401
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Franzini RM, Neri D, Scheuermann J. DNA-encoded chemical libraries: advancing beyond conventional small-molecule libraries. Acc Chem Res 2014; 47:1247-55. [PMID: 24673190 DOI: 10.1021/ar400284t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
DNA-encoded chemical libraries (DECLs) represent a promising tool in drug discovery. DECL technology allows the synthesis and screening of chemical libraries of unprecedented size at moderate costs. In analogy to phage-display technology, where large antibody libraries are displayed on the surface of filamentous phage and are genetically encoded in the phage genome, DECLs feature the display of individual small organic chemical moieties on DNA fragments serving as amplifiable identification barcodes. The DNA-tag facilitates the synthesis and allows the simultaneous screening of very large sets of compounds (up to billions of molecules), because the hit compounds can easily be identified and quantified by PCR-amplification of the DNA-barcode followed by high-throughput DNA sequencing. Several approaches have been used to generate DECLs, differing both in the methods used for library encoding and for the combinatorial assembly of chemical moieties. For example, DECLs can be used for fragment-based drug discovery, displaying a single molecule on DNA or two chemical moieties at the extremities of complementary DNA strands. DECLs can vary substantially in the chemical structures and the library size. While ultralarge libraries containing billions of compounds have been reported containing four or more sets of building blocks, also smaller libraries have been shown to be efficient for ligand discovery. In general, it has been found that the overall library size is a poor predictor for library performance and that the number and diversity of the building blocks are rather important indicators. Smaller libraries consisting of two to three sets of building blocks better fulfill the criteria of drug-likeness and often have higher quality. In this Account, we present advances in the DECL field from proof-of-principle studies to practical applications for drug discovery, both in industry and in academia. DECL technology can yield specific binders to a variety of target proteins and is likely to become a standard tool for pharmaceutical hit discovery, lead expansion, and Chemical Biology research. The introduction of new methodologies for library encoding and for compound synthesis in the presence of DNA is an exciting research field and will crucially contribute to the performance and the propagation of the technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael M. Franzini
- Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dario Neri
- Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Scheuermann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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402
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Kollmann CS, Bai X, Tsai CH, Yang H, Lind KE, Skinner SR, Zhu Z, Israel DI, Cuozzo JW, Morgan BA, Yuki K, Xie C, Springer TA, Shimaoka M, Evindar G. Application of encoded library technology (ELT) to a protein–protein interaction target: Discovery of a potent class of integrin lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:2353-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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403
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Halogen-enriched fragment libraries as chemical probes for harnessing halogen bonding in fragment-based lead discovery. Future Med Chem 2014; 6:617-39. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.14.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Halogen bonding has recently experienced a renaissance, gaining increased recognition as a useful molecular interaction in the life sciences. Halogen bonds are favorable, fairly directional interactions between an electropositive region on the halogen (the σ-hole) and a number of different nucleophilic interaction partners. Some aspects of halogen bonding are not yet understood well enough to take full advantage of its potential in drug discovery. We describe and present the concept of halogen-enriched fragment libraries. These libraries consist of unique chemical probes, facilitating the identification of favorable halogen bonds by sharing the advantages of classical fragment-based screening. Besides providing insights into the nature and applicability of halogen bonding, halogen-enriched fragment libraries provide smart starting points for hit-to-lead evolution.
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404
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McGregor LM, Jain T, Liu DR. Identification of ligand-target pairs from combined libraries of small molecules and unpurified protein targets in cell lysates. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:3264-70. [PMID: 24495225 PMCID: PMC3985698 DOI: 10.1021/ja412934t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
![]()
We
describe the development and validation of interaction determination
using unpurified proteins (IDUP), a method that selectively amplifies
DNA sequences identifying ligand+target pairs from
a mixture of DNA-linked small molecules and unpurified protein targets
in cell lysates. By operating in cell lysates, IDUP preserves native
post-translational modifications and interactions with endogenous
binding partners, thereby enabling the study of difficult-to-purify
targets and increasing the potential biological relevance of detected
interactions compared with methods that require purified proteins.
In IDUP, target proteins are associated with DNA oligonucleotide tags
either non-covalently using a DNA-linked antibody or covalently using
a SNAP-tag. Ligand–target binding promotes hybridization of
a self-priming hairpin that is extended by a DNA polymerase to create
a DNA strand that contains sequences identifying both the target and
its ligand. These sequences encoding ligand+target
pairs are selectively amplified by PCR and revealed by high-throughput
DNA sequencing. IDUP can respond to the effect of affinity-modulating
adaptor proteins in cell lysates that would be absent in ligand screening
or selection methods using a purified protein target. This capability
was exemplified by the 100-fold amplification of DNA sequences encoding
FRB+rapamycin or FKBP+rapamycin in samples
overexpressing both FRB and FKBP (FRB·rapamycin+FKBP, Kd ≈ 100 fM; FKBP·rapamycin+FRB, Kd = 12 nM). In contrast, these sequences were
amplified 10-fold less efficiently in samples overexpressing either
FRB or FKBP alone (rapamycin+FKBP, Kd ≈ 0.2 nM; rapamcyin+FRB, Kd = 26 μM). Finally, IDUP was used to process a
model library of DNA-linked small molecules and a model library of
cell lysates expressing SNAP-target fusions combined in a single sample.
In this library×library experiment, IDUP resulted in
enrichment of sequences corresponding to five known ligand+target
pairs ranging in binding affinity from Kd = 0.2 nM to 3.2 μM out of 67,858 possible combinations, with
no false positive signals enriched to the same extent as that of any
of the bona fide ligand+target pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn M McGregor
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University , 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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405
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Cuozzo JW, Soutter HH. Overview of Recent Progress in Protein-Expression Technologies for Small-Molecule Screening. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 19:1000-13. [PMID: 24525871 DOI: 10.1177/1087057114520975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Production of novel soluble and membrane-localized protein targets for functional and affinity-based screening has often been limited by the inability of traditional protein-expression systems to generate recombinant proteins that have properties similar to those of their endogenous counterparts. Such targets have often been labeled as challenging. Although biological validation of these challenging targets for specific disease areas may be strong, discovery of small-molecule modulators can be greatly delayed or completely halted due to target-expression issues. In this article, the limitations of traditional protein-expression systems will be discussed along with new systems designed to overcome these challenges. Recent work in this field has focused on two major areas for both soluble and membrane targets: construct-design strategies to improve expression levels and new hosts that can carry out the posttranslational modifications necessary for proper target folding and function. Another area of active research has been on the reconstitution of solubilized membrane targets for both structural analysis and screening. Finally, the potential impact of these new systems on the output of small-molecule screening campaigns will be discussed.
