401
|
Billaut F, Gore CJ, Aughey RJ. Enhancing team-sport athlete performance: is altitude training relevant? Sports Med 2013; 42:751-67. [PMID: 22845561 DOI: 10.1007/bf03262293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Field-based team sport matches are composed of short, high-intensity efforts, interspersed with intervals of rest or submaximal exercise, repeated over a period of 60-120 minutes. Matches may also be played at moderate altitude where the lower oxygen partial pressure exerts a detrimental effect on performance. To enhance run-based performance, team-sport athletes use varied training strategies focusing on different aspects of team-sport physiology, including aerobic, sprint, repeated-sprint and resistance training. Interestingly, 'altitude' training (i.e. living and/or training in O(2)-reduced environments) has only been empirically employed by athletes and coaches to improve the basic characteristics of speed and endurance necessary to excel in team sports. Hypoxia, as an additional stimulus to training, is typically used by endurance athletes to enhance performance at sea level and to prepare for competition at altitude. Several approaches have evolved in the last few decades, which are known to enhance aerobic power and, thus, endurance performance. Altitude training can also promote an increased anaerobic fitness, and may enhance sprint capacity. Therefore, altitude training may confer potentially-beneficial adaptations to team-sport athletes, which have been overlooked in contemporary sport physiology research. Here, we review the current knowledge on the established benefits of altitude training on physiological systems relevant to team-sport performance, and conclude that current evidence supports implementation of altitude training modalities to enhance match physical performances at both sea level and altitude. We hope that this will guide the practice of many athletes and stimulate future research to better refine training programmes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- François Billaut
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
402
|
Akenhead R, Hayes PR, Thompson KG, French D. Diminutions of acceleration and deceleration output during professional football match play. J Sci Med Sport 2013; 16:556-61. [PMID: 23333009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examined distances covered at low (1-2 ms(-2)), moderate (2-3 ms(-2)) and high (>3 ms(-2)) acceleration (L(ACC), M(ACC) and H(ACC) respectively) and deceleration (L(DEC), M(DEC), and H(DEC) respectively) during competitive football games. Temporal and transient patterns of acceleration and deceleration were also examined. DESIGN Observational, repeated measures. METHODS Thirty-six professional male professional footballers were monitored using a 10 Hz non-differential global positioning system (NdGPS). Match data was organised into six 15 min periods (P1: 1-15 min, P2: 16-30 min, P3: 31-45 min, P4: 46-60 min, P5: 61-75 min, and P6: 76-90 min) for analysis of temporal patterns, and into eighteen 5 min periods for analysis of transient patterns. ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc tests were used to identify significant (p<0.05) differences between periods. RESULTS Distance covered at L(ACC), M(ACC), H(ACC), L(DEC), M(DEC), and H(DEC) was 424±75 m, 242±25 m, 178±38 m, 365±54 m, 210±23 m and 162±29 m respectively. Between period decrements ranged from 8.0% to 13.2% from P1 to P3, 9.2% to 16.3% from P4 to P6, and from 14.9% to 21.0% from P1 to P6. Following PEAK H(ACC) (148% of mean 5 min H(ACC)), H(ACC) at 5POST was 10.4% lower than mean (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Time-dependent reductions in distances covered suggest that acceleration and deceleration capability are acutely compromised during match play. Further, the occurrence of transient fatigue may be supported by the findings that HACC and HDEC performance following PEAK was approximately 10% lower than mean values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Akenhead
- School of Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Newcastle United Football Club, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
403
|
Lehnert M, Svoboda Z, Cuberek R. The correlation between isokinetic strength of knee extensors and vertical jump performance in adolescent soccer players in an annual training cycle. ACTA GYMNICA 2013. [DOI: 10.5507/ag.2013.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
404
|
Molinos Domene Á. Evaluation of movement and physiological demands of full-back and center-back soccer players using global positioning systems. JOURNAL OF HUMAN SPORT AND EXERCISE 2013. [DOI: 10.4100/jhse.2013.84.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
405
|
Abreu PH, Silva DC, Mendes-Moreira J, Reis LP, Garganta J. Using Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines in the Construction of Simulated Soccer Team's Behavior Models. INT J COMPUT INT SYS 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/18756891.2013.808426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
|
406
|
Hoppe MW, Baumgart C, Sperlich B, Ibrahim H, Jansen C, Willis SJ, Freiwald J. Comparison Between Three Different Endurance Tests in Professional Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 27:31-7. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31824e1711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
407
|
Abstract
Performance analysis in sport is used to investigate the performance of teams and players across different sports. Research within this area, especially when focussing on the determinants of success, has grown rapidly in the last few years. During this time, the role of a new concept, ‘situational variables’ has emerged. This term includes the different game and situational conditions that may influence performance at a behavioural level. Given that soccer is dominated by strategic factors, it is reasonable to suggest that situational variables of match status (i.e. whether the team is winning, losing or drawing), quality of opposition (strong or weak), and match location (i.e. playing at home or away) may somehow influence the teams’ and players’ activities. These situational variables need to be analyzed in depth to understand their influence in team sports. The aim of this article was to examine the independent and interactive effects of situational variables on physical performance in elite soccer. The view that professional soccer players regulate their physical efforts according to the specific demands of individual matches and periods of the game is offered. In support of this argument results from recent studies are presented. Implications of this perspective for match analyst and coaches for evaluating performance are also considered.
Collapse
|
408
|
Elferink-Gemser MT, Huijgen BCH, Coelho-e-Silva M, Lemmink KAPM, Visscher C. The changing characteristics of talented soccer players--a decade of work in Groningen. J Sports Sci 2012; 30:1581-91. [PMID: 23020141 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2012.725854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Talent development programmes for professional soccer clubs aim to guide players towards professional level performance. We identify whether the intermittent endurance capacity of these players may have changed over time. Since the 2000/2001 competition season, the intermittent endurance capacity of players in the talent development programmes of two professional soccer clubs was measured annually. A total of 492 players participated, divided across seven age categories (under 13 (U13), U14, U15, U16, U17, U18, U19) and resulting in 953 measurements. Analyses of variance showed an improvement in intermittent endurance capacity from the 2000/2001 season to 2009/2010 of around 50% in all age groups (P < 0.05). A possible explanation is the increased quantity and quality of training over the years. When identifying, developing and selecting young players, scouts, trainers and coaches have to be aware that the current level of soccer and its underlying performance characteristics--such as intermittent endurance capacity--are improving over time. This factor may have consequences for current young players aiming to make it to the top 10 years from now.
