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Approximate Mortality Risks between Hyperuricemia and Diabetes in the United States. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8122127. [PMID: 31816820 PMCID: PMC6947281 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8122127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to compare mortality risks across uric acid (UA) levels between non-diabetes adults and participants with diabetes and to investigate the association between hyperuricemia and mortality risks in low-risk adults. Methods: We analyzed data from adults aged >18 years without coronary heart disease and chronic kidney disease (n = 29,226) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999–2010) and the associated mortality data (up to December 2011). We used the Cox proportional hazards models to examine the risk of all-cause and cause-specific (cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer) mortality at different UA levels between adults with and without diabetes. Results: Over a median follow-up of 6.6 years, 2069 participants died (495 from CVD and 520 from cancers). In non-diabetes adults at UA ≥ 5 mg/dL, all-cause and CVD mortality risks increased across higher UA levels (p-for-trend = 0.037 and 0.058, respectively). The lowest all-cause mortality risk in participants with diabetes was at the UA level of 5–7 mg/dL. We set the non-diabetes participants with UA levels of <7 mg/dL as a reference group. Without considering the effect of glycemic control, the all-cause mortality risk in non-diabetes participants with UA levels of ≥7 mg/dL was equivalent to risk among diabetes adults with UA levels of <7 mg/dL (hazard ratio = 1.44 vs. 1.57, p = 0.49). A similar result was shown in CVD mortality risk (hazard ratio = 1.80 vs. 2.06, p = 0.56). Conclusion: Hyperuricemia may be an indicator to manage multifaceted cardiovascular risk factors in low-risk adults without diabetes, but further studies and replication are warranted.
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402
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Yang KJ, Kim JH, Chang YK, Park CW, Kim SY, Hong YA. Inhibition of xanthine oxidoreductase protects against contrast-induced renal tubular injury by activating adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 145:209-220. [PMID: 31560952 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a pivotal role in the development of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN). The inhibition of xanthine oxidoreductase is known to reduce levels of ROS. We investigated whether febuxostat could attenuate oxidative stress via the activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) against CIN. In a mouse model of CIN, renal impairment and tubular injury substantially increased, whereas febuxostat attenuated renal injury. Plasma and kidney xanthine oxidoreductase levels were decreased by febuxostat. Febuxostat administration was accompanied by the upregulation of AMPK phosphorylation and the inhibition of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (Nox)1 and Nox2, followed by the inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and heme oxygenase-1 expressions and the suppression of transcription factor forkhead box O (FoxO)1 and FoxO3a phosphorylation. Cell survival was significantly reduced after iohexol administration and febuxostat ameliorated iohexol-induced cell death in proximal tubular (HK-2) cells. Furthermore, febuxostat enhanced AMPK phosphorylation and inhibited Nox1, Nox2, and HIF-1α expression in iohexol-exposed HK-2 cells. Finally, these processes decrease ROS in both in vivo and in vitro models of CIN. AMPK inhibition using small interfering RNA blunted the antioxidative effects of febuxostat in iohexol-treated HK-2 cells. Febuxostat attenuated CIN by modulating oxidative stress through AMPK-NADPH oxidase-HIF-1α signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keum-Jin Yang
- Clinical Research Institute, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Kyung Chang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Whee Park
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Young Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Ah Hong
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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403
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Cardiovascular Disease in Gout and the Protective Effect of Treatments Including Urate-Lowering Therapy. Drugs 2019; 79:531-541. [PMID: 30868398 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-019-01081-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease affects more than 90 million Americans. Recent studies support an increased cardiovascular disease risk in inflammatory conditions, such as gout. Increased serum urate levels, or hyperuricemia, are a precursor to gout. Data from meta-analyses have shown hyperuricemia to be linked to hypertension and coronary heart disease. Similarly, gout has been associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accidents, and death from cardiovascular disease in randomized clinical trials. Urate-lowering therapy reduces serum urate and may decrease systemic inflammation, generation of oxidative species, and reverses endothelial dysfunction through hyperuricemia-dependent or hyperuricemia-independent pathways. Cardioprotective benefits of allopurinol, a first-line agent for the treatment of gout, have been demonstrated to potentially prevent myocardial infarction, stroke, atrial fibrillation, and other cardiovascular diseases in observational studies in select populations. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have also examined the role of newer urate-lowering therapies, such as febuxostat and lesinurad, and their risk of cardiovascular-specific mortality in comparison to allopurinol. A large post-marketing study of febuxostat vs. allopurinol showed higher all-cause and cardiovascular-specific mortality in the febuxostat group than in the allopurinol group; a major study limitation was that large numbers of patients were lost to follow-up or discontinued treatment. RCTs are required to assess the comparative effectiveness of urate-lowering therapies, validate findings of observational studies, and to determine which subgroup populations of gout are most likely to benefit from appropriate long-term urate-lowering therapy. This review examines the data for increased cardiovascular disease in gout and potential underlying mechanisms (including hyperuricemia, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress) and the effect of urate-lowering therapy on cardiovascular disease.
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404
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De Becker B, Coremans C, Chaumont M, Delporte C, Van Antwerpen P, Franck T, Rousseau A, Zouaoui Boudjeltia K, Cullus P, van de Borne P. Severe Hypouricemia Impairs Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilatation and Reduces Blood Pressure in Healthy Young Men: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, and Crossover Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 8:e013130. [PMID: 31752638 PMCID: PMC6912967 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.013130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Uric acid (UA) is a plasmatic antioxidant that has possible effects on blood pressure. The effects of UA on endothelial function are unclear. We hypothesize that endothelial function is not impaired unless significant UA depletion is achieved through selective xanthine oxidase inhibition with febuxostat and recombinant uricase (rasburicase). Methods and Results Microvascular hyperemia, induced by iontophoresis of acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside, and heating‐induced local hyperemia after iontophoresis of saline and a specific nitric oxide synthase inhibitor were assessed by laser Doppler imaging. Blood pressure and renin‐angiotensin system markers were measured, and arterial stiffness was assessed. CRP (C‐reactive protein), allantoin, chlorotyrosine/tyrosine ratio, homocitrulline/lysine ratio, myeloperoxidase activity, malondialdehyde, and interleukin‐8 were used to characterize inflammation and oxidative stress. Seventeen young healthy men were enrolled in a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, 3‐way crossover study. The 3 compared conditions were placebo, febuxostat alone, and febuxostat together with rasburicase. The allantoin (μmol/L)/UA (μmol/L) ratio differed between sessions (P<0.0001). During the febuxostat‐rasburicase session, heating‐induced hyperemia became altered in the presence of nitric oxide synthase inhibition; and systolic blood pressure, angiotensin II, and myeloperoxidase activity decreased (P≤0.03 versus febuxostat). The aldosterone concentration decreased in the febuxostat‐rasburicase group (P=0.01). Malondialdehyde increased when UA concentration decreased (both P<0.01 for febuxostat and febuxostat‐rasburicase versus placebo). Other parameters remained unchanged. Conclusions A large and short‐term decrease in UA in humans alters heat‐induced endothelium‐dependent microvascular vasodilation, slightly reduces systolic blood pressure through renin‐angiotensin system activity reduction, and markedly reduces myeloperoxidase activity when compared with moderate UA reduction. A moderate or severe hypouricemia leads to an increase in lipid peroxidation through loss of antioxidant capacity of plasma. Clinical Trial Registration URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT03395977.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin De Becker
- Department of Cardiology Erasme Hospital Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels Belgium
| | - Catherine Coremans
- Department A: Research in Drug Development (RD3)-Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery and Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels Belgium
| | - Martin Chaumont
- Department of Cardiology Erasme Hospital Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels Belgium
| | - Cédric Delporte
- Department A: Research in Drug Development (RD3)-Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery and Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels Belgium
| | - Pierre Van Antwerpen
- Department A: Research in Drug Development (RD3)-Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery and Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels Belgium
| | - Thierry Franck
- Centre of Oxygen, Research and Development Institute of Chemistry B 6a University of Liège-Sart Tilman Liège Belgium
| | - Alexandre Rousseau
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB 222) Medicine Faculty Université Libre de Bruxelles Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Charleroi, Hopital Vesale Montigny-le-Tilleul Belgium
| | - Karim Zouaoui Boudjeltia
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB 222) Medicine Faculty Université Libre de Bruxelles Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Charleroi, Hopital Vesale Montigny-le-Tilleul Belgium
| | - Pierre Cullus
- Biostatistics Department Medicine Faculty Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels Belgium
| | - Philippe van de Borne
- Department of Cardiology Erasme Hospital Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels Belgium
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405
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Dotinurad: a novel selective urate reabsorption inhibitor as a future therapeutic option for hyperuricemia. Clin Exp Nephrol 2019; 24:1-5. [PMID: 31754883 PMCID: PMC7066308 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-019-01811-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Gout is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by precipitation of urate crystals in the joints, kidneys, and urinary tract. Independent of urate deposition disorders, recent studies have shown a positive association between circulating uric acid (UA) levels and cardiovascular (CV) diseases. These results indicate that UA is a precipitating factor of both gout and the progression of CV diseases, including hypertension and/or chronic kidney disease (CKD). A large body of evidence has shown that UA-lowering therapies are effective in preventing the progression of hypertension/CKD and that a causal relationship exists between serum UA level and CV diseases. Despite the urgent need for effective UA-lowering drugs that can be used to obtain better therapeutic outcomes and prognosis, only few drugs have been developed in the past decades. Recently, febuxostat and topiroxostat, which are xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitors, were developed and used in clinical practice. Of note, after the approval of lesinurad, which is a urate transporter-1 (URAT-1) inhibitor, in the United States in 2015, dotinurad (Fig. 1), a novel promising drug with selective UA reabsorption inhibitory property, was recently developed in Japan in 2018. Dotinurad is indicated for patients with hyperuricemia/gout as most patients with hyperuricemia are classified into “underexcretion type”, which requires the inhibition of URAT-1 to excrete excess UA via the kidney. Focusing on dotinurad, the present study highlighted the multifaceted preliminary new trials that assessed for drug efficacy and safety, pharmacokinetics (PK) according to age and gender, the presence or absence of liver and kidney disorders, drug interactions with NSAID, and non-inferiority of dotinurad to either febuxostat or benzbromarone. A series of studies included in this supplemental review indicate that dotinurad reduces serum UA levels, and its efficacy and safety are similar to those of other UA-lowering agents currently used even in hyperuricemic patients with various clinical conditions. Moreover, two exploratory studies with a small sample size were conducted to compare PK parameters between patients with overproduction- and underexcretion-type hyperuricemia, and results showed that the effects of UA-lowering agents were comparable between the two subtype groups.Chemical structural formula of dotinurad ![]()
