401
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Luddy KA, Robertson-Tessi M, Tafreshi NK, Soliman H, Morse DL. The role of toll-like receptors in colorectal cancer progression: evidence for epithelial to leucocytic transition. Front Immunol 2014; 5:429. [PMID: 25368611 PMCID: PMC4202790 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed by immune cells, intestinal epithelium, and tumor cells. In the homeostatic setting, they help to regulate control over invading pathogens and maintain the epithelial lining of the large and small intestines. Aberrant expression of certain TLRs by tumor cells can induce growth inhibition while others contribute to tumorigenesis and progression. Activation of these TLRs can induce inflammation, tumor cell proliferation, immune evasion, local invasion, and distant metastasis. These TLR-influenced behaviors have similarities with properties observed in leukocytes, suggesting that tumors may be hijacking immune programs to become more aggressive. The concept of epithelial to leucocytic-transition (ELT) is proposed, akin to epithelial to mesenchymal transition, in which tumors develop the ability to activate leucocytic traits otherwise inaccessible to epithelial cells. Understanding the mechanisms of ELT could lead to novel therapeutic strategies for inhibiting tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Luddy
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, Imaging and Technology Center of Excellence, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center , Tampa, FL , USA
| | - Mark Robertson-Tessi
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center , Tampa, FL , USA
| | - Narges K Tafreshi
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, Imaging and Technology Center of Excellence, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center , Tampa, FL , USA
| | - Hatem Soliman
- Don and Erika Wallace Comprehensive Breast Program, Center for Women's Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute , Tampa, FL , USA
| | - David L Morse
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, Imaging and Technology Center of Excellence, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center , Tampa, FL , USA
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402
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Krummel MF, Friedman RS, Jacobelli J. Modes and mechanisms of T cell motility: roles for confinement and Myosin-IIA. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2014; 30:9-16. [PMID: 24905977 PMCID: PMC4178009 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
T cells are charged with surveying tissues for evidence of their cognate foreign antigens. Subsequently, they must navigate to effector sites, which they enter through the process of trans-endothelial migration (TEM). During interstitial migration, T cells migrate according to one of two modes that are distinguished by the strength and sequence of adhesions and the requirement for Myosin-IIA. In contrast during TEM, T cells require Myosin-IIA for the final process of pushing their nucleus through the endothelium. A generalized model emerges with dual roles for Myosin-IIA: This motor protein acts like a tensioning or expansion spring, transmitting force across the cell cortex to sites of surface contact and also optimizing the frictional coupling with substrata by modulating the surface area of the contact. The phosphorylation and deactivation of this motor following TCR engagement can allow T cells to rapidly alter the degree to which they adhere to surfaces and to switch to a mode of interaction with surfaces that is more conducive to forming a synapse with an antigen-presenting cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Krummel
- Department of Pathology, UCSF, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Box 0511, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Rachel S Friedman
- Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, K501, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Jordan Jacobelli
- Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, K501, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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403
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Basophils increase in Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis and favor mesenteric lymph node memory TH17/TH1 response. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:978-81.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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404
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Garris CS, Blaho VA, Hla T, Han MH. Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 signalling in T cells: trafficking and beyond. Immunology 2014; 142:347-53. [PMID: 24597601 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a lipid second messenger that signals via five G protein-coupled receptors (S1P1-5 ). S1P receptor (S1PR) signalling is associated with a wide variety of physiological processes including lymphocyte biology, their recirculation and determination of T-cell phenotypes. The effect of FTY720 (Fingolimod, Gilenya™) to regulate lymphocyte egress and to ameliorate paralysis in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of multiple sclerosis led to the use of FTY720 as a first-line oral agent for treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. However, a significant body of research suggests that S1P signalling may participate in diverse immune regulatory functions other than lymphocyte trafficking. This review article discusses the current knowledge of S1P signalling in the fate and function of T regulatory, T helper type 17 and memory T cells in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Garris
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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405
