatory properties because of the release of damage-associated molecular patterns. To study the mechanisms used by the innate immune system to sense this immunogenic form of cell death, we established an in vivo model of cell death induced by intraperitoneal injection of doxorubicin, a prototype of anthracyclines. The acute sterile inflammation in this model is characterized by rapid influx of neutrophils and increased levels of IL-6 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1. We demonstrate that acute inflammation induced by doxorubicin is associated with apoptosis of monocytes/macrophages and that it is specific for doxorubicin, an immunogenic chemotherapeutic. Further, the inflammatory response is significantly reduced in mice deficient in myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88), TLR-2 or TLR-9. Importantly, a TLR-9 antagonist reduces the recruitment of neutrophils induced by doxorubicin. By contrast, the acute inflammatory response is not affected in TRIF(Lps2) mutant mice and in TLR-3, TLR-4 and caspase-1 knockout mice, which shows that the inflammasome does not have a major role in doxorubicin-induced acute inflammation. Our findings provide important new insights into how the innate immune system senses immunogenic apoptotic cells and clearly demonstrate that the TLR-2/TLR-9-MyD88 signaling pathways have a central role in initiating the acute inflammatory response to this immunogenic form of apoptosis.
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406
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Zhu C, Yang Q, Liu L, Wang S. A potent fluorescent probe for the detection ofcellapoptosis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:5524-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc05158f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A new positively charged fluorescent probe poly(p-phenylene vinylene) derivative has been developed for cell apoptosis detection in a simple way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
| | - Qiong Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
| | - Libing Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
| | - Shu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
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407
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Abstract
The balance between proliferation and cell death is often disrupted in cancer leading to tumor growth. In prostate cancer, these events are regulated, at least in part, through androgen signaling. Prostate cancer is dependent on androgens for growth in the initial stages where apoptosis is simultaneously inhibited. Androgen signaling remains important in later stages of prostate cancer as well. Here, we provide methods to study apoptosis in prostate cancer cells and its regulation by androgens. In prostate cancer cells grown in vitro, apoptosis can be induced by different stimuli, such as the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase inhibitor Thapsigargin (TG) through the intrinsic apoptosis pathway, or tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) plus the inhibition of PI3K, through the extrinsic signaling pathway; both of these apoptotic events can be blocked by androgens. Here, we provide protocols to assess apoptosis triggered by TG or TRAIL plus PI3K inhibitor LY294002, in prostate cancer cells in vitro using nuclear fragmentation and TUNEL assays aided by fluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry.
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408
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Sœur J, Marrot L, Perez P, Iraqui I, Kienda G, Dardalhon M, Meunier JR, Averbeck D, Huang ME. Selective cytotoxicity of Aniba rosaeodora essential oil towards epidermoid cancer cells through induction of apoptosis. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2011; 718:24-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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409
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Luo CL, Chen XP, Yang R, Sun YX, Li QQ, Bao HJ, Cao QQ, Ni H, Qin ZH, Tao LY. Cathepsin B contributes to traumatic brain injury-induced cell death through a mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:2847-58. [PMID: 20653046 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that lysosomal proteases play important roles in ischemic and excitotoxic neuronal cell death. We have previously reported that cathepsin B expression increased remarkably after traumatic brain injury (TBI). The present study sought to investigate the effects of a selective cathepsin B inhibitor (CBI) [N-L-3-trans-prolcarbamoyloxirane-2-carbonyl)-L-isoleucyl-L-proline] on cell death and behavioral deficits in our model. We examined the levels of cathepsin B enzymatic activity and its expression by double labelling damaged cells in the brain slice with propidium iodide (PI) and anticathepsin B. The results showed an elevated enzymatic activity associated with TBI-induced increase in a mature form of cathepsin B, suggesting that cathepsin B may play a role in TBI-induced cell injury. PI was found to label cells positive for the neuronal-specific nuclear marker NeuN, whereas fewer GFAP-positive cells were labelled by PI, suggesting that neurons are more sensitive to cell death induced by TBI. Additionally, we found that pretreatment with CBI remarkably attenuated TBI-induced cell death, lesion volume, and motor and cognitive dysfunction. To analyze the mechanism of action of cathepsin B in the cell death signaling pathway, we assessed DNA fragmentation by electrophoresis, Bcl-2/Bax protein expression levels, Bid cleavage, cytochrome c release, and caspase-3 activation. The results imply that cathepsin B contributes to TBI-induced cell death through the present programmed cell necrosis and mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Liang Luo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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410
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Silva MT. Secondary necrosis: the natural outcome of the complete apoptotic program. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:4491-9. [PMID: 20974143 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 10/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The predominant definition of apoptosis considers that the elimination of the apoptosing cell is by heterolytic degradation following phagocytosis by an assisting scavenger (efferocytosis). However, an alternative and largely underestimated outcome of apoptosis is secondary necrosis, an autolytic process of cell disintegration with release of cell components that occurs when there is no intervention of scavengers and the full apoptotic program is completed. Secondary necrosis is the typical outcome of apoptosis in unicellular eukaryotes but, importantly, it may also occur in multicellular animals and has been implicated in the genesis of important human pathologies. Secondary necrosis is a mode of cell elimination with specific molecular and morphological features and should be considered the natural outcome of the complete apoptotic program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel T Silva
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal.