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407
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Kielstein JT, Heisterkamp M, Jing J, Nadal J, Schmid M, Kronenberg F, Busch M, Sommerer C, Lorenzen JM, Eckardt KU, Köttgen A. Spectrum and dosing of urate-lowering drugs in a large cohort of chronic kidney disease patients and their effect on serum urate levels: a cross-sectional analysis from the German Chronic Kidney Disease study. Clin Kidney J 2019; 14:277-283. [PMID: 33564429 PMCID: PMC7857844 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfz136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite a plethora of studies on the effect of urate-lowering therapy (ULT) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), current guidelines on the treatment of hyperuricaemia and gout vary, especially concerning the need for dose adjustment of allopurinol, whose main metabolite is accumulating with declining renal function. Data on allopurinol dosing and its relationship to renal function, co-medication and sex and the resulting urate level in large cohorts are missing. Methods We studied a subgroup of 2378 patients of the German Chronic Kidney Disease (GCKD) study to determine prescription patterns of ULT among CKD patients under nephrological care and the relationship of ULT dose to urate levels. Prescription and dosing of ULT were manually abstracted from the patient’s paper charts at the baseline visit, in which all currently used medications and their dosing were recorded. Results In this cohort, 39.6% were women, the mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was 51.3 ± 19.3 mL/min/1.73 m2 and the mean age was 59.0 ± 12.4 years. Of the 2378 examined patients, 666 (28.0%) received ULT. The dose of ULT was available for 572 patients. The main ULT agent was allopurinol (94.4%), followed by febuxostat (2.9%) and benzbromarone (2.6%). Of the 540 patients who used allopurinol with a reported daily dose, 480 had an eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and 320 had an eGFR <45 mL/min/1.73 m2, 31.5% of the latter (n = 101) received a dose >150 mg/day, the recommended maximal dose for this level of eGFR. The prescribed dose was not related to eGFR: the median eGFR for patients taking 100, 150 and 300 mg/day was 40 [interquartile range (IQR) 32–49], 43 (34–52) and 42 (35–54) mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively. Patients with lower doses of allopurinol had higher serum urate levels than patients with higher (than recommended) allopurinol doses. Sex, alcohol intake, eGFR, use of diuretics and treatment with allopurinol were independent determinants of serum urate levels in multivariate regression analysis. Conclusions The most frequently used drug to lower serum urate levels in this CKD cohort was allopurinol. Even in patients regularly seen by nephrologists, the dose of allopurinol is often not adjusted to the current eGFR. Patients with higher ULT doses achieved better control of their serum urate levels. Lowering of serum urate in CKD patients requires balancing potential adverse effects of allopurinol with suboptimal control of serum urate levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan T Kielstein
- Medical Clinic V: Nephrology
- Rheumatology
- Blood Purification, Academic Teaching Hospital Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Nephrology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Markus Heisterkamp
- Medical Clinic V: Nephrology
- Rheumatology
- Blood Purification, Academic Teaching Hospital Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Nephrology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jiaojiao Jing
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Nadal
- Institute for Medical Informatics and Epidemiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmid
- Institute for Medical Informatics and Epidemiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Florian Kronenberg
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Busch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Claudia Sommerer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johan M Lorenzen
- Medical Clinic V: Nephrology
- Rheumatology
- Blood Purification, Academic Teaching Hospital Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Nephrology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Eckardt
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Köttgen
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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408
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El-Mahdy NA, Saleh DA, Amer MS, Abu-Risha SES. Role of allopurinol and febuxostat in the amelioration of dextran-induced colitis in rats. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 141:105116. [PMID: 31654756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis is a chronic auto-inflammatory disorder confined to the colorectal region. It is challenging to find an absolute treatment and current therapy aims to ameliorate symptoms, decrease relapses and prevent prognosis of colorectal cancer. In the present study, we investigated the possible action of xanthine oxidase inhibitors in murine colitis model by measuring different indicative parameters and comparing the results to those of the reference sulfasalazine. Also, we compared the effects of combining sulfasalazine and allopurinol to each drug alone. Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS) is used in this study to induce ulcerative colitis in male wistar rats as it is known to be the closest model that mimics human ulcerative colitis. Allopurinol was given prior to colitis induction by four days and febuxostat for six days before induction with DSS (5% w/v) and continue to give them concomitantly during the induction.Il-1β, malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione (GSH), xanthine oxidase, and superoxide dismutase were measured in colonic tissue. We also measured concentrations of IL-1β, Il-6 and uric acid in serum. Allopurinol dose-dependently ameliorated biochemical injuries. Febuxostat has shown better results than allopurinol and sulfasalazine, and this is the first study to demonstrate this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nageh Ahmed El-Mahdy
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Dina Ali Saleh
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
| | - Magdy Salah Amer
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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409
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Dalbeth N, Reid S, Stamp LK, Arroll B. Making the right thing the easy thing to do: strategies to improve outcomes in gout. THE LANCET. RHEUMATOLOGY 2019; 1:e122-e131. [PMID: 38229339 DOI: 10.1016/s2665-9913(19)30004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The burden of gout is increasing worldwide. Although urate-lower ing drugs have been available for more than half a century, the initiation and persistence of urate-lowering therapy remain low. Health-care system, practitioner, and patient barriers contribute to the clinical inertia in gout management. Pervasive beliefs about gout as a disease of an indulgent lifestyle that should be managed primarily with dietary modification are key barriers that prevent patients from receiving effective therapy. In light of safety concerns about newer urate-lowering medications, allopurinol, an inexpensive generic medication, is likely to remain the first-line urate-lowering therapy for the foreseeable future. Ensuring that allopurinol is optimally and persistently prescribed is a priority for improved gout management. A health literacy approach that focuses on patient understanding of gout as a chronic disease that requires behaviour change to take long term urate-lowering therapy is important. This approach provides a clear rationale for long-term urate-lowering therapy that is able to dissolve the monosodium urate crystals and ultimately prevent the symptoms of gout. Patient-centred models that use the skills of nurses and pharmacists to facilitate patient understanding can lead to major improvements in gout care. Additionally, systematic quality improvement approaches within practices, while reducing inconvenience and cost to patients, should be a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Dalbeth
- Department of Medicine, Health Literacy New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Susan Reid
- University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lisa K Stamp
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Bruce Arroll
- Department of General Practice and Primary Healthcare, Health Literacy New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
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410
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Liu CW, Chang WC, Lee CC, Shau WY, Hsu FS, Wang ML, Chen TC, Lo C, Hwang JJ. The net clinical benefits of febuxostat versus allopurinol in patients with gout or asymptomatic hyperuricemia - A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2019; 29:1011-1022. [PMID: 31378626 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Systemic reviews and meta-analyses suggest hyperuricemia is a cardiovascular risk factor. The effects of xanthine oxidase inhibitors on cardiac outcomes remain unclear. We assessed the effects of febuxostat and allopurinol on mortality and adverse reactions in adult patients with hyperuricemia. METHODS AND RESULTS PubMed and EMBASE were searched to retrieve randomized controlled trials of febuxostat and allopurinol from January 2005 to July 2018. The meta-analysis consisted of 13 randomized controlled trials with a combined sample size of 13,539 patients. Febuxostat vs. allopurinol was not associated with an increased risk of cardiac-related mortality in the overall population (OR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.24-2.13, P = 0.55). Regarding adverse skin reactions, the patients receiving febuxostat had significantly fewer adverse skin reactions than those receiving allopurinol treatment (OR: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.30-085, P = 0.01). Compared with allopurinol, febuxostat was associated with an improved safety outcome of cardiac-related mortality and adverse skin reactions (OR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.55-0.96, P = 0.02). The net clinical outcome, composite of incident gout and the safety outcome, was not different significantly in the patients receiving febuxostat or allopurinol (OR: 1.04, 95% CI: 0.76-0.1.42, P = 0.79). In sensitivity analyses, a borderline significance was found in the patients randomized to febuxostat vs. allopurinol regarding cardiac-related mortality (OR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.00-1.67, P = 0.05) after the CARES study was included. CONCLUSION Febuxostat vs. allopurinol was associated with the improved safety outcome and have comparable mortality and net clinical outcome in patients with hyperuricemia. REGISTRATION NUMBER PROSPERO(CRD42018091657).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wei Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital Songshan Branch, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Cardiology Division of Cardiovascular Medical Center, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Cheng Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital Songshan Branch, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Chin Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yi Shau
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Shun Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Urology, New Taipei City Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Man-Ling Wang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Chih Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiao Lo
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Juey-Jen Hwang
- Departments of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan.