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Schenkel JM, Fraser KA, Beura LK, Pauken KE, Vezys V, Masopust D. T cell memory. Resident memory CD8 T cells trigger protective innate and adaptive immune responses. Science 2014; 346:98-101. [PMID: 25170049 DOI: 10.1126/science.1254536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 510] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The pathogen recognition theory dictates that, upon viral infection, the innate immune system first detects microbial products and then responds by providing instructions to adaptive CD8 T cells. Here, we show in mice that tissue resident memory CD8 T cells (T(RM) cells), non-recirculating cells located at common sites of infection, can achieve near-sterilizing immunity against viral infections by reversing this flow of information. Upon antigen resensitization within the mouse female reproductive mucosae, CD8(+) T(RM) cells secrete cytokines that trigger rapid adaptive and innate immune responses, including local humoral responses, maturation of local dendritic cells, and activation of natural killer cells. This provided near-sterilizing immunity against an antigenically unrelated viral infection. Thus, CD8(+) T(RM) cells rapidly trigger an antiviral state by amplifying receptor-derived signals from previously encountered pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Schenkel
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kathryn A Fraser
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lalit K Beura
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kristen E Pauken
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Vaiva Vezys
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - David Masopust
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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406
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Xu X, Jaeger ER, Wang X, Lagler-Ferrez E, Batalov S, Mathis NL, Wiltshire T, Walker JR, Cooke MP, Sauer K, Huang YH. Mst1 directs Myosin IIa partitioning of low and higher affinity integrins during T cell migration. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105561. [PMID: 25133611 PMCID: PMC4136924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines promote T cell migration by transmitting signals that induce T cell polarization and integrin activation and adhesion. Mst1 kinase is a key signal mediator required for both of these processes; however, its molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here, we present a mouse model in which Mst1 function is disrupted by a hypomorphic mutation. Microscopic analysis of Mst1-deficient CD4 T cells revealed a necessary role for Mst1 in controlling the localization and activity of Myosin IIa, a molecular motor that moves along actin filaments. Using affinity specific LFA-1 antibodies, we identified a requirement for Myosin IIa-dependent contraction in the precise spatial distribution of low and higher affinity LFA-1 on the membrane of migrating T cells. Mst1 deficiency or Myosin inhibition resulted in multipolar cells, difficulties in uropod detachment and mis-localization of low affinity LFA-1. Thus, Mst1 regulates Myosin IIa dynamics to organize high and low affinity LFA-1 to the anterior and posterior membrane during T cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Xu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Emily R. Jaeger
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Xinxin Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Erica Lagler-Ferrez
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Serge Batalov
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Nancy L. Mathis
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Tim Wiltshire
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - John R. Walker
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Cooke
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Karsten Sauer
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KS); (YHH)
| | - Yina H. Huang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology & Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KS); (YHH)
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407
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Caruana I, Diaconu I, Dotti G. From monoclonal antibodies to chimeric antigen receptors for the treatment of human malignancies. Semin Oncol 2014; 41:661-6. [PMID: 25440610 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and their directly derived cell-based application known as chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) ensue from the need to develop novel therapeutic strategies that retain high anti-tumor activity, but carry reduced toxicity compared to conventional chemo- and radiotherapies. In this concise review article, we will summarize the application of antibodies designed to target antigens expressed by tumor cells, and the transition from these antibodies to the generation of CARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignazio Caruana
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Iulia Diaconu
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Gianpietro Dotti
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Departments of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.
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408
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Beverley PCL, Ruzsics Z, Hey A, Hutchings C, Boos S, Bolinger B, Marchi E, O'Hara G, Klenerman P, Koszinowski UH, Tchilian EZ. A novel murine cytomegalovirus vaccine vector protects against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:2306-16. [PMID: 25070842 PMCID: PMC4134927 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a global health problem so that a more effective vaccine than bacillus Calmette–Guérin is urgently needed. Cytomegaloviruses persist lifelong in vivo and induce powerful immune and increasing (“inflationary”) responses, making them attractive vaccine vectors. We have used an m1–m16-deleted recombinant murine CMV (MCMV) expressing Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ag 85A to show that infection of mice with this recombinant significantly reduces the mycobacterial load after challenge with M. tuberculosis, whereas control empty virus has a lesser effect. Both viruses induce immune responses to H-2d–restricted epitopes of MCMV pp89 and M18 Ags characteristic of infection with other MCMVs. A low frequency of 85A-specific memory cells could be revealed by in vivo or in vitro boosting or after challenge with M. tuberculosis. Kinetic analysis of M. tuberculosis growth in the lungs of CMV-infected mice shows early inhibition of M. tuberculosis growth abolished by treatment with NK-depleting anti–asialo ganglio-N-tetraosylceramide Ab. Microarray analysis of the lungs of naive and CMV-infected mice shows increased IL-21 mRNA in infected mice, whereas in vitro NK assays indicate increased levels of NK activity. These data indicate that activation of NK cells by MCMV provides early nonspecific protection against M. tuberculosis, potentiated by a weak 85A-specific T cell response, and they reinforce the view that the innate immune system plays an important role in both natural and vaccine-induced protection against M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C L Beverley
