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Lolli L, Bonanno D, Lopez E, Di Salvo V. Night-to-night variability of objective sleep outcomes in youth Middle Eastern football players. Sleep Med 2024; 117:193-200. [PMID: 38564918 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2024.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe components of night-to-night variation in objective measures of sleep. METHODS We conducted a secondary data analysis of consecutive and chronologically ordered actigraphy-based measurements for time in bed (min), time asleep (min), and wake-after-sleep onset (min). This investigation examined 575 individual night-based measures available for a sub-sample of fifty-two, male youth Middle Eastern football players tracked over a 14-day surveillance period (chronological age range: 12.1 to 16 years). Distinct multivariable-adjusted generalized additive models included each objective sleep outcome measure as dependent variable and disaggregated components of variation for night measurement-by-sleep period interaction, week part (weekday or weekend), and study participant random effects from within-subject night-to-night sleep variation. RESULTS The within-subject standard deviation (SD) of ±98 min (95% confidence interval [CI], 92 to 104 min) for time in bed, ±87 min (95%CI, 82 to 93 min) for time asleep, and ±23 min (95%CI, 22 to 25 min) for wake-after-sleep-onset overwhelmed other sources of variability and accounted for ∼44% to 53% of the overall night-to-night variation. The night measurement-by-fragmented sleep period interaction SD was ±83 min (95%CI, 44 to 156 min) for time in bed, ±67 min (95%CI, 34 to 131 min) for time asleep, and ±15 min (95%CI, 7 to 32 min) for wake-after-sleep-onset that accounted for ∼22% to 32% of each sleep outcome measure overall variability. CONCLUSIONS Substantial random night-to-night within-subject variability poses additional challenges for strategies aiming to mitigate problems of insufficient and inconsistent sleep that are detrimental to school learning and youth athlete development processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Lolli
- Aspire Academy, Football Performance & Science Department, Doha, Qatar; Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.
| | - Daniele Bonanno
- Aspire Academy, Football Performance & Science Department, Doha, Qatar
| | - Emmanuel Lopez
- Aspire Academy, Football Performance & Science Department, Doha, Qatar
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- Aspire Academy, Football Performance & Science Department, Doha, Qatar; Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
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Wik EH, Chamari K, Tabben M, Di Salvo V, Gregson W, Bahr R. Exploring Growth, Maturity, and Age as Injury Risk Factors in High-Level Youth Football. Sports Med Int Open 2024; 8:a21804594. [PMID: 38312925 PMCID: PMC10832576 DOI: 10.1055/a-2180-4594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Rapid somatic growth and biological maturity status may affect injury patterns in youth football, yet firm conclusions cannot be drawn from the existing research. We aimed to explore growth velocity, maturity, and age as injury risk factors in 95 academy players (11.9-15.0 years), using anthropometric (height and body mass), maturity (skeletal age), injury, and football exposure data collected prospectively over three seasons (2016/17-2018/19). We compared the relative quality of mixed-effects logistic regression models with growth velocity for 223 growth intervals (average 113 days) included as fixed effects and adjusted for age (chronological or skeletal) plus load (hours/week). Associations were considered practically relevant based on the confidence interval for odds ratios, using thresholds of 0.90 and 1.11 to define small beneficial and harmful effects, respectively. We observed harmful effects of older age on overall (OR: 2.61, 95% CI: 1.15-5.91) and sudden onset (1.98, 1.17-3.37) injury risk. Significant associations (p<0.05) were observed for higher body mass change and greater maturity on sudden onset injuries, and for higher hours/week on gradual onset, bone tissue, and physis injuries. Future studies should include larger samples, monitoring athletes from pre-adolescence through maturation, to enable within-subject analyses and better understand the relationship between growth, maturation, and injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirik Halvorsen Wik
- FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports
Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine,
Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Exercise, Sport
and Lifestyle Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch
University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Health and Rehabilitation
Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University,
Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Karim Chamari
- FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports
Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Montassar Tabben
- FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports
Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- Football Performance and Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha,
Qatar
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome
'Foro Italico', Roma, Italy
| | - Warren Gregson
- Football Performance and Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha,
Qatar
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport,
Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Northern Ireland
| | - Roald Bahr
- FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports
Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine,
Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Lolli L, Gregson W, Bonanno D, Kuitunen S, Di Salvo V. Age-Related Reference Intervals for Physical Performance Test Outcomes Relevant to Male Youth Middle Eastern Football Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:1283-1295. [PMID: 37604482 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop age-specific reference intervals for physical performance test outcomes relevant to male youth Middle Eastern football players. METHODS We analyzed mixed-longitudinal data (observations range: 1751-1943 assessments) from a sample of 441 male youth outfield football players (chronological age range: 11.7-18.4 y) as part of the Qatar Football Association and Aspire Academy development program over 14 competitive seasons. Semiparametric generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape estimated age-specific reference centiles for 10-m sprinting, 40-m sprinting, countermovement jump height, and maximal aerobic speed variables. RESULTS The estimated reference intervals indicated that the distribution of the physical performance test scores increased monotonically and nonlinearly with advancing chronological age for sprinting and countermovement jump outcome measures, reaching a plateau after 16 years common to each of these performance variables. The maximal aerobic speed median score increased substantially until ∼14.5 years, with the nonlinear trend flattening off toward relatively older chronological ages. CONCLUSIONS We developed age-related reference intervals for physical performance test outcomes relevant to youth Qatari football players. Country-wide age-specific reference intervals can assist in the longitudinal tracking of the individual players' progress over time against benchmark values derived from the reference population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Lolli
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha,Qatar
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester,UK
| | - Warren Gregson
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester,UK
| | - Daniele Bonanno
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha,Qatar
| | - Sami Kuitunen
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha,Qatar
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha,Qatar
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico,"Rome,Italy