Collapse
|
409
|
Dellal A, da Silva CD, Hill-Haas S, Wong DP, Natali AJ, De Lima JRP, Bara Filho MGB, Marins JJCB, Garcia ES, Chamari K. Heart rate monitoring in soccer: interest and limits during competitive match play and training, practical application. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 26:2890-906. [PMID: 22130401 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3182429ac7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The identification of physiological loads imposed by soccer training or match play reveals essential information, which may help improve training and recovery strategies. Until today, the use of heart rate (HR) monitoring is not standardized in soccer. Thus, the aim of this review was to analyze, determine and compare the exercise intensity (EI) monitored by HR in professional, youth, and recreational soccer players during matches and training sessions using a meta-analysis. Heart rate is one of the most common physiological variables used to determine exercise internal training load. The mean EI recorded during competitive matches was described as 70-80% of VO2max or 80-90% of maximal heart rate (HRmax), independent of the playing level. With respect to HR training zones, approximately 65% of the total match duration is spent at intensity of 70-90% HRmax and rarely below 65% HRmax. However, although HRmax is mostly employed in the literature, monitoring EI should be expressed in relation to reserve heart rate, as it was described as a more reliable indicator of HR, allowing interindividual comparisons. The HR response according to the playing position indicates that midfielders are characterized by the highest EI, followed by forwards and fullbacks. Moreover, in the second half of the match, the EI is lower than that observed during the first half; this reduction could be correlated with the level of the player's physical conditioning. Consequently, coaches may favor the use of interval training or small-sided training games because these are shown to improve both aerobic capacity and the ability to repeat high-intensity actions. Small-sided games allow reaching similar HR responses to those found during interval training and match play but with greater heterogeneity values. Future investigations should include a larger sample of players with special reference to playing position and the expression of EI in percentage of the reserve heart rate, analyzing the possible intergender differences in HR response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Dellal
- Olympic Lyon FC (Soccer), Department of Fitness Training and Research, Lyon, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
410
|
Cahill N, Lamb K, Worsfold P, Headey R, Murray S. The movement characteristics of English Premiership rugby union players. J Sports Sci 2012; 31:229-37. [PMID: 23009129 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2012.727456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to quantify the movement characteristics of elite rugby union players during competitive play and identify whether position-related differences exist. Ninety-eight elite players from eight English Premiership Clubs were tracked using global positioning systems (GPS) during 44 competitive matches throughout the 2010/2011 season. Player positions were defined as: (1) backs or forwards; (2) front, second and back rows, scrum half, inside and outside backs; (3) 15 individual positions (numbers 1-15). Analysis revealed the game is predominantly played at low speeds with little distance covered 'sprinting' by either the backs (50 ± 76 m) or the forwards (37 ± 64 m). The backs travelled greater (P < 0.05) absolute and relative distances than the forwards. The scrum half covered the greatest total distance during a match (7098 ± 778 m) and the front row the least (5158 ± 200 m). The back row covered the greatest distances at 'sprinting' speeds, particularly the number 8 position (77 m). These findings reflect notable differences in the movement characteristics displayed by elite rugby union players in specific positional roles, and reinforce the contemporary view that training programmes for such players ought to be structured with this in mind.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Cahill
- University of Chester, Sport and Exercise Sciences, Chester, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
411
|
Alghannam AF. Metabolic limitations of performance and fatigue in football. Asian J Sports Med 2012; 3:65-73. [PMID: 22942991 PMCID: PMC3426724 DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.34699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Football participation requires considerable utilization of both aerobic and anaerobic energy systems to match the high energetic demands of the sport. The consequent stresses imposed on the physiological and metabolic systems carries players to the threshold of exhaustion during match-play, from which they are required to recover in preparation for the subsequent game. A high number of players experience fatigue during the high-intensity bouts and a consequent decline in their performance towards the end of the game is a likely outcome during match-play. The current review aims to establish the current understanding that relates to metabolic limitations of performance and the associated mechanisms for the onset of fatigue that may be instrumental in further development of evidence-based nutritional and training interventions in this event.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah F. Alghannam
- Corresponding Author:Address: Human Physiology Research Group, Department for Health, University of Bath, BA2 7AY, UK. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
412
|
Ingebrigtsen J, Bendiksen M, Randers MB, Castagna C, Krustrup P, Holtermann A. Yo-Yo IR2 testing of elite and sub-elite soccer players: Performance, heart rate response and correlations to other interval tests. J Sports Sci 2012; 30:1337-45. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2012.711484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
413
|
Vescovi JD. Sprint profile of professional female soccer players during competitive matches: Female Athletes in Motion (FAiM) study. J Sports Sci 2012; 30:1259-65. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2012.701760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
414
|
Dellal A, Owen A, Wong D, Krustrup P, van Exsel M, Mallo J. Technical and physical demands of small vs. large sided games in relation to playing position in elite soccer. Hum Mov Sci 2012; 31:957-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2011.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
415
|
Lovell R, Barrett S, Portas M, Weston M. Re-examination of the post half-time reduction in soccer work-rate. J Sci Med Sport 2012; 16:250-4. [PMID: 22824313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To re-examine the work-rate of soccer players immediately after a passive half-time interval with an alternative approach to data reduction and statistical contrasts. DESIGN Time-motion analysis data (5Hz global positioning system), were collected from 20 elite youth players (age: 17±1 years) during 21 competitive league fixtures (5±3 matches per player). METHODS Physical performances were categorised into total distance covered, total low-speed running (0-14.9kmh(-1)) and total high-speed running (15.0-35.0kmh(-1)). These dependent variables were subsequently time averaged into pre-determined periods of 5-, 15- and 45-min duration, and expressed in relative (mmin(-1)) terms to allow direct comparisons between match periods of different lengths. During the 15-min half-time interval players were passive (seated rest). RESULTS There was a large reduction in relative total distance covered (effect size - standardised mean difference - 1.85), low-speed running (effect size -1.74) and high-speed running (effect size -1.37) during the opening 5-min phase of the second half (46-50min) when compared to the first half mean (0-45min). When comparing the 51-55 and 56-60-min periods, effect sizes were trivial for relative total distance covered (effect size -0.13; -0.04), low-speed running (effect size -0.10; -0.11) and small/trivial for high-speed running (-0.39; 0.11). CONCLUSIONS Using a more robust analytical approach, the findings of this study support and extend previous research demonstrating that players work-rate was markedly lower in the first 5-min after a passive half-time interval, although we observed this phenomenon to be transient in nature. Time-motion analysts might re-consider their data reduction methods and comparators to distinguish within-match player work-rate trends.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ric Lovell