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Zhang M, Solomon DH, Desai RJ, Kang EH, Liu J, Neogi T, Kim SC. Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk in Older Patients With Gout Initiating Febuxostat Versus Allopurinol: Population-Based Cohort Study. Circulation 2019; 138:1116-1126. [PMID: 29899013 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.118.033992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperuricemia and gout are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Xanthine oxidase inhibitors, allopurinol and febuxostat, are the mainstay of urate-lowering treatment for gout and may have different effects on cardiovascular risk in patients with gout. METHODS Using US Medicare claims data (2008-2013), we conducted a cohort study for comparative cardiovascular safety of initiating febuxostat versus allopurinol among patients with gout ≥65 years of age. The primary outcome was a composite end point of hospitalization for myocardial infarction or stroke. Secondary outcomes were individual end points of hospitalization for myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary revascularization, new and recurrent heart failure, and all-cause mortality. We used propensity score matching with a ratio of 1:3 to control for confounding. We estimated incidence rates and hazard ratios for primary and secondary outcomes in the propensity score-matched cohorts of febuxostat and allopurinol initiators. RESULTS We included 24 936 febuxostat initiators propensity score-matched to 74 808 allopurinol initiators. The median age was 76 years, 52% were male, and 12% had cardiovascular disease at baseline. The incidence rate per 100 person-years for the primary outcome was 3.43 in febuxostat and 3.36 in allopurinol initiators. The hazard ratio for the primary outcome was 1.01 (95% CI, 0.94-1.08) in the febuxostat group compared with the allopurinol group. Risk of secondary outcomes including all-cause mortality was similar in both groups, except for a modestly decreased risk of heart failure exacerbation (hazard ratio, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.91-0.99) in febuxostat initiators. The hazard ratio for all-cause mortality associated with long-term use of febuxostat (>3 years) was 1.25 (95% CI, 0.56-2.80) versus allopurinol. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses consistently showed similar cardiovascular risk in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Among a cohort of 99 744 older Medicare patients with gout, overall there was no difference in the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, new-onset heart failure, coronary revascularization, or all-cause mortality between patients initiating febuxostat compared with allopurinol. However, there seemed to be a trend toward an increased, albeit not statistically significant, risk for all-cause mortality in patients who used febuxostat for >3 years versus allopurinol for >3 years. The risk of heart failure exacerbation was slightly lower in febuxostat initiators.
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Affiliation(s)
- MaryAnn Zhang
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.Z., D.H.S., R.D., S.C.K.)
| | - Daniel H Solomon
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.Z., D.H.S., R.D., S.C.K.)
| | - Rishi J Desai
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.Z., D.H.S., R.D., S.C.K.)
| | - Eun Ha Kang
- Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea (E.H.K.)
| | | | - Tuhina Neogi
- Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (T.N.)
| | - Seoyoung C Kim
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.Z., D.H.S., R.D., S.C.K.)
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412
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Shin DH. To treat or not to treat asymptomatic hyperuricemia in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Res Clin Pract 2019; 38:257-259. [PMID: 31474091 PMCID: PMC6727889 DOI: 10.23876/j.krcp.19.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Ho Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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413
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Castillo-Rodriguez E, Fernandez-Fernandez B, Alegre-Bellassai R, Kanbay M, Ortiz A. The chaos of hypertension guidelines for chronic kidney disease patients. Clin Kidney J 2019; 12:771-777. [PMID: 31807290 PMCID: PMC6885687 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfz126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Three major guidelines deal with blood pressure thresholds and targets for antihypertensive drug therapy in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients: the 2012 Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Blood Pressure in Chronic Kidney Disease; the 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults; and the 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension. However, a careful reading of the three guidelines leaves the practicing physician confused about the definition of CKD, how hypertension and secondary hypertension should be diagnosed in CKD patients and what the blood pressure thresholds, targets and compelling indications of antihypertensive drug therapy should be for this population. Current guidelines refer to different CKD populations and propose different definitions of hypertension, different thresholds to initiate antihypertensive therapy in CKD patients and different BP targets compelling antihypertensive drug use. The different bodies producing guidelines should work together towards a unified definition of CKD, a unified concept of hypertension and unified BP thresholds and targets for hypertensive drug therapy for CKD patients. Otherwise they risk promoting confusion and therapeutic nihilism among physicians and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmeralda Castillo-Rodriguez
- IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, School of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Fundacion Renal Iñigo Alvarez de Toledo-IRSIN, Madrid, Spain.,REDINREN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Fernandez-Fernandez
- IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, School of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Fundacion Renal Iñigo Alvarez de Toledo-IRSIN, Madrid, Spain.,REDINREN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Alegre-Bellassai
- IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, School of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Fundacion Renal Iñigo Alvarez de Toledo-IRSIN, Madrid, Spain.,REDINREN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mehmet Kanbay
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, School of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Fundacion Renal Iñigo Alvarez de Toledo-IRSIN, Madrid, Spain.,REDINREN, Madrid, Spain
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414
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Skeete J, Ridley E, DiPette DJ. Could uric acid reduction by specific xanthine oxidase inhibition improve vascular function and reduce cardiovascular risk? J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2019; 21:1721-1723. [PMID: 31556222 DOI: 10.1111/jch.13693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamario Skeete
- Division of Cardiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Emily Ridley
- Prisma Health Midlands, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Donald J DiPette
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
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415
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Abstract
Gout is a chronic disease caused by monosodium urate (MSU) crystal deposition. Gout typically presents as an acute, self-limiting inflammatory monoarthritis that affects the joints of the lower limb. Elevated serum urate level (hyperuricaemia) is the major risk factor for MSU crystal deposition and development of gout. Although traditionally considered a disorder of purine metabolism, altered urate transport, both in the gut and the kidneys, has a key role in the pathogenesis of hyperuricaemia. Anti-inflammatory agents, such corticosteroids, NSAIDs and colchicine, are widely used for the treatment of gout flare; recognition of the importance of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and bioactive IL-1β release in initiation of the gout flare has led to the development of anti-IL-1β biological therapy for gout flares. Sustained reduction in serum urate levels using urate-lowering therapy is vital in the long-term management of gout, which aims to dissolve MSU crystals, suppress gout flares and resolve tophi. Allopurinol is the first-line urate-lowering therapy and should be started at a low dose, with gradual dose escalation. Low-dose anti-inflammatory therapies can reduce gout flares during initiation of urate-lowering therapy. Models of care, such as nurse-led strategies that focus on patient engagement and education, substantially improve clinical outcomes and now represent best practice for gout management.