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Lolli L, Di Salvo V, Monaco M, Johnson A, Gregson W. A comparison of FELS and Tanner-Whitehouse II skeletal ages in male youth soccer players from the Middle East. Am J Hum Biol 2023; 35:e23941. [PMID: 37354010 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess measurement agreement between FELS and Tanner-Whitehouse (TW) II skeletal ages in male youth soccer players from the Middle East. METHODS We examined agreement between FELS and TW-II skeletal ages using data collected between- and within-subjects (n = 1057 observations) for 409 male, full-time, academy student-athletes recruited as part of the Qatar Football Association national soccer development programme (chronological age range, 9.8 to 18 years; annual screening range, one to seven visits). The Bland-Altman method for repeated measurements estimated the limits of agreement describing the expected range of differences for 95% of pairs of future FELS and TW-II skeletal ages determined on similar individuals from the reference population. RESULTS The mean difference for TW-II versus FELS protocols was 0.02 years (95% confidence interval, -0.04 to 0.08 years) with lower and upper limits of agreement ranging from -1.39 years (95% confidence interval, -1.48 to -1.30 years) to 1.43 years (95% confidence interval, 1.34 to 1.52 years). CONCLUSION Differences for 95% of pairs of future skeletal ages determined with FELS and TW-II methods in this population could be as high as ~3 years for some people that suggested protocols may not be interchangeable in youth Middle Eastern athletes. Justification of skeletal age protocol selection rests on knowledge of measurement bias and variability of expected growth estimations for rationalized application to a population of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Lolli
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Mauricio Monaco
- National Sports Medicine Program, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Amanda Johnson
- Faculty of Health and Education, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Warren Gregson
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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Lolli L, Johnson A, Monaco M, Di Salvo V, Gregson W. Skeletal maturation in male elite youth athletes from the Middle East. Am J Hum Biol 2023; 35:e23906. [PMID: 37114584 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the timing and intensity of skeletal maturation of the radius-ulna-short (RUS) bones in elite youth Arab athletes. METHODS We compared SuperImposition by Translation And Rotation (SITAR) models with different spline degrees of freedom and transformation expressions to summarize 492 longitudinal measurements for individual RUS bones scores assessed from 99 male academy student-athletes (chronological age range, 11.4 to 18 years; annual screening range, four to seven visits). RESULTS The SITAR model with 5 degrees of freedom and untransformed chronological age was superior to the other models. The mean growth curve increased with age and showed a mid-pubertal double-kink at a RUS score of ~600 bone score units (au). The SITAR model revealed a first peak in the skeletal maturation velocity curve of ~206 au·year-1 occurred at ~13.5 years. The mean age at the second and largest peak occurred at 15.1 years (95% confidence interval [CI], 14.9 to 15.3 years), with the respective estimated peak skeletal ossification rate of 334 au·year-1 (95% CI, 290 to 377 au·year-1 ). The mean age at peak height velocity was 13.5 years (95% CI, 13.3 to 13.7 years), with peak height velocity of 10 cm·year-1 (95% CI, 9.6 to 10.4 cm·year-1 ). CONCLUSION Application of the SITAR method confirmed two peaks in the skeletal maturation velocity curve, with the second and largest rate of ossification occurring at a relatively later timing of ~1.5 years than the height growth spurt. Knowledge of the RUS bones timing and intensity can be important to advance strategies for athlete performance development purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Lolli
- Football Performance and Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Amanda Johnson
- Faculty of Health and Education, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Mauricio Monaco
- National Sports Medicine Program, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- Football Performance and Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Warren Gregson
- Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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Gregson W, Carling C, Gualtieri A, O'Brien J, Reilly P, Tavares F, Bonanno D, Lopez E, Marques J, Lolli L, Salvo VD. A survey of organizational structure and operational practices of elite youth football academies and national federations from around the world: A performance and medical perspective. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:1031721. [PMID: 36506723 PMCID: PMC9727309 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.1031721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Medical and performance units are integral components of player development programmes in elite football academies. Nevertheless, the nature of the operational processes implemented by practitioners within clubs and national federations remains unexplored. The aim of the present study, therefore, was to survey elite youth professional football academies from around the world regarding the operational processes adopted by their medical and performance units. Methods Of the 50 organizations invited, 10 national federations and 25 clubs took part in the survey resulting in a response rate of 70% (95% confidence interval, 56%-81%). The respondents represented three groups: senior club and academy management, performance, and medical staff. Results The majority (60%-90%) of clubs and national federations reported strategic alignment between senior and academy medical and performance units as well as between academy medical and performance units. Survey responses indicated substantial heterogeneity in the composition and number of medical and performance professionals employed in academies. The majority of respondents agreed their medical and performance departments were effective in utilizing staff knowledge and external sources of knowledge to inform their practice (56%-80%). Performance staff (40%-50%) and physiotherapists (30%-32%) were deemed most influential in injury prevention programmes. During the return-to-play process, the influence of specific practitioners in the medical and performance units was dependent upon the phase of return-to-play. Shared decision-making was common practice amongst performance and medical staff in injury prevention and return-to-play processes. Medical and performance data were generally centralized across the first team and academy in majority (50%-72%) of clubs and national federations. Data were integrated within the same data management system to a higher degree in clubs (68%) vs. national federations (40%). Research and development activity were reported for most academies (50%-72%), and generally led by the head of performance (37%) or team doctor (21%). Research activities were largely undertaken via internal staff (~100%), academic collaborations (50%-88%) and/or external consultants and industry partnerships (77%-83%) in the national federation and clubs. Conclusion Collectively, these findings provide a detailed overview regarding key operational processes delivered by medical and performance practitioners working in elite football academies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Gregson
- Aspire Academy, Football Performance & Science Department, Doha, Qatar
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Carling
- French Football Federation Research Centre, French Football Federation, Clairefontaine National Football Centre, Clairefontaine-en-Yvelines, France
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Antonio Gualtieri
- Sport Science and R&D Department, Juventus FC, Turin, Italy
- School of Health and Sports Science, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | - James O'Brien
- Red Bull Athlete Performance Center, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Francisco Tavares
- Medical and Performance Department, Sporting Clube de Portugal, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Daniele Bonanno
- Aspire Academy, Football Performance & Science Department, Doha, Qatar
| | - Emmanuel Lopez
- Aspire Academy, Football Performance & Science Department, Doha, Qatar
| | - Joao Marques
- Faculty of Medicine, Rehabilitation and Functional Performance Program, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Aspetar, Rehabilitation Department, Qatar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Lorenzo Lolli
- Aspire Academy, Football Performance & Science Department, Doha, Qatar
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- Aspire Academy, Football Performance & Science Department, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
