401
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Shaw Bagnall J, Byun S, Begum S, Miyamoto DT, Hecht VC, Maheswaran S, Stott SL, Toner M, Hynes RO, Manalis SR. Deformability of Tumor Cells versus Blood Cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18542. [PMID: 26679988 PMCID: PMC4683468 DOI: 10.1038/srep18542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential for circulating tumor cells (CTCs) to elucidate the process of cancer metastasis and inform clinical decision-making has made their isolation of great importance. However, CTCs are rare in the blood, and universal properties with which to identify them remain elusive. As technological advancements have made single-cell deformability measurements increasingly routine, the assessment of physical distinctions between tumor cells and blood cells may provide insight into the feasibility of deformability-based methods for identifying CTCs in patient blood. To this end, we present an initial study assessing deformability differences between tumor cells and blood cells, indicated by the length of time required for them to pass through a microfluidic constriction. Here, we demonstrate that deformability changes in tumor cells that have undergone phenotypic shifts are small compared to differences between tumor cell lines and blood cells. Additionally, in a syngeneic mouse tumor model, cells that are able to exit a tumor and enter circulation are not required to be more deformable than the cells that were first injected into the mouse. However, a limited study of metastatic prostate cancer patients provides evidence that some CTCs may be more mechanically similar to blood cells than to typical tumor cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Shaw Bagnall
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Sangwon Byun
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Shahinoor Begum
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - David T. Miyamoto
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Vivian C. Hecht
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Shyamala Maheswaran
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Shannon L. Stott
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Engineering and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mehmet Toner
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Engineering and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Richard O. Hynes
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Scott R. Manalis
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
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402
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Qi D, Kaur Gill N, Santiskulvong C, Sifuentes J, Dorigo O, Rao J, Taylor-Harding B, Ruprecht Wiedemeyer W, Rowat AC. Screening cell mechanotype by parallel microfiltration. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17595. [PMID: 26626154 PMCID: PMC4667223 DOI: 10.1038/srep17595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell mechanical phenotype or 'mechanotype' is emerging as a valuable label-free biomarker. For example, marked changes in the viscoelastic characteristics of cells occur during malignant transformation and cancer progression. Here we describe a simple and scalable technique to measure cell mechanotype: this parallel microfiltration assay enables multiple samples to be simultaneously measured by driving cell suspensions through porous membranes. To validate the method, we compare the filtration of untransformed and HRas(V12)-transformed murine ovary cells and find significantly increased deformability of the transformed cells. Inducing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in human ovarian cancer cells by overexpression of key transcription factors (Snail, Slug, Zeb1) or by acquiring drug resistance produces a similar increase in deformability. Mechanistically, we show that EMT-mediated changes in epithelial (loss of E-Cadherin) and mesenchymal markers (vimentin induction) correlate with altered mechanotype. Our results demonstrate a method to screen cell mechanotype that has potential for broader clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongping Qi
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Navjot Kaur Gill
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Chintda Santiskulvong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Joshua Sifuentes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Oliver Dorigo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division Gynecologic Oncology, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, USA
| | - Jianyu Rao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Barbie Taylor-Harding
- Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - W Ruprecht Wiedemeyer
- Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Amy C Rowat
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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403
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Kasukurti A, Eggleton CD, Desai SA, Marr DWM. FACS-style detection for real-time cell viscoelastic cytometry. RSC Adv 2015; 5:105636-105642. [PMID: 26900453 PMCID: PMC4756765 DOI: 10.1039/c5ra24097b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell mechanical properties have been established as a label-free biophysical marker of cell viability and health; however, real-time methods with significant throughput for accurately and non-destructively measuring these properties remain widely unavailable. Without appropriate labels for use with fluorescence activated cell sorters (FACS), easily implemented real-time technology for tracking cell-level mechanical properties remains a current need. Employing modulated optical forces and enabled by a low-dimensional FACS-style detection method introduced here, we present a viscoelasticity cytometer (VC) capable of real-time and continuous measurements. We demonstrate the utility of this approach by tracking the high-frequency cell physical properties of populations of chemically-modified cells at rates of ~ 1 s-1 and explain observations within the context of a simple theoretical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kasukurti
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines
| | - C D Eggleton
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
| | - S A Desai
- Laboratory for Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Bethesda, MD
| | - D W M Marr
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines
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404
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Constriction Channel Based Single-Cell Mechanical Property Characterization. MICROMACHINES 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/mi6111457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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405
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Noncontact three-dimensional mapping of intracellular hydromechanical properties by Brillouin microscopy. Nat Methods 2015; 12:1132-4. [PMID: 26436482 PMCID: PMC4666809 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.3616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Current measurements of the biomechanical properties of cells require physical contact with cells or lack subcellular resolution. Here we developed a label-free microscopy technique based on Brillouin light scattering that is capable of measuring an intracellular longitudinal modulus with optical resolution. The 3D Brillouin maps we obtained of cells in 2D and 3D microenvironments revealed mechanical changes due to cytoskeletal modulation and cell-volume regulation.