- School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
416
|
Weston M, Castagna C, Impellizzeri FM, Bizzini M, Williams AM, Gregson W. Science and Medicine Applied to Soccer Refereeing. Sports Med 2012; 42:615-31. [DOI: 10.2165/11632360-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
417
|
Bradley PS, Bendiksen M, Dellal A, Mohr M, Wilkie A, Datson N, Orntoft C, Zebis M, Gomez-Diaz A, Bangsbo J, Krustrup P. The Application of the Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Level 2 Test to Elite Female Soccer Populations. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2012; 24:43-54. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2012.01483.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. S. Bradley
- Department of Sport and Exercise; University of Sunderland; Sunderland UK
| | - M. Bendiksen
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - A. Dellal
- Olympique Lyonnais Football Club; Lyon France
| | - M. Mohr
- Sport and Health Sciences; College of Life and Environmental Sciences; St. Luke's Campus; University of Exeter; Exeter UK
| | - A. Wilkie
- Department of Sport and Exercise; University of Sunderland; Sunderland UK
| | - N. Datson
- The Football Association; England National Women's Team; London UK
| | - C. Orntoft
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - M. Zebis
- Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | | | - J. Bangsbo
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - P. Krustrup
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
- Sport and Health Sciences; College of Life and Environmental Sciences; St. Luke's Campus; University of Exeter; Exeter UK
| |
Collapse
|
418
|
Effect of Contrast Water Therapy Duration on Recovery of Running Performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2012; 7:130-40. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.7.2.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose:To investigate whether contrast water therapy (CWT) assists acute recovery from high-intensity running and whether a dose-response relationship exists.Methods:Ten trained male runners completed 4 trials, each commencing with a 3000-m time trial, followed by 8 × 400-m intervals with 1 min of recovery. Ten minutes postexercise, participants performed 1 of 4 recovery protocols: CWT, by alternating 1 min hot (38°C) and 1 min cold (15°C) for 6 (CWT6), 12 (CWT12), or 18 min (CWT18), or a seated rest control trial. The 3000-m time trial was repeated 2 h later.Results:3000-m performance slowed from 632 ± 4 to 647 ± 4 s in control, 631 ± 4 to 642 ± 4 s in CWT6, 633 ± 4 to 648 ± 4 s in CWT12, and 631 ± 4 to 647 ± 4 s in CWT18. Following CWT6, performance (smallest worthwhile change of 0.3%) was substantially faster than control (87% probability, 0.8 ± 0.8% mean ± 90% confidence limit), however, there was no effect for CWT12 (34%, 0.0 ± 1.0%) or CWT18 (34%, –0.1 ± 0.8%). There were no substantial differences between conditions in exercise heart rates, or postexercise calf and thigh girths. Algometer thigh pain threshold during CWT12 was higher at all time points compared with control. Subjective measures of thermal sensation and muscle soreness were lower in all CWT conditions at some post-water-immersion time points compared with control; however, there were no consistent differences in whole body fatigue following CWT.Conclusions:Contrast water therapy for 6 min assisted acute recovery from high-intensity running; however, CWT duration did not have a dose-response effect on recovery of running performance.
Collapse
|
419
|
Moura FA, Martins LEB, Anido RDO, de Barros RML, Cunha SA. Quantitative analysis of Brazilian football players' organisation on the pitch. Sports Biomech 2012; 11:85-96. [PMID: 22518947 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2011.637123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to characterise Brazilian teams' coverage area and spread on the pitch while attacking and defending and to analyse the teams' organisation in tackle and shot on goal situations. We obtained the trajectories of 223 players in eight games with a tracking method. Team area was defined as the area of the convex hull formed by players' positions. Team spread was defined as the Frobenius norm of the distance-between-player matrix. We calculated teams' area and spread over time and in situations of shots on goal (n = 233) and tackles (n = 1897). While the players attacked, spread and area (median +/- confidence interval) ranged from 322.9 +/- 0.8 to 387.8 +/- 1.0 m and from 905.4 +/- 4.4 to 1407.6 +/- 5.5 m2, respectively. On defence, the values were smaller (p < 0.05) and ranged from 283.4 +/- 0.9 to 325.8 +/- 0.9 m and from 773.8 +/- 4.6 to 1158.4 +/- 5.5 m2 for the spread and the area. In defending circumstances, the teams presented a greater area and spread when they suffered shots on goal than when the teams performed tackles. In attacking situations, the teams presented a greater area and spread when they suffered tackles than when they performed shots on goal. The results allowed showing the attacking-defending interaction between Brazilian teams.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Arruda Moura
- Laboratory of Instrumentation for Biomechanics, College of Physical Education, Campinas State University, Campinas, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
420
|
Ingebrigtsen J, Dillern T, Shalfawi SA. Aerobic capacities and anthropometric characteristics of elite female soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 25:3352-7. [PMID: 22076087 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318215f763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ingebrigtsen, J, Dillern, T, and Shalfawi, SAI. Aerobic capacities and anthropometric characteristics of elite female soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 25(12): 3352-3357, 2011-This study investigated aerobic capacities and anthropometric characteristics within a group of 29 elite female soccer players. The purpose was to identify and establish aerobic capacities and anthropometric characteristics for these players and to look for possible positional differences between keepers, defenders, midfielders, and attackers. We did this by measuring standard anthropometrical variables and maximal oxygen (VO(2)max) and anaerobic threshold (AT). One-way analysis of variance revealed no significant differences among anthropometric or physiological variables. However, a trend (p = 0.062) toward positional differences was found within running speed at AT. A subsequent Tukey post hoc test showed differences (p = 0.04) between keepers and defenders, with the latter running faster (∼1.7 km·h) at AT. The present results suggest that few anthropometric and physiological differences exist between playing positions in elite female soccer players. Furthermore, the current results indicate that present elite players' physiological characteristics are similar to those previously shown, despite the rapid changes of the female soccer game. Based on well-established knowledge that different playing positions within a soccer team ought to have distinct capacities, we recommend regular testing programs to be able to construct and implement tailored training programs for players' physical capacities with respect to the demands of their playing positions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jørgen Ingebrigtsen