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom; and
| | - Zsolt Ruzsics
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University, D-80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Ariann Hey
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom; and
| | - Claire Hutchings
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom; and
| | - Simone Boos
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University, D-80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Beatrice Bolinger
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom; and
| | - Emanuele Marchi
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom; and
| | - Geraldine O'Hara
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom; and
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom; and
| | - Ulrich H Koszinowski
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University, D-80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Elma Z Tchilian
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom; and
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409
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McSorley SJ. The Role of Non-Cognate T Cell Stimulation during Intracellular Bacterial Infection. Front Immunol 2014; 5:319. [PMID: 25071779 PMCID: PMC4089505 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Intra-macrophage bacterial infections cause significant morbidity and mortality in both the developed and developing world. Protective host immune responses to these infections initially requires the activation and expansion of pathogen-specific CD4 Th1 cells within lymphoid tissues and subsequent relocation of these effector cells to sites of infection. After entering infected tissues, the elicitation of Th1 bactericidal activity can be triggered by cognate or non-cognate signals that are delivered by locally infected antigen-presenting cells and innate cells. However, the contribution of non-cognate stimulation to the resolution of bacterial infection remains poorly understood, especially in the context of a Th1 response. Here, we review the current data on Th1 cell activation and expansion in mouse models of Salmonella and Chlamydia infection and discuss the potential role of non-cognate Th1 cell stimulation in these disease models. Greater understanding of this pathway of T cell activation may lead to the design of therapeutics or vaccines to combat intra-macrophage pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J McSorley
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, Center for Comparative Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis , Davis, CA , USA
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410
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Munoz MA, Biro M, Weninger W. T cell migration in intact lymph nodes in vivo. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2014; 30:17-24. [PMID: 24907445 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In the lymph node, T cells migrate rapidly and with striking versatility in a continuous scan for antigen presenting dendritic cells. The scanning process is greatly facilitated by the lymph node structure and composition. In vivo imaging has been instrumental in deciphering the spatiotemporal dynamics of intranodal T cell migration in both health and disease. Here we review recent developments in uncovering the migration modes employed by T cells in the lymph node, the underlying molecular mechanisms, and the scanning strategies utilised by T cells to ensure a timely response to antigenic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia A Munoz
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Immune Imaging Program, Locked Bag 6, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia
| | - Maté Biro
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Immune Imaging Program, Locked Bag 6, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Wolfgang Weninger
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Immune Imaging Program, Locked Bag 6, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Department of Dermatology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.
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411
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Nikamo P, Cheuk S, Lysell J, Enerbäck C, Bergh K, Xu Landén N, Eidsmo L, Ståhle M. Genetic variants of the IL22 promoter associate to onset of psoriasis before puberty and increased IL-22 production in T cells. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:1535-1541. [PMID: 24390134 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Most psoriasis susceptibility genes were identified in cohorts of mixed clinical phenotypes and the exploration of genes in clinical subtypes is scarce. IL-22 has an established role in host defense and in psoriasis skin pathology, reflecting the delicate balance between control of infection and immunopathology. In a case-control study, we compared the genetic association to IL22 in psoriasis onset in patients between 0-9 (n=207), 10-20 (n=394), and 21-40 (n=468) years with healthy controls (n=1,529). Logistic regression analysis revealed association to regulatory elements in the IL22 promoter confined to onset of psoriasis before puberty (odds ratio=1.45, P<0.0007). The associated variants contain putative binding sites for AhR, a potent inducer of IL-22 expression. In a luciferase assay, transcriptional activity of a high-risk gene variant resulted in 80% higher promoter activity (P=0.012) compared with a low-risk variant. Ex vivo stimulated T cells from peripheral blood were analyzed with flow cytometry. Children with psoriasis carrying a high-risk variant produced 1.7 times more IL-22 compared with low-risk variants (P=0.042). Our combined genetic and functional data support the notion that a genetic IL22 variant that promotes epithelial barrier defense is preferentially enriched in and may precipitate the onset of psoriasis at an early age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernilla Nikamo