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406
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Wang G, Turbyfield C, Crawford K, Alexeev A, Sulchek T. Cellular enrichment through microfluidic fractionation based on cell biomechanical properties. MICROFLUIDICS AND NANOFLUIDICS 2015; 19:987-993. [PMID: 28316561 PMCID: PMC5354170 DOI: 10.1007/s10404-015-1608-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The biomechanical properties of populations of diseased cells are shown to have differences from healthy populations of cells, yet the overlap of these biomechanical properties can limit their use in disease cell enrichment and detection. We report a new microfluidic cell enrichment technology that continuously fractionates cells through differences in biomechanical properties, resulting in highly pure cellular subpopulations. Cell fractionation is achieved in a microfluidic channel with an array of diagonal ridges that are designed to segregate biomechanically distinct cells to different locations in the channel. Due to the imposition of elastic and viscous forces during cellular compression, which are a function of cell biomechanical properties including size and viscoelasticity, larger, stiffer and less viscos cells migrate parallel to the diagonal ridges and exhibit positive lateral displacement. On the other hand, smaller, softer and more viscous cells migrate perpendicular to the diagonal ridges due to circulatory flow induced by the ridges and result in negative lateral displacement. Multiple outlets are then utilized to collect cells with finer gradation of differences in cell biomechanical properties. The result is that cell fractionation dramatically improves cell separation efficiency compared to binary outputs and enables the measurement of subtle biomechanical differences within a single cell type. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, we mix two different leukemia cell lines (K562 and HL60) and utilize cell fractionation to achieve over 45-fold enhancement of cell populations, with high purity cellular enrichment (90% to 99%) of each cell line. In addition, we demonstrate cell fractionation of a single cell type (K562 cells) into subpopulations and characterize the variations of biomechanical properties of the separated cells with atomic force microscopy. These results will be beneficial to obtaining label-free separation of cellular mixtures, or to better investigate the origins of biomechanical differences in a single cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonghao Wang
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0405, USA
| | - Cory Turbyfield
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0535, USA
| | - Kaci Crawford
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0535, USA
| | - Alexander Alexeev
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0405, USA
| | - Todd Sulchek
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0405, USA; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0535, USA
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407
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Liu Z, Lee Y, Jang JH, Li Y, Han X, Yokoi K, Ferrari M, Zhou L, Qin L. Microfluidic cytometric analysis of cancer cell transportability and invasiveness. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14272. [PMID: 26404901 PMCID: PMC4585905 DOI: 10.1038/srep14272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The extensive phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of cancer cells plays an important role in tumor progression and therapeutic resistance. Characterizing this heterogeneity and identifying invasive phenotype may provide possibility to improve chemotherapy treatment. By mimicking cancer cell perfusion through circulatory system in metastasis, we develop a unique microfluidic cytometry (MC) platform to separate cancer cells at high throughput, and further derive a physical parameter ‘transportability’ to characterize the ability to pass through micro-constrictions. The transportability is determined by cell stiffness and cell-surface frictional property, and can be used to probe tumor heterogeneity, discriminate more invasive phenotypes and correlate with biomarker expressions in breast cancer cells. Decreased cell stiffness and cell-surface frictional force leads to an increase in transportability and may be a feature of invasive cancer cells by promoting cell perfusion through narrow spaces in circulatory system. The MC-Chip provides a promising microfluidic platform for studying cell mechanics and transportability could be used as a novel marker for probing tumor heterogeneity and determining invasive phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongbin Liu
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yeonju Lee
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Joon hee Jang
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Xin Han
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kenji Yokoi
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mauro Ferrari
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ledu Zhou
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Lidong Qin
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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408