- Center for Practical Knowledge, Department of Sports, University of Nordland, Bodø, Norway.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
421
|
Jennings DH, Cormack SJ, Coutts AJ, Aughey RJ. International Field Hockey Players Perform More High-Speed Running Than National-Level Counterparts. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 26:947-52. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31822e5913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
422
|
Abstract
The objectives of the study were to analyse game interruptions of league soccer in detail and the tactical use of game interruptions. Sixteen matches of a German first league soccer team were observed. An observational system was designed to assess interruption types, score, duration of interruption, location of interruption, time of interruption and number of occurrences. Results showed that there is an average of 108 interruptions per match. Throw-ins (40) and free kicks (33) were most frequent. Goal kicks (17), corner kicks (10), substitutions (4), and kick offs (3) occurred less often. Drop balls, penalties, and injuries occurred least often. For 38% of the total match time observed, matches were halted. The mean duration of running and interrupted match parts were 32.1 s and 18.7 s, respectively. The analysis showed significant differences concerning the influence of the location of interruption, score, and time of interruption on the duration of different interruption types (P < 0.05). The results of the study showed the tactical use of game interruptions during league soccer matches, e.g. goal kicks of the leading team take longer towards the end of the match. Examining game interruptions has turned out to be a valuable source of information adding to our knowledge of soccer. We have shown evidence that the durations of many interruptions serve tactical purposes, a well-known hypothesis in practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malte Siegle
- Chair of training and computer science in sports, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
423
|
Quantifying the Gap Between Under 18 and Senior AFL Football: 2003 and 2009. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2012; 7:53-8. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.7.1.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose:The understanding of the gap between Under 18 y (U18) and senior-level competition and the evolution of this gap in Australian Football lack a strong evidence base. Despite the multimillion dollars invested in recruitment, scientific research on successful transition is limited. No studies have compared individual players’ movement rate, game statistics and ball speed in U18 and senior competition of the Australian Football League across time. This project compared differences in player movement and ball speed between matches from senior AFL competitive matches and U18 players in the 2003 and 2009 seasons.Methods:TrakPerformance Software and Global Positioning System (GPS) technology were used to analyze the movement of players, ball speed and game statistics. ANOVA compared the two levels of competition over time.Results:Observed interactions for distance traveled per minute of play (P = .009), number of sprints per minute of play (P < .001), time spent at sprint speed in the game (P < .001), time on field (P < .001), and ball speed (P < .001) were found. Subsequent analysis identified increases in movement patterns in senior AFL competition in 2009 compared with the same level of competition in 2003 and U18 players in 2003 and 2009.Conclusions:Senior AFL players in 2009 were moving further, sprinting relatively more frequently, playing less time and playing at game speeds significantly greater than the same senior competition in 2003 as well as compared with both cohorts of U18 players.
Collapse
|
424
|
Alghannam AF. Carbohydrate-protein ingestion improves subsequent running capacity towards the end of a football-specific intermittent exercise. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2012; 36:748-57. [PMID: 21999297 DOI: 10.1139/h11-097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The majority of football players succumb to fatigue towards the end of the game. This study was designed to examine the influence of protein coingestion with carbohydrate (CHO) vs. an isocaloric CHO supplement on subsequent running capacity towards the end of a simulated football match. Six male amateur football players participated in 3 trials applied in a randomized cross-over experimental design. A laboratory-based, football-specific intermittent exercise was allocated for 75 min interspersed with a 15-min recovery, immediately followed by run time to fatigue (RTF) at 80% peak oxygen consumption. In each trial, prior to exercise and during half-time, participants randomly ingested a placebo (PLC), 6.9% CHO, or 4.8% CHO plus 2.1% protein (CHO-P) supplements matched for color and taste. CHO-P resulted in longer RTF (23.02 ± 5.27 min) than did CHO (16.49 ± 3.25 min) and PLC (11.00 ± 2.80 min) (p < 0.05). Blood glucose was higher in CHO-P at the point of fatigue (4.68 ± 0.64) compared with CHO and PLC (3.92 ± 0.29 and 3.66 ± 0.36, respectively; p < 0.05). Ratings of perceived exertion were lower in the CHO-P subjects at the onset of exercise and towards the end of intermittent exercise when compared with the PLC and CHO subjects (p < 0.05). When protein was added to a CHO supplement, subsequent running capacity following limited recovery from intermittent exercise was enhanced. This improvement suggests that protein coingestion may exert an ergogenic benefit upon endurance capacity during intermittent activity.
Collapse
|
425
|
Carling C, Le Gall F, Dupont G. Analysis of repeated high-intensity running performance in professional soccer. J Sports Sci 2012; 30:325-36. [PMID: 22248291 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2011.652655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were twofold: (1) to characterize repeated high-intensity movement activity profiles of a professional soccer team in official match-play; and (2) to inform and verify the construct validity of tests commonly used to determine repeated-sprint ability in soccer by investigating the relationship between the results from a test of repeated-sprint ability and repeated high-intensity performance in competition. High-intensity running performance (movement at velocities >19.8 km · h(-1) for a minimum of 1 s duration) was measured in 20 players using computerized time-motion analysis. Performance in 80 French League 1 matches was analysed. In addition, 12 of the 20 players performed a repeated-sprint test on a non-motorized treadmill consisting of six consecutive 6 s sprints separated by 20 s passive recovery intervals. In all players, most consecutive high-intensity actions in competition were performed after recovery durations ≥61 s, recovery activity separating these efforts was generally active in nature with the major part of this spent walking, and players performed 1.1 ± 1.1 repeated high-intensity bouts (a minimum of three consecutive high-intensity bouts with a mean recovery time ≤20 s separating efforts) per game. Players reporting lowest performance decrements in the repeated-sprint ability test performed more high-intensity actions interspersed by short recovery times (≤20 s, P < 0.01 and ≤30 s, P < 0.05) compared with those with higher decrements. Across positional roles, central-midfielders performed more high-intensity actions separated by short recovery times (≤20 s) and spent a larger proportion of time running at higher intensities during recovery periods, while fullbacks performed the most repeated high-intensity bouts (statistical differences across positional roles from P < 0.05 to P < 0.001). These findings have implications for repeated high-intensity testing and physical conditioning regimens.