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Whiteley R, Gregson W, Roald B, Tabben M, Chamari K, Lolli L, Di Salvo V. High‐speed running during match play before and after return from hamstring injury in professional footballers. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2022; 32:1502-1509. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.14219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodney Whiteley
- Aspetar, Sport Medicine Department, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital Doha Qatar
| | - Warren Gregson
- Aspire Academy, Football Performance & Science Department Doha Qatar
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool UK
| | - Bahr Roald
- Aspetar, Sport Medicine Department, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital Doha Qatar
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Norwegian School of Sport Sciences Oslo Norway
| | - Montassar Tabben
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Aspetar, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital Doha Qatar
| | - Karim Chamari
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Aspetar, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital Doha Qatar
| | - Lorenzo Lolli
- Aspire Academy, Football Performance & Science Department Doha Qatar
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool UK
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- Aspire Academy, Football Performance & Science Department Doha Qatar
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences University of Rome “Foro Italico” Italy
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Ascenzi G, Filetti C, Di Salvo V, Nuñez FJ, Suarez-Arrones L, Ruscello B, Francioni FM, Villanueva AM. Inter-limb asymmetry in youth elite soccer players: Effect of loading conditions. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269695. [PMID: 35749438 PMCID: PMC9231726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of inter-limb asymmetries can influence strength performance and represent an injury risk factor for team sport athletes. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of changes in resistance loads using different assessment modalities on the magnitude and the direction of inter-limb asymmetry within the same leg. Fifteen young elite soccer players from the same professional academy performed rear-foot-elevated-split-squat-test at different loading conditions (body mass with no overload, 25% of body mass, 50% of body mass 50%), isokinetic knee flexor (concentric 30°·s-1, concentric 60°·s-1, eccentric 90°·s-1) and extensor (concentric 60°·s-1, eccentric 60°·s-1). The outcomes from the agreement analyses suggested moderate level agreement between body mass vs body mass 25% (Kappa = 0.46), with no agreement or fair agreement for the other between-assessment comparison. Our results demonstrated that the magnitude and direction of within-limb strength imbalances were inconsistent when compared within the same assessment under different resistance load conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampiero Ascenzi
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Physical Performance and Sport Research, Pablo de Olavide University, Sevilla, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Cristoforo Filetti
- Italy School of Sport Sciences and Exercise, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, “Tor Vergata” University, Rome, Italy
- Paris Saint Germain Fc performance department, Paris, France
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - F. Javier Nuñez
- Physical Performance and Sport Research, Pablo de Olavide University, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Luis Suarez-Arrones
- Physical Performance and Sport Research, Pablo de Olavide University, Sevilla, Spain
- Performance Department, FC Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Ruscello
- Italy School of Sport Sciences and Exercise, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, “Tor Vergata” University, Rome, Italy
- School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, “San Raffaele” University, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Kyprianou, E, Di Salvo, V, Lolli, L, Al Haddad, H, Villanueva, AM, Gregson, W, and Weston, M. To measure peak velocity in soccer, let the players sprint. J Strength Cond Res 36(1): 273-276, 2022-Expressing externals loads relative to a player's individual capacities has potential to enhance understanding of dose-response. Peak velocity is an important metric for the individualization process and is usually measured during a sprint test. Recently, however, peak velocity was reported to be faster during soccer matches when compared with a 40-m sprint test. With the aim of developing the practice of individualized training prescription and match evaluation, we examined whether the aforementioned finding replicates in a group of elite youth soccer players across a broader range of soccer activities. To do this, we compared the peak velocities of 12 full-time male youth soccer players (age 16.3 ± 0.8 years) recorded during a 40-m sprint test with peak velocity recorded during their routine activities (matches, sprints, and skill-based conditioning drills: small-sided games [SSG], medium-sided games [MSG], large-sided games [LSG]). All activities were monitored with 10-Hz global positioning systems (Catapult Optimeye S5, version 7.32) with the highest speed attained during each activity retained as the instantaneous peak velocity. Interpretation of clear between-activity differences in peak velocity was based on nonoverlap of the 95% confidence intervals for the mean difference between activities with sprint testing. Peak velocity was clearly faster for the sprint test (8.76 ± 0.39 m·s-1) when compared with matches (7.94 ± 0.49 m·s-1), LSG (6.94 ± 0.65 m·s-1), MSG (6.40 ± 0.75 m·s-1), and SSG (5.25 ± 0.92 m·s-1), but not sprints (8.50 ± 0.36 m·s-1). Our data show the necessity for 40-m sprint testing to determine peak velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthymios Kyprianou
- Football Performance and Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- Football Performance and Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico," Rome, Italy ; and
| | - Lorenzo Lolli
- Football Performance and Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
| | - Hani Al Haddad
- Football Performance and Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Warren Gregson
- Football Performance and Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Weston
- Football Performance and Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
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Wik EH, Lolli L, Chamari K, Materne O, Di Salvo V, Gregson W, Bahr R. Injury patterns differ with age in male youth football: a four-season prospective study of 1111 time-loss injuries in an elite national academy. Br J Sports Med 2021; 55:794-800. [PMID: 33361134 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-103430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe age group patterns for injury incidence, severity and burden in elite male youth football. METHODS Prospective cohort study capturing data on individual exposure and time-loss injuries from training and matches over four seasons (2016/2017 through 2019/2020) at a national football academy (U13-U18; age range: 11-18 years). Injury incidence was calculated as the number of injuries per 1000 hours, injury severity as the median number of days lost and injury burden as the number of days lost per 1000 hours. RESULTS We included 301 players (591 player-seasons) and recorded 1111 time-loss injuries. Overall incidence was 12.0 per 1000 hours (95% CI 11.3 to 12.7) and burden was 255 days lost per 1000 hours (252 to 259). The mean incidence for overall injuries was higher in the older age groups (7.8 to 18.6 injuries per 1000 hours), while the greatest burden was observed in the U16 age group (425 days; 415 to 435). In older age groups, incidence and burden were higher for muscle injuries and lower for physis injuries. Incidence of joint sprains and bone stress injuries was greatest for players in the U16, U17 and U18 age groups, with the largest burden observed for U16 players. No clear age group trend was observed for fractures. CONCLUSION Injury patterns differed with age; tailoring prevention programmes may be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirik Halvorsen Wik