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416
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Affiliation(s)
- William B White
- Calhoun Cardiology Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington
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417
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Johnson TA, Kamatani N, Kuwabara M. Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor Withdrawal Syndrome? Comment on the Article by Choi et al. Arthritis Rheumatol 2019; 71:1966-1967. [PMID: 31379099 DOI: 10.1002/art.41066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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418
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Zhang F, Liu Z, Jiang L, Zhang H, Zhao D, Li Y, Zou H, Wang X, Li X, Shi B, Xu J, Yang H, Hu S, Qu S. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Non-Inferiority Study of Febuxostat Versus Allopurinol in Hyperuricemic Chinese Subjects With or Without Gout. Rheumatol Ther 2019; 6:543-557. [PMID: 31531831 PMCID: PMC6858416 DOI: 10.1007/s40744-019-00173-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction This 24-week randomized, double-blind, non-inferiority study compared the efficacy and safety of febuxostat, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, with allopurinol using an up-titration method in hyperuricemic Chinese subjects with or without gout. Methods Eligible adults (serum uric acid [SUA] > 7.0 mg/dl with a history of gout, SUA ≥ 8.0 mg/dl with complications or SUA ≥ 9.0 mg/dl without complications) were randomized (1:1:1) to febuxostat 40 mg/day, 80 mg/day, or allopurinol 300 mg/day. Starting doses of febuxostat 20 mg/day and allopurinol 100 mg/day were up-titrated, up to 16 weeks, to the randomized doses and maintained to week 24. Primary endpoint was non-inferiority of febuxostat 40 mg/day versus allopurinol 300 mg/day based on the percentage of subjects with SUA ≤ 6.0 mg/dl at week 24. The same comparison was made between febuxostat 60 mg/day or 80 mg/day versus allopurinol 300 mg/day. Safety assessments included measurement of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs). Results The per-protocol population comprised 472 subjects. Non-inferiority of febuxostat 40 mg/day versus allopurinol 300 mg/day was not demonstrated based on the protocol-defined margin of − 10% (44.7 vs. 50.0%; − 5.3% difference; 95% confidence interval [CI]: − 16.4%, 5.8%); however, superiority over allopurinol 300 mg/day was demonstrated for febuxostat 60 mg/day at week 16 (66.3 vs. 51.2%; a 15.0% difference; 95% CI: 4.2%, 25.9%) and febuxostat 80 mg/day at week 24 (70.0 vs. 50.0%; a 20.0% difference; 95% CI: 9.3%, 30.7%). The frequency of TEAEs was similar across groups, with gout flares occurring frequently. Conclusions Using a novel dose-titration method, although the primary endpoint of non-inferiority of febuxostat 40 mg/day versus allopurinol 300 mg/day was not reached, non-inferiority and superiority of febuxostat 60 mg/day and 80 mg/day versus allopurinol 300 mg/day was demonstrated at weeks 16 and 24, respectively. Febuxostat demonstrated an acceptable tolerability profile in the treatment of hyperuricemia in Chinese subjects with or without gout. Trial Registration JapicCTI-132106. Funding Astellas Pharma Global Development, Inc. Electronic Supplementary Material The online version of this article (10.1007/s40744-019-00173-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengchun Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhichun Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lindi Jiang
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Dongbao Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hejian Zou
- Department of Rheumatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyue Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People Hospital of Yueyang, Yueyang, Hunan, China
| | - Xiangpei Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Bingyin Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianhua Xu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hongjie Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaoxian Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shen Qu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Zhabei, Shanghai, China
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419
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Computational Drug Repurposing Algorithm Targeting TRPA1 Calcium Channel as a Potential Therapeutic Solution for Multiple Sclerosis. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11090446. [PMID: 31480671 PMCID: PMC6781306 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11090446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS) through neurodegeneration and demyelination, leading to physical/cognitive disability and neurological defects. A viable target for treating MS appears to be the Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) calcium channel, whose inhibition has been shown to have beneficial effects on neuroglial cells and protect against demyelination. Using computational drug discovery and data mining methods, we performed an in silico screening study combining chemical graph mining, quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) modeling, and molecular docking techniques in a global prediction model in order to identify repurposable drugs as potent TRPA1 antagonists that may serve as potential treatments for MS patients. After screening the DrugBank database with the combined generated algorithm, 903 repurposable structures were selected, with 97 displaying satisfactory inhibition probabilities and pharmacokinetics. Among the top 10 most probable inhibitors of TRPA1 with good blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability, desvenlafaxine, paliperidone, and febuxostat emerged as the most promising repurposable agents for treating MS. Molecular docking studies indicated that desvenlafaxine, paliperidone, and febuxostat are likely to induce allosteric TRPA1 channel inhibition. Future in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to confirm the biological activity of the selected hit molecules.
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420
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Presta V, Citoni B, Tocci G. Xanthine oxidase inhibitors in elderly patients with heart failure: useful or useless? Intern Emerg Med 2019; 14:903-905. [PMID: 31087252 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-019-02105-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivianne Presta
- Hypertension Unit, Division of Cardiology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome Sapienza, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Citoni
- Hypertension Unit, Division of Cardiology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome Sapienza, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuliano Tocci
- Hypertension Unit, Division of Cardiology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome Sapienza, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy.
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy.
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421
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Cicero AFG, Cosentino ER, Kuwabara M, Degli Esposti D, Borghi C. Effects of allopurinol and febuxostat on cardiovascular mortality in elderly heart failure patients. Intern Emerg Med 2019; 14:949-956. [PMID: 30864092 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-019-02070-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hyperuricemia is an emerging risk factor for the development of heart failure (HF) and is associated with a worsen prognosis of the disease. The effect of urate lowering drugs (ULT) and, in particular, the xanthine oxidase inhibitor in patients with HF is controversial. The aim of the study is to compare the effects of treatment with two different xanthine oxidase inhibitors (allopurinol or febuxostat) on cardiovascular mortality in elderly patients with chronic HF in a setting of clinical practice. In this observational trial, 255 elderly patients affected by chronic HF and treated with ULT on top of optimal medical treatment for HF. The sample included only outpatients with mild-to-moderate HF mainly secondary to chronic arterial hypertension or coronary artery disease and not previously hospitalized for HF. Patient treated with febuxostat (N. 120) and allopurinol (N. 135) were balanced for most of the baseline variables. In particular age, NYHA class distribution, drug treatment and renal function were comparable at the baseline and during the observation in both groups (p > 0.05). After a mean follow-up period of 5.1 years, the cumulative cardiovascular survival was 0.96 (95% CI 0.93-0.99) in febuxostat-treated patients and 0.89 (95% CI 0.84-0.93) in those treated with allopurinol. The between group difference, adjusted for the main confounding risk factors, was statistically significant (p = 0.04). Our study results suggest that possibility that febuxostat, a selective XO inhibitor, may favorably affect cardiovascular mortality in comparison with allopurinol in elderly patients with mild-to-moderate HF. This preliminary observation deserves further evaluation in the next future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eugenio Roberto Cosentino
- Internal Medicine Unit, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Building 2 -IV Floor - Via Albertoni 15, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Degli Esposti
- Internal Medicine Unit, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Building 2 -IV Floor - Via Albertoni 15, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Borghi
- Internal Medicine Unit, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Building 2 -IV Floor - Via Albertoni 15, 40138, Bologna, Italy
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422
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Tiku A, Badve SV, Johnson DW. Urate-Lowering Therapy for Preventing Kidney Disease Progression: Are We There Yet? Am J Kidney Dis 2019; 72:776-778. [PMID: 30470297 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anushree Tiku
- Department of Nephrology, St George Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Renal and Metabolic Division, The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sunil V Badve
- Department of Nephrology, St George Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Renal and Metabolic Division, The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Australasian Kidney Trials Network, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David W Johnson
- Australasian Kidney Trials Network, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.
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423
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Stamp LK, Frampton C, Drake J, Doughty RN, Troughton RW, Richards AM. Associations of Gout and Baseline Serum Urate Level With Cardiovascular Outcomes: Analysis of the Coronary Disease Cohort Study. Arthritis Rheumatol 2019; 71:1733-1738. [PMID: 31162825 DOI: 10.1002/art.41007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether gout and serum urate (SU) levels are associated with increased risk of death, time to first readmission for any cardiovascular event, or incident heart failure in individuals with cardiovascular disease. METHODS Individuals presenting with an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) were enrolled in the Coronary Disease Cohort Study. Clinical data were collected from the medical records at the index hospital admission, and clinical, echocardiographic, and biochemical data were collected postdischarge. Gout was defined by self-report, use of urate-lowering therapy, or use of colchicine with evidence of gout on review of the medical record. The primary end points were all-cause mortality, time to readmission for a cardiac ischemic event, and time to readmission for heart failure. RESULTS Data from 1,514 participants were available. During the follow-up period, 53 of 160 participants with gout (33.1%) and 298 of 1,354 participants without gout (22.0%) died. After adjustment for other factors known to be associated with mortality, there was no gout-specific increase in risk of mortality (adjusted hazard ratio 0.98 [95% confidence interval 0.69-1.38]). Time to readmission for heart failure was significantly briefer in those with, compared to those without, gout (adjusted hazard ratio 1.42 [95% confidence interval 1.02-1.97]). Irrespective of whether a participant had gout or not, as SU level increased, there was an increased risk of death and readmission for either a cardiovascular event or heart failure. CONCLUSION Survival post-ACS is similar with and without the presence of gout. People with gout are at an increased risk of readmission for heart failure and have longer hospital stays. Risk of these events increases in parallel with increases in SU levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Stamp
- University of Otago and Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - Jill Drake
- University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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424
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Predictors of poor response to urate-lowering therapy in patients with gout and hyperuricemia: a post-hoc analysis of a multicenter randomized trial. Clin Rheumatol 2019; 38:3511-3519. [PMID: 31410659 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-019-04737-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Clinical guidelines have recommended a target of serum uric acid (SUA) level below 6.0 mg/dL for the urate-lowering therapy (ULT) of gout patients, but there are still a high proportion of patients failing to achieve the therapeutic target above. This study aimed to identify possible predictors of poor response to ULT in gout patients. METHODS We performed a post-hoc analysis of a multicenter randomized double-blind trial which assessed the efficacy of febuxostat in patients with hyperuricemia (serum urate level ≥ 8.0 mg/dL) and gout. Demographic characters and baseline data including SUA levels were collected. Poor response to ULT was defined as average SUA after ULT was more than 6.0 mg/dL. Factors associated with poor response to ULT in gout patients were analyzed, and multivariate logistic regression analysis was also carried out to find out those independent predictors. RESULTS A total of 370 patients were enrolled in this post-hoc analysis. Compared with those with good response to ULT, patients with poor response to ULT had younger age (P < 0.001), higher proportion of obesity (P = 0.003), higher proportion of statins use (P = 0.019), higher body mass index (BMI) (P < 0.001), higher baseline SUA (P < 0.001), higher proportion of males (P = 0.001), higher alanine transaminase (P < 0.001), higher aspartate transaminase (P = 0.017), higher total cholesterol (P = 0.005), higher triglyceride (P = 0.042), and higher low density lipoprotein (P = 0.037). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that younger age (odds ratio (OR) = 0.965, 95% CI 0.943-0.987, P = 0.002), higher BMI (OR = 1.133, 95% CI 1.049-1.224, P = 0.001), higher baseline SUA (OR = 1.006, 95% CI 1.002-1.009, P = 0.001), and no application of febuxostat therapy (OR = 0.41, 95% CI 0.25-0.68, P < 0.001) were independent predictors of poor response to ULT in patients with gout. CONCLUSION In patients with gout and hyperuricemia, younger age, higher BMI, and higher baseline SUA are predictors of poor response to ULT. These findings could help physicians better identify patients who may fail in ULT and give individualized treatment precisely. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial was registered at chinadrugtrials.org.cn in 2012 (CTR20130172).Key Points• A post-hoc analysis of a multicenter randomized double-blind trial which assessed the efficacy of febuxostat in patients with hyperuricemia and gout was performed.• Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that younger age, higher BMI, and higher baseline SUA are predictors of poor response to urate-lowering therapy.