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406
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Encinas L, O'Keefe H, Neu M, Remuiñán MJ, Patel AM, Guardia A, Davie CP, Pérez-Macías N, Yang H, Convery MA, Messer JA, Pérez-Herrán E, Centrella PA, Alvarez-Gómez D, Clark MA, Huss S, O'Donovan GK, Ortega-Muro F, McDowell W, Castañeda P, Arico-Muendel CC, Pajk S, Rullás J, Angulo-Barturen I, Alvarez-Ruíz E, Mendoza-Losana A, Ballell Pages L, Castro-Pichel J, Evindar G. Encoded library technology as a source of hits for the discovery and lead optimization of a potent and selective class of bactericidal direct inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis InhA. J Med Chem 2014; 57:1276-88. [PMID: 24450589 DOI: 10.1021/jm401326j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the world's oldest and deadliest diseases, killing a person every 20 s. InhA, the enoyl-ACP reductase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is the target of the frontline antitubercular drug isoniazid (INH). Compounds that directly target InhA and do not require activation by mycobacterial catalase peroxidase KatG are promising candidates for treating infections caused by INH resistant strains. The application of the encoded library technology (ELT) to the discovery of direct InhA inhibitors yielded compound 7 endowed with good enzymatic potency but with low antitubercular potency. This work reports the hit identification, the selected strategy for potency optimization, the structure-activity relationships of a hundred analogues synthesized, and the results of the in vivo efficacy studies performed with the lead compound 65.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Encinas
- ELT Boston, Platform Technology & Science, GlaxoSmithKline , Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
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407
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Gilmartin AG, Faitg TH, Richter M, Groy A, Seefeld MA, Darcy MG, Peng X, Federowicz K, Yang J, Zhang SY, Minthorn E, Jaworski JP, Schaber M, Martens S, McNulty DE, Sinnamon RH, Zhang H, Kirkpatrick RB, Nevins N, Cui G, Pietrak B, Diaz E, Jones A, Brandt M, Schwartz B, Heerding DA, Kumar R. Allosteric Wip1 phosphatase inhibition through flap-subdomain interaction. Nat Chem Biol 2014; 10:181-7. [PMID: 24390428 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although therapeutic interventions of signal-transduction cascades with targeted kinase inhibitors are a well-established strategy, drug-discovery efforts to identify targeted phosphatase inhibitors have proven challenging. Herein we report a series of allosteric, small-molecule inhibitors of wild-type p53-induced phosphatase (Wip1), an oncogenic phosphatase common to multiple cancers. Compound binding to Wip1 is dependent on a 'flap' subdomain located near the Wip1 catalytic site that renders Wip1 structurally divergent from other members of the protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) family and that thereby confers selectivity for Wip1 over other phosphatases. Treatment of tumor cells with the inhibitor GSK2830371 increases phosphorylation of Wip1 substrates and causes growth inhibition in both hematopoietic tumor cell lines and Wip1-amplified breast tumor cells harboring wild-type TP53. Oral administration of Wip1 inhibitors in mice results in expected pharmacodynamic effects and causes inhibition of lymphoma xenograft growth. To our knowledge, GSK2830371 is the first orally active, allosteric inhibitor of Wip1 phosphatase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan G Gilmartin
- Protein Dynamics Discovery Performance Unit, Cancer Research, Oncology Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Thomas H Faitg
- Protein Dynamics Discovery Performance Unit, Cancer Research, Oncology Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark Richter
- Protein Dynamics Discovery Performance Unit, Cancer Research, Oncology Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Arthur Groy
- Protein Dynamics Discovery Performance Unit, Cancer Research, Oncology Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark A Seefeld
- Protein Dynamics Discovery Performance Unit, Cancer Research, Oncology Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael G Darcy
- Protein Dynamics Discovery Performance Unit, Cancer Research, Oncology Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xin Peng
- Protein Dynamics Discovery Performance Unit, Cancer Research, Oncology Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kelly Federowicz
- Protein Dynamics Discovery Performance Unit, Cancer Research, Oncology Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jingsong Yang
- Protein Dynamics Discovery Performance Unit, Cancer Research, Oncology Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shu-Yun Zhang
- Protein Dynamics Discovery Performance Unit, Cancer Research, Oncology Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elisabeth Minthorn
- Protein Dynamics Discovery Performance Unit, Cancer Research, Oncology Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jon-Paul Jaworski
- Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael Schaber
- Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stan Martens
- Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dean E McNulty
- Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert H Sinnamon
- Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hong Zhang
- Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert B Kirkpatrick
- Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Neysa Nevins
- Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Guanglei Cui
- Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Beth Pietrak
- Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elsie Diaz
- Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amber Jones
- Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Martin Brandt
- Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Benjamin Schwartz
- Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dirk A Heerding
- Protein Dynamics Discovery Performance Unit, Cancer Research, Oncology Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Protein Dynamics Discovery Performance Unit, Cancer Research, Oncology Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
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408
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Cao C, Zhao P, Li Z, Chen Z, Huang Y, Bai Y, Li X. A DNA-templated synthesis of encoded small molecules by DNA self-assembly. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:10997-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc03380a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Encoded libraries can be prepared by DNA-templated synthesis without any DNA template.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Cao
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing, China 100871
| | - Peng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing, China 100871
| | - Ze Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing, China 100871
| | - Zitian Chen
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC) and College of Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing, China 100871
| | - Yanyi Huang
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC) and College of Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing, China 100871
| | - Yu Bai
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing, China 100871
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing, China 100871
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409
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FU TING, WU XUE, XIU ZHILONG, WANG JINGUANG, YIN LIU, LI GUOHUI. UNDERSTANDING THE MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF BINDING MODES OF AURORA A INHIBITORS BY LONG TIME SCALE GPU DYNAMICS. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219633613410034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of Aurora A kinase interaction is considered to be a promising approach for the discovery of new molecularly targeted cancer therapeutics. In this study, the binding mechanisms of two different inhibitors with a contrasting binding affinity to Aurora A were investigated by long time scale GPU molecular dynamics (MD) simulations coupled with molecular mechanics-Poisson–Boltzmann/generalized Born surface area (MM-PB/GBSA) method. The results showed that the predicted binding free energies of these two complexes were consistent with the experimental data. Through analyzing the individual energy components of binding free energy, we found that the van der Waals contribution was the main force to drive the inhibitor–protein binding and the electrostatic contribution was also a crucial factor for the inhibitor–Aurora A binding. The structural analysis demonstrated that the inhibitor HPM could produce more hydrophobic interaction contacts with Aurora A than that of 2JZ, and the loss of key hydrogen bonds between the inhibitor and residue Arg137 in the hinge region of Aurora A was another important reason for the weaker binding affinity of 2JZ to Aurora A. This study sheds more light on the development of the efficient inhibitors targeting the Aurora A.