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411
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Challa S, Chan FKM. Going up in flames: necrotic cell injury and inflammatory diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:3241-53. [PMID: 20532807 PMCID: PMC3051829 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0413-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 05/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that cell death can be induced through multiple mechanisms. Strikingly, the same death signal can often induce apoptotic as well as non-apoptotic cell death. For instance, inhibition of caspases often converts an apoptotic stimulus to one that causes necrosis. Because a dedicated molecular circuitry distinct from that controlling apoptosis is required for necrotic cell injury, terms such as "programmed necrosis" or "necroptosis" have been used to distinguish stimulus-dependent necrosis from those induced by non-specific traumas (e.g., heat shock) or secondary necrosis induced as a consequence of apoptosis. In several experimental models, programmed necrosis/necroptosis has been shown to be a crucial control point for pathogen- or injury-induced inflammation. In this review, we will discuss the molecular mechanisms that regulate programmed necrosis/necroptosis and its biological significance in pathogen infections, drug-induced cell injury, and trauma-induced tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreerupa Challa
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Virology Program Diabetes and Endocrinology Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655 USA
| | - Francis Ka-Ming Chan
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Virology Program Diabetes and Endocrinology Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655 USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Room S2-125, Worcester, MA 01655 USA
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412
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Vandenabeele P, Galluzzi L, Vanden Berghe T, Kroemer G. Molecular mechanisms of necroptosis: an ordered cellular explosion. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2010; 11:700-14. [PMID: 20823910 DOI: 10.1038/nrm2970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1808] [Impact Index Per Article: 129.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
For a long time, apoptosis was considered the sole form of programmed cell death during development, homeostasis and disease, whereas necrosis was regarded as an unregulated and uncontrollable process. Evidence now reveals that necrosis can also occur in a regulated manner. The initiation of programmed necrosis, 'necroptosis', by death receptors (such as tumour necrosis factor receptor 1) requires the kinase activity of receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1; also known as RIPK1) and RIP3 (also known as RIPK3), and its execution involves the active disintegration of mitochondrial, lysosomal and plasma membranes. Necroptosis participates in the pathogenesis of diseases, including ischaemic injury, neurodegeneration and viral infection, thereby representing an attractive target for the avoidance of unwarranted cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Vandenabeele
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent University, Belgium.
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413
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Abstract
It is becoming evident that failure in the removal of dying cells causes and/or promotes the onset of chronic diseases. Impairment of phagocytosis of apoptotic cells can be due not only to genetic or molecular malfunctioning but also to external/environmental factors. Two of these environmental factors have been recently reported to down regulate the clearance of apoptotic cells: cigarette smoke and static magnetic fields. Cigarette smoke contains highly reactive carbonyls that modify proteins which directly/indirectly affects cellular function. Human macrophages interacting with carbonyl or cigarette smoke modified extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins dramatically down regulated their ability to phagocytose apoptotic neutrophils. It was postulated that changes in the ECM environment as a result of cigarette smoke affect the ability of macrophages to remove apoptotic cells. This decreased phagocytic activity was as a result of sequestration of receptors involved in the uptake of apoptotic cells towards that of recognition of carbonyl adducts on the modified ECM proteins leading to increased macrophage adhesion. Downregulation of the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells was also described when performed in presence of static magnetic fields (SMFs) of moderate intensity. SMFs have been reported to perturb distribution of membrane proteins and glycoproteins, receptors, cytoskeleton and trans-membrane fluxes of different ions, especially calcium [Ca(2+)]i, that in turn, interfere with many different physiological activities, including phagocytosis. The effects of cigarette smoke and SMF on the phagocytosis of dying cells will be here discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Dini
- Department Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of the Salento, Lecce, Italy.
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414
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Nykky J, Tuusa JE, Kirjavainen S, Vuento M, Gilbert L. Mechanisms of cell death in canine parvovirus-infected cells provide intuitive insights to developing nanotools for medicine. Int J Nanomedicine 2010; 5:417-28. [PMID: 20957163 PMCID: PMC2950399 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s10579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses have great potential as nanotools in medicine for gene transfer, targeted gene delivery, and oncolytic cancer virotherapy. Here we have studied cell death mechanisms of canine parvovirus (CPV) to increase the knowledge on the CPV life cycle in order to facilitate the development of better parvovirus vectors. Morphological studies of CPV-infected Norden laboratory feline kidney (NLFK) cells and canine fibroma cells (A72) displayed characteristic apoptotic events. Apoptosis was further confirmed by activation of caspases and cellular DNA damage. However, results from annexin V-propidium iodide (PI) labeling and membrane polarization assays indicated disruption of the plasma membrane uncommon to apoptosis. These results provide evidence that secondary necrosis followed apoptosis. In addition, two human cancer cell lines were found to be infected by CPV. This necrotic event over apoptotic cell death and infection in human cells provide insightful information when developing CPV as a nanotool for cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonna Nykky
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
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415
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Wong JKF, Alyouha S, Kadler KE, Ferguson MWJ, McGrouther DA. The cell biology of suturing tendons. Matrix Biol 2010; 29:525-36. [PMID: 20600895 PMCID: PMC3925995 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Trauma by suturing tendon form areas devoid of cells termed "acellular zones" in the matrix. This study aimed to characterise the cellular insult of suturing and acellular zone formation in mouse tendon. Acellular zone formation was evaluated using single grasping sutures placed using flexor tendons with time lapse cell viability imaging for a period of 12h. Both tension and injury were required to induce cell death and cell movement in the formation of the acellular zone. DNA fragmentation studies and transmission electron microscopy indicated that cells necrosed. Parallel in vivo studies showed that cell-to-cell contacts were disrupted following grasping by the suture in tensioned tendon. Without tension, cell death was lessened and cell-to-cell contacts remained intact. Quantitative immunohistochemistry and 3D cellular profile mapping of wound healing markers over a one year time course showed that acellular zones arise rapidly and showed no evidence of healing whilst the wound healing response occurred in the surrounding tissues. The acellular zones were also evident in a standard modified "Kessler" clinical repair. In conclusion, the suture repair of injured tendons produces acellular zones, which may potentially cause early tendon failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K F Wong
- Plastic Surgery Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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416
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Fraysse B, Nagi SM, Boher B, Ragot H, Lainé J, Salmon A, Fiszman MY, Toussaint M, Fromes Y. Ca2+ overload and mitochondrial permeability transition pore activation in living delta-sarcoglycan-deficient cardiomyocytes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2010; 299:C706-13. [PMID: 20592245 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00545.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies are often associated with significant cardiac disease that can be the prominent feature associated with gene mutations in sarcoglycan. Cardiac cell death is a main feature of cardiomyopathy in sarcoglycan deficiency and may arise as a cardiomyocyte intrinsic process that remains unclear. Deficiency of delta-sarcoglycan (delta-SG) induces disruption of the dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex, a known cause of membrane instability that may explain cardiomyocytes cytosolic Ca2+ increase. In this study we assessed the hypothesis that cytosolic Ca2+ increase triggers cardiomyocyte death through mitochondrial Ca2+ overload and dysfunction in the delta-SG-deficient CHF147 hamster. We showed that virtually all isolated CHF147 ventricular myocytes exhibited elevated cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca2+ levels by the use of the Fura-2 and Rhod-2 fluorescent probes. Observation of living cells with Mito-Tracker red lead to the conclusion that approximately 15% of isolated CHF147 cardiomyocytes had disorganized mitochondria. Transmission electron microscope imaging showed mitochondrial swelling associated with crest and membrane disruption. Analysis of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) activity using calcein revealed that mitochondria of CHF147 ventricular cells were twofold leakier than wild types, whereas reactive oxygen species production was unchanged. Bax, Bcl-2, and LC3 expression analysis by Western blot indicated that the intrinsic apoptosis and the cell death associated to autophagy pathways were not significantly activated in CHF147 hearts. Our results lead to conclusion that cardiomyocytes death in delta-SG-deficient animals is an intrinsic phenomenon, likely related to Ca2+-induced necrosis. In this process Ca2+ overload-induced MPTP activation and mitochondrial disorganization may have an important role.