Collapse
|
426
|
Varley MC, Fairweather IH, Aughey RJ. Validity and reliability of GPS for measuring instantaneous velocity during acceleration, deceleration, and constant motion. J Sports Sci 2012; 30:121-7. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2011.627941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
|
427
|
Relationships between vertical jump and full squat power outputs with sprint times in u21 soccer players. J Hum Kinet 2011; 30:135-44. [PMID: 23487438 PMCID: PMC3588648 DOI: 10.2478/v10078-011-0081-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between power variables in the vertical jump and full squat with the sprint performance in soccer players. Fourteen under-21 soccer players were evaluated in two testing sessions separated by 7 days. In the first testing session, vertical jump height in countermovement was assessed, and power output for both loaded countermovement jump (CMJL) and full squat (FS) exercises in two progressive load tests. The second testing session included sprinting at 10, 20, and 30m (T10, T20, T30, T10–20, T10–30, T20–30). Power variables obtained in the loaded vertical jump with 20kg and full squat exercise with 70kg showed significant relationships with all split times (r=−0.56/–0.79; p≤ 0.01/0.01). The results suggest that power produced either with vertical jump or full squat exercises is an important factor to explain short sprint performance in soccer players. These findings might suggest that certain levels of neuromuscular activation are more related with sprint performance reflecting the greater suitability of loads against others for the improvement of short sprint ability in under-21 soccer players.
Collapse
|
428
|
Arsić A, Vučić V, Tepšić J, Mazić S, Djelić M, Glibetić M. Altered plasma and erythrocyte phospholipid fatty acid profile in elite female water polo and football players. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2011; 37:40-7. [PMID: 22165902 DOI: 10.1139/h11-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The impact of chronic, intense exercise, such as in elite athletes, on phospholipids fatty acids (FA) composition has not been studied in women so far. This study aimed to investigate FA profiles in plasma and erythrocytes phospholipids in elite female water polo (N = 15) and football (N = 19) players in comparison with sedentary women. In spite of similar dietary patterns, as assessed by a food frequency questionnaire, plasma FA profile in the football players showed significantly higher proportions of stearic acid, oleic acid, and monounsaturated FA (MUFA), and significantly lower proportions of total and n-6 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) than in the water polo and control group. The water polo players had higher percentages of palmitoleic acid and arachidonic acid than the control subjects. Erythrocyte FA profile differed among groups. We found significantly higher proportion of oleic acid and MUFA in the football group than in the controls, and decreased stearic acid and elevated palmitic and palmitoleic acid in the water polo players than in the other 2 groups. Both groups of athletes had significantly lower percentages of n-6 dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, n-6 PUFA, and total PUFA compared with the controls. The estimated activities of elongase and desaturases in erythrocytes were also altered in the athletes. Our results indicate that long-term, intense physical training significantly affects FA status of plasma and erythrocyte phospholipids in women. The observed differences between the water polo and the football players suggest that the type of regular training may contribute to the altered metabolism of FA, although possible genetic differences among the 3 study groups cannot be ruled out.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Arsić
- Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
429
|
Harley JA, Lovell RJ, Barnes CA, Portas MD, Weston M. The interchangeability of global positioning system and semiautomated video-based performance data during elite soccer match play. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25:2334-6. [PMID: 21747299 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181f0a88f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In elite-level soccer, player motion characteristics are commonly generated from match play and training situations using semiautomated video analysis systems and global positioning system (GPS) technology, respectively. Before such data are used collectively to quantify global player load, it is necessary to understand both the level of agreement and direction of bias between the systems so that specific interventions can be made based on the reported results. The aim of this report was to compare data derived from both systems for physical match performances. Six elite-level soccer players were analyzed during a competitive match using semiautomated video analysis (ProZone® [PZ]) and GPS (MinimaxX) simultaneously. Total distances (TDs), high speed running (HSR), very high speed running (VHSR), sprinting distance (SPR), and high-intensity running distance (HIR; >4.0 m·s(-1)) were reported in 15-minute match periods. The GPS reported higher values than PZ did for TD (GPS: 1,755.4 ± 245.4 m; PZ: 1,631.3 ± 239.5 m; p < 0.05); PZ reported higher values for SPR and HIR than GPS did (SPR: PZ, 34.1 ± 24.0 m; GPS: 20.3 ± 15.8 m; HIR: PZ, 368.1 ± 129.8 m; GPS: 317.0 ± 92.5 m; p < 0.05). Caution should be exercised when using match-load (PZ) and training-load (GPS) data interchangeably.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Harley
- Department of Sport & Exercise, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
430
|
Lago-Peñas C, Casais L, Dellal A, Rey E, Domínguez E. Anthropometric and Physiological Characteristics of Young Soccer Players According to Their Playing Positions: Relevance for Competition Success. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25:3358-67. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318216305d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
431
|
Effect of the number of ball contacts within bouts of 4 vs. 4 small-sided soccer games. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2011; 6:322-33. [PMID: 21911858 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.6.3.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to examine the influence of the number of ball touches authorized per possession on the physical demands, technical performances and physiological responses throughout the bouts within 4 vs. 4 soccer small-sided games (SSGs). METHODS Twenty international soccer players (27.4 ± 1.5 y, 180.6 ± 2.3 cm, 79.2 ± 4.2 kg, body fat 12.7 ± 1.2%) performed three different 4 vs. 4 SSGs (4 × 4 min) in which the number of ball touches authorized per possession was manipulated (1 touch = 1T; 2 touches = 2T; Free Play = FP). The SSGs were divided in 4 bouts (B1, B2, B3 and B4) separated by 3 min of passive recovery. The physical performances, technical activities, heart rate responses, blood lactate and RPE were analyzed. RESULTS The FP rule presented greater number of duels, induced the lowest decreases of the sprint and high-intensity performances, and affected less the technical actions (successful passes and number of ball losses) from B1 to B4 as compared with 1T and 2T forms. Moreover, the SSG played in 1T form led to reach higher solicitation of the high-intensity actions while players presented more difficulty to perform a correct technical action. CONCLUSIONS The modification of the number of ball touches authorized per possession affects the soccer player activity from the first to the last bout of SSG, indicating that the determination of this rule has to be precisely planned by the coach according to the objectives of the training.