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Affiliation(s)
- TING FU
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Biological Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Design, State key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Rd., Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - XUE WU
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Biological Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Design, State key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Rd., Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - ZHILONG XIU
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Biological Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - JINGUANG WANG
- Thoracic Surgery Department in the 1st Affiliated, Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 222 Zhongshan Road Dalian, Liaoning Province, China 116011, P. R. China
| | - LIU YIN
- Oncology Department in the 1st Affiliated, Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 222 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China 116011, P. R. China
| | - GUOHUI LI
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Design, State key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Rd., Dalian 116023, P. R. China
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410
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Li Y, Zhao P, Zhang M, Zhao X, Li X. Multistep DNA-Templated Synthesis Using a Universal Template. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:17727-30. [DOI: 10.1021/ja409936r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education,
Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 202
Chengfu Road, Beijing, China 100871
| | - Peng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education,
Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 202
Chengfu Road, Beijing, China 100871
| | - Mingda Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education,
Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 202
Chengfu Road, Beijing, China 100871
| | - Xianyuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education,
Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 202
Chengfu Road, Beijing, China 100871
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education,
Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 202
Chengfu Road, Beijing, China 100871
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411
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Wassermann AM, Kutchukian PS, Lounkine E, Luethi T, Hamon J, Bocker MT, Malik HA, Cowan-Jacob SW, Glick M. Efficient search of chemical space: navigating from fragments to structurally diverse chemotypes. J Med Chem 2013; 56:8879-91. [PMID: 24117015 DOI: 10.1021/jm401309q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a novel strategy to sample bioactive chemical space, which follows-up on hits from fragment campaigns without the need for a crystal structure. Our results strongly suggest that screening a few hundred or thousand fragments can substantially improve the selection of small-molecule screening subsets. By combining fragment-based screening with virtual fragment linking and HTS fingerprints, we have developed an effective strategy not only to expand from low-affinity hits to potent compounds but also to hop in chemical space to substantially novel chemotypes. In benchmark calculations, our approach accessed subsets of compounds that were substantially enriched in chemically diverse hit compounds for various activity classes. Overall, half of the hits in the screening collection were found by screening only 10% of the library. Furthermore, a prospective application led to the discovery of two structurally novel histone deacetylase 4 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Mai Wassermann
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc. , 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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412
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Christensen AL, Lohr C, Christensen SM, Stamou D. Single vesicle biochips for ultra-miniaturized nanoscale fluidics and single molecule bioscience. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:3613-3625. [PMID: 23856986 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50492a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
One of the major bottlenecks in the development of biochips is maintaining the structure and function of biomolecules when interfacing them with hard matter (glass, plastics, metals, etc.), a challenge that is exacerbated during miniaturization that inevitably increases the interface to volume ratio of these devices. Biochips based on immobilized vesicles circumvent this problem by encapsulating biomolecules in the protective environment of a lipid bilayer, thus minimizing interactions with hard surfaces. Here we review the development of biochips based on arrays of single nanoscale vesicles, their fabrication via controlled self-assembly, and their characterization using fluorescence microscopy. We also highlight their applications in selected fields such as nanofluidics and single molecule bioscience. Despite their great potential for improved biocompatibility, extreme miniaturization and high throughput, single vesicle biochips are still a niche technology that has yet to establish its commercial relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas L Christensen
- Bionanotechnology and Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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413
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Peng Z. Very large virtual compound spaces: construction, storage and utility in drug discovery. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2013; 10:e387-e394. [PMID: 24050135 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent activities in the construction, storage and exploration of very large virtual compound spaces are reviewed by this report. As expected, the systematic exploration of compound spaces at the highest resolution (individual atoms and bonds) is intrinsically intractable. By contrast, by staying within a finite number of reactions and a finite number of reactants or fragments, several virtual compound spaces have been constructed in a combinatorial fashion with sizes ranging from 10(11)11 to 10(20)20 compounds. Multiple search methods have been developed to perform searches (e.g. similarity, exact and substructure) into those compound spaces without the need for full enumeration. The up-front investment spent on synthetic feasibility during the construction of some of those virtual compound spaces enables a wider adoption by medicinal chemists to design and synthesize important compounds for drug discovery. Recent activities in the area of exploring virtual compound spaces via the evolutionary approach based on Genetic Algorithm also suggests a positive shift of focus from method development to workflow, integration and ease of use, all of which are required for this approach to be widely adopted by medicinal chemists.
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414
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Disch JS, Evindar G, Chiu CH, Blum CA, Dai H, Jin L, Schuman E, Lind KE, Belyanskaya SL, Deng J, Coppo F, Aquilani L, Graybill TL, Cuozzo JW, Lavu S, Mao C, Vlasuk GP, Perni RB. Discovery of thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxamides as potent inhibitors of SIRT1, SIRT2, and SIRT3. J Med Chem 2013; 56:3666-79. [PMID: 23570514 DOI: 10.1021/jm400204k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The sirtuins SIRT1, SIRT2, and SIRT3 are NAD(+) dependent deacetylases that are considered potential targets for metabolic, inflammatory, oncologic, and neurodegenerative disorders. Encoded library technology (ELT) was used to affinity screen a 1.2 million heterocycle enriched library of DNA encoded small molecules, which identified pan-inhibitors of SIRT1/2/3 with nanomolar potency (e.g., 11c: IC50 = 3.6, 2.7, and 4.0 nM for SIRT1, SIRT2, and SIRT3, respectively). Subsequent SAR studies to improve physiochemical properties identified the potent drug like analogues 28 and 31. Crystallographic studies of 11c, 28, and 31 bound in the SIRT3 active site revealed that the common carboxamide binds in the nicotinamide C-pocket and the aliphatic portions of the inhibitors extend through the substrate channel, explaining the observable SAR. These pan SIRT1/2/3 inhibitors, representing a novel chemotype, are significantly more potent than currently available inhibitors, which makes them valuable tools for sirtuin research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S Disch
- Sirtris a GSK Company, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States.