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425
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Torres RJ. Current understanding of Lesch-Nyhan disease and potential therapeutic targets. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2019.1652597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa J. Torres
- Department of Biochemistry, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain and Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
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426
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Effect of febuxostat on oxidative stress in hemodialysis patients with endothelial dysfunction: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded study. Int Urol Nephrol 2019; 51:1649-1657. [DOI: 10.1007/s11255-019-02243-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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427
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428
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Braun J, Kiltz U. Was gibt es Neues zur Gicht? Z Rheumatol 2019; 78:540-549. [DOI: 10.1007/s00393-019-0667-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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429
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430
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Sato Y, Feig DI, Stack AG, Kang DH, Lanaspa MA, Ejaz AA, Sánchez-Lozada LG, Kuwabara M, Borghi C, Johnson RJ. The case for uric acid-lowering treatment in patients with hyperuricaemia and CKD. Nat Rev Nephrol 2019; 15:767-775. [PMID: 31296965 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-019-0174-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hyperuricaemia is common among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and increases in severity with the deterioration of kidney function. Although existing guidelines for CKD management do not recommend testing for or treatment of hyperuricaemia in the absence of a diagnosis of gout or urate nephrolithiasis, an emerging body of evidence supports a direct causal relationship between serum urate levels and the development of CKD. Here, we review randomized clinical trials that have evaluated the effect of urate-lowering therapy (ULT) on the rate of CKD progression. Among trials in which individuals in the control arm experienced progressive deterioration of kidney function (which we define as ≥4 ml/min/1.73 m² over the course of the study - typically 6 months to 2 years), treatment with ULT conferred consistent clinical benefits. In contrast, among trials where clinical progression was not observed in the control arm, treatment with ULT was ineffective, but this finding should not be used as an argument against the use of uric acid-lowering therapy. Although additional studies are needed to identify threshold values of serum urate for treatment initiation and to confirm optimal target levels, we believe that sufficient evidence exists to recommend routine measurement of serum urate levels in patients with CKD and consider initiation of ULT among those who are hyperuricaemic with evidence of deteriorating renal function, unless specific contraindications exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Sato
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Daniel I Feig
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Austin G Stack
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Duk-Hee Kang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine Ewha Medical Research Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Miguel A Lanaspa
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - A Ahsan Ejaz
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Renal Transplantation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - L Gabriela Sánchez-Lozada
- Laboratory of Renal Physiopathology, Department of Nephrology, INC Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Masanari Kuwabara
- Department of Cardiology and Intensive Care Unit, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Claudio Borghi
- Department of Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Richard J Johnson
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA. .,Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA.
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431
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Abeles AM, Pillinger MH. Febuxostat and the Black Box Blues. ACR Open Rheumatol 2019; 1:343-344. [PMID: 31777811 PMCID: PMC6858030 DOI: 10.1002/acr2.11047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aryeh M Abeles
- School of Medicine New York University and New York University Langone Medical Center
| | - Michael H Pillinger
- School of Medicine New York University and New York University Langone Medical Center
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Effects of febuxostat on atrial remodeling in a rabbit model of atrial fibrillation induced by rapid atrial pacing. JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC CARDIOLOGY : JGC 2019; 16:540-551. [PMID: 31447893 PMCID: PMC6689522 DOI: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Febuxostat, a novel nonpurine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase (XO), may be used in the prevention and management of atrial fibrillation (AF). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of febuxostat on atrial remodeling in a rabbit model of AF induced by rapid atrial pacing (RAP) and the mechanisms by which it acts. Methods Twenty-four rabbits were randomly divided into four groups: sham-operated group (Group S), RAP group (Group P), RAP with 5 mg/kg per day febuxostat group (Group LFP), and RAP with 10 mg/kg per day febuxostat group (Group HFP). All rabbits except those in Group S were subjected to RAP at 600 beats/min for four weeks. The effects of febuxostat on atrial electrical and structural remodeling, markers of inflammation and oxidative stress, and signaling pathways involved in the left atrium were examined. Results Shortened atrial effective refractory period (AERP), increased AF inducibility, decreased mRNA levels of Cav1.2 and Kv4.3, and left atrial enlargement and dysfunction were observed in Group P, and these changes were suppressed in the groups treated with febuxostat. Prominent atrial fibrosis was observed in Group P, as were increased levels of TGF-β1, Collagen I, and α-SMA and decreased levels of Smad7 and eNOS. Treatment with febuxostat attenuated these differences. Changes in inflammatory and oxidative stress markers induced by RAP were consistent with the protective effects of febuxostat. Conclusions This study is the first to find that febuxostat can inhibit atrial electrical and structural remodeling of AF by suppressing XO and inhibiting the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway.