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Park K, Mehrnezhad A, Corbin EA, Bashir R. Optomechanical measurement of the stiffness of single adherent cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:3460-4. [PMID: 26220705 PMCID: PMC5841955 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00444f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in mechanobiology have accumulated strong evidence showing close correlations between the physiological conditions and mechanical properties of cells. In this paper, a novel optomechanical technique to characterize the stiffness of single adherent cells attached on a substrate is reported. The oscillation in a cell's height on a vertically vibrating reflective substrate is measured with a laser Doppler vibrometer as apparent changes in the phase of the measured velocity. This apparent phase shift and the height oscillation are shown to be affected by the mechanical properties of human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29). The reported optomechanical technique can provide high-throughput stiffness measurement of single adherent cells over time with minimal perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kidong Park
- Division of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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409
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Kinematic analyses of a cross-slot microchannel applicable to cell deformability measurement under inertial or viscoelastic flow. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-015-0080-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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410
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Ekpenyong AE, Toepfner N, Chilvers ER, Guck J. Mechanotransduction in neutrophil activation and deactivation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015. [PMID: 26211453 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mechanotransduction refers to the processes through which cells sense mechanical stimuli by converting them to biochemical signals and, thus, eliciting specific cellular responses. Cells sense mechanical stimuli from their 3D environment, including the extracellular matrix, neighboring cells and other mechanical forces. Incidentally, the emerging concept of mechanical homeostasis,long term or chronic regulation of mechanical properties, seems to apply to neutrophils in a peculiar manner, owing to neutrophils' ability to dynamically switch between the activated/primed and deactivated/deprimed states. While neutrophil activation has been known for over a century, its deactivation is a relatively recent discovery. Even more intriguing is the reversibility of neutrophil activation and deactivation. We review and critically evaluate recent findings that suggest physiological roles for neutrophil activation and deactivation and discuss possible mechanisms by which mechanical stimuli can drive the oscillation of neutrophils between the activated and resting states. We highlight several molecules that have been identified in neutrophil mechanotransduction, including cell adhesion and transmembrane receptors, cytoskeletal and ion channel molecules. The physiological and pathophysiological implications of such mechanically induced signal transduction in neutrophils are highlighted as a basis for future work. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Ekpenyong
- Department of Physics, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nicole Toepfner
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Edwin R Chilvers
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's and Papworth Hospitals, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jochen Guck
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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411
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Abstract
Traditionally, cell analysis has focused on using molecular biomarkers for basic research, cell preparation, and clinical diagnostics; however, new microtechnologies are enabling evaluation of the mechanical properties of cells at throughputs that make them amenable to widespread use. We review the current understanding of how the mechanical characteristics of cells relate to underlying molecular and architectural changes, describe how these changes evolve with cell-state and disease processes, and propose promising biomedical applications that will be facilitated by the increased throughput of mechanical testing: from diagnosing cancer and monitoring immune states to preparing cells for regenerative medicine. We provide background about techniques that laid the groundwork for the quantitative understanding of cell mechanics and discuss current efforts to develop robust techniques for rapid analysis that aim to implement mechanophenotyping as a routine tool in biomedicine. Looking forward, we describe additional milestones that will facilitate broad adoption, as well as new directions not only in mechanically assessing cells but also in perturbing them to passively engineer cell state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Darling
- Center for Biomedical Engineering.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology.,Department of Orthopaedics, and.,School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912;
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering.,California NanoSystems Institute, and.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095;
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412