- Aspetar Sports Injury and Illness Prevention Programme (ASPREV), Department of Research and Scientific Support, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center (OSTRC), Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lorenzo Lolli
- Football Performance and Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Karim Chamari
- Aspetar Sports Injury and Illness Prevention Programme (ASPREV), Department of Research and Scientific Support, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Olivier Materne
- Aspetar Sports Injury and Illness Prevention Programme (ASPREV), Department of Research and Scientific Support, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- Football Performance and Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Warren Gregson
- Football Performance and Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Roald Bahr
- Aspetar Sports Injury and Illness Prevention Programme (ASPREV), Department of Research and Scientific Support, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center (OSTRC), Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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11
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Lolli L, Cardinale M, Lopez E, Maasar MF, Marthinussen J, Bonanno D, Gregson W, Di Salvo V. An objective description of routine sleep habits in elite youth football players from the Middle-East. Sleep Med 2021; 80:96-99. [PMID: 33588263 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND STUDY OBJECTIVES Adequate sleep is essential to support preparation and recovery processes for training and competition in athletes. A limited number of studies have examined whether adolescents from the Middle-East meet the minimum age-specific recommendations ranging from 8 to 9 h of night sleep based on objective measurements. This study aimed to provide an objective description of routine sleep habits in elite youth football players from the Middle-East. METHODS Using wrist-worn actigraphy, we examined objective measures of sleep over a 14-day surveillance period from fifty-nine, male, Middle-Eastern elite youth football players (age range: 12.1 to 16 years). RESULTS The observed median sleep duration was approximately 5.5 to 6 h during weekdays and 6.5 to 7.5 h over weekend days. Sleep intermissions resulting in two or more periods of sleep accounted for 8% and 17% of the data during weekdays and weekends, respectively. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, we reported an objective quantification of sleep measures indicating that elite youth athletes from the Middle-East do not meet the age-specific sleep recommendations. Integration of sleep tracking into the routine training monitoring process can be valuable to inform decisions relevant to the adoption of potential multidisciplinary interventions to address sleep insufficiency and disorders in youth athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Lolli
- Aspire Academy, Football Performance & Science Department, Qatar; Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK.
| | - Marco Cardinale
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Qatar; Department of Computer Science and Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, UK
| | - Emmanuel Lopez
- Aspire Academy, Football Performance & Science Department, Qatar
| | | | | | - Daniele Bonanno
- Aspire Academy, Football Performance & Science Department, Qatar
| | - Warren Gregson
- Aspire Academy, Football Performance & Science Department, Qatar; Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- Aspire Academy, Football Performance & Science Department, Qatar; Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Italy
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12
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Suarez-Arrones L, Nakamura FY, Maldonado RA, Torreno N, Di Salvo V, Mendez-Villanueva A. Applying a holistic hamstring injury prevention approach in elite football: 12 seasons, single club study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:861-874. [PMID: 33382128 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to investigate the preventive effect of a complex training program based on holistic hamstring health understanding in elite professional soccer players. This study involved an elite club in Europe and was conducted over 12 seasons. The last 2 seasons were the intervention period, and the others were the control seasons. During the intervention period, players performed a complex program organized into different interventions throughout the week having as a priority the player health. Hamstring injuries, absenteeism, injury rates, and injury burden between the control and intervention seasons were compared using a rate ratio (RR) with 95% CI. Players had a mean exposure of 333.5 ± 18.6 hours per season with no significant differences between the intervention and control seasons. The overall injury rate was 3 times lower during the two intervention seasons than during the previous seasons (P < .01); the match injury rate was 2.7 times lower (P < .01) and the training rate 4.3 times (P < .01). Injury burden was almost 4 times lower during the two intervention seasons than during the previous seasons (P < .01), and recurrences in the control group were 10% vs 0% in the intervention group. Hamstring injuries were reduced ~3 times during the seasons in which elite football players were exposed to multicomponent, complex prevention training with individual approaches based on player needs, management of training load, individualized physiotherapy treatment, and planned staff communication, in comparison to the control seasons without a clearly defined and structured injury prevention intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Suarez-Arrones
- Department of Sport and Informatics, Section of Physical Education and Sport, Pablo de Olavide University, Sevilla, Spain.,Performance and Health Department, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fábio Yuzo Nakamura
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education UPE/UFPB, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal
| | | | - Nacho Torreno
- Performance and Health Department, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- Football Performance & Science Department, ASPIRE Academy, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
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13
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Ford PR, Bordonau JLD, Bonanno D, Tavares J, Groenendijk C, Fink C, Gualtieri D, Gregson W, Varley MC, Weston M, Lolli L, Platt D, Di Salvo V. A survey of talent identification and development processes in the youth academies of professional soccer clubs from around the world. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:1269-1278. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1752440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul R. Ford
- School of Sport and Service Management, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | | | - Daniele Bonanno
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
| | - José Tavares
- FC Porto Youth Academy, FC Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Cristina Fink
- Union Technical Department, Philadelphia Union, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Warren Gregson
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthew C. Varley
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
- Institute of Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Matthew Weston
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Lorenzo Lolli
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - David Platt
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
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14