- Dermatology and Venereology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska lnstitutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stanley Cheuk
- Dermatology and Venereology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska lnstitutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Josefin Lysell
- Dermatology and Venereology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska lnstitutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charlotta Enerbäck
- Ingrid Asp Psoriasis Research Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Bergh
- Dermatology and Venereology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska lnstitutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ning Xu Landén
- Dermatology and Venereology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska lnstitutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Liv Eidsmo
- Dermatology and Venereology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska lnstitutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mona Ståhle
- Dermatology and Venereology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska lnstitutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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412
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Abstract
To prove clinical benefits of cancer vaccine is currently difficult, except for one phase III trial has documented improved overall survival with the vaccine, Sipuleucel-T, although induction of anti-tumor immune responses through cancer vaccine is theoretically promising and would be straightforward. In contrast, immune checkpoint blockade with anti-CTLA4 mAb and anti-PD-1 mAb has demonstrated clear evidence of objective responses including improved overall survival and tumor shrinkage, driving renewed enthusiasm for cancer immunotherapy in multiple cancer types. In addition, there is a promising novel cancer immunotherapy, CAR therapy—a personalized treatment that involves genetically modifying a patient’s T-cells to make them target tumor cells. We are now facing new era of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kono
- Department of Surgery , National University of Singapore, Singapore ; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore , National University of Singapore, Singapore
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413
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414
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Gibbs A, Hirbod T, Li Q, Bohman K, Ball TB, Plummer FA, Kaul R, Kimani J, Broliden K, Tjernlund A. Presence of CD8+ T cells in the ectocervical mucosa correlates with genital viral shedding in HIV-infected women despite a low prevalence of HIV RNA-expressing cells in the tissue. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:3947-57. [PMID: 24639358 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The female genital tract is a portal of entry for sexual HIV transmission and a possible viral reservoir. In this study, the ectocervical CD8+ T cell distribution was explored in situ and was related to expression of CD3 and HLA-DR and presence of HIV RNA. For this purpose, ectocervical tissue samples and genital secretions were collected from HIV-seropositive (HIV+) Kenyan female sex workers (FSWs) (n = 20), HIV-seronegative (HIV-) FSWs (n = 17), and HIV(-) lower-risk women (n = 21). Cell markers were assessed by in situ staining and by quantitative PCR. HIV RNA expression in tissue was analyzed by in situ hybridization, and viral shedding was assessed by quantitative PCR. The HIV+ FSW group had a higher amount of total cells and CD8+, CD3+, and HLA-DR+ cells compared with the HIV(-)FSW group and HIV- lower-risk women. The majority of CD8+ cells were CD3+ T cells, and the numbers of CD8+ cells correlated significantly with plasma and cervical viral load. HIV RNA expression in situ was found in 4 of the 20 HIV+FSW women but did not correlate with cervical or plasma viral load. Thus, the HIV+ women displayed high numbers of CD8+, CD3+, and HLA-DR+ cells, as well as a limited number of HIV RNA+ cells, in their ectocervical mucosa; hence, this localization cannot be neglected as a potential viral reservoir. The elevated levels of CD8+ T cells may play a role in the immunopathogenesis of HIV in the female genital tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gibbs
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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415
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Schenkel JM, Fraser KA, Masopust D. Cutting edge: resident memory CD8 T cells occupy frontline niches in secondary lymphoid organs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:2961-4. [PMID: 24600038 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Resident memory CD8 T cells (TRM) are a nonrecirculating subset positioned in nonlymphoid tissues to provide early responses to reinfection. Although TRM are associated with nonlymphoid tissues, we asked whether they populated secondary lymphoid organs (SLO). We show that a subset of virus-specific memory CD8 T cells in SLO exhibit phenotypic signatures associated with TRM, including CD69 expression. Parabiosis revealed that SLO CD69(+) memory CD8 T cells do not circulate, defining them as TRM. SLO TRM were overrepresented in IL-15-deficient mice, suggesting independent regulation compared with central memory CD8 T cells and effector memory CD8 T cells. These cells were positioned at SLO entry points for peripheral Ags: the splenic marginal zone, red pulp, and lymph node sinuses. Consistent with a potential role in guarding SLO pathogen entry points, SLO TRM did not vacate their position in response to peripheral alarm signals. These data extend the range of tissue resident memory to SLO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Schenkel
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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416