Collapse
|
432
|
Leser R, Baca A, Ogris G. Local positioning systems in (game) sports. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2011; 11:9778-97. [PMID: 22163725 PMCID: PMC3231285 DOI: 10.3390/s111009778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Position data of players and athletes are widely used in sports performance analysis for measuring the amounts of physical activities as well as for tactical assessments in game sports. However, positioning sensing systems are applied in sports as tools to gain objective information of sports behavior rather than as components of intelligent spaces (IS). The paper outlines the idea of IS for the sports context with special focus to game sports and how intelligent sports feedback systems can benefit from IS. Henceforth, the most common location sensing techniques used in sports and their practical application are reviewed, as location is among the most important enabling techniques for IS. Furthermore, the article exemplifies the idea of IS in sports on two applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Leser
- Department of Biomechanics, Kinesiology and Applied Computer Science, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, 1150 Vienna, Austria; E-Mails: (A.B.); (G.O.)
| | - Arnold Baca
- Department of Biomechanics, Kinesiology and Applied Computer Science, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, 1150 Vienna, Austria; E-Mails: (A.B.); (G.O.)
| | - Georg Ogris
- Department of Biomechanics, Kinesiology and Applied Computer Science, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, 1150 Vienna, Austria; E-Mails: (A.B.); (G.O.)
- Spantec GmbH, Gumpendorferstraße 132/2/5, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
433
|
Abstract
The ability to maintain technical performances (i.e. skills) throughout soccer match-play is considered to be crucial in determining the outcome of competitive fixtures. Consequently, coaches dedicate a large proportion of time to practicing isolated skills, such as passing, shooting and dribbling. Unlike other elements that contribute to team-sport performances, it is unusual for coaches to use methods other than observations to assess changes resulting from technical training. Researchers have employed various tests to measure isolated soccer skills; however, reliance on outcome measures that include number of contacts (ball juggling tasks), time (dribbling tasks) and points scored (criterion-based passing and shooting tests) means that the outcomes are difficult for coaches to interpret. Skill tests that use video-analysis techniques to measure ball speed, precision and success of soccer skills offer valid and reliable alternatives. Although equivocal results are published, skill performances can be affected by assorted factors that threaten homeostasis, including match-related fatigue, dehydration and reductions in blood glucose concentrations. While acknowledging methodological constraints associated with using skill tests with limited ecological validity and cognitive demands, the effects of these homeostatic disturbances might vary according to the type of skill being performed. Shooting performances appear most susceptible to deterioration after exercise. Strategies such as aerobic training, fluid-electrolyte provision and acute carbohydrate supplementation have been found to improve proficiency in technical actions performed after soccer-specific exercise. However, mechanisms that cause deterioration in skill during soccer-specific exercise remain to be fully elucidated and strategies to optimize technical performance throughout match-play are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Russell
- Sport Exercise Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
434
|
Turner A, Walker S, Stembridge M, Coneyworth P, Reed G, Birdsey L, Barter P, Moody J. A Testing Battery for the Assessment of Fitness in Soccer Players. Strength Cond J 2011. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0b013e31822fc80a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
435
|
Bradley PS, Carling C, Archer D, Roberts J, Dodds A, Di Mascio M, Paul D, Diaz AG, Peart D, Krustrup P. The effect of playing formation on high-intensity running and technical profiles in English FA Premier League soccer matches. J Sports Sci 2011; 29:821-30. [PMID: 21512949 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2011.561868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of playing formation on high-intensity running and technical performance during elite soccer matches. Twenty English FA Premier League games were analysed using a multiple-camera computerized tracking system (n = 153 players). Overall ball possession did not differ (P < 0.05) between 4-4-2, 4-3-3 and 4-5-1 formations (50%, s = 7 vs. 49%, s = 8 vs. 44%, s = 6). No differences were observed in high-intensity running between 4-4-2, 4-3-3 and 4-5-1 formations. Compared with 4-4-2 and 4-3-3 formations, players in a 4-5-1 formation performed less very high-intensity running when their team was in possession (312 m, s = 196 vs. 433 m, s = 261 vs. 410 m, s = 270; P 5 0.05) but more when their team was not in possession (547 m, s = 217 vs. 461 m, s = 156 vs. 459 m, s = 169; P < 0.05). Attackers in a 4-3-3 performed ~30% more (P < 0.05) high-intensity running than attackers in 4-4-2 and 4-5-1 formations. However, the fraction of successful passes was highest in a 4-4-2 (P < 0.05) compared with 4-3-3 and 4-5-1 formations. The results suggest that playing formation does not influence the overall activity profiles of players, except for attackers, but impacts on very high-intensity running activity with and without ball possession and some technical elements of performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Bradley
- Department of Sports and Exercise, Soccer Research Group, University of Sunderland, Sunderland, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
436
|
Bradley PS, Mascio MD, Bangsbo J, Krustrup P. The maximal and sub-maximal versions of the Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test level 2 are simply reproducible, sensitive and valid. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 112:1973-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2155-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
437
|
Development of a soccer simulation protocol to include repeated sprints and agility. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2011; 6:427-31. [PMID: 21911867 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.6.3.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Existing procedures for the simulation of soccer match play fail to incorporate multidirectional and repeated-sprint activities, even though these movements are considered fundamental to match play. In the current study, selected physiological and performance responses were assessed during an adapted version of an existing soccer simulation protocol. Mean heart rates of 163 ± 14 beats·min-1, mean blood lactates of 4.9 ± 2.3 mmol·L-1 and decrements in single-sprint and repeated-sprint performances were observed. The presented adaptations to an existing soccer simulation protocol better reflect the movement characteristics as well as the physiological and performance responses of soccer match play.
Collapse
|
438
|
Dellal A, Hill-Haas S, Lago-Penas C, Chamari K. Small-Sided Games in Soccer: Amateur vs. Professional Players' Physiological Responses, Physical, and Technical Activities. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25:2371-81. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181fb4296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
439
|
Reduction in physical match performance at the start of the second half in elite soccer. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2011; 6:174-82. [PMID: 21725103 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.6.2.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Soccer referees' physical match performances at the start of the second half (46-60 min) were evaluated in relation to both the corresponding phase of the first half (0-15 min) and players' performances during the same match periods. METHODS Match analysis data were collected (Prozone, UK) from 12 soccer referees on 152 English Premier League matches during the 2008/09 soccer season. Physical match performance categories for referees and players were total distance, high-speed running distance (speed >5.5 m/s), and sprinting distance (>7.0 m/s). The referees' heart rate was recorded from the start of their warm-up to the end of the match. The referees' average distances (in meters) from the ball and fouls were also calculated. RESULTS No substantial differences were observed in duration (16:42 ± 2:35 vs 16:27 ± 1:00 min) or intensity (107 ± 11 vs 106 ± 14 beats/ min) of the referees' preparation periods immediately before each half. Physical match performance was reduced during the initial phase of the second half when compared with the first half in both referees (effect sizes-standardized mean differences-0.19 to 0.73) and players (effect sizes 0.20 to 1.01). The degree of the decreased performance was consistent between referees and players for total distance (4.7 m), high-speed running (1.5 m), and sprinting (1.1 m). The referees were closer to the ball (effect size 0.52) during the opening phase the second half. CONCLUSION Given the similarity in the referees' preparation periods, it may be that the reduced physical match performances observed in soccer referees during the opening stages of the second half are a consequence of a slower tempo of play.