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415
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Thalji RK, McAtee JJ, Belyanskaya S, Brandt M, Brown GD, Costell MH, Ding Y, Dodson JW, Eisennagel SH, Fries RE, Gross JW, Harpel MR, Holt DA, Israel DI, Jolivette LJ, Krosky D, Li H, Lu Q, Mandichak T, Roethke T, Schnackenberg CG, Schwartz B, Shewchuk LM, Xie W, Behm DJ, Douglas SA, Shaw AL, Marino JP. Discovery of 1-(1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)piperidine-4-carboxamides as inhibitors of soluble epoxide hydrolase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:3584-8. [PMID: 23664879 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
1-(1,3,5-Triazin-yl)piperidine-4-carboxamide inhibitors of soluble epoxide hydrolase were identified from high through-put screening using encoded library technology. The triazine heterocycle proved to be a critical functional group, essential for high potency and P450 selectivity. Phenyl group substitution was important for reducing clearance, and establishing good oral exposure. Based on this lead optimization work, 1-[4-methyl-6-(methylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]-N-{[[4-bromo-2-(trifluoromethoxy)]-phenyl]methyl}-4-piperidinecarboxamide (27) was identified as a useful tool compound for in vivo investigation. Robust effects on a serum biomarker, 9, 10-epoxyoctadec-12(Z)-enoic acid (the epoxide derived from linoleic acid) were observed, which provided evidence of robust in vivo target engagement and the suitability of 27 as a tool compound for study in various disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reema K Thalji
- Department of Chemistry, Heart Failure Disease Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
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416
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Synthetic evolving systems that implement a user-specified genetic code of arbitrary design. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 19:1324-32. [PMID: 23102225 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic genetic system, based on cross-replicating RNA enzymes, provides a means to evaluate alternative genetic codes that relate heritable information to corresponding molecular function. A special implementation of encoded combinatorial chemistry was used to construct complex populations of cross-replicating RNA enzymes in accordance with a user-specified code that relates genotype and phenotype on a molecule-by-molecule basis. The replicating enzymes were made to undergo self-sustained Darwinian evolution, resulting in the emergence of the most advantageous variants. These included both highly active enzymes that sustained the population as a whole and poorly active enzymes that survived as parasites of the active molecules. This evolutionary outcome was a consequence of the information capacity and fidelity of the genetic code, suggesting how these parameters should be adjusted to implement codes tailored to particular applications.
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417
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Podolin PL, Bolognese BJ, Foley JF, Long E, Peck B, Umbrecht S, Zhang X, Zhu P, Schwartz B, Xie W, Quinn C, Qi H, Sweitzer S, Chen S, Galop M, Ding Y, Belyanskaya SL, Israel DI, Morgan BA, Behm DJ, Marino JP, Kurali E, Barnette MS, Mayer RJ, Booth-Genthe CL, Callahan JF. In vitro and in vivo characterization of a novel soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2013; 104-105:25-31. [PMID: 23434473 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH, EPHX2) metabolizes eicosanoid epoxides, including epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) to the corresponding dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs), and leukotoxin (LTX) to leukotoxin diol (LTX diol). EETs, endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors, exhibit potentially beneficial properties, including anti-inflammatory effects and vasodilation. A novel, potent, selective inhibitor of recombinant human, rat and mouse sEH, GSK2256294A, exhibited potent cell-based activity, a concentration-dependent inhibition of the conversion of 14,15-EET to 14,15-DHET in human, rat and mouse whole blood in vitro, and a dose-dependent increase in the LTX/LTX diol ratio in rat plasma following oral administration. Mice receiving 10 days of cigarette smoke exposure concomitant with oral administration of GSK2256294A exhibited significant, dose-dependent reductions in pulmonary leukocytes and keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC, CXCL1) levels. Mice receiving oral administration of GSK2256294A following 10 days of cigarette smoke exposure exhibited significant reductions in pulmonary leukocytes compared to vehicle-treated mice. These data indicate that GSK2256294A attenuates cigarette smoke-induced inflammation by both inhibiting its initiation and/or maintenance and promoting its resolution. Collectively, these data indicate that GSK2256294A would be an appropriate agent to evaluate the role of sEH in clinical studies, for example in diseases where cigarette smoke is a risk factor, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L Podolin
- Stress & Repair Discovery Performance Unit, Respiratory Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.