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Mawhinney C, Heinonen I, Low DA, Han C, Jones H, Kalliokoski KK, Kirjavainen A, Kemppainen J, Di Salvo V, Weston M, Cable T, Gregson W. Changes in quadriceps femoris muscle perfusion following different degrees of cold-water immersion. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 128:1392-1401. [PMID: 32352343 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00833.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the influence of graded cold-water immersion (CWI) on global and regional quadriceps muscle perfusion with positron emission tomography (PET) and [15O]H2O. In 30 healthy men [33 ± 8 yr; 81 ± 10 kg; 184 ± 5 cm; percentage body fat: 13 ± 5%; peak oxygen uptake (V̇o2peak): 47 ± 8 mL·kg-1·min-1] quadriceps perfusion, thigh and calf cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC), intestinal, muscle, and local skin temperatures, thermal comfort, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate were assessed before and after 10 min of CWI at 8°C, 15°C, or 22°C. Global quadriceps perfusion did not change beyond a clinically relevant threshold (0.75 mL·100 g·min-1) in any condition and was similar between conditions {range of differences [95% confidence interval (CI)]: 0.1 mL·100 g·min-1 (-0.9 to 1.2 mL·100 g·min-1) to 0.9 mL·100 g·min-1 (-0.2 to 1.9 mL·100 g·min-1)}. Muscle perfusion was greater in vastus intermedius (VI) compared with vastus lateralis (VL) (2.2 mL·100 g·min-1; 95% CI 1.5 to 3.0 mL·100 g·min-1) and rectus femoris (RF) (2.2 mL·100 g·min-1; 1.4 to 2.9 mL·100 g·min-1). A clinically relevant increase in VI muscle perfusion after immersion at 8°C and a decrease in RF muscle perfusion at 15°C were observed. A clinically relevant increase in perfusion was observed in VI in 8°C compared with 22°C water (2.3 mL·100 g·min-1; 1.1 to 3.5 mL·100 g·min-1). There were no clinically relevant between-condition differences in thigh CVC. Our findings suggest that CWI (8-22°C) does not reduce global quadriceps muscle perfusion to a clinically relevant extent; however, colder water increases (8°C) deep muscle perfusion and reduces (15°C) superficial muscle (RF) perfusion in the quadriceps muscle.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Using positron emission tomography, we report for the first time muscle perfusion heterogeneity in the quadriceps femoris in response to different degrees of cold-water immersion (CWI). Noxious CWI temperatures (8°C) increase perfusion in the deep quadriceps muscle, whereas superficial quadriceps muscle perfusion is reduced in cooler (15°C) water. Therefore, these data have important implications for the selection of CWI approaches used in the treatment of soft tissue injury, while also increasing our understanding of the potential mechanisms underpinning CWI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Mawhinney
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,College of Sports Science and Technology, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand
| | - Ilkka Heinonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Rydberg Laboratory of Applied Sciences, University of Halmstad, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - David A Low
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Chunlei Han
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Helen Jones
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Kari K Kalliokoski
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Anna Kirjavainen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jukka Kemppainen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- Football Performance and Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
| | - Matthew Weston
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom.,Football Performance and Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
| | - Tim Cable
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Warren Gregson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Football Performance and Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
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15
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Lolli L, Bahr R, Weston M, Whiteley R, Tabben M, Bonanno D, Gregson W, Chamari K, Di Salvo V, van Dyk N. No association between perceived exertion and session duration with hamstring injury occurrence in professional football. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 30:523-530. [PMID: 31663176 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Training and competition loads have emerged as modifiable composite risk factors of non-contact injury. Hamstring strains are the most common injuries in football with substantial burden on the individual player and club. Nevertheless, robust evidence of a consistent load-hamstring injury relationship in professional football is lacking. Using available data from the Qatar Stars League over three competitive seasons, this study investigated the separate and combined effects of perceived exertion and session duration on hamstring injury occurrence in a sample of 30 outfield football players. Load variables were calculated into 7-day, 14-day, 21-day, 28-day periods of data, and week-to-week changes for average ratings of perceived exertion (RPE; au) score and session-RPE (s-RPE; session-duration × score), plus the cumulative training and match minutes and s-RPE, respectively. Conditional logistic regression models estimated load-injury relationships per 2-within-subject standard deviation increments in each candidate variable. Associations were declared practically important based on the location of the confidence interval in relation to thresholds of 0.90 and 1.11 defining small beneficial and harmful effects, respectively. The uncertainty for the corrected odds ratios show that typically high within-subject increments in each candidate variable were not practically important for training- and match-related hamstring injury (95% confidence intervals range: 0.85 to 1.16). We found limited exploratory evidence regarding the value of perceived exertion and session duration as etiological factors of hamstring injury in Middle-East professional football. Monitoring remains valuable to inform player load management strategies, but our exploratory findings suggest its role for type-specific injury risk determination appears empirically unsupported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Lolli
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar.,Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Roald Bahr
- Sport Medicine Department, Aspetar, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.,Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Matthew Weston
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar.,School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Rodney Whiteley
- Sport Medicine Department, Aspetar, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Montassar Tabben
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Aspetar, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Daniele Bonanno
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
| | - Warren Gregson
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar.,Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Karim Chamari
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Aspetar, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Nicol van Dyk
- Sport Medicine Department, Aspetar, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
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16
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Gregson W, Di Salvo V, Varley MC, Modonutti M, Belli A, Chamari K, Weston M, Lolli L, Eirale C. Harmful association of sprinting with muscle injury occurrence in professional soccer match-play: A two-season, league wide exploratory investigation from the Qatar Stars League. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 23:134-138. [PMID: 31591064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.08.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the impact of physical efforts performed in the period preceding activity as a potential risk factor of muscle injury during match-play within a sample of professional soccer players. DESIGN Observational cohort study. METHODS Match load (running [>14.4-19.8km/h], high-speed running [>19.8-25.2km/h], sprinting [>25.2km/h], leading and explosive sprint type) averaged in 1-min and 5-min periods prior to an event or non event for 29 professional outfield soccer players. Conditional logistic and Poisson regression models estimated the relationship between load and injury for a 2 within-subject standard deviation in match load or 1-action increment in the number of sprinting activities, respectively. Associations were deemed beneficial or harmful based on non-overlap of the 95% confidence intervals against thresholds of 0.90 and 1.11, respectively. RESULTS An increment in sprinting distance [+2-SDs=11m] covered over a 1-min period (odds ratio [OR]: 1.22, 95%CI, 1.12 to 1.33) increased the odds of muscle injury. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides novel exploratory evidence that the volume of sprinting during competitive soccer match-play has a harmful association with muscle injury occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Gregson
- Aspire Academy, Football Performance & Science Department, Qatar; Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK.