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Sasaki K, Bean A, Shah S, Schutten E, Huseby PG, Peters B, Shen ZT, Vanguri V, Liggitt D, Huseby ES. Relapsing-remitting central nervous system autoimmunity mediated by GFAP-specific CD8 T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:3029-42. [PMID: 24591371 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the CNS that causes the demyelination of nerve cells and destroys oligodendrocytes, neurons, and axons. Historically, MS has been thought to be a CD4 T cell-mediated autoimmune disease of CNS white matter. However, recent studies identified CD8 T cell infiltrates and gray matter lesions in MS patients. These findings suggest that CD8 T cells and CNS Ags other than myelin proteins may be involved during the MS disease process. In this article, we show that CD8 T cells reactive to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a protein expressed in astrocytes, can avoid tolerance mechanisms and, depending upon the T cell-triggering event, drive unique aspects of inflammatory CNS autoimmunity. In GFAP-specific CD8 TCR-transgenic (BG1) mice, tissue resident memory-like CD8 T cells spontaneously infiltrate the gray matter and white matter of the CNS, resulting in a relapsing-remitting CNS autoimmunity. The frequency, severity, and remissions from spontaneous disease are controlled by the presence of polyclonal B cells. In contrast, a viral trigger induces GFAP-specific CD8 T effector cells to exclusively target the meninges and vascular/perivascular space of the gray and white matter of the brain, causing a rapid, acute CNS disease. These findings demonstrate that the type of CD8 T cell-triggering event can determine the presentation of distinct CNS autoimmune disease pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiro Sasaki
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
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417
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Zajac AJ, Harrington LE. Tissue-resident T cells lose their S1P1 exit visas. Cell Mol Immunol 2014; 11:221-3. [PMID: 24561454 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2014.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Allan J Zajac
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294 United States
| | - Laurie E Harrington
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294 United States
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418
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Gong C, Linderman JJ, Kirschner D. Harnessing the heterogeneity of T cell differentiation fate to fine-tune generation of effector and memory T cells. Front Immunol 2014; 5:57. [PMID: 24600448 PMCID: PMC3928592 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies show that naïve T cells bearing identical T cell receptors experience heterogeneous differentiation and clonal expansion processes. The factors controlling this outcome are not well characterized, and their contributions to immune cell dynamics are similarly poorly understood. In this study, we develop a computational model to elaborate mechanisms occurring within and between two important physiological compartments, lymph nodes and blood, to determine how immune cell dynamics are controlled. Our multi-organ (multi-compartment) model integrates cellular and tissue level events and allows us to examine the heterogeneous differentiation of individual precursor cognate naïve T cells to generate both effector and memory T lymphocytes. Using this model, we simulate a hypothetical immune response and reproduce both primary and recall responses to infection. Increased numbers of antigen-bearing dendritic cells (DCs) are predicted to raise production of both effector and memory T cells, and distinct “sweet spots” of peptide-MHC levels on those DCs exist that favor CD4+ or CD8+ T cell differentiation toward either effector or memory cell phenotypes. This has important implications for vaccine development and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Gong
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| | - Jennifer J Linderman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| | - Denise Kirschner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
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419
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Newell EW, Davis MM. Beyond model antigens: high-dimensional methods for the analysis of antigen-specific T cells. Nat Biotechnol 2014; 32:149-57. [PMID: 24441473 PMCID: PMC4001742 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive immune responses often begin with the formation of a molecular complex between a T-cell receptor (TCR) and a peptide antigen bound to a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule. These complexes are highly variable, however, due to the polymorphism of MHC genes, the random, inexact recombination of TCR gene segments, and the vast array of possible self and pathogen peptide antigens. As a result, it has been very difficult to comprehensively study the TCR repertoire or identify and track more than a few antigen-specific T cells in mice or humans. For mouse studies, this had led to a reliance on model antigens and TCR transgenes. The study of limited human clinical samples, in contrast, requires techniques that can simultaneously survey TCR phenotype and function, and TCR reactivity to many T-cell epitopes. Thanks to recent advances in single-cell and cytometry methodologies, as well as high-throughput sequencing of the TCR repertoire, we now have or will soon have the tools needed to comprehensively analyze T-cell responses in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan W. Newell
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Singapore 138648
| | - Mark M. Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA 94305
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420
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Crompton JG, Sukumar M, Restifo NP. Uncoupling T-cell expansion from effector differentiation in cell-based immunotherapy. Immunol Rev 2014; 257:264-276. [PMID: 24329803 PMCID: PMC3915736 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive cellular immunotherapy (ACT) is a potentially curative therapy for patients with advanced cancer. Eradication of tumor in mouse models and humans correlates with both a high dose of adoptively transferred cells and cells with a minimally differentiated phenotype that maintain replicative capacity and multipotency. We speculate that response to ACT not only requires transfer of cells with immediate cytolytic effector function to kill the bulk of fast-growing tumor but also transfer of tumor-specific cells that maintain an ability for self-renewal and the capacity to produce a continual supply of cytolytic effector progeny until all malignant cells are eliminated. Current in vitro methods to expand cells to sufficient numbers and still maintain a minimally differentiated phenotype are hindered by the biological coupling of clonal expansion and effector differentiation. Therefore, a better understanding of the physiologic mechanism that couples cell expansion and differentiation in CD8(+) T cells may improve the efficacy of ACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G. Crompton