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434
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Su CY, Shen LJ, Hsieh SC, Lin LY, Lin FJ. Comparing Cardiovascular Safety of Febuxostat and Allopurinol in the Real World: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Mayo Clin Proc 2019; 94:1147-1157. [PMID: 31272565 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine and compare the risk of cardiovascular events and mortality of febuxostat and allopurinol use. PATIENTS AND METHODS We conducted a cohort study using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. New users of febuxostat and allopurinol between April 1, 2012 and December 31, 2015 were identified, and the two groups were 1:1 matched by propensity score, benzbromarone use history, renal impairment, and time of drug initiation. The risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), venous thromboembolism (VTE), heart failure (HF) hospitalization, atrial fibrillation hospitalization, cardiovascular (CV) death, and all-cause mortality was assessed using Cox proportional hazards models. The dose-response relationship between xanthine oxidase inhibitor use and adverse CV outcomes were also determined. RESULTS A total of 44,111 patients were included for each group, and all baseline covariates were well matched. Febuxostat users were at a significantly higher risk for HF hospitalization (hazard ratio [HR], 1.22; 95% CI, 1.13-1.33), atrial fibrillation hospitalization (HR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.05-1.36), and CV death (HR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.03-1.36) than allopurinol users, whereas no difference was found for the major adverse cardiac events composite endpoint, venous thromboembolism, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and all-cause mortality. The elevated risk of HF hospitalization was consistent throughout the primary and sensitivity analyses. In addition, febuxostat increased the risk of adverse CV outcomes in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION The use of febuxostat, compared with allopurinol, was associated with a significantly increased risk of adverse CV events. Higher febuxostat doses had a greater impact. Further studies are needed to investigate the mechanisms linking febuxostat to adverse CV outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yen Su
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Jiuan Shen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Song-Chou Hsieh
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lian-Yu Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Ju Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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435
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Mankad R. Cardiovascular Safety of Febuxostat Versus Allopurinol in the Real World: Old Reliable Comes Out on Top. Mayo Clin Proc 2019; 94:1128-1130. [PMID: 31272559 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Mankad
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
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436
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Brigham MD, Radeck LP, Mendonca CM, Lang I, Li JW, Kent JD, LaMoreaux B, Mandell BF, Johnson RJ. Gout Severity in Recipients of Kidney Transplant. Transplant Proc 2019; 51:1816-1821. [PMID: 31256872 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2019.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This retrospective analysis of medical chart data was performed to compare severity and treatment of gout in patients with or without a history of kidney transplantation (KT). METHODS Via an online survey, a panel of board-certified US nephrologists (N = 104) provided the following deidentified chart data for their 3 most recent patients with gout: age, sex, serum uric acid, numbers of swollen or tender joints, visible tophi, gout flare events (prior 12 months), gout drug treatment history, and KT history. The presence of "severe, uncontrolled gout" was defined as: serum uric acid ≥ 7.0 mg/dL, ≥1 tophi and ≥2 flares in the last 12 months, and history of xanthine oxidase inhibitor treatment. RESULTS Twenty-five out of 312 (8.0%) gout patients had a history of KT. Univariate analysis found that patients with gout and history of kidney transplants had: greater prevalence of severe uncontrolled gout (27% vs 8%, P = .007) and tophi (36% vs 17%, P = .030), and higher rates of failure or physician perceived contraindication to allopurinol (44% vs 23%, P = .028). CONCLUSION This study provides preliminary evidence that gout in patients with history of KT is more severe and poses greater challenges to pharmacologic management. Although gout has been linked to worse outcomes among kidney recipients in the literature, there are presently no publications on gout severity among patients with KT in comparison to other patients with gout. Further investigation of disease severity and appropriate, effective treatment options in recipients of kidney transplant with a diagnosis of gout, especially prior to the transplant, is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Isabel Lang
- Trinity Partners LLC, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Justin W Li
- Trinity Partners LLC, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey D Kent
- Horizon Pharma USA Inc, Medical Affairs, Lake Forest, Illinois
| | - Brian LaMoreaux
- Horizon Pharma USA Inc, Medical Affairs, Lake Forest, Illinois
| | | | - Richard J Johnson
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
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437
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Jeon HJ, Oh J, Shin DH. Urate-lowering agents for asymptomatic hyperuricemia in stage 3 - 4 chronic kidney disease: Controversial role of kidney function. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218510. [PMID: 31206563 PMCID: PMC6576756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Because the serum uric acid level increases as the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decreases, hyperuricemia is associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Although hyperuricemia is a risk factor for CKD progression, the causal role of uric acid remains controversial in patients with CKD and asymptomatic hyperuricemia. This study included 588 patients with stage 3-4 CKD and asymptomatic hyperuricemia. Using propensity score matching, 165 pairs treated and untreated with pharmacologic urate-lowering therapy were matched. Kaplan-Meier curves were constructed to determine the effect of urate-lowering agents on kidney survival. The prognostic value for kidney survival was ascertained using Cox regression analysis. The GFR changes over time between the patients treated and untreated with urate-lowering agents were assessed using a linear mixed model analysis. The mean age of the matched patients was 63.2 ± 12.7 years, and 52 (15.8%) patients had diabetic nephropathy. The mean estimated GFR (eGFR) and serum uric acid level were 36.7 mL/min/1.73 m2 and 7.8 mg/dL, respectively. During a mean follow-up period of 41.9 months, 87 developed end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). The incidence rates of ESKD were comparable between the patients treated and untreated with urate-lowering agents. The Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that kidney survival was also comparable between them. In the multivariate analysis, heart failure and low eGFR were the significant prognostic factors for kidney survival. However, pharmacologic urate-lowering therapy was not predictive of kidney survival. The overall GFR decline rate was also comparable between the groups (P = 0.13). The efficacy of pharmacologic urate-lowering therapy in delaying CKD progression remains controversial. Therefore, further randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm its efficacy in attenuating kidney function deterioration in patients with stage 3-4 CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jung Jeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ho Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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438
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Scicchitano P, Cortese F, Gesualdo M, De Palo M, Massari F, Giordano P, Ciccone MM. The role of endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress in cerebrovascular diseases. Free Radic Res 2019; 53:579-595. [PMID: 31106620 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2019.1620939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Scicchitano
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital “F. Perinei”, Altamura, Italy
- Section of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, School of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca Cortese
- Section of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, School of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Micaela De Palo
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Mater Dei Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Paola Giordano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology – Paediatric Unit, Policlinico Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Matteo Ciccone
- Section of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, School of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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439
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Pohl H, Vallelian F, Herfs G. [Light and Shadow of Hyperuricemia - Neuroprotection, Comorbidities and Therapeutic Strategies]. PRAXIS 2019; 108:527-533. [PMID: 31185840 DOI: 10.1024/1661-8157/a003253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Light and Shadow of Hyperuricemia - Neuroprotection, Comorbidities and Therapeutic Strategies Abstract. Hyperuricemia can lead to gout but also favor the appearance of comorbidities like hypertension, kidney insufficiency, type 2 diabetes, myocardial infarction and strokes. Uric acid does not only have, however, negative impact on the body, but seems to influence positively certain inflammatory and degenerative neurological diseases. The inflammatory reaction at the center of a gout attack is mediated by interleukin 1. Therefore, antagonists against interleukin 1 or IL-1 receptors can be used for treatment if colchicine, steroids or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are ineffective or contraindicated. First-line drug for urate-lowering therapy is allopurinol that positively influences comorbidities as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Pohl
- 1 Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin, Universitätsspital Zürich
| | | | - Gregor Herfs
- 1 Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin, Universitätsspital Zürich
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440
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Weisman A, Tomlinson GA, Lipscombe LL, Perkins BA, Hawker GA. Association between allopurinol and cardiovascular outcomes and all-cause mortality in diabetes: A retrospective, population-based cohort study. Diabetes Obes Metab 2019; 21:1322-1329. [PMID: 30734980 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess the association between allopurinol and mortality and cardiovascular outcomes in an allopurinol-treated diabetes cohort. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study in Ontario, Canada. Eligible subjects were ≥ 66 years old with diabetes and a first prescription for allopurinol between 1 April, 2002 and 31 March, 2012 and were followed until 31 March, 2016. The primary outcome was a composite: all-cause mortality, non-fatal cardiovascular event (myocardial infarction, revascularization procedure, or stroke) or congestive heart failure (CHF). Secondary outcomes were components of the primary outcome and pneumonia as a negative tracer. Allopurinol was modelled as time-varying exposed versus unexposed, daily dose category and cumulative dose using sex-specific multivariable Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS Over a median follow-up of 4.65 years (interquartile range 1.79-7.81), 16 266/23 103 males and 10 571/15 313 females experienced the primary outcome. Allopurinol was associated with a reduction in the primary outcome [adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) 0.77 (95% confidence interval 0.75-0.80) and 0.81 (0.78-0.84) for males and females, respectively], driven by marked reductions in all-cause mortality and modest reductions in cardiovascular events/CHF. There was no effect of cumulative allopurinol dose on any outcome, and allopurinol was also associated with reduced risk of pneumonia in males [aHR 0.88 (0.83, 0.93)]. CONCLUSIONS Allopurinol was associated with reduced mortality and cardiovascular outcomes. However, lack of cumulative dose effect and a positive tracer outcome in males suggests residual bias. Future research assessing whether allopurinol prevents vascular complications in diabetes requires a clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna Weisman
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - George A Tomlinson
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network/Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lorraine L Lipscombe
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bruce A Perkins
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gillian A Hawker
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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441
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Abstract
Sodium/glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, which lower blood glucose by increasing renal glucose elimination, have been shown to reduce the risk of adverse cardiovascular (CV) and renal events in type 2 diabetes. This has been ascribed, in part, to haemodynamic changes, body weight reduction and several possible effects on myocardial, endothelial and tubulo-glomerular functions, as well as to reduced glucotoxicity. This review evaluates evidence that an effect of SGLT2 inhibitors to lower uric acid may also contribute to reduced cardio-renal risk. Chronically elevated circulating uric acid concentrations are associated with increased risk of hypertension, CV disease and chronic kidney disease (CKD). The extent to which uric acid contributes to these conditions, either as a cause or an aggravating factor, remains unclear, but interventions that reduce urate production or increase urate excretion in hyperuricaemic patients have consistently improved cardio-renal prognoses. Uric acid concentrations are often elevated in type 2 diabetes, contributing to the "metabolic syndrome" of CV risk. Treating type 2 diabetes with an SGLT2 inhibitor increases uric acid excretion, reduces circulating uric acid and improves parameters of CV and renal function. This raises the possibility that the lowering of uric acid by SGLT2 inhibition may assist in reducing adverse CV events and slowing progression of CKD in type 2 diabetes. SGLT2 inhibition might also be useful in the treatment of gout and gouty arthritis, especially when co-existent with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford J Bailey
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
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442
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Cortese F, Giordano P, Scicchitano P, Faienza MF, De Pergola G, Calculli G, Meliota G, Ciccone MM. Uric acid: from a biological advantage to a potential danger. A focus on cardiovascular effects. Vascul Pharmacol 2019; 120:106565. [PMID: 31152976 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2019.106565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-communicable diseases represent nowadays the most common cause of death worldwide, having largely overcome infectious diseases. Among them, cardiovascular diseases constitute the majority. Given these premise, great efforts have been made by scientific societies to emphasize the fundamental role of cardiovascular prevention and risk factors control. In addition to classical cardiovascular risk factors such as smoking, arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and male gender, new risk factors are emerging from international literature. Among them, uric acid is the protagonist. Several evidences show a direct role of hyperuricemia in the determinism of metabolic and vascular disorders. From the other hand, some researchers have demonstrated that uric acid is only a marker of cardiovascular damage and not a risk factor for its development. Aim of this review is to evaluate the scientific evidences on the role of uric acid in cardiovascular diseases in order to shed light on this confusing topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cortese
- Cardiological Unit, Cardiovascular Disease Section, Department of Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Italy.