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418
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Sadhu KK, Röthlingshöfer M, Winssinger N. DNA as a Platform to Program Assemblies with Emerging Functions in Chemical Biology. Isr J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201200100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan K. Sadhu
- Institut de Science et Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS – UMR 7006), Université de Strasbourg – CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, F67000 Strasbourg (France)
| | - Manuel Röthlingshöfer
- Institut de Science et Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS – UMR 7006), Université de Strasbourg – CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, F67000 Strasbourg (France)
| | - Nicolas Winssinger
- Institut de Science et Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS – UMR 7006), Université de Strasbourg – CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, F67000 Strasbourg (France)
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest Ansermet, CH‐1211 Geneva 4 (Switzerland) phone: +41‐22‐379‐61‐05 fax: +41‐22‐379‐32‐15
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419
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Nikonova AS, Astsaturov I, Serebriiskii IG, Dunbrack RL, Golemis EA. Aurora A kinase (AURKA) in normal and pathological cell division. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:661-87. [PMID: 22864622 PMCID: PMC3607959 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1073-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Temporally and spatially controlled activation of the Aurora A kinase (AURKA) regulates centrosome maturation, entry into mitosis, formation and function of the bipolar spindle, and cytokinesis. Genetic amplification and mRNA and protein overexpression of Aurora A are common in many types of solid tumor, and associated with aneuploidy, supernumerary centrosomes, defective mitotic spindles, and resistance to apoptosis. These properties have led Aurora A to be considered a high-value target for development of cancer therapeutics, with multiple agents currently in early-phase clinical trials. More recently, identification of additional, non-mitotic functions and means of activation of Aurora A during interphase neurite elongation and ciliary resorption have significantly expanded our understanding of its function, and may offer insights into the clinical performance of Aurora A inhibitors. Here we review the mitotic and non-mitotic functions of Aurora A, discuss Aurora A regulation in the context of protein structural information, and evaluate progress in understanding and inhibiting Aurora A in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S. Nikonova
- Program in Developmental Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, W406, 333 Cottman Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111 USA
| | - Igor Astsaturov
- Program in Developmental Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, W406, 333 Cottman Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111 USA
| | - Ilya G. Serebriiskii
- Program in Developmental Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, W406, 333 Cottman Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111 USA
| | - Roland L. Dunbrack
- Program in Developmental Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, W406, 333 Cottman Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111 USA
| | - Erica A. Golemis
- Program in Developmental Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, W406, 333 Cottman Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111 USA
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420
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Miller MS, Pinson JA, Zheng Z, Jennings IG, Thompson PE. Regioselective synthesis of 5- and 6-methoxybenzimidazole-1,3,5-triazines as inhibitors of phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:802-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.11.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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421
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Krall N, Scheuermann J, Neri D. Small Targeted Cytotoxics: Current State and Promises from DNA-Encoded Chemical Libraries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:1384-402. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201204631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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422
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Krall N, Scheuermann J, Neri D. Entwicklung zielgerichteter niedermolekularer zytotoxischer Wirkstoffverbindungen mit DNA-codierten chemischen Bibliotheken. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201204631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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423
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Li Y, Zhang M, Zhang C, Li X. Detection of bond formations by DNA-programmed chemical reactions and PCR amplification. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 48:9513-5. [PMID: 22899375 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc35230c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A system capable of performing both DNA-templated chemical reactions and detection of bond formations is reported. Photocleavable DNA templates direct reactions. Products from bond-forming events re-ligate original templates, amplifiable by PCR, therefore distinguishing bond formation from background. This system provides a novel approach for discovering potential new chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 202 Chengfu Rd., Beijing, 100871, China
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424
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Matijssen C, Silva-Santisteban MC, Westwood IM, Siddique S, Choi V, Sheldrake P, van Montfort RL, Blagg J. Benzimidazole inhibitors of the protein kinase CHK2: clarification of the binding mode by flexible side chain docking and protein-ligand crystallography. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:6630-9. [PMID: 23058106 PMCID: PMC3778940 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Two closely related binding modes have previously been proposed for the ATP-competitive benzimidazole class of checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2) inhibitors; however, neither binding mode is entirely consistent with the reported SAR. Unconstrained rigid docking of benzimidazole ligands into representative CHK2 protein crystal structures reveals an alternative binding mode involving a water-mediated interaction with the hinge region; docking which incorporates protein side chain flexibility for selected residues in the ATP binding site resulted in a refinement of the water-mediated hinge binding mode that is consistent with observed SAR. The flexible docking results are in good agreement with the crystal structures of four exemplar benzimidazole ligands bound to CHK2 which unambiguously confirmed the binding mode of these inhibitors, including the water-mediated interaction with the hinge region, and which is significantly different from binding modes previously postulated in the literature.
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Key Words
- adp, adenosine diphosphate
- atm, ataxia telangiectasia mutated
- atp, adenosine triphosphate
- chk2, checkpoint kinase 2
- gold, genetic optimisation for ligand docking
- gst, glutathione s-transferase
- kd, kinase domain
- moe, molecular operating environment
- parp, poly adp-ribose polymerase
- pdb, protein data bank
- plif, protein ligand interaction fingerprints
- sar, structure activity relationship
- sift, structural interaction fingerprints
- kinase
- chk2
- flexible docking
- crystallography
- inhibitor
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis Matijssen
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - M. Cris Silva-Santisteban
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Isaac M. Westwood
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Samerene Siddique
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Vanessa Choi
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Peter Sheldrake
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Rob L.M. van Montfort
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Julian Blagg
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
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425
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Chouikhi D, Ciobanu M, Zambaldo C, Duplan V, Barluenga S, Winssinger N. Expanding the scope of PNA-encoded synthesis (PES): Mtt-protected PNA fully orthogonal to fmoc chemistry and a broad array of robust diversity-generating reactions. Chemistry 2012; 18:12698-704. [PMID: 22915361 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid-encoded libraries are emerging as an attractive and highly miniaturized format for the rapid identification of protein ligands. An important criterion in the synthesis of nucleic acid encoded libraries is the scope of reactions that can be used to introduce molecular diversity and devise divergent pathways for diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS). To date, the protecting group strategies that have been used in peptide nucleic acid (PNA) encoded synthesis (PES) have limited the choice of reactions used in the library synthesis to just a few prototypes. Herein, we describe the preparation of PNA monomers with a protecting group combination (Mtt/Boc) that is orthogonal to Fmoc-based synthesis and compatible with a large palette of reactions that have been productively used in DOS (palladium cross-couplings, metathesis, reductive amination, amidation, heterocycle formation, nucleophilic addition, conjugate additions, Pictet-Spengler cyclization). We incorporate γ-modifications in the PNA backbone that are known to enhance hybridization and solubility. We demonstrate the robustness of this strategy with a library synthesis that is characterized by MALDI MS analysis at every step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Chouikhi
- Institut de Science et Ingénierie Supramoléculaires, ISIS - UMR, Université de Strasbourg - CNRS, France
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426
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Deng H, O'Keefe H, Davie CP, Lind KE, Acharya RA, Franklin GJ, Larkin J, Matico R, Neeb M, Thompson MM, Lohr T, Gross JW, Centrella PA, O'Donovan GK, Bedard KLS, van Vloten K, Mataruse S, Skinner SR, Belyanskaya SL, Carpenter TY, Shearer TW, Clark MA, Cuozzo JW, Arico-Muendel CC, Morgan BA. Discovery of highly potent and selective small molecule ADAMTS-5 inhibitors that inhibit human cartilage degradation via encoded library technology (ELT). J Med Chem 2012; 55:7061-79. [PMID: 22891645 DOI: 10.1021/jm300449x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The metalloprotease ADAMTS-5 is considered a potential target for the treatment of osteoarthritis. To identify selective inhibitors of ADAMTS-5, we employed encoded library technology (ELT), which enables affinity selection of small molecule binders from complex mixtures by DNA tagging. Selection of ADAMTS-5 against a four-billion member ELT library led to a novel inhibitor scaffold not containing a classical zinc-binding functionality. One exemplar, (R)-N-((1-(4-(but-3-en-1-ylamino)-6-(((2-(thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl)methyl)amino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)pyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl)-4-propylbenzenesulfonamide (8), inhibited ADAMTS-5 with IC(50) = 30 nM, showing >50-fold selectivity against ADAMTS-4 and >1000-fold selectivity against ADAMTS-1, ADAMTS-13, MMP-13, and TACE. Extensive SAR studies showed that potency and physicochemical properties of the scaffold could be further improved. Furthermore, in a human osteoarthritis cartilage explant study, compounds 8 and 15f inhibited aggrecanase-mediated (374)ARGS neoepitope release from aggrecan and glycosaminoglycan in response to IL-1β/OSM stimulation. This study provides the first small molecule evidence for the critical role of ADAMTS-5 in human cartilage degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfeng Deng
- ELT Boston, Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States.