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Madhusudhanan Sukumar
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas P. Restifo
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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421
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Niggli V. Insights into the mechanism for dictating polarity in migrating T-cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 312:201-70. [PMID: 25262243 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800178-3.00007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review is focused on mechanisms of chemokine-induced polarization of T-lymphocytes. Polarization involves, starting from spherical cells, formation of a morphologically and functionally different rear (uropod) and front (leading edge). This polarization is required for efficient random and directed T-cell migration. The addressed topics concern the specific location of cell organelles and of receptors, signaling molecules, and cytoskeletal proteins in chemokine-stimulated polarized T-cells. In chemokine-stimulated, polarized T-cells, specific proteins, signaling molecules and organelles show enrichment either in the rear, the midzone, or the front; different from the random location in spherical resting cells. Possible mechanisms involved in this asymmetric location will be discussed. A major topic is also the functional role of proteins and cell organelles in T-cell polarization and migration. Specifically, the roles of adhesion and chemokine receptors, cytoskeletal proteins, signaling molecules, scaffolding proteins, and membrane microdomains in these processes will be discussed. The polarity which is established during contact formation of T-cells with antigen-presenting cells is not discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Niggli
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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422
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Griffith JW, Sokol CL, Luster AD. Chemokines and chemokine receptors: positioning cells for host defense and immunity. Annu Rev Immunol 2014; 32:659-702. [PMID: 24655300 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1330] [Impact Index Per Article: 133.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines that control the migratory patterns and positioning of all immune cells. Although chemokines were initially appreciated as important mediators of acute inflammation, we now know that this complex system of approximately 50 endogenous chemokine ligands and 20 G protein-coupled seven-transmembrane signaling receptors is also critical for the generation of primary and secondary adaptive cellular and humoral immune responses. Recent studies demonstrate important roles for the chemokine system in the priming of naive T cells, in cell fate decisions such as effector and memory cell differentiation, and in regulatory T cell function. In this review, we focus on recent advances in understanding how the chemokine system orchestrates immune cell migration and positioning at the organismic level in homeostasis, in acute inflammation, and during the generation and regulation of adoptive primary and secondary immune responses in the lymphoid system and peripheral nonlymphoid tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Griffith
- Center for Immunology & Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; , ,
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423
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Abstract
Influenza virus infection induces a potent initial innate immune response, which serves to limit the extent of viral replication and virus spread. However, efficient (and eventual) viral clearance within the respiratory tract requires the subsequent activation, rapid proliferation, recruitment, and expression of effector activities by the adaptive immune system, consisting of antibody producing B cells and influenza-specific T lymphocytes with diverse functions. The ensuing effector activities of these T lymphocytes ultimately determine (along with antibodies) the capacity of the host to eliminate the viruses and the extent of tissue damage. In this review, we describe this effector T cell response to influenza virus infection. Based on information largely obtained in experimental settings (i.e., murine models), we will illustrate the factors regulating the induction of adaptive immune T cell responses to influenza, the effector activities displayed by these activated T cells, the mechanisms underlying the expression of these effector mechanisms, and the control of the activation/differentiation of these T cells, in situ, in the infected lungs.
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424
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Murooka TT, Mempel TR. Intravital microscopy in BLT-humanized mice to study cellular dynamics in HIV infection. J Infect Dis 2013; 208 Suppl 2:S137-44. [PMID: 24151320 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Humanized mouse models have, over the past few years, seen dramatic improvements, including the colonization of both lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues with all major immune cell lineages, the development of T cells with human major histocompatibility complex restriction, and the ability to mount functional adaptive immune responses to human pathogens, as documented in some instances. This has greatly increased the range of questions related to the biology of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection that can be usefully addressed through experimental approaches utilizing small animal models. Among these approaches is in vivo imaging, and specifically multiphoton intravital microscopy (MP-IVM), which allows for the investigation of dynamic biological processes at cellular and subcellular resolution in the tissues of live animals. We have recently begun to use MP-IVM in lymph nodes of humanized mice in order to examine HIV infectious spread in vivo at the tissue and cellular level. Here, we provide a short perspective on the close link between the patterns of immune cell migration and the mechanisms of viral dissemination, and summarize the results of our initial studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas T Murooka