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417
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Silva MT. Bacteria-induced phagocyte secondary necrosis as a pathogenicity mechanism. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 88:885-96. [PMID: 20566623 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0410205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Triggering of phagocyte apoptosis is a major virulence mechanism used by some successful bacterial pathogens. A central issue in the apoptotic death context is that fully developed apoptosis results in necrotic cell autolysis (secondary necrosis) with release of harmful cell components. In multicellular animals, this occurs when apoptosing cells are not removed by scavengers, mainly macrophages. Secondary necrotic lysis of neutrophils and macrophages may occur in infection when extensive phagocyte apoptosis is induced by bacterial cytotoxins and removal of apoptosing phagocytes is defective because the apoptotic process exceeds the available scavenging capacity or targets macrophages directly. Induction of phagocyte secondary necrosis is an important pathogenic mechanism, as it combines the pathogen evasion from phagocyte antimicrobial activities and the release of highly cytotoxic molecules, particularly of neutrophil origin, such as neutrophil elastase. This pathogenicity mechanism therefore promotes the unrestricted multiplication of the pathogen and contributes directly to the pathology of several necrotizing infections, where extensive apoptosis and necrosis of macrophages and neutrophils are present. Here, examples of necrotizing infectious diseases, where phagocyte secondary necrosis is implicated, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel T Silva
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, Porto, Portugal.
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418
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Browning LM, Huang T, Xu XN. Electric pulses to prepare feeder cells for sustaining and culturing of undifferentiated embryonic stem cells. Biotechnol J 2010; 5:588-95. [PMID: 20518062 PMCID: PMC3014325 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201000040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Current challenges in embryonic-stem cell (ESC) research include the inability of sustaining and culturing of undifferentiated ESCs over time. Growth-arrested feeder cells are essential to the culture and sustaining of undifferentiated ESCs, and they are currently prepared using gamma-radiation and chemical inactivation. Both techniques have severe limitations. In this study, we developed a new, simple and effective technique (pulsed electric fields, PEFs) to produce viable growth-arrested cells (RTS34st) and used them as high-quality feeder cells to culture and sustain undifferentiated zebrafish ESCs over time. The cells were exposed to 25 sequential 10-ns electric pulses (10nsEPs) of 25, 40 and 150 kV/cm with 1-s pulse interval, or 2 sequential 50-mus electric pulses (50microsEPs) of 2.83, 1.78 and 0.78 kV/cm with 5-s pulse interval, respectively. We found that the cellular effects of PEFs depended directly upon the duration, number and electric field strength of the pulses, showing the feasibility of tuning them to produce various types of growth-arrested cells for culturing undifferentiated ESCs. Both 10nsEPs of 40 kV/cm produced by a 10nsEP generator and 50microsEPs of 1.78 kV/cm provided by inexpensive and widely available conventional electroporators, generated high-quality growth-arrested feeder cells for proliferation of undifferentiated ESCs over time. PEFs can therefore be used to replace radiation and chemical inactivation methods for preparation of growth-arrested feeder cells for advancing ESC research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M. Browning
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529
| | - X. Nancy Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529
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419
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Noscapine induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in gastric cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2010; 67:605-12. [PMID: 20490799 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-010-1356-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Noscapine plays an important role in the regulation of cell growth and death. It has been reported to potentiate the anti-tumor effect by inducing apoptosis in various malignant cells. However, the mechanism of inducing apoptosis in gastric cancer cells by this agent remains to be clarified. METHODS In the study, we investigated the signaling pathways by which noscapine induces apoptosis in gastric cancer cell lines. Apoptosis of four human gastric cancer cell lines was induced by treatment with noscapine. RESULTS Our results indicate that noscapine induced a dose-dependent apoptosis of these cells. The treatment with noscapine upregulated Bax and Cytochrome c (Cyt-c) protein, downregulated Bcl-2 protein. Caspase-3 and caspase-9 were activated, suggesting that the apoptosis is mediated by mitochondrial pathways. Moreover, in xenograft tumor mouse model, noscapine injection successfully inhibited the tumor growth via apoptosis induction which was demonstrated by TUNEL assay. CONCLUSIONS These data of the study suggest that noscapine induces apoptosis in gastric cancer cells via mitochondrial pathways.