Collapse
|
440
|
Lovell R, Midgley A, Barrett S, Carter D, Small K. Effects of different half-time strategies on second half soccer-specific speed, power and dynamic strength. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011; 23:105-13. [PMID: 21812822 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01353.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the effects of whole body vibration (WBV) and a field-based re-warm-up during half-time (HT) on subsequent physical performance measures during a simulated soccer game. Ten semi-professional male soccer players performed 90-min fixed-intensity soccer simulations (SAFT(90)), using a multi-directional course. During the HT period players either remained seated (CON), or performed intermittent agility exercise (IAE), or WBV. At regular intervals during SAFT(90), vastus lateralis temperature (T(m)) was recorded, and players also performed maximal counter-movement jumps (CMJ), 10-m sprints, and knee flexion and extension contractions. At the start of the second half, sprint and CMJ performance and eccentric hamstring peak torque were significantly reduced compared with the end of the first half in CON (P≤0.05). There was no significant change in these parameters over the HT period in the WBV and IAE interventions (P>0.05). The decrease in T(m) over the HT period was significantly greater for CON and WBV compared with IAE (P≤0.01). A passive HT interval reduced sprint, jump and dynamic strength performance. Alternatively, IAE and WBV at HT attenuated these performance decrements, with limited performance differences between interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Lovell
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Hull, Hull, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
441
|
Di Salvo V, Baron R, González-Haro C, Gormasz C, Pigozzi F, Bachl N. Sprinting analysis of elite soccer players during European Champions League and UEFA Cup matches. J Sports Sci 2011; 28:1489-94. [PMID: 21049314 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2010.521166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that assessment of high-intensity activities during a match is a valid measure of physical performance in elite soccer. Recently, sprinting activities have been analysed in more depth. The aim of this study was to develop a detailed analysis of the sprinting activities of different playing positions during European Champions League and UEFA Cup competitions. Altogether, 717 elite outfield soccer players were evaluated throughout 2002-2006 using ProZone® (Leeds, UK). Sprinting (explosive and leading) was analysed for each playing position. To compare positional differences, a Kruskal-Wallis analysis was performed. Differences were found among positions for total number of sprints and total sprint distance covered: wide midfielders > (attackers = wide defenders) > central midfielders > central defenders (P < 0.001), as well as for explosive sprints: (wide midfielders = attackers = wide defenders) > central defenders, wide midfielders > central midfielders > central defenders and attackers = wide defenders = central midfielders (P < 0.001), and leading sprints: wide midfielders > (attackers = wide defenders) > central midfielders > central defenders (P < 0.001). For each group, there were no differences in ratio of explosive to leading sprints. Wide midfielders performed a higher number of sprints in all five distance categories than all other positions. This study showed that sprinting characteristics are influenced by position. Wide midfielders have to complete additional high-intensity activities during training sessions compared with the other positions to achieve the performance level required during the match.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valter Di Salvo
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
442
|
Weston M, Drust B, Gregson W. Intensities of exercise during match-play in FA Premier League referees and players. J Sports Sci 2011; 29:527-32. [PMID: 21294032 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2010.543914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between intensities of exercise during match-play of elite-standard soccer referees with those of the players from the same match. Match analysis data were collected (Prozone® Leeds, UK) for 18 elite-standard soccer referees (age 26-49 years) on FA Premier League matches during the 2008/09 English FA Premier League season (236 observations). Running categories for referees and players were as follows: total distance covered (m); high-speed running distance (speed >19.8 km · h(-1)); and sprinting distance (speed >25.2 km · h(-1)). Analysis of the distance-time regression coefficients revealed no differences between the referees' and players' within-match rates of change for total distance covered (-0.594 ± 0.394 vs. -0.713 ± 0.269 m · min(-1); P = 0.104), high-speed running (-0.039 ± 0.077 vs. -0.059 ± 0.030 m · min(-1); P = 0.199), and sprinting (-0.003 ± 0.039 vs. -0.021 ± 0.017 m · min(-1); P = 0.114). In addition, there were no differences between across-season rates of change for total distance (-26.756 ± 40.434 vs. -20.031 ± 25.502 m per match day; P = 0.439) and sprinting (-9.662 ± 7.564 vs. -8.589 ± 4.351 m per match day; P = 0.542). These results show that elite-standard soccer referees' intensities of exercise during match-play are interrelated with those of the players and thus demonstrate that referees are able to keep pace with the players during FA Premier League matches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Weston
- Department of Sport & Exercise Sciences, School of Social Sciences & Law, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
443
|
Macutkiewicz D, Sunderland C. The use of GPS to evaluate activity profiles of elite women hockey players during match-play. J Sports Sci 2011; 29:967-73. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2011.570774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
444
|
Carling C. Influence of opposition team formation on physical and skill-related performance in a professional soccer team. Eur J Sport Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2010.499972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
445
|
Carling C, Dupont G. Are declines in physical performance associated with a reduction in skill-related performance during professional soccer match-play? J Sports Sci 2011; 29:63-71. [PMID: 21077004 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2010.521945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether declines in physical performance in a professional soccer team during match-play were associated with reductions in skill-related performance. Computerized tracking of performance in midfield players (n = 11) showed that total distance and distance covered in high-speed running (>14.4 km · h⁻¹) were greater in the first versus second half of games (both P < 0.001) and in the first versus the final 15 min of play (P < 0.05). Analysis of high-speed running across 5-min periods showed that more distance was covered in the first versus the final game period, and in the peak period of activity compared with the following period and game mean for other periods (all P < 0.05). Analysis of skill-related measures revealed no significant decline between halves, across 15-min intervals or in the 5-min period following that of peak high-speed activity compared with the game mean for other 5-min periods. In contrast, frequencies of passing, ball possessions, and duels were greater in the first 5-min than in the final 5-min period (P < 0.05). Neither physical nor skill-related performance was affected across three consecutive games within a period of ≤7 days. The results suggest that the players were generally able to maintain skill-related performance throughout games and when competing in successive matches within a short time.