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- Aspire Academy, Football Performance & Science Department, Qatar; Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Italy
| | - Matthew C Varley
- Aspire Academy, Football Performance & Science Department, Qatar; Sport and Exercise, School of Allied Health, Human Services, & Sport, La Trobe University, Australia; La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melobourne, Australia
| | - Mattia Modonutti
- Aspire Academy, Football Performance & Science Department, Qatar; Performance and Research Department, Italian Football Federation (FIGC), Italy
| | | | - Karim Chamari
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Aspetar, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Qatar
| | - Matthew Weston
- Aspire Academy, Football Performance & Science Department, Qatar; School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, UK
| | - Lorenzo Lolli
- Aspire Academy, Football Performance & Science Department, Qatar; Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
| | - Cristiano Eirale
- Sport Medicine Department, Aspetar, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Qatar
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17
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Suarez-Arrones L, Lara-Lopez P, Maldonado R, Torreno N, De Hoyo M, Nakamura FY, Di Salvo V, Mendez-Villanueva A. The effects of detraining and retraining periods on fat-mass and fat-free mass in elite male soccer players. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7466. [PMID: 31423358 PMCID: PMC6697042 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine the effects of a detraining period (DTP) (i.e., off-season) with an individually prescribed training program, and a retraining period (RTP) (i.e., pre-season) combining soccer and flywheel-based strength training on fat-free mass (FFM) and fat-mass (FM) in 10 elite professional male soccer players. The present study used a controlled repeated-measures research design to investigate the changes in FFM and FM using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Whole body %FM increased (effect size (ES) = 0.87 ± 0.46) and FFM reduced after DTP (ES = −0.30 ± 0.19), returning to values comparable to the end of the previous season after RTP. At regional levels, arms, legs, and trunk %FM increased (ES = from 0.42 to 1.29) while trunk-FFM was reduced (ES = −0.40 ± 0.26) after DTP, returning to the values observed at the end of the previous season after RTP. Legs-FFM did not change after DTP, with a substantial increase after RTP in comparison with pre-season values (ES = 0.34 ± 0.29 and 0.53 ± 0.36 for the right and left leg, respectively). Despite the small sample size of the present study, the findings indicate that elite soccer players can be allowed 2 weeks of rest during a five-week DTP, since the changes in %FM and FFM were relatively small, and FM and FFM returned to the optimal initial values for competition after the proposed RTP during the pre-season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Suarez-Arrones
- Department of Sport and Informatics, Section of Physical Education and Sport, Pablo de Olavide University, Sevilla, Spain.,Performance Department, FC Basel 1893, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pilar Lara-Lopez
- Football Science Department, Pablo de Olavide University, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rafael Maldonado
- Sports Science Department, FC Girondins de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nacho Torreno
- Performance Department, FC Basel 1893, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Fabio Yuzo Nakamura
- The College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education UPE/UFPB, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
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18
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Kyprianou E, Lolli L, Haddad HA, Di Salvo V, Varley MC, Mendez Villanueva A, Gregson W, Weston M. A novel approach to assessing validity in sports performance research: integrating expert practitioner opinion into the statistical analysis. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2019.1617433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Efthymios Kyprianou
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lorenzo Lolli
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Hani Al Haddad
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Matthew C Varley
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
- Institute of Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Warren Gregson
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthew Weston
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
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19
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Suarez-Arrones L, Lara-Lopez P, Torreno N, Saez de Villarreal E, Di Salvo V, Mendez-Villanueva A. Effects of Strength Training on Body Composition in Young Male Professional Soccer Players. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7050104. [PMID: 31060280 PMCID: PMC6571943 DOI: 10.3390/sports7050104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present prospective cohort study investigated changes in body composition (BC) in young male football players (n = 18, 16.1 ± 0.8 years; 181.0 ± 0.1 cm; 71.3 ± 4.9 kg) after combined football and strength training (ST) during a whole in-season period (26 weeks). BC was measured at whole-body absolute and regional levels by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in eighteen players at the beginning and at the end of the competitive period. The ST was organized into three different session types: ST in the gym, specific ST on the field, and individual ST (weak points). The results of the present study indicated that fat-free mass (FFM) was substantially higher following the competitive period (5.1% ± 1.2%), while percentage of fat showed no changes during the competitive period. At the regional level, arms’ and legs’ FFM increased at the end of the season, and bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) increased in arms, legs, pelvis, thoracic spine, and lumbar spine. In conclusion, within the limitation of the potential positive impact of growth and/or maturation, present results seem to indicate that an ST program that supplements football-related training sessions could be an effective option to increase FFM, BMC, and BMD at both whole-body and regional level across the competitive season in young male professional football players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Suarez-Arrones
- Performance Department, FC Basel 1893, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.
- Department of Football & Science, Pablo de Olavide University, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Pilar Lara-Lopez
- Performance Department, FC Basel 1893, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.
- Department of Football & Science, Pablo de Olavide University, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Nacho Torreno
- Performance Department, FC Basel 1893, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | - Valter Di Salvo
- Football Performance & Science Department, ASPIRE Academy, 22287 Doha, Qatar.
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", 00135 Roma, Italy.