| | - Paola Giordano
- Department of Biomedicine and Human Oncology, Pediatric Section, University "A.Moro" of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Maria Felicia Faienza
- Department of Biomedicine and Human Oncology, Pediatric Section, University "A.Moro" of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni De Pergola
- Departmentof Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Meliota
- Cardiological Unit, Cardiovascular Disease Section, Department of Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Matteo Ciccone
- Cardiological Unit, Cardiovascular Disease Section, Department of Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Italy
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443
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Brackman DJ, Yee SW, Enogieru OJ, Shaffer C, Ranatunga D, Denny JC, Wei WQ, Kamatani Y, Kubo M, Roden DM, Jorgenson E, Giacomini KM. Genome-Wide Association and Functional Studies Reveal Novel Pharmacological Mechanisms for Allopurinol. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2019; 106:623-631. [PMID: 30924126 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Allopurinol, which lowers uric acid (UA) concentration, is increasingly being recognized for its benefits in cardiovascular and renal disease. However, response to allopurinol is variable. We gathered samples from 4,446 multiethnic subjects for a genome-wide association study of allopurinol response. Consistent with previous studies, we observed that the Q141K variant in ABCG2 (rs2231142), which encodes the efflux pump breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), associated with worse response to allopurinol. However, for the first time this association reached genome-wide level significance (P = 8.06 × 10-11 ). Additionally, we identified a novel association with a variant in GREM2 (rs1934341, P = 3.22 × 10-6 ). In vitro studies identified oxypurinol, the active metabolite of allopurinol, as an inhibitor of the UA transporter GLUT9, suggesting that oxypurinol may modulate UA reabsorption. These results provide strong evidence for a role of BCRP Q141K in allopurinol response, and suggest that allopurinol may have additional hypouricemic effects beyond xanthine oxidase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna J Brackman
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sook Wah Yee
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Osatohanmwen J Enogieru
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Christian Shaffer
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Dilrini Ranatunga
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Joshua C Denny
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Wei-Qi Wei
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Michiaki Kubo
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Dan M Roden
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Eric Jorgenson
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Kathleen M Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Institute of Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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444
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Collins MW, Saag KG, Singh JA. Is there a role for cherries in the management of gout? Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 2019; 11:1759720X19847018. [PMID: 31205513 PMCID: PMC6535740 DOI: 10.1177/1759720x19847018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of effective urate-lowering therapy (ULT) and anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of gout, there is considerable interest in novel treatment approaches. Patients with gout often have a multitude of comorbidities, leading to concern over drug-drug interactions and medication adverse events. The cherry is a small nutrient-rich fruit that has garnered a great deal of attention in recent years as a nonpharmacologic option for the treatment of a multitude of disease manifestations. Perhaps a quarter of patients with gout try cherries or cherry products to treat their gout, which have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, COX-I and -II) properties, hypouricemic effects, and the ability to downregulate NFkB-mediated osteoclastogenesis. Based on these properties, cherries may reduce both the acute and chronic inflammation associated with recurrent gout flares and its chronic destructive arthropathy. In this review, we explore the potential benefits of cherries and cherry products as a nonpharmacologic option for the treatment of gout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcum W. Collins
- UAB Hospital, 1720 2nd Avenue South, FOT 839, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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445
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Huang HC, Chiang HP, Hsu NW, Huang CF, Chang SH, Lin KC. Differential risk group of developing stroke among older women with gouty arthritis: A latent transition analysis. Eur J Clin Invest 2019; 49:e13090. [PMID: 30912848 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gout-related comorbidities are intricate and its clinical features may demonstrate sex difference; however, few studies have evaluated the links between comorbidities and gout in a female population. The objectives of this study were to compare the aggregation and transitive trajectories of comorbidities of gout, and their consequences in female and male gout populations. METHODS A prospective cohort study was conducted using data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. A female and male gout population were followed up from 2000 to 2009 to identify the comorbidities of cardiovascular disease, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM) and chronic kidney disease. The cumulative incidence of stroke from 2000 to 2010 was examined. A latent trajectory analysis was used to determine the transitive trajectories of the comorbidities of gout. RESULTS Both female and male patients with gout had five risk cluster transition (CT) phenotypes of comorbidities within 10-year follow-up: CT1 and CT2, with various persistent comorbidities; CT3, with few persistent comorbidities; and CT4 and CT5, with transfer to cluster 1 from other clusters. The female participants in CT2 predominantly experienced DM and were associated with significantly increased risk of developing stroke. CONCLUSION Diabetes is a notable risk factor for the development of stroke in female patients with gout. Early assessment and management for the comorbidities of gout, particularly in DM, would effectively reduce future stroke risk in female gout population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chuan Huang
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Ping Chiang
- Secretary Room, National Yang-Ming University Hospital, Yilan City, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Wei Hsu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Yang-Ming University Hospital, Yilan City, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Fang Huang
- Division of Quality Improvement, Joint Commission of Taiwan, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Sheng Hsuan Chang
- Secretary Room, National Yang-Ming University Hospital, Yilan City, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Chia Lin
- IInstitute of Hospital and Health Care Administration, Community Research Center, Preventive Medicine Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Lin CW, Huang WI, Chao PH, Chen WW, Hsiao FY. Risk of cutaneous adverse reactions associated with allopurinol or febuxostat in real-world patients: A nationwide study. Int J Clin Pract 2019; 73:e13316. [PMID: 30681751 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Allopurinol carries a well-known risk of cutaneous adverse reactions (CARs). Although febuxostat, a xanthine-oxidase inhibitor with different chemical structure, has been considered an alternative to allopurinol, post-marketing case reports of life-threatening febuxostat-related CARs have been reported. We aimed to compare the risk of CARs between allopurinol and febuxostat in real-world settings and to assess the impact of the market entry of febuxostat on allopurinol use and associated CARs. METHODS A nationwide study was conducted using Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database. In the new-user cohort study, patients who received their first prescriptions of allopurinol or febuxostat were included, and Poisson regression was used to estimate the incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of CARs. In the interrupted time series analysis, time series data on new users and incidence rate of CARs were divided into three periods based on the reimbursement scheme of febuxostat in Taiwan, and segmented regression models were used to estimate changes in both the level and trend in each period. RESULTS We identified 526 cases of CARs with 487 among new users of allopurinol and 39 among new users of febuxostat (incidence rate: 15.37 vs 3.48 per 1000 person-years). Allopurinol was associated with higher risk of CARs (adjusted IRR 5.55, 95% CI [3.97-7.76]), mild CARs (1.86, [1.24-2.81]), severe CARs (16.75, [8.87-31.62]) and fatal CARs (16.18, [5.05-51.83]) than febuxostat. The overall incidence rates of xanthine-oxidase inhibitor-related CARs decreased from 15.28 to 14.28 per 1000 person-years after the initial reimbursement of febuxostat and further decreased to 9.46 after the reimbursement coverage of febuxostat expanded; however, the changes were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION Febuxostat can be considered an alternative for patients carrying risk factors for allopurinol-related CARs. However, since there were fatal cases of febuxostat-related CARs, the closely monitoring of symptoms of CARs during the initiation of febuxostat is still warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wan Lin
- Taiwan Drug Relief Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-I Huang
- Taiwan Drug Relief Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Hui Chao
- Taiwan Drug Relief Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Fei-Yuan Hsiao
- College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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447
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Liang CW, Islam MM, Poly TN, Yang HC, Jack Li YC. Association between gout and cardiovascular disease risk: A nation-wide case-control study. Joint Bone Spine 2019; 86:389-391. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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448