Collapse
|
446
|
Harley JA, Barnes CA, Portas M, Lovell R, Barrett S, Paul D, Weston M. Motion analysis of match-play in elite U12 to U16 age-group soccer players. J Sports Sci 2011; 28:1391-7. [PMID: 20967674 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2010.510142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to quantify the motion demands of match-play in elite U12 to U16 age-group soccer players. Altogether, 112 players from two professional soccer clubs at five age-group levels (U12-U16) were monitored during competitive matches (n = 14) using a 5 Hz non-differential global positioning system (NdGPS). Velocity thresholds were normalized for each age-group using the mean squad times for a flying 10 m sprint test as a reference point. Match performance was reported as total distance, high-intensity distance, very high-intensity distance, and sprint distance. Data were reported both in absolute (m) and relative (m · min(-1)) terms due to a rolling substitute policy. The U15 (1.35 ± 0.09 s) and U16 (1.31 ± 0.06 s) players were significantly quicker than the U12 (1.58 ± 0.10 s), U13 (1.52 ± 0.07 s), and U14 (1.51 ± 0.08 s) players in the flying 10 m sprint test (P < 0.001). The U16 age-group covered significantly more absolute total distance (U16 > U12, U13, U14), high-intensity distance (U16 > U12, U13, U14, U15), very high-intensity distance (U16 > U12, U13), and sprint distance (U16 > U12, U13) than their younger counterparts (P < 0.05). When the data are considered relative to match exposure, few differences are apparent. Training prescription for youth soccer players should consider the specific demands of competitive match-play in each age-group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Harley
- Sport and Exercise, University of Teesside, Middlesbrough.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
447
|
Mendez-Villanueva A, Buchheit M. Physical capacity-match physical performance relationships in soccer: simply, more complex. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 111:2387-9. [PMID: 21331627 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-1868-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
448
|
Chaouachi A, Manzi V, Wong DP, Chaalali A, Laurencelle L, Chamari K, Castagna C. Intermittent endurance and repeated sprint ability in soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 24:2663-9. [PMID: 20847706 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181e347f4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The ability to perform high-intensity intermittent exercise (i.e., Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test [Yo-Yo IR1]) and to repeat sprints with relatively short recovery times (i.e., 20- to 30-seconds, relatively short time interval [repeated sprint ability (RSA)]) has been shown to be relevant fitness variables in soccer. However, though they potentially share common features, it is not known whether these 2 abilities are associated. The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between Yo-Yo IR1 and RSA performances in elite soccer players. Twenty-three soccer players (age 19 ± 1 years, height 181 ± 5.7 cm, body mass 73.2 ± 4.1 kg, %body fat 11 ± 2.4) performed the Yo-Yo IR1 and a test for RSA (7 × 30 m with 25-second recovery). Results were 2,289 ± 409 m, 31.21 ± 1.13 seconds, and 4 ± 2.1% for Yo-Yo IR1, total sprint time, and sprint decrement, respectively. Yo-Yo IR1 showed a significant and moderate relationship with sprint decrement (r² = -0.44, p = 0.04). Splitting the sample into Best and Worst Yo-Yo IR1 performers according to median score (2,320 m), the Best group showed lower RSA total time (30.69 ± 0.99 vs. 31.79 ± 1.06, p < 0.05) and speed decrement (2.90 ± 0.86 vs. 5.09 ± 2.42, p < 0.01) compared to the Worst group. Sprint-time deterioration over 30 m occurred earlier (from the second sprint on) in the Yo-YoWorst compared with in the Yo-YoBest group (from the fourth sprint on, p < 0.001). Intermittent high-intensity endurance is poorly associated with RSA performance (r² = 0.19). Consequently, coaches and strength and conditioning professionals should consider both Yo-Yo IR1 and RSA in their testing batteries. A Yo-Yo IR1 performance ≥2,320 m could be considered as a reasonable indicator of physical fitness in elite soccer. Relatively short time interval test protocols similar to the present study should consist of at least 5 sprint bouts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anis Chaouachi
- Research Laboratory Sports Performance Optimization National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
449
|
Dellal A, Chamari K, Wong DP, Ahmaidi S, Keller D, Barros R, Bisciotti GN, Carling C. Comparison of physical and technical performance in European soccer match-play: FA Premier League and La Liga. Eur J Sport Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2010.481334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
450
|
Bradley PS, Di Mascio M, Peart D, Olsen P, Sheldon B. High-intensity activity profiles of elite soccer players at different performance levels. J Strength Cond Res 2010; 24:2343-51. [PMID: 19918194 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181aeb1b3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the study were to (a) determine the high-intensity activity patterns of soccer players at different performance levels and playing positions, (b) investigate temporary and end game fatigue in elite domestic and international soccer matches, and (c) quantify acceleration and maximal running speed profiles of elite soccer players. Elite domestic (n = 100) and international (n = 10) soccer players were analyzed using a multicamera computerized tracking system. No differences were found for high-intensity running distance (2,520 +/- 678 vs. 2,745 +/- 332 m), mean recovery time (67 +/- 15 vs. 71 +/- 26 seconds), or maximal running speed (7.76 +/- 0.31 vs. 7.66 +/- 0.34 mxs-1). The distance covered in high-intensity running irrespective of playing level was 18% lower (p < 0.05) in the last than in the first 15-minute period of the game (391 +/- 117 vs. 478 +/- 141 m). The decline in high-intensity running immediately after the most intense 5-minute period was similar between international (222 +/- 33 vs. 109 +/- 37 m or 51% decline) and elite domestic (243 +/- 81 vs. 114 +/- 51 m or 53% decline) players. Wide midfielders, central midfielders, fullbacks, and attackers covered a greater (p < 0.01) distance in high-intensity running than central defenders (3,243 +/- 625, 2,949 +/- 435, 2,806 +/- 408, 2,618 +/- 745 vs. 2,034 +/- 284 m). Results demonstrate that high-intensity running is reduced during various periods of elite soccer matches, and high-intensity activity profiles and fatigue patterns are similar between international and elite domestic players but vary markedly between playing positions. These data provide valuable information to the fitness coach regarding the high-intensity active profile of elite soccer players that could be used to develop soccer-specific training drills.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Bradley
- Department of Sport and Exercise, Soccer Research Group, University of Sunderland, Sunderland, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|