- The Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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425
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Zhang W, Nasu T, Yasuda M. A mechanism for selective lymphocyte homing in bovine hemal nodes. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 156:211-4. [PMID: 24183590 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The distribution and abundance of MECA-79(+) cells in bovine hemal nodes (HNs) was analyzed. In addition, T cell subsets which expressed the homing receptor l-selectin were analyzed by flow cytometry. The frequency of MECA-79(+) HNs varied depending on the location. There were 61, 33, and 17% MECA-79(+) HN in the subcutaneous region, along the abdominal aorta and in the mesenteric region, respectively. MECA-79(+) cells in mesenteric lymph nodes were mainly distributed in the paracortex. Many MECA-79(+) cells were distributed in the perifollicular area of HNs and a few positive cells were also located in the paracortical and interfollicular areas. CD4(+) and CD8(+)l-selectin(+) cells were significantly higher in MECA-79(+) HNs compared to MECA-79(-) HNs. The data suggest that a selective lymphocyte homing mechanism exists in bovine HNs, which could be related to functional differences between locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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426
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Teijeira A, Rouzaut A, Melero I. Initial afferent lymphatic vessels controlling outbound leukocyte traffic from skin to lymph nodes. Front Immunol 2013; 4:433. [PMID: 24368908 PMCID: PMC3856852 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue drains fluid and macromolecules through lymphatic vessels (LVs), which are lined by a specialized endothelium that expresses peculiar differentiation proteins, not found in blood vessels (i.e., LYVE-1, Podoplanin, PROX-1, and VEGFR-3). Lymphatic capillaries are characteristically devoid of a continuous basal membrane and are anchored to the ECM by elastic fibers that act as pulling ropes which open the vessel to avoid edema if tissue volume increases, as it occurs upon inflammation. LVs are also crucial for the transit of T lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells from tissue to draining lymph nodes (LN). Importantly, cell traffic control across lymphatic endothelium is differently regulated under resting and inflammatory conditions. Under steady-state non-inflammatory conditions, leukocytes enter into the lymphatic capillaries through basal membrane gaps (portals). This entrance is integrin-independent and seems to be mainly guided by CCL21 chemokine gradients acting on leukocytes expressing CCR7. In contrast, inflammatory processes in lymphatic capillaries involve a plethora of cytokines, chemokines, leukocyte integrins, and other adhesion molecules. Importantly, under inflammation a role for integrins and their ligands becomes apparent and, as a consequence, the number of leukocytes entering the lymphatic capillaries multiplies several-fold. Enhancing transmigration of dendritic cells en route to LN is conceivably useful for vaccination and cancer immunotherapy, whereas interference with such key mechanisms may ameliorate autoimmunity or excessive inflammation. Recent findings illustrate how, transient cell-to-cell interactions between lymphatic endothelial cells and leukocytes contribute to shape the subsequent behavior of leukocytes and condition the LV for subsequent trans-migratory events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Teijeira
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Universidad de Navarra , Pamplona , Spain
| | - Ana Rouzaut
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Universidad de Navarra , Pamplona , Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Clínica Universitaria, Universidad de Navarra , Pamplona , Spain
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427
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Mackay LK, Gebhardt T. Tissue-resident memory T cells: local guards of the thymus. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:2259-62. [PMID: 23908099 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
T-cell surveillance of nonlymphoid tissues has traditionally been ascribed to recirculating memory T cells that continuously patrol the body. Extending this concept, recent evidence suggests that T cells also exist as nonmigratory memory cells that provide local immune protection in a broad range of peripheral tissues, including barrier locations such as skin and mucosa. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Pircher and colleagues [Eur. J. Immunol. 2013. 43: 2295-2304] demonstrate, for the first time, the existence of such permanently tissue-resident CD8(+) memory T (TRM) cells in a primary lymphoid organ, the thymus. TRM cells in this location provide potent local immunity, which may help to preserve thymic integrity and normal T-cell development in the face of infection with thymus-invading pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Mackay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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428
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Abstract
Previously, clinical approaches to using the immune system against cancer focused on vaccines that intended to specifically initiate or amplify a host response against evolving tumours. Although vaccine approaches have had some clinical success, most cancer vaccines fail to induce objective tumour shrinkage in patients. More-recent approaches have centred on a series of molecules known as immune checkpoints-whose natural function is to restrain or dampen a potentially over-exuberant response. Blocking immune checkpoint molecules with monoclonal antibodies has emerged as a viable clinical strategy that mediates tumour shrinkage in several cancer types. In addition to being part of the current treatment armamentarium for metastatic melanoma, immune checkpoint blockade is currently undergoing phase III testing in several cancer types.