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420
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Portela VM, Machado M, Buratini J, Zamberlam G, Amorim RL, Goncalves P, Price CA. Expression and function of fibroblast growth factor 18 in the ovarian follicle in cattle. Biol Reprod 2010; 83:339-46. [PMID: 20484739 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.110.084277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) are involved in paracrine signaling between cell types in the ovarian follicle. FGF8, for example, is secreted by oocytes and controls cumulus cell metabolism. The closely related FGF18 is also expressed in oocytes in mice. The objective of this study was to assess the potential role of FGF18 in follicle growth in a monovulatory species, the cow. Messenger RNA encoding FGF18 was detected primarily in theca cells, and in contrast to the mouse, FGF18 was not detected in bovine oocytes. Addition of FGF18 protein to granulosa cell cultures inhibited estradiol and progesterone secretion as well as the abundance of mRNA encoding steroidogenic enzymes and the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor. In vivo, onset of atresia of the subordinate follicle was associated with increased thecal FGF18 mRNA levels and FGF18 protein in follicular fluid. In vitro, FGF18 altered cell cycle progression as measured by flow cytometry, resulting in increased numbers of dead cells (sub-G1 peak) and decreased cells in S phase. This was accompanied by decreased levels of mRNA encoding the cell cycle checkpoint regulator GADD45B. Collectively, these data point to a unique role for this FGF in signaling from theca cells to granulosa cells and suggest that FGF18 influences the process of atresia in ovarian follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio M Portela
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction Animale, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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421
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Antitumor 1-nitroacridine derivative C-1748, induces apoptosis, necrosis or senescence in human colon carcinoma HCT8 and HT29 cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 79:1231-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Revised: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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422
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Im JH, Kim SJ. Paclitaxel Induced Caspase-Independent Mitotic Catastrophe in Rabbit Articular Chondrocyte. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.5352/jls.2010.20.4.519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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423
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Alam IS, Neves AA, Witney TH, Boren J, Brindle KM. Comparison of the C2A Domain of Synaptotagmin-I and Annexin-V As Probes for Detecting Cell Death. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:884-91. [DOI: 10.1021/bc9004415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Israt S. Alam
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom, and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li-Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Andre A. Neves
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom, and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li-Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy H. Witney
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom, and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li-Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Joan Boren
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom, and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li-Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin M. Brindle
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom, and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li-Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
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424
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Abstract
Articular cartilage extracellular matrix and cell function change with age and are considered to be the most important factors in the development and progression of osteoarthritis. The multifaceted nature of joint disease indicates that the contribution of cell death can be an important factor at early and late stages of osteoarthritis. Therefore, the pharmacologic inhibition of cell death is likely to be clinically valuable at any stage of the disease. In this article, we will discuss the close association between diverse changes in cartilage aging, how altered conditions influence chondrocyte death, and the implications of preventing cell loss to retard osteoarthritis progression and preserve tissue homeostasis.
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425
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Portela VM, Zamberlam G, Price CA. Cell plating density alters the ratio of estrogenic to progestagenic enzyme gene expression in cultured granulosa cells. Fertil Steril 2010; 93:2050-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.01.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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426
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Calzone L, Tournier L, Fourquet S, Thieffry D, Zhivotovsky B, Barillot E, Zinovyev A. Mathematical modelling of cell-fate decision in response to death receptor engagement. PLoS Comput Biol 2010; 6:e1000702. [PMID: 20221256 PMCID: PMC2832675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines such as TNF and FASL can trigger death or survival depending on cell lines and cellular conditions. The mechanistic details of how a cell chooses among these cell fates are still unclear. The understanding of these processes is important since they are altered in many diseases, including cancer and AIDS. Using a discrete modelling formalism, we present a mathematical model of cell fate decision recapitulating and integrating the most consistent facts extracted from the literature. This model provides a generic high-level view of the interplays between NFkappaB pro-survival pathway, RIP1-dependent necrosis, and the apoptosis pathway in response to death receptor-mediated signals. Wild type simulations demonstrate robust segregation of cellular responses to receptor engagement. Model simulations recapitulate documented phenotypes of protein knockdowns and enable the prediction of the effects of novel knockdowns. In silico experiments simulate the outcomes following ligand removal at different stages, and suggest experimental approaches to further validate and specialise the model for particular cell types. We also propose a reduced conceptual model implementing the logic of the decision process. This analysis gives specific predictions regarding cross-talks between the three pathways, as well as the transient role of RIP1 protein in necrosis, and confirms the phenotypes of novel perturbations. Our wild type and mutant simulations provide novel insights to restore apoptosis in defective cells. The model analysis expands our understanding of how cell fate decision is made. Moreover, our current model can be used to assess contradictory or controversial data from the literature. Ultimately, it constitutes a valuable reasoning tool to delineate novel experiments.
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427
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Apoptosis of Human Burkitt’s lymphoma cells induced by 2-N,N-Diethylaminocarbonyloxymethyl-1-diphenylmethyl-4-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl) piperazine hydrochloride (PMS-1077). Arch Pharm Res 2010; 32:1727-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-009-2210-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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428
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Monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone and 4-tertiary butyl phenol activate markedly different physiological responses in melanocytes: relevance to skin depigmentation. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:211-20. [PMID: 19657355 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone (MBEH) is a Food and Drug Administration approved drug used for depigmentation therapy of advanced vitiligo. Here, the working mechanism of MBEH is explored in comparison to 4-tertiary butyl phenol (4-TBP), a known causative agent for occupational vitiligo mediating apoptotic melanocytic death. Cytotoxic experiments reveal that similar to 4-TBP, MBEH induces specific melanocyte death. To compare death pathways initiated by 4-TBP and MBEH, classical apoptotic hallmarks were evaluated in treated melanocytes. MBEH induced cell death without activating the caspase cascade or DNA fragmentation, showing that the death pathway is non-apoptotic. Release of High Mobility Group Box-1 protein by MBEH-treated melanocytes and ultrastructural features further confirmed a necrotic death pathway mediated by MBEH. A negative correlation between MBEH-induced cell death and cellular melanin content supports a cytoprotective role for melanin. Moreover, MBEH exposure upregulated the levels of melanogenic enzymes in cultured melanocytes and skin explants, whereas 4-TBP reduced the expression of the same. In summary, exposure to MBEH or 4-TBP has profoundly different consequences for melanocyte physiology and activates different death pathways. As the mode of cell death defines the nature of the immune response that follows, these findings help to explain the relative efficacy of these agents in mediating depigmentation.
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429
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Nuclear receptor SHP, a death receptor that targets mitochondria, induces apoptosis and inhibits tumor growth. Mol Cell Biol 2010; 30:1341-56. [PMID: 20065042 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01076-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Small heterodimer partner (SHP) is an epigenetically regulated nuclear transcriptional repressor that suppresses the development of liver cancer by inhibiting cellular growth. Here we report a novel cytoplasmic function of SHP through its regulation of mitochondrial activity. SHP is a pivotal cell death receptor that targets mitochondria, where it binds with Bcl-2, disrupts Bcl-2/Bid interaction, and induces cytochrome c release. The apoptosis inducer AHPN {retinoid 6-[3-(1-adamantyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-2-naphthalene carboxylic acid} acts by regulating SHP gene expression and promotes the translocation of SHP from the nucleus to the mitochondria. Induction of apoptosis by SHP activation inhibits peritoneal pancreatic tumor growth. Our findings provide for the first time a mechanism by which SHP regulates cell survival, namely, by controlling mitochondrial function via modulating the activity of Bcl-2 through AHPN-mediated or AHPN-independent action. Thus, SHP regulates a mechanism by which apoptotic signals can mediate local control of mitochondrial function and apoptosis, which in turn may limit tumorigenesis.