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Alvarado-de la Barrera C, López-López CO, Álvarez-Hernández E, Peláez-Ballestas I, Gómez-Ruiz C, Burgos-Vargas R, Vázquez-Mellado J. Are Target Urate and Remission Possible in Severe Gout? A Five-year Cohort Study. J Rheumatol 2019; 47:132-139. [PMID: 31043541 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.181214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Determine the proportion of patients achieving target serum urate (SU), defined as < 6 mg/dl for patients with non-severe gout and < 5 mg/dl for patients with severe gout, as well as the proportion of patients achieving remission after 5 years of followup. METHODS Patients from the Gout Study Group (GRESGO) cohort were evaluated at 6-month intervals. Demographic and clinical data were obtained at baseline. Visits included assessments of serum urate, flares, tophus burden, health-related quality of life using the EQ-5D, activity limitations using the Health Assessment Questionnaire adapted for gout, and pain level and patient's global assessment using visual analog scales. Treatment for gout and associated diseases was prescribed according to guidelines and available drugs. RESULTS Of 500 patients studied, 221 had severe gout (44%) and 279 had non-severe gout (56%) at baseline. No significant differences were observed across the study in percentages of severe gout versus non-severe gout patients achieving SU 6 mg/dl or 5 mg/dl. The highest proportion of patients achieving target SU (50-70%) and remission (39%) were found after 3-4 years of followup. In the fifth year, these proportions decreased and 28% of the patients were in remission, but only 40 patients remained in the study. None of the patients with severe gout achieved remission. CONCLUSION In patients with severe gout, target SU was hard to achieve and remission was not possible. The main obstacles for target SU and gout remission include poor medication adherence, persistent tophi, and loss to followup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Alvarado-de la Barrera
- From the Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas; Servicio de Medicina Física y Rehabilitación, Unidad 402, Hospital General de México; Servicio de Reumatología, Unidad 404, Hospital General de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,C. Alvarado-de la Barrera, PhD, Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas; C.O. López-López, MD, PhD, Servicio de Medicina Física y Rehabilitación, Unidad 402, Hospital General de México; E. Álvarez-Hernández, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, Unidad 404, Hospital General de México; I. Peláez-Ballestas, MD, PhD, Servicio de Reumatología, Unidad 404, Hospital General de México; C. Gómez-Ruiz, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, Unidad 404, Hospital General de México; R. Burgos-Vargas, MD, Servicio de Medicina Física y Rehabilitación, Unidad 402, and Servicio de Reumatología, Unidad 404, Hospital General de México; J. Vázquez-Mellado, MD, PhD, Servicio de Reumatología, Unidad 404, Hospital General de México
| | - Carlos Omar López-López
- From the Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas; Servicio de Medicina Física y Rehabilitación, Unidad 402, Hospital General de México; Servicio de Reumatología, Unidad 404, Hospital General de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,C. Alvarado-de la Barrera, PhD, Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas; C.O. López-López, MD, PhD, Servicio de Medicina Física y Rehabilitación, Unidad 402, Hospital General de México; E. Álvarez-Hernández, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, Unidad 404, Hospital General de México; I. Peláez-Ballestas, MD, PhD, Servicio de Reumatología, Unidad 404, Hospital General de México; C. Gómez-Ruiz, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, Unidad 404, Hospital General de México; R. Burgos-Vargas, MD, Servicio de Medicina Física y Rehabilitación, Unidad 402, and Servicio de Reumatología, Unidad 404, Hospital General de México; J. Vázquez-Mellado, MD, PhD, Servicio de Reumatología, Unidad 404, Hospital General de México
| | - Everardo Álvarez-Hernández
- From the Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas; Servicio de Medicina Física y Rehabilitación, Unidad 402, Hospital General de México; Servicio de Reumatología, Unidad 404, Hospital General de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,C. Alvarado-de la Barrera, PhD, Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas; C.O. López-López, MD, PhD, Servicio de Medicina Física y Rehabilitación, Unidad 402, Hospital General de México; E. Álvarez-Hernández, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, Unidad 404, Hospital General de México; I. Peláez-Ballestas, MD, PhD, Servicio de Reumatología, Unidad 404, Hospital General de México; C. Gómez-Ruiz, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, Unidad 404, Hospital General de México; R. Burgos-Vargas, MD, Servicio de Medicina Física y Rehabilitación, Unidad 402, and Servicio de Reumatología, Unidad 404, Hospital General de México; J. Vázquez-Mellado, MD, PhD, Servicio de Reumatología, Unidad 404, Hospital General de México
| | - Ingris Peláez-Ballestas
- From the Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas; Servicio de Medicina Física y Rehabilitación, Unidad 402, Hospital General de México; Servicio de Reumatología, Unidad 404, Hospital General de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,C. Alvarado-de la Barrera, PhD, Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas; C.O. López-López, MD, PhD, Servicio de Medicina Física y Rehabilitación, Unidad 402, Hospital General de México; E. Álvarez-Hernández, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, Unidad 404, Hospital General de México; I. Peláez-Ballestas, MD, PhD, Servicio de Reumatología, Unidad 404, Hospital General de México; C. Gómez-Ruiz, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, Unidad 404, Hospital General de México; R. Burgos-Vargas, MD, Servicio de Medicina Física y Rehabilitación, Unidad 402, and Servicio de Reumatología, Unidad 404, Hospital General de México; J. Vázquez-Mellado, MD, PhD, Servicio de Reumatología, Unidad 404, Hospital General de México
| | - Citlallyc Gómez-Ruiz
- From the Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas; Servicio de Medicina Física y Rehabilitación, Unidad 402, Hospital General de México; Servicio de Reumatología, Unidad 404, Hospital General de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,C. Alvarado-de la Barrera, PhD, Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas; C.O. López-López, MD, PhD, Servicio de Medicina Física y Rehabilitación, Unidad 402, Hospital General de México; E. Álvarez-Hernández, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, Unidad 404, Hospital General de México; I. Peláez-Ballestas, MD, PhD, Servicio de Reumatología, Unidad 404, Hospital General de México; C. Gómez-Ruiz, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, Unidad 404, Hospital General de México; R. Burgos-Vargas, MD, Servicio de Medicina Física y Rehabilitación, Unidad 402, and Servicio de Reumatología, Unidad 404, Hospital General de México; J. Vázquez-Mellado, MD, PhD, Servicio de Reumatología, Unidad 404, Hospital General de México
| | - Rubén Burgos-Vargas
- From the Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas; Servicio de Medicina Física y Rehabilitación, Unidad 402, Hospital General de México; Servicio de Reumatología, Unidad 404, Hospital General de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,C. Alvarado-de la Barrera, PhD, Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas; C.O. López-López, MD, PhD, Servicio de Medicina Física y Rehabilitación, Unidad 402, Hospital General de México; E. Álvarez-Hernández, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, Unidad 404, Hospital General de México; I. Peláez-Ballestas, MD, PhD, Servicio de Reumatología, Unidad 404, Hospital General de México; C. Gómez-Ruiz, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, Unidad 404, Hospital General de México; R. Burgos-Vargas, MD, Servicio de Medicina Física y Rehabilitación, Unidad 402, and Servicio de Reumatología, Unidad 404, Hospital General de México; J. Vázquez-Mellado, MD, PhD, Servicio de Reumatología, Unidad 404, Hospital General de México
| | - Janitzia Vázquez-Mellado
- From the Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas; Servicio de Medicina Física y Rehabilitación, Unidad 402, Hospital General de México; Servicio de Reumatología, Unidad 404, Hospital General de México, Mexico City, Mexico. .,C. Alvarado-de la Barrera, PhD, Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas; C.O. López-López, MD, PhD, Servicio de Medicina Física y Rehabilitación, Unidad 402, Hospital General de México; E. Álvarez-Hernández, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, Unidad 404, Hospital General de México; I. Peláez-Ballestas, MD, PhD, Servicio de Reumatología, Unidad 404, Hospital General de México; C. Gómez-Ruiz, MD, Servicio de Reumatología, Unidad 404, Hospital General de México; R. Burgos-Vargas, MD, Servicio de Medicina Física y Rehabilitación, Unidad 402, and Servicio de Reumatología, Unidad 404, Hospital General de México; J. Vázquez-Mellado, MD, PhD, Servicio de Reumatología, Unidad 404, Hospital General de México.
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449
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Bubb MR. Excess Deaths Upon Cessation of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor Treatment-Data From the Cardiovascular Safety of Febuxostat and Allopurinol in Patients With Gout and Cardiovascular Morbidities Trial: Comment on the Article by Choi et al. Arthritis Rheumatol 2019; 71:1391-1392. [PMID: 31022328 DOI: 10.1002/art.40914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Bubb
- Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
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450
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Narang RK, Dalbeth N. Management of complex gout in clinical practice: Update on therapeutic approaches. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2019; 32:813-834. [PMID: 31427057 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Increasing therapeutic options are available for gout management. Anti-inflammatory agents are used in the acute management of gout flares, and interleukin-1 inhibitors are effective for those unable to take conventional anti-inflammatory treatments. Lowering of serum urate remains the cornerstone of effective long-term management. Allopurinol is the first-line urate-lowering therapy, and a gradual dose-escalation strategy to serum urate target is recommended. Febuxostat and lesinurad have been approved more recently. In a large cardiovascular outcomes trial, higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality was observed with febuxostat than with allopurinol. Lesinurad should be co-prescribed with a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, and close monitoring of kidney function is required. Evidence for non-pharmacological management is limited, but personalised lifestyle modification may reduce associated cardiovascular risk. In this review, we discuss current principles in the gout management paradigm, consider strategies for managing complex, clinical scenarios, and review emerging therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi K Narang
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicola Dalbeth
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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