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20
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Suarez-Arrones L, Lara-Lopez P, Rodriguez-Sanchez P, Lazaro-Ramirez JL, Di Salvo V, Guitart M, Fuentes-Nieto C, Rodas G, Mendez-Villanueva A. Dissociation between changes in sprinting performance and Nordic hamstring strength in professional male football players. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213375. [PMID: 30870442 PMCID: PMC6417736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the consequence of implementing a Nordic Hamstring exercise (NHE) protocol during the first 15 to 17 weeks of the season to assess the effect on sprinting and NHE strength (NHEs) in professional football players. The study examined 50 healthy male professional football players (age 18.8±0.8yr; height 176.8±6.9cm; weight 71.3±5.7kg) belonging to 3 of the reserve squads of three Spanish La-Liga clubs divided in 2 intervention teams [Nordic-Group1 (NG-1) and Nordic-Group2 (NG-2, extensive experience in NHE)] and 1 team as a control-group (CG). NHEs and linear sprint (T5, T10, T20-m) were evaluated at the beginning of the season and at the end of an intervention period of conditioning and football training, supplemented with a NHE protocol (24 sessions for NG-1 and 22 sessions for NG-2) or without using the NHE at all (CG). Sprint times were substantially improved in all groups (ES from -2.24±0.75 to -0.60±0.37). NHEs was enhanced absolute and relative to body-mass only in NG-1 after the training period (ES from 0.84±0.32 to 0.74±0.26), while in the NG-2 there were only improvements in average NHEs relative to body-mass (ES = 0.39±0.36). The improvements in T20-m were substantially greater in NG-2 vs. NG-1, and there were no differences in sprint performance changes between NG-1 and CG. Changes in sprinting performance and NHEs were unrelated. NHEs was largely correlated with the body-mass of the players. Results indicate that the improvements in sprint are not dependent on the NHEs changes, with no relationships between NHEs and sprint performance, and between sprint changes and changes in NHEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Suarez-Arrones
- Department of Sport and Informatics, Section of Physical Education and Sport, Pablo de Olavide University, Sevilla, Spain.,Football Performance & Science Department, ASPIRE Academy, Doha, Qatar
| | - Pilar Lara-Lopez
- Department of Sport and Informatics, Section of Physical Education and Sport, Pablo de Olavide University, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Pablo Rodriguez-Sanchez
- Department of Sport and Informatics, Section of Physical Education and Sport, Pablo de Olavide University, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Lazaro-Ramirez
- Department of Sport and Informatics, Section of Physical Education and Sport, Pablo de Olavide University, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- Football Performance & Science Department, ASPIRE Academy, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Marc Guitart
- Medical and Performance Department, Futbol Club Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Gil Rodas
- Medical and Performance Department, Futbol Club Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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21
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Munguía-Izquierdo D, Suárez-Arrones L, Di Salvo V, Paredes-Hernández V, Ara I, Mendez-Villanueva A. Estimating fat-free mass in elite youth male soccer players: cross-validation of different field methods and development of prediction equation. J Sports Sci 2018; 37:1197-1204. [PMID: 30526374 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1551045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study determined the most effective field method for quantifying fat-free mass (FFM) in elite youth male soccer players compared to dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) values and to develop prediction equations for FFM based on anthropometric variables. Forty-one male elite-standard youth soccer players, ages 16.2-18.0 years, undertook FFM assessments including bioelectrical impedance analysis, and different skinfold-based prediction equations. DXA provided a criterion measure of FFM. Correlation coefficients, bias, limits of agreement, and differences were used as validity measures, and regression analyses to develop soccer-specific prediction equations. Slaughter et al (1988), Durnin and Wormersley (1974), and Sarria et al (1998) equations showed the lowest biases, and no significant, standardized, and substantial differences against DXA. The new youth soccer-specific anthropometric equation explained 91% of the DXA-derived FFM variance using three circumferences, eight skinfolds, and one bone breadth. All field methods compared in this study may not be adequate for estimating FFM in elite youth male soccer players, except the equations of Slaughter et al (1988), Durnin and Wormersley (1974), and Sarria et al (1998). We recommend the use of the new soccer-specific equation proposed in this study as a valid alternative to DXA to quantify FFM among elite youth male players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Munguía-Izquierdo
- a Physical Performance Sports Research Center, Department of Sports and Computer Science, Section of Physical Education and Sports , Universidad Pablo de Olavide , Seville , Spain
| | - Luis Suárez-Arrones
- a Physical Performance Sports Research Center, Department of Sports and Computer Science, Section of Physical Education and Sports , Universidad Pablo de Olavide , Seville , Spain.,b Football Performance & Science Department , ASPIRE Academy , Doha , Qatar
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- b Football Performance & Science Department , ASPIRE Academy , Doha , Qatar.,c Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences , University of Rome "Foro Italico" , Rome , Italy
| | - Victor Paredes-Hernández
- d Department of Performance , Universidad Camilo José Cela , Madrid , Spain.,e Performance and science department , Rayo Vallecano Football Club , Madrid , Spain
| | - Ignacio Ara
- f GENUD Toledo Research Group , Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha , Toledo , Spain
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22
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Suarez-Arrones L, Saez de Villarreal E, Núñez FJ, Di Salvo V, Petri C, Buccolini A, Maldonado RA, Torreno N, Mendez-Villanueva A. In-season eccentric-overload training in elite soccer players: Effects on body composition, strength and sprint performance. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205332. [PMID: 30325935 PMCID: PMC6191107 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe the changes in body composition, strength and sprint performance in response to an entire competitive season of football training supplemented with 2 inertial eccentric-overload training sessions a week in young male professional soccer players. Whole body and regional composition (assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), power output in half-squat and 40-m sprinting performance were evaluated in fourteen players. The eccentric-overload training consisted of training sessions a week of 1–2 sets of 10 exercises of upper-body and core (Day 1) and lower-body (Day 2), during the entire competitive season (27 weeks). Whole body fat mass decreased (-6.3 ± 3.6%, ES = -0.99 ± 0.54) substantially while lean mass increased (2.5 ± 0.8%, ES = 0.25 ± 0.09), with some regional differences. There was a substantial increase in half-squat power output (from 3% to 14%, ES from 0.45 to 1.73) and sprint performance (from 1.1% to 1.8%, ES from -0.33 to -0.44), however performance changes were not correlated with changes in body composition. A combined soccer and eccentric-overload training program was able to promote positive changes in body composition and physical factors relevant to both on-field performance and injury prevention in elite soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Suarez-Arrones
- Department of Sport and Informatics, Section of Physical Education and Sport, Pablo de Olavide University, Sevilla, Spain
- Football Performance & Science Department, ASPIRE Academy, Doha, Qatar
- * E-mail:
| | - Eduardo Saez de Villarreal
- Department of Sport and Informatics, Section of Physical Education and Sport, Pablo de Olavide University, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Núñez
- Department of Sport and Informatics, Section of Physical Education and Sport, Pablo de Olavide University, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- Football Performance & Science Department, ASPIRE Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristian Petri
- Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinic Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | | | - Nacho Torreno
- Sport Sciences Department, ACF Fiorentina S.p.A., Florence, Italy
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Moalla W, Fessi MS, Makni E, Dellal A, Filetti C, Di Salvo V, Chamari K. Association of Physical and Technical Activities With Partial Match Status in a Soccer Professional Team. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:1708-1714. [PMID: 29786627 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Moalla, W, Fessi, MS, Makni, E, Dellal, A, Filetti, C, Di Salvo, V, and Chamari, K. Association of physical and technical activities with partial match status in a soccer professional team. J Strength Cond Res 32(6): 1708-1714, 2018-The purpose of this study was to examine the association between physical and technical activities and partial match status (winning, drawing, or losing) in a professional soccer team over 2 seasons. Physical and technical activities of 52 official matches were collected and analyzed at each 15-minute interval, for each half (45 minutes), and full match (90 minutes) using a multiple-camera computerized tracking system. The results indicated that according to full match outcome: winning status was characterized by players covering more total distance (p ≤ 0.05) and low-intensity running (<14.4 km·h) (p ≤ 0.05), whereas, losing status induced more sprinting (≥25.2 km·h) (p < 0.01) and high-intensity running (≥19.8 km·h) (p ≤ 0.05). However, according to partial match status (i.e., 15 minutes and half time), players covered more distance for all running intensities while winning (p < 0.01). Technical match performance scores were not influenced by match status. In conclusion, the present study showed that the physical activities including high-intensity running and total distance covered were related to the match status, whereas technical activities were not. The overall outcome shows that higher physical activity was associated with winning partial match periods. This approach highlights the importance of physical fitness in soccer and may help coaches to better modulate players' roles and team tactical organization throughout the match.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wassim Moalla
- Unit of Research 15JS01 EM2S, Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Saieffedin Fessi
- Unit of Research 15JS01 EM2S, Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Emna Makni
- Unit of Research 15JS01 EM2S, Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Alexandre Dellal
- Sport Science and Research Department, FIFA Medical Excellence Center, Santy Orthopedicae Clinical, Lyon, France
| | - Cristoforo Filetti
- Department of Sports Science and Exercise, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- Football Performance and Science Department, Aspire, Doha, Qatar
| | - Karim Chamari
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Center, ASPETAR, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
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Munguia-Izquierdo D, Suarez-Arrones L, Di Salvo V, Paredes-Hernandez V, Alcazar J, Ara I, Kreider R, Mendez-Villanueva A. Validation of Field Methods to Assess Body Fat Percentage in Elite Youth Soccer Players. Int J Sports Med 2018; 39:349-354. [PMID: 29564845 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-101145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This study determined the most effective field method for quantifying body fat percentage in male elite youth soccer players and developed prediction equations based on anthropometric variables. Forty-four male elite-standard youth soccer players aged 16.3-18.0 years underwent body fat percentage assessments, including bioelectrical impedance analysis and the calculation of various skinfold-based prediction equations. Dual X-ray absorptiometry provided a criterion measure of body fat percentage. Correlation coefficients, bias, limits of agreement, and differences were used as validity measures, and regression analyses were used to develop soccer-specific prediction equations. The equations from Sarria et al. (1998) and Durnin & Rahaman (1967) reached very large correlations and the lowest biases, and they reached neither the practically worthwhile difference nor the substantial difference between methods. The new youth soccer-specific skinfold equation included a combination of triceps and supraspinale skinfolds. None of the practical methods compared in this study are adequate for estimating body fat percentage in male elite youth soccer players, except for the equations from Sarria et al. (1998) and Durnin & Rahaman (1967). The new youth soccer-specific equation calculated in this investigation is the only field method specifically developed and validated in elite male players, and it shows potentially good predictive power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Munguia-Izquierdo
- Department of Sports and Computer Science, Section of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, ES-41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Luis Suarez-Arrones
- Department of Sports and Computer Science, Section of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, ES-41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- Football performance & science department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar.,Health Science, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | | | - Julian Alcazar
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ara
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Richard Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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25
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Suarez-Arrones L, Petri C, Maldonado RA, Torreno N, Munguía-Izquierdo D, Di Salvo V, Méndez-Villanueva A. Body fat assessment in elite soccer players: cross-validation of different field methods. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2018.1445871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Suarez-Arrones
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Sports and Computer Science, Section of Physical Education and Sports, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Cristian Petri
- Sports Medicine Center. Clinical and Experimental Medicine Department-School of Sports Medicine, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Rafael Angel Maldonado
- Department of Sports and Computer Science, Section of Physical Education and Sports, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Nacho Torreno
- Department of Sports and Computer Science, Section of Physical Education and Sports, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Diego Munguía-Izquierdo
- Department of Sports and Computer Science, Section of Physical Education and Sports, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Italy
| | - Alberto Méndez-Villanueva
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Sports and Computer Science, Section of Physical Education and Sports, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
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26
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Varley MC, Di Salvo V, Modonutti M, Gregson W, Mendez-Villanueva A. The influence of successive matches on match-running performance during an under-23 international soccer tournament: The necessity of individual analysis. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:585-591. [PMID: 28498791 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1325511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of successive matches on match-running in elite under-23 soccer players during an international tournament. Match-running data was collected using a semi-automated multi-camera tracking system during an international under-23 tournament from all participating outfield players. Players who played 100% of all group stage matches were included (3 matches separated by 72 h, n = 44). Differences in match-running performance between matches were identified using a generalised linear mixed model. There were no clear effects for total, walking, jogging, running, high-speed running and sprinting distance between matches 1 and 3 (effect size (ES); -0.32 to 0.05). Positional analysis found that sprint distance was largely maintained from matches 1 to 3 across all positions. Attackers had a moderate decrease in total, jogging and running distance between matches 1 and 3 (ES; -0.72 to -0.66). Classifying players as increasers or decreasers in match-running revealed that match-running