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429
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Mollo SB, Zajac AJ, Harrington LE. Temporal requirements for B cells in the establishment of CD4 T cell memory. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:6052-9. [PMID: 24218454 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
CD4 T cell memory generation is shaped by a number of factors, including the strength and duration of TCR signaling, as well as the priming environment, all of which can be modified by B cells. Studies using B cell-deficient mice indicate B cells play a critical role in generating effector and memory CD4 T cells; however, when and how B cells are acting to promote these responses has not yet been ascertained. In this study, we use anti-CD20 Ab depletion of B cells at different times following Listeria monocytogenes infection to show that B cells are necessary for the induction of optimal CD4 T cell memory, but not for the transition and maintenance of this population. Importantly, the prerequisite of B cells early postinfection is partially dependent on their expression of MHC class II. B cells are not only required during the priming phase, but also necessary for the initiation of robust secondary responses by memory CD4 T cells. Interestingly, the requirement during the recall response is independent of B cell Ag presentation. Overall, these studies demonstrate the temporally and functionally distinct roles for B cells in regulating CD4 T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Mollo
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
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430
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Banczyk D, Kalies K, Nachbar L, Bergmann L, Schmidt P, Bode U, Teegen B, Steven P, Lange T, Textor J, Ludwig RJ, Stöcker W, König P, Bell E, Westermann J. Activated CD4+ T cells enter the splenic T-cell zone and induce autoantibody-producing germinal centers through bystander activation. Eur J Immunol 2013; 44:93-102. [PMID: 24114675 PMCID: PMC4209793 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T (helper) cells migrate in huge numbers through lymphoid organs. However, little is known about traffic routes and kinetics of CD4(+) T-cell subsets within different organ compartments. Such information is important because there are indications that CD4(+) T cells may influence the function of microenvironments depending on their developmental stage. Therefore, we investigated the migration of resting (naïve), activated, and recently activated (memory) CD4(+) T cells through the different compartments of the spleen. Resting and recently activated CD4(+) T cells were separated from thoracic duct lymph and activated CD4(+) T cells were generated in vitro by cross-linking the T-cell receptor and CD28. The present study shows that all three CD4(+) T-cell subsets selectively accumulate in the T-cell zone of the spleen. However, only activated T cells induce the formation of germinal centers (GCs) and autoantibodies in rats and mice. Our results suggest that in a two-step process they first activate B cells independent of the T-cell receptor repertoire and CD40 ligand (CD154) expression. The activated B cells then form GCs whereby CD154-dependent T-cell help is needed. Thus, activated T cells may contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases by activating autoreactive B cells in an Ag-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Banczyk
- Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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431
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Bellone M, Calcinotto A. Ways to enhance lymphocyte trafficking into tumors and fitness of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. Front Oncol 2013; 3:231. [PMID: 24062984 PMCID: PMC3769630 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor is a hostile microenvironment for T lymphocytes. Indeed, irregular blood flow, and endothelial cell (EC) anergy that characterize most solid tumors hamper leukocyte adhesion, extravasation, and infiltration. In addition, hypoxia and reprograming of energy metabolism within cancer cells transform the tumor mass in a harsh environment that limits survival and effector functions of T cells, regardless of being induced in vivo by vaccination or adoptively transferred. In this review, we will summarize on recent advances in our understanding of the characteristics of tumor-associated neo-angiogenic vessels as well as of the tumor metabolism that may impact on T cell trafficking and fitness of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. In particular, we will focus on how advances in knowledge of the characteristics of tumor ECs have enabled identifying strategies to normalize the tumor-vasculature and/or overcome EC anergy, thus increasing leukocyte-vessel wall interactions and lymphocyte infiltration in tumors. We will also focus on drugs acting on cells and their released molecules to transiently render the tumor microenvironment more suitable for tumor infiltrating T lymphocytes, thus increasing the therapeutic effectiveness of both active and adoptive immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Bellone
- Cellular Immunology Unit, Department of Immunology, Infectious Diseases and Transplantation, San Raffaele Scientific Institute , Milan , Italy
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432
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Liu Y, Yin Y, Wang L, Zhang W, Chen X, Yang X, Xu J, Ma G. Engineering Biomaterial-Associated Complement Activation to Improve Vaccine Efficacy. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:3321-8. [DOI: 10.1021/bm400930k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, PLA Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Ying Yin
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody
Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Lianyan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, PLA Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, PLA Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, PLA Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, PLA Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Junjie Xu
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody
Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Guanghui Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, PLA Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
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433
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Newell EW, Lin W. High-dimensional analysis of human CD8(+) T cell phenotype, function, and antigen specificity. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2013; 377:61-84. [PMID: 24096316 DOI: 10.1007/82_2013_354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Antigen-specific T cells are critical initiators and orchestrators of the adaptive immune response. Categorizing antigen-specific T cell subsets is not a simple task given the diversity of these cells and the large number of parameters that can be considered. Here, we focus on human CD8(+) T cells and discuss the utility of high-dimensional mass cytometric analysis techniques for the concurrent identification and characterization of antigen-specific T cells involved in immunological homeostasis and disease. We first provide an overview of previously identified T cell subsets. We then discuss the segregation of antigen-specific T cells based on protein expression through surface and/or intracellular staining, on functional capacity through measurement expression of cytokines or other inducible markers, and on the antigen-specificity of the cell assessed using peptide-major histocompatibility complex multimers. High-dimensional mass cytometry enables a deeper and more integrated view of all three aspects of antigen-specific T cell diversity than do traditional techniques. Use of mass cytometry for precise measurement of the status of antigen-specific immune responses should result in better prediction of vaccine efficacy and disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan W Newell
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A-STAR), Singapore, 138648, Republic of Singapore,
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