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427
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428
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Leimbacher M, Zhang Y, Mannocci L, Stravs M, Geppert T, Scheuermann J, Schneider G, Neri D. Discovery of Small-Molecule Interleukin-2 Inhibitors from a DNA-Encoded Chemical Library. Chemistry 2012; 18:7729-37. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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429
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Hartenfeller M, Eberle M, Meier P, Nieto-Oberhuber C, Altmann KH, Schneider G, Jacoby E, Renner S. Probing the Bioactivity-Relevant Chemical Space of Robust Reactions and Common Molecular Building Blocks. J Chem Inf Model 2012; 52:1167-78. [DOI: 10.1021/ci200618n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hartenfeller
- Novartis Institutes
for BioMedical
Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Forum 1,
Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Eberle
- Novartis Institutes
for BioMedical
Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Forum 1,
Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Meier
- Novartis Institutes
for BioMedical
Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Forum 1,
Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Nieto-Oberhuber
- Novartis Institutes
for BioMedical
Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Forum 1,
Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Edgar Jacoby
- Novartis Institutes
for BioMedical
Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Forum 1,
Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Steffen Renner
- Novartis Institutes
for BioMedical
Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Forum 1,
Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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430
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Decoding a PNA encoded peptide library by PCR: the discovery of new cell surface receptor ligands. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 18:1284-9. [PMID: 22035797 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2011.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The ability to screen and identify new ligands for cell surface receptors has been a long-standing goal as it might allow targeting of pharmaceutically relevant receptors, such as integrins or G protein coupled receptors. Here, we present a method to amplify hits from a library of PNA-tagged peptides. To this end, human cells, overexpressing either integrins or the CCR6 receptor, were treated with a 10,000 member PNA-encoded peptide library. Extraction of the PNA tags from the surface of the cells was followed by a PNA-tag to DNA translation and amplification enabling decoding of the tags via microarray hybridization. This approach to ligand discovery facilitates screening for differences in surface-receptor ligands and/or receptor expression between different cell types, and opens up a practical approach to PNA-tag amplification.
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431
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Weisinger RM, Wrenn SJ, Harbury PB. Highly parallel translation of DNA sequences into small molecules. PLoS One 2012; 7:e28056. [PMID: 22479303 PMCID: PMC3315553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A large body of in vitro evolution work establishes the utility of biopolymer libraries comprising 1010 to 1015 distinct molecules for the discovery of nanomolar-affinity ligands to proteins.[1], [2], [3], [4], [5] Small-molecule libraries of comparable complexity will likely provide nanomolar-affinity small-molecule ligands.[6], [7] Unlike biopolymers, small molecules can offer the advantages of cell permeability, low immunogenicity, metabolic stability, rapid diffusion and inexpensive mass production. It is thought that such desirable in vivo behavior is correlated with the physical properties of small molecules, specifically a limited number of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors, a defined range of hydrophobicity, and most importantly, molecular weights less than 500 Daltons.[8] Creating a collection of 1010 to 1015 small molecules that meet these criteria requires the use of hundreds to thousands of diversity elements per step in a combinatorial synthesis of three to five steps. With this goal in mind, we have reported a set of mesofluidic devices that enable DNA-programmed combinatorial chemistry in a highly parallel 384-well plate format. Here, we demonstrate that these devices can translate DNA genes encoding 384 diversity elements per coding position into corresponding small-molecule gene products. This robust and efficient procedure yields small molecule-DNA conjugates suitable for in vitro evolution experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Weisinger
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - S. Jarrett Wrenn
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Pehr B. Harbury
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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432
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Weisinger RM, Marinelli RJ, Wrenn SJ, Harbury PB. Mesofluidic devices for DNA-programmed combinatorial chemistry. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32299. [PMID: 22479318 PMCID: PMC3315586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hybrid combinatorial chemistry strategies that use DNA as an information-carrying medium are proving to be powerful tools for molecular discovery. In order to extend these efforts, we present a highly parallel format for DNA-programmed chemical library synthesis. The new format uses a standard microwell plate footprint and is compatible with commercially available automation technology. It can accommodate a wide variety of combinatorial synthetic schemes with up to 384 different building blocks per chemical step. We demonstrate that fluidic routing of DNA populations in the highly parallel format occurs with excellent specificity, and that chemistry on DNA arrayed into 384 well plates proceeds robustly, two requirements for the high-fidelity translation and efficient in vitro evolution of small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Weisinger
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Marinelli
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - S. Jarrett Wrenn
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Pehr B. Harbury
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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433
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Lu Q, Quinn AM, Patel MP, Semus SF, Graves AP, Bandyopadhyay D, Pope AJ, Thrall SH. Perspectives on the discovery of small-molecule modulators for epigenetic processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 17:555-71. [PMID: 22392809 DOI: 10.1177/1087057112437763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic gene regulation is a critical process controlling differentiation and development, the malfunction of which may underpin a variety of diseases. In this article, we review the current landscape of small-molecule epigenetic modulators including drugs on the market, key compounds in clinical trials, and chemical probes being used in epigenetic mechanistic studies. Hit identification strategies for the discovery of small-molecule epigenetic modulators are summarized with respect to writers, erasers, and readers of histone marks. Perspectives are provided on opportunities for new hit discovery approaches, some of which may define the next generation of therapeutic intervention strategies for epigenetic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinn Lu
- GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA.