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Rigato A, Rico F, Eghiaian F, Piel M, Scheuring S. Atomic Force Microscopy Mechanical Mapping of Micropatterned Cells Shows Adhesion Geometry-Dependent Mechanical Response on Local and Global Scales. ACS NANO 2015; 9:5846-56. [PMID: 26013956 PMCID: PMC5382230 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, cell shape and organization are dictated by cell-cell or cell-extracellular matrix adhesion interactions. Adhesion complexes crosstalk with the cytoskeleton enabling cells to sense their mechanical environment. Unfortunately, most of cell biology studies, and cell mechanics studies in particular, are conducted on cultured cells adhering to a hard, homogeneous, and unconstrained substrate with nonspecific adhesion sites, thus far from physiological and reproducible conditions. Here, we grew cells on three different fibronectin patterns with identical overall dimensions but different geometries (▽, T, and Y), and investigated their topography and mechanics by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The obtained mechanical maps were reproducible for cells grown on patterns of the same geometry, revealing pattern-specific subcellular differences. We found that local Young's moduli variations are related to the cell adhesion geometry. Additionally, we detected local changes of cell mechanical properties induced by cytoskeletal drugs. We thus provide a method to quantitatively and systematically investigate cell mechanics and their variations, and present further evidence for a tight relation between cell adhesion and mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annafrancesca Rigato
- Bio-AFM-Lab, BIO-AFM-LAB Bio Atomic Force Microscopy Laboratory
Aix Marseille Université - UMR S_1006Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale - U1006Parc scientifique et technologique de Luminy - 163, avenue de Luminy - Case 1006 - 13288 Marseille Cedex 09
| | - Felix Rico
- Bio-AFM-Lab, BIO-AFM-LAB Bio Atomic Force Microscopy Laboratory
Aix Marseille Université - UMR S_1006Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale - U1006Parc scientifique et technologique de Luminy - 163, avenue de Luminy - Case 1006 - 13288 Marseille Cedex 09
| | - Frédéric Eghiaian
- Bio-AFM-Lab, BIO-AFM-LAB Bio Atomic Force Microscopy Laboratory
Aix Marseille Université - UMR S_1006Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale - U1006Parc scientifique et technologique de Luminy - 163, avenue de Luminy - Case 1006 - 13288 Marseille Cedex 09
| | - Mathieu Piel
- CDC, Compartimentation et dynamique cellulaires
Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 - INSTITUT CURIE - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UMR14426 rue d'Ulm 75248 Paris Cedex 05
| | - Simon Scheuring
- Bio-AFM-Lab, BIO-AFM-LAB Bio Atomic Force Microscopy Laboratory
Aix Marseille Université - UMR S_1006Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale - U1006Parc scientifique et technologique de Luminy - 163, avenue de Luminy - Case 1006 - 13288 Marseille Cedex 09
- * Correspondence should be addressed to Simon Scheuring
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413
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Chan CJ, Ekpenyong AE, Golfier S, Li W, Chalut KJ, Otto O, Elgeti J, Guck J, Lautenschläger F. Myosin II Activity Softens Cells in Suspension. Biophys J 2015; 108:1856-69. [PMID: 25902426 PMCID: PMC4407259 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular cytoskeleton is crucial for many cellular functions such as cell motility and wound healing, as well as other processes that require shape change or force generation. Actin is one cytoskeleton component that regulates cell mechanics. Important properties driving this regulation include the amount of actin, its level of cross-linking, and its coordination with the activity of specific molecular motors like myosin. While studies investigating the contribution of myosin activity to cell mechanics have been performed on cells attached to a substrate, we investigated mechanical properties of cells in suspension. To do this, we used multiple probes for cell mechanics including a microfluidic optical stretcher, a microfluidic microcirculation mimetic, and real-time deformability cytometry. We found that nonadherent blood cells, cells arrested in mitosis, and naturally adherent cells brought into suspension, stiffen and become more solidlike upon myosin inhibition across multiple timescales (milliseconds to minutes). Our results hold across several pharmacological and genetic perturbations targeting myosin. Our findings suggest that myosin II activity contributes to increased whole-cell compliance and fluidity. This finding is contrary to what has been reported for cells attached to a substrate, which stiffen via active myosin driven prestress. Our results establish the importance of myosin II as an active component in modulating suspended cell mechanics, with a functional role distinctly different from that for substrate-adhered cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chii J Chan
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrew E Ekpenyong
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Golfier
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wenhong Li
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kevin J Chalut
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Otto
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Elgeti
- Institute of Complex Systems, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jochen Guck
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Franziska Lautenschläger
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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