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430
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Cordeiro MF, Guo L, Coxon KM, Duggan J, Nizari S, Normando EM, Sensi SL, Sillito AM, Fitzke FW, Salt TE, Moss SE. Imaging multiple phases of neurodegeneration: a novel approach to assessing cell death in vivo. Cell Death Dis 2010; 1:e3. [PMID: 21364622 PMCID: PMC3032512 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2009.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Revised: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nerve cell death is the key event in all neurodegenerative disorders, with apoptosis and necrosis being central to both acute and chronic degenerative processes. However, until now, it has not been possible to study these dynamically and in real time. In this study, we use spectrally distinct, well-recognised fluorescent cell death markers to enable the temporal resolution and quantification of the early and late phases of apoptosis and necrosis of single nerve cells in different disease models. The tracking of single-cell death profiles in the same living eye over hours, days, weeks and months is a significant advancement on currently available techniques. We identified a numerical preponderance of late-phase versus early-phase apoptotic cells in chronic models, reinforcing the commonalities between cellular mechanisms in different disease models. We showed that MK801 effectively inhibited both apoptosis and necrosis, but our findings support the use of our technique to investigate more specific anti-apoptotic and anti-necrotic strategies with well-defined targets, with potentially greater clinical application. The optical properties of the eye provide compelling opportunities for the quantitative monitoring of disease mechanisms and dynamics in experimental neurodegeneration. Our findings also help to directly observe retinal nerve cell death in patients as an adjunct to refining diagnosis, tracking disease status and assessing therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Cordeiro
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.
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431
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Pace V, Bellizzi D, Giordano F, Panno ML, De Benedictis G. Experimental testing of a mathematical model relevant to the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis. Cell Stress Chaperones 2010; 15:13-23. [PMID: 19455405 PMCID: PMC2866975 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-009-0118-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Revised: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a programmed cell death process, whose complexity led researchers to build mathematical models that could help to identify its crucial steps. In previous works, we theoretically analyzed and numerically simulated a model that describes a pathway from an external stimulus to caspase-3 activation. Here, the results of experiments performed on populations of synchronized cells treated with the inducer Apo2L/TRAIL are reported and are compared with model predictions. In particular, we have compared in vitro and in silico results relevant to the time evolutions of caspase-3 and caspase-8 activities, as well as of the dead cells fractions. In addition, the effect of the BAR gene silencing was evaluated. Caspase-3 activation and cell death is faster in silenced than in nonsilenced cells, thus confirming previous simulation results. Interestingly, Apo2L/TRAIL treatment in itself reduces the BAR gene expression. The qualitative agreement between model predictions and cell cultures behavior suggests that the model captures the essential features of the biological process and could be a tool in further studies of caspases activation. In this manuscript, we report the results of in vitro experiments aimed at revealing the dynamics of caspase activation in a cell population. A qualitative agreement between these results and a mathematical model describing a pathway from an external stimulus to caspase-3 activation was obtained, thus showing that the model captures the essential features of the biological process and may be a reliable tool in further studies of caspase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Pace
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Dina Bellizzi
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | | | - Maria Luisa Panno
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
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432
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Kim JH, Jang YO, Kim BT, Hwang KJ, Lee JC. Induction of caspase-dependent apoptosis in melanoma cells by the synthetic compound (E)-1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl)-3-styrylurea. BMB Rep 2009; 42:806-11. [DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2009.42.12.806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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433
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Behndig AF, Blomberg A, Helleday R, Duggan ST, Kelly FJ, Mudway IS. Antioxidant responses to acute ozone challenge in the healthy human airway. Inhal Toxicol 2009; 21:933-42. [PMID: 19459773 DOI: 10.1080/08958370802603789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to characterize ozone-induced antioxidant responses in the human airway, including the resident leukocyte population, bronchial mucosa, and respiratory-tract lining fluids. Fifteen healthy subjects were exposed to 0.2 ppm ozone for 2 h, with bronchial wash, bronchoalveolar lavage, and biopsy sampling performed 6 h postexposure. Nasal lavage was also performed at multiple time points pre- and postexposure to evaluate responses during the actual exposure period. During the ozone challenge significant losses of nasal lining fluid urate and vitamin C were observed, which resolved 6 h postexposure. At this time point, increased numbers of neutrophils and enhanced concentrations of total glutathione, vitamin C, and urate were seen in bronchial airway lavages. In bronchoalveolar lavage, increased concentrations of total glutathione, vitamin C, urate, alpha-tocopherol, and extracellular superoxide dismutase occurred 6 h post ozone. In alveolar leukocytes significant losses of glutathione were observed, whereas ascorbate concentrations in endobronchial mucosal biopsies were elevated after ozone at this time. These data demonstrate that ozone elicits a broad spectrum of airway antioxidant responses, with initial losses of vitamin C and urate followed by a phase of augmentation of low-molecular-weight antioxidant concentrations at the air-lung interface. The temporal association between the increased RTLF glutathione following ozone and the loss of this thiol from macrophages implies a mobilization to the lung surface, despite the absence of a quantitative association. We propose this constitutes an acute protective adaptation to ozone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelie F Behndig
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden.
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434
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Scoazec JY, Mehlen P. [Detection and quantification of apoptosis in tissues: a challenge]. Ann Pathol 2009; 29:367-9. [PMID: 20004834 DOI: 10.1016/j.annpat.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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435
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Abstract
The caspase-3 zymogen has essentially zero activity until it is cleaved by initiator caspases during apoptosis. However, a mutation of V266E in the dimer interface activates the protease in the absence of chain cleavage. We show that low concentrations of the pseudo-activated procaspase-3 kill mammalian cells rapidly and, importantly, this protein is not cleaved nor is it inhibited efficiently by the endogenous regulator XIAP (X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis). The 1.63 Å (1 Å = 0.1 nm) structure of the variant demonstrates that the mutation is accommodated at the dimer interface to generate an enzyme with substantially the same activity and specificity as wild-type caspase-3. Structural modelling predicts that the interface mutation prevents the intersubunit linker from binding in the dimer interface, allowing the active sites to form in the procaspase in the absence of cleavage. The direct activation of procaspase-3 through a conformational switch rather than by chain cleavage may lead to novel therapeutic strategies for inducing cell death.
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436
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Hidaka M, Oda S, Kuwahara Y, Fukumoto M, Mitani H. Cell lines derived from a medaka radiation-sensitive mutant have defects in DNA double-strand break responses. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2009; 51:165-171. [PMID: 19952493 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.09107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
It was reported that the radiation-sensitive Medaka mutant "ric1" has a defect in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) induced by gamma-rays during early embryogenesis. To study the cellular response of a ric1 mutant to ionizing radiation (IR), we established the mutant embryonic cell lines RIC1-e9, RIC1-e42, RIC1-e43. Following exposure to gamma-irradiation, the DSBs in wild-type cells were repaired within 1 h, while those in RIC1 cells were not rejoined even after 2 h. Cell death was induced in the wild-type cells with cell fragmentation, but only a small proportion of the RIC1 cells underwent cell death, and without cell fragmentation. Although both wild-type and RIC1 cells showed mitotic inhibition immediately after gamma-irradiation, cell division was much slower to resume in the wild-type cells (20 h versus 12 h). In both wild-type and RIC1 cells, Ser139 phosphorylated H2AX (gammaH2AX) foci were formed after gamma-irradiation, however, the gammaH2AX foci disappeared more quickly in the RIC1 cell lines. These results suggest that the instability of gammaH2AX foci in RIC1 cells cause an aberration of the DNA damage response. As RIC1 cultured cells showed similar defective DNA repair as ric1 embryos and RIC1 cells revealed defective cell death and cell cycle checkpoint, they are useful for investigating DNA damage responses in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Hidaka
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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437
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Phospholipids: key players in apoptosis and immune regulation. Molecules 2009; 14:4892-914. [PMID: 20032867 PMCID: PMC6255253 DOI: 10.3390/molecules14124892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS), a phospholipid predominantly found in the inner leaflet of eukaryotic cellular membranes, plays important roles in many biological processes. During apoptosis, the asymmetric distribution of phospholipids of the plasma membrane gets lost and PS is translocated to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. There, PS acts as one major “eat me” signal that ensures efficient recognition and uptake of apoptotic cells by phagocytes. PS recognition of activated phagocytes induces the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-10 and transforming grow factor-beta. Deficiencies in the clearance of apoptotic cells result in the occurrence of secondarily necrotic cells. The latter have lost the membrane integrity and release immune activating danger signals, which may induce inflammatory responses. Accumulation of dead cells containing nuclear autoantigens in sites of immune selection may provide survival signals for autoreactive B-cells. The production of antibodies against nuclear structures determines the initiation of chronic autoimmunity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Since PS on apoptotic cells is an important modulator of the immune response, natural occurring ligands for PS like annexinA5 have profound effects on immune responses against dead and dying cells, including tumour cells. In this review we will focus on the role of PS exposure in the clearance process of dead cells and its implications in clinical situations where apoptosis plays a relevant role, like in cancer, chronic autoimmunity, and infections. Relevance of other phospholipids during the apoptosis process is also discussed.
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438
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Simon CR, Moda LMR, Octacilio-Silva S, Anhezini L, Machado-Gitai LCH, Ramos RGP. Precise temporal regulation of roughest is required for correct salivary gland autophagic cell death in Drosophila. Genesis 2009; 47:492-504. [PMID: 19415632 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila roughest (rst) locus encodes an immunoglobulin superfamily transmembrane glycoprotein implicated in a variety of embryonic and postembryonic developmental processes. Here we demonstrate a previously unnoticed role for this gene in the autophagic elimination of larval salivary glands during early pupal stages by showing that overexpression of the Rst protein ectodomain in early pupa leads to persistence of salivary glands up to at least 12 hours after head eversion, although with variable penetrance. The same phenotype is observed in individuals carrying the dominant regulatory allele rst(D), but not in loss of function alleles. Analysis of persistent glands at the ultrastructural level showed that programmed cell death starts at the right time but is arrested at an early stage of the process. Finally we describe the expression pattern and intracellular distribution of Rst in wild type and rst(D) mutants, showing that its downregulation in salivary glands at the beginning of pupal stage is an important factor in the correct implementation of the autophagic program of this tissue in space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio R Simon
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
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439
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Cui T, Miksa M, Wu R, Komura H, Zhou M, Dong W, Wang Z, Higuchi S, Chaung W, Blau SA, Marini CP, Ravikumar TS, Wang P. Milk fat globule epidermal growth factor 8 attenuates acute lung injury in mice after intestinal ischemia and reperfusion. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 181:238-46. [PMID: 19892861 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200804-625oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Milk fat globule epidermal growth factor 8 (MFG-E8) is a potent opsonin for the clearance of apoptotic cells and is produced by mononuclear cells of immune competent organs including the spleen and lungs. It attenuates chronic and acute inflammation such as autoimmune glomerulonephritis and bacterial sepsis by enhancing apoptotic cell clearance. Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury of the gut results in severe inflammation, apoptosis, and remote organ damage, including acute lung injury (ALI). OBJECTIVES To determine whether MFG-E8 attenuates intestinal and pulmonary inflammation after gut I/R. METHODS Wild-type (WT) and MFG-E8(-/-) mice underwent superior mesenteric artery occlusion for 90 minutes, followed by reperfusion for 4 hours. A group of WT mice was treated with 0.4 microg/20 g recombinant murine MFG-E8 (rmMFG-E8) at the beginning of reperfusion. Four hours after reperfusion, MFG-E8, cytokines, myeloperoxidase activity, apoptosis, and histopathology were assessed. A 24-hour survival study was conducted in rmMFG-E8- and vehicle-treated WT mice. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Mesenteric I/R caused severe widespread injury and inflammation of the small intestines and remote organs, including the lungs. MFG-E8 levels decreased in the spleen and lungs by 50 to 60%, suggesting impaired apoptotic cell clearance. Treatment with rmMFG-E8 significantly suppressed inflammation (TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-1beta, and myeloperoxidase) and injury of the lungs, liver, and kidneys. MFG-E8-deficient mice suffered from greatly increased inflammation and potentiated ALI, whereas treatment with rmMFG-E8 significantly improved the survival in WT mice. CONCLUSIONS MFG-E8 attenuates inflammation and ALI after gut I/R and may represent a novel therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianpen Cui
- Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital and Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Manhasset, NY, USA
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440
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Chirumbolo S, Conforti A, Ortolani R, Vella A, Marzotto M, Bellavite P. Stimulus-specific regulation of CD63 and CD203c membrane expression in human basophils by the flavonoid quercetin. Int Immunopharmacol 2009; 10:183-92. [PMID: 19887118 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2009.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Revised: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavonoids, such as quercetin, were reported to inhibit histamine release and cytokine production by basophils, but there is no evidence describing their action on membrane markers and intracellular biochemical pathways. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to examine the effect of several quercetin doses on an in vitro human basophil activation system that evaluates up-regulation of membrane markers in response to agonists. METHODS Leukocyte buffy coats from K(2)-EDTA anti-coagulated blood were treated with different concentrations of quercetin and triggered with anti-IgE ("allergy model") and with N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) ("inflammation model"). Basophils were captured as CD123(bright)/HLA-DR(non-expressing) cells in a flow cytometry analysis and fluorescence values of CD63-FITC, CD203c-PE and CD123-PECy5 were used to produce dose response curves. RESULTS Quercetin at a dose of 10 microg/ml strongly inhibited CD63 and CD203c membrane up-regulation triggered by both agonists, but it neither affected cell viability nor changed the expression of the phenotypic marker CD123. The anti-IgE model appeared highly sensitive to the effect of quercetin: a dose as low as 0.01 microg/ml was able to significantly decrease CD63 and CD203c membrane expression. In the fMLP model the dose response was different: quercetin doses from 0.01 to 0.1 microg/ml significantly increased up-regulation of membrane markers, achieving the highest effect with CD63. CONCLUSION Very low doses of quercetin, within the pharmacological range, inhibit IgE-mediated membrane marker's up-regulation but prime the response to the chemotactic peptide fMLP; this stimulus specificity may have implications on the possible therapeutic action of the flavonoid in different pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chirumbolo
- Department of Morphological and Biomedical Sciences-Sect. Clinical Chemistry, University of Verona-University Hospital GB Rossi piazzale AL Scuro 10 37134 Verona, Italy.
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441
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Ji YB, Qu ZY, Zou X. Juglone-induced apoptosis in human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells via the mitochondrial pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 63:69-78. [PMID: 19815401 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2009.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the effect of juglone on the apoptosis of human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells. The cytotoxic activity of juglone on SGC-7901 cells was tested by the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. The morphological changes in the cells were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The apoptotic rate, the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial transmembrane potential and the expression of cytochrome c protein were detected by flow cytometry (FCM). The expression of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins were examined by Western blot. Caspase 3 activity was determined with a microplate reader. Our results were as follows: the GI(50) values for SGC-7901 cells were 36.51 ± 1.05 μmol/L (24h) and 25.37 ± 1.19 μmol/L (48 h). After 24h of exposure to juglone (5, 10, 15 and 20 μmol/L), the cells presented the typical morphological changes of apoptosis, and the rate of apoptosis was found to increase in a dose-dependent manner. After cells were treated with juglone at the same dose for 24h, the level of ROS was significantly higher, the expression of Bcl-2 was significantly down-regulated and the expression of Bax was significantly up-regulated compared to the control. The mitochondrial transmembrane potential was significantly lower, and the expression of the cytochrome c protein was significantly higher relative to the control. Caspase 3 was activated in a concentration-dependent manner. In conclusion, juglone can induce apoptosis in SGC-7901 cells through a mitochondrial pathway that seems to be mediated by the generation of ROS and a reduction in the Bcl-2/Bax ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Bin Ji
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Antineoplastic Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150076, Heilongjiang, China.
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442
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Alaeddini R, Walsh SJ, Abbas A. Forensic implications of genetic analyses from degraded DNA--a review. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2009; 4:148-57. [PMID: 20215026 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2009.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Revised: 08/30/2009] [Accepted: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Forensic DNA identification techniques are principally based on determination of the size or sequence of desired PCR products. The fragmentation of DNA templates or the structural modifications that can occur during the decomposition process can impact the outcomes of the analytical procedures. This study reviews the pathways involved in cell death and DNA decomposition and the subsequent difficulties these present in DNA analysis of degraded samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Alaeddini
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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443
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Grundmann O, Mitchell G, Limesand K. Sensitivity of salivary glands to radiation: from animal models to therapies. J Dent Res 2009; 88:894-903. [PMID: 19783796 PMCID: PMC2882712 DOI: 10.1177/0022034509343143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy for head and neck cancer causes significant secondary side-effects in normal salivary glands, resulting in diminished quality of life for these individuals. Salivary glands are exquisitely sensitive to radiation and display acute and chronic responses to radiotherapy. This review will discuss clinical implications of radiosensitivity in normal salivary glands, compare animal models used to investigate radiation-induced salivary gland damage, address therapeutic advances, and project future directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Grundmann
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Cancer Biology Program, 1177 E 4 St., Shantz 421, PO Box 210038, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - G.C. Mitchell
- University of Arizona, 1177 E 4 St., Shantz 421, PO Box 210038, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - K.H. Limesand
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Cancer Biology Program, 1177 E 4 St., Shantz 421, PO Box 210038, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- University of Arizona, 1177 E 4 St., Shantz 421, PO Box 210038, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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444
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Logue SE, Elgendy M, Martin SJ. Expression, purification and use of recombinant annexin V for the detection of apoptotic cells. Nat Protoc 2009; 4:1383-95. [PMID: 19730422 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2009.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a mode of programmed cell death that is widely used to eliminate cells during development, tissue homeostasis, infection or in response to injury. Alterations to the plasma membranes of apoptotic cells trigger recognition and engulfment of such cells by phagocytes. Measurement of plasma membrane phosphatidylserine externalization, using fluorescently labeled annexin V, is widely used for the detection of apoptotic cells. Here we describe protocols for bacterial expression, purification and FITC labeling of recombinant annexin V. By following the method outlined in this protocol, it is possible to produce milligram amounts of recombinant annexin V within 3 d. We also describe a method for the assessment of annexin V binding to cell populations by flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Logue
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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445
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Positron emission tomography imaging of drug-induced tumor apoptosis with a caspase-3/7 specific [18F]-labeled isatin sulfonamide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:16375-80. [PMID: 19805307 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0901310106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Of the molecular biochemical alterations that occur during apoptosis, activation of caspases, notably caspase-3, is probably the most attractive for developing specific in vivo molecular imaging probes. We recently designed a library of isatin-5 sulfonamides and selected [18F]ICMT-11 for further evaluation on the basis of subnanomolar affinity for activated capsase-3, high metabolic stability, and facile radiolabeling. In this present study, we have demonstrated that [18F]ICMT-11 binds to a range of drug-induced apoptotic cancer cells in vitro and to 38C13 murine lymphoma xenografts in vivo by up to 2-fold at 24 h posttreatment compared to vehicle treatment. We further demonstrated that the increased signal intensity in tumors after drug treatment, detected by whole body in vivo microPET imaging, was associated with increased apoptosis. In summary, we have characterized [18F]ICMT-11 as a caspase-3/7 specific PET imaging radiotracer for the assessment of tumor apoptosis that could find utility in anticancer drug development and the monitoring of early responses to therapy.
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446
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Portela VM, Veiga A, Price CA. Regulation of MMP2 and MMP9 metalloproteinases by FSH and growth factors in bovine granulosa cells. Genet Mol Biol 2009; 32:516-20. [PMID: 21637514 PMCID: PMC3036041 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572009005000048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are key enzymes involved in tissue remodeling. Within the ovary, they are believed to play a major role in ovulation, and have been linked to follicle atresia. To gain insight into the regulation of MMPs, we measured the effect of hormones and growth factors on MMP2 and MMP9 mRNA levels in non-luteinizing granulosa cells in serum-free culture. FSH and IGF1 both stimulated estradiol secretion and inhibited MMP2 and MMP9 mRNA abundance. In contrast, EGF and FGF2 both inhibited estradiol secretion but had no effect on MMP expression. At physiological doses, none of these hormones altered the proportion of dead cells. Although we cannot link MMP expression with apoptosis, the specific down regulation by the gonadotropic hormones FSH and IGF1 in vitro suggests that excess MMP2 and MMP9 expression is neither required nor desired for follicle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio M Portela
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction Animale, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC Canada
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447
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Ceelen LM, Haesebrouck F, D'Herde K, Krysko DV, Favoreel H, Vandenabeele P, Ducatelle R, Decostere A. Mitotic catastrophe as a prestage to necrosis in mouse liver cells treated withHelicobacter pullorumsonicates. J Morphol 2009; 270:921-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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448
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Zhang Y, Zheng T, Wang Y, Guo Y, Ding F, Fei M, Cui H, Sun S. Production of biologically active recombinant annexin B1 with enhanced stability via a tagging system. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 85:605-14. [PMID: 19629475 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2080-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Annexin B1 is a novel Ca(2+)-dependent phospholipid-binding protein from metacestodes of Taenia solium and has been shown to have many potential biomedical applications. Although annexin B1 has been produced successfully in Escherichia coli, the purified protein has poor stability at room temperature, which has hindered our attempts to further study its structure-function relationship. To increase the stability of the protein, the construction and purification procedures were examined and changed to hopefully increase its effectiveness. In this study, we describe a new recombinant annexin B1 expressed with a hexahistidine tag fused to its N-terminal end, which was purified to homogeneity in two steps using immobilized metal affinity followed by size exclusion chromatography. The final yield was approximately 23 mg/L of bacterial culture. Isoelectric focusing and mass spectrometry analysis showed that the protein purified by this method was quite stable at room temperature, even greater than 3 days later. A series of functional tests indicated that the recombinant protein had high anticoagulant activity, and fluorescence-labeled annexin B1 could bind to the outer membranes of apoptotic mammalian cells and efficiently detect them in the early stages of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics, The Second Military Medical University, Xiang Yin Road 800, Shanghai, China
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449
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Bailey RW, Nguyen T, Robertson L, Gibbons E, Nelson J, Christensen RE, Bell JP, Judd AM, Bell JD. Sequence of physical changes to the cell membrane during glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in S49 lymphoma cells. Biophys J 2009; 96:2709-18. [PMID: 19348753 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2008.12.3925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Revised: 12/15/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
During apoptosis, physical changes in the plasma membrane prepare the cell for clearance by phagocytes and hydrolysis by secretory phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)). The relationships among these changes have not been adequately established, especially for hormone-stimulated apoptosis. This study addresses these issues for glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in S49 lymphoma cells. Flow cytometry, microscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy were used to assess merocyanine 540 emission, laurdan generalized polarization, phosphatidylserine exposure, caspase activation, and membrane permeability to propidium iodide in the absence and presence of sPLA(2). The earliest event observed was activation of cellular caspases. Results with membrane probes suggest that interlipid spacing also increases early during apoptosis and precedes transbilayer migration of phosphatidylserine, DNA fragmentation, and a general increase in lipid order associated with blebbing and dissolution of the cells. The activity of sPLA(2) appeared to be linked more to lipid spacing than to loss of membrane asymmetry. The early nature of some of these events and their ability to promote activity of a proinflammatory enzyme suggests the possibility of an inflammatory response during T-lymphocyte apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel W Bailey
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
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450
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Neuromyelitis optica: Passive transfer to rats by human immunoglobulin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 386:623-7. [PMID: 19545538 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.06.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 06/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent attacks of optic neuritis and myelitis are the hallmarks of both neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and multiple sclerosis (MS). NMO immunoglobulin G (NMO-IgG), which recognizes astrocytic aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channels, is a specific serum autoantibody that distinguishes NMO from MS. The pathogenic role of the anti-AQP4 antibody (AQP4-Ab, NMO-IgG) in NMO has been speculated based on several studies in vitro. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the pathogenicity of AQP4-Ab in vivo. We obtained IgG from patients who underwent therapeutic plasmapheresis, and developed an animal model by passive transfer of IgG to rats. The active lesions of the rats exhibited pathological characteristics strikingly similar to those of NMO, marked by astrocytic loss and perivascular deposition of immunoglobulin and complements. These findings provide the first evidence of the pathogenicity of AQP4-Ab in vivo and support the therapeutic efficacy of eliminating the antibodies by plasmapheresis.
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