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434
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5-Aryl-4-carboxamide-1,3-oxazoles: Potent and selective GSK-3 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:1989-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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435
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Kemp MM, Weïwer M, Koehler AN. Unbiased binding assays for discovering small-molecule probes and drugs. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 20:1979-89. [PMID: 22230199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.11.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
2011 marks the 10-year anniversary of milestone manuscripts describing drafts of the human genome sequence. Over the past decade, a number of new proteins have been linked to disease-many of which fall into classes that have been historically considered challenging from the perspective of drug discovery. Several of these newly associated proteins lack structural information or strong annotation with regard to function, making development of conventional in vitro functional assays difficult. A recent resurgence in the popularity of simple small molecule binding assays has led to new approaches that do not require knowledge of protein structure or function in advance. Here we briefly review selected methods for executing binding assays that have been used successfully to discover small-molecule probes or drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Kemp
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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436
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Abstract
Pharmaceutical companies must find a better way to increase their output of truly new drugs for the benefit of patients and for their business survival. Here, I highlight a general perspective from within pharmaceutical research as it pertains to research advances in chemistry, biology, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicology that, if well integrated, stands to put the industry on a productive path. In addition, I provide a complementary perspective on the corporate culture aspect of innovation. I also introduce a new concept, termed 'innovation ASAP' (iASAP; asking powerful questions, seeking the outliers, accepting defeat and populating astutely) and provide support for it using examples of several successful drugs.
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437
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Abstract
Researchers seeking to improve the efficiency and cost effectiveness of the bioactive small-molecule discovery process have recently embraced selection-based approaches, which in principle offer much higher throughput and simpler infrastructure requirements compared with traditional small-molecule screening methods. Since selection methods benefit greatly from an information-encoding molecule that can be readily amplified and decoded, several academic and industrial groups have turned to DNA as the basis for library encoding and, in some cases, library synthesis. The resulting DNA-encoded synthetic small-molecule libraries, integrated with the high sensitivity of PCR and the recent development of ultra high-throughput DNA sequencing technology, can be evaluated very rapidly for binding or bond formation with a target of interest while consuming minimal quantities of material and requiring only modest investments of time and equipment. In this tutorial review we describe the development of two classes of approaches for encoding chemical structures and reactivity with DNA: DNA-recorded library synthesis, in which encoding and library synthesis take place separately, and DNA-directed library synthesis, in which DNA both encodes and templates library synthesis. We also describe in vitro selection methods used to evaluate DNA-encoded libraries and summarize successful applications of these approaches to the discovery of bioactive small molecules and novel chemical reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David R. Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138
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438
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Celebrating synthesis. Nat Chem Biol 2011; 7:855. [PMID: 22086274 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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439
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Abstract
Molecular imaging allows clinicians to visualize disease-specific molecules, thereby providing relevant information in the diagnosis and treatment of patients. With advances in genomics and proteomics and underlying mechanisms of disease pathology, the number of targets identified has significantly outpaced the number of developed molecular imaging probes. There has been a concerted effort to bridge this gap with multidisciplinary efforts in chemistry, proteomics, physics, material science, and biology—all essential to progress in molecular imaging probe development. In this review, we discuss target selection, screening techniques, and probe optimization with the aim of developing clinically relevant molecularly targeted imaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Reynolds
- From the Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA. Reprints not available
| | - Kimberly A. Kelly
- From the Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA. Reprints not available
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440
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Christensen SM, Bolinger PY, Hatzakis NS, Mortensen MW, Stamou D. Mixing subattolitre volumes in a quantitative and highly parallel manner with soft matter nanofluidics. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 7:51-55. [PMID: 22036813 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2011.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Handling and mixing ultrasmall volumes of reactants in parallel can increase the throughput and complexity of screening assays while simultaneously reducing reagent consumption. Microfabricated silicon and plastic can provide reliable fluidic devices, but cannot typically handle total volumes smaller than ∼1 × 10(-12) l. Self-assembled soft matter nanocontainers can in principle significantly improve miniaturization and biocompatibility, but exploiting their full potential is a challenge due to their small dimensions. Here, we show that small unilamellar lipid vesicles can be used to mix volumes as small as 1 × 10(-19) l in a reproducible and highly parallelized fashion. The self-enclosed nanoreactors are functionalized with lipids of opposite charge to achieve reliable fusion. Single vesicles encapsulating one set of reactants are immobilized on a glass surface and then fused with diffusing vesicles of opposite charge that carry a complementary set of reactants. We find that ∼85% of the ∼1 × 10(6) cm(-2) surface-tethered nanoreactors undergo non-deterministic fusion, which is leakage-free in all cases, and the system allows up to three to four consecutive mixing events per nanoreactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sune M Christensen
- Bionanotechnology and Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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441
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Svensen N, Díaz-Mochón JJ, Bradley M. Microarray generation of thousand-member oligonucleotide libraries. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24906. [PMID: 21966380 PMCID: PMC3179494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to efficiently and economically generate libraries of defined pieces of DNA would have a myriad of applications, not least in the area of defined or directed sequencing and synthetic biology, but also in applications associated with encoding and tagging. In this manuscript DNA microarrays were used to allow the linear amplification of immobilized DNA sequences from the array followed by PCR amplification. Arrays of increasing sophistication (1, 10, 3,875, 10,000 defined sequences) were used to validate the process, with sequences verified by selective hybridization to a complementary DNA microarray and DNA sequencing, which demonstrated a PCR error rate of 9.7×10−3/site/duplication. This technique offers an economical and efficient way of producing specific DNA libraries of hundreds to thousands of members with the DNA-arrays being used as “factories” allowing specific DNA oligonucleotide pools to be generated. We also found substantial variance observed between the sequence frequencies found via Solexa sequencing and microarray analysis, highlighting the care needed in the interpretation of profiling data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Svensen
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mark Bradley
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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442
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Phenotype-information-phenotype cycle for deconvolution of combinatorial antibody libraries selected against complex systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:13456-61. [PMID: 21825149 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1111218108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of large combinatorial antibody libraries and next-generation sequencing of nucleic acids are two of the most powerful methods in modern molecular biology. The libraries are screened using the principles of evolutionary selection, albeit in real time, to enrich for members with a particular phenotype. This selective process necessarily results in the loss of information about less-fit molecules. On the other hand, sequencing of the library, by itself, gives information that is mostly unrelated to phenotype. If the two methods could be combined, the full potential of very large molecular libraries could be realized. Here we report the implementation of a phenotype-information-phenotype cycle that integrates information and gene recovery. After selection for phage-encoded antibodies that bind to targets expressed on the surface of Escherichia coli, the information content of the selected pool is obtained by pyrosequencing. Sequences that encode specific antibodies are identified by a bioinformatic analysis and recovered by a stringent affinity method that is uniquely suited for gene isolation from a highly degenerate collection of nucleic acids. This approach can be generalized for selection of antibodies against targets that are present as minor components of complex systems.
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443
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Molecular complexity and fragment-based drug discovery: ten years on. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2011; 15:489-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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444
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He Y, Liu DR. A sequential strand-displacement strategy enables efficient six-step DNA-templated synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:9972-5. [PMID: 21657248 PMCID: PMC3125949 DOI: 10.1021/ja201361t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We developed a sequential strand-displacement strategy for multistep DNA-templated synthesis (DTS) and used it to mediate an efficient six-step DTS that proceeded in 35% overall yield (83% average yield per step). The efficiency of this approach and the fact that the final product remains linked to a DNA sequence that fully encodes its reaction history suggests its utility for the translation of DNA sequences into high-complexity synthetic libraries suitable for in vitro selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu He
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - David R. Liu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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445
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Kodadek T. The rise, fall and reinvention of combinatorial chemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:9757-63. [PMID: 21701754 DOI: 10.1039/c1cc12102b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Combinatorial chemistry provides a powerful tool for the rapid creation of large numbers of synthetic compounds. Ideally, these libraries should be a rich source of bioactive molecules, but there is the general feeling that the initial promise of combinatorial chemistry has not yet been realized. In particular, enthusiasm for conducting unbiased (non-structure-guided) screens of large libraries for protein or RNA ligands has waned. A central challenge in this area is to devise methods for the synthesis of chemically diverse, high-quality libraries of molecules with many of the desirable features of natural products. These include diverse functionality, a significant representation of chiral sp(3) centers that provide conformational bias to the molecule, significant skeletal diversity, and good pharmacokinetic properties. However, these libraries must be easy to make from cheap, readily available building blocks, ideally those that would support convenient hit optimization/structure reactivity relationship studies. Meeting these challenges will not be easy. Here I review some recent advances in this area and provide some thoughts on likely important developments in the next few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kodadek
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, FL 33458, USA.
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446
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Bennani YL. Drug discovery in the next decade: innovation needed ASAP. Drug Discov Today 2011; 16:779-92. [PMID: 21704185 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical companies must find a better way to increase their output of truly new drugs for the benefit of patients and for their business survival. Here, I highlight a general perspective from within pharmaceutical research as it pertains to research advances in chemistry, biology, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicology that, if well integrated, stands to put the industry on a productive path. In addition, I provide a complementary perspective on the corporate culture aspect of innovation. I also introduce a new concept, termed 'innovation ASAP' (iASAP; asking powerful questions, seeking the outliers, accepting defeat and populating astutely) and provide support for it using examples of several successful drugs.
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447
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Woollard PM, Mehta NA, Vamathevan JJ, Van Horn S, Bonde BK, Dow DJ. The application of next-generation sequencing technologies to drug discovery and development. Drug Discov Today 2011; 16:512-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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448
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Buller F, Steiner M, Frey K, Mircsof D, Scheuermann J, Kalisch M, Bühlmann P, Supuran CT, Neri D. Selection of Carbonic Anhydrase IX Inhibitors from One Million DNA-Encoded Compounds. ACS Chem Biol 2011; 6:336-44. [PMID: 21186831 DOI: 10.1021/cb1003477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
DNA-encoded chemical libraries, i.e., collections of compounds individually coupled to distinctive DNA fragments serving as amplifiable identification barcodes, represent a new tool for the de novo discovery of small molecule ligands to target proteins of pharmaceutical interest. Here, we describe the design and synthesis of a novel DNA-encoded chemical library containing one million small molecules. The library was synthesized by combinatorial assembly of three sets of chemical building blocks using Diels-Alder cycloadditions and by the stepwise build-up of the DNA barcodes. Model selections were performed to test library performance and to develop a statistical method for the analysis of high-throughput sequencing data. A library selection against carbonic anhydrase IX revealed a new class of submicromolar bis(sulfonamide) inhibitors. One of these inhibitors was synthesized in the absence of the DNA-tag and showed accumulation in hypoxic tumor tissue sections in vitro and tumor targeting in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Buller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martina Steiner
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Frey
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dennis Mircsof
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Scheuermann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Kalisch
- Seminar for Statistics, ETH Zürich, Rämistrasse 101, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Bühlmann
- Seminar for Statistics, ETH Zürich, Rämistrasse 101, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Rm. 188, Via della Lastruccia 3, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Dario Neri
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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449
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Stains CI, Luković E, Imperiali B. A p38α-selective chemosensor for use in unfractionated cell lysates. ACS Chem Biol 2011; 6:101-5. [PMID: 20845953 DOI: 10.1021/cb100230y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent efforts have identified the p38α Ser/Thr kinase as a potential target for the treatment of inflammatory diseases as well as non-small cell lung carcinoma. Despite the significance of p38α, no direct activity probe compatible with cell lysate analysis exists. Instead, proxies for kinase activation, such as phosphospecific antibodies, which do not distinguish between p38 isoforms, are often used. Our laboratory has recently developed a sulfonamido-oxine (Sox) fluorophore that undergoes a significant increase in fluorescence in response to phosphorylation at a proximal residue, allowing for real-time activity measurements. Herein we report the rational design of a p38α-selective chemosensor using this approach. We have validated the selectivity of this sensor using specific inhibitors and immunodepletions and show that p38α activity can be monitored in crude lysates from a variety of cell lines, allowing for the potential use of this sensor in both clinical and basic science research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cliff I. Stains
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Elvedin Luković
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Barbara Imperiali
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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450
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Silverman SK. DNA as a versatile chemical component for catalysis, encoding, and stereocontrol. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 49:7180-201. [PMID: 20669202 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200906345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the genetic material common to all of Earth's organisms. Our biological understanding of DNA is extensive and well-exploited. In recent years, chemists have begun to develop DNA for nonbiological applications in catalysis, encoding, and stereochemical control. This Review summarizes key advances in these three exciting research areas, each of which takes advantage of a different subset of DNA's useful chemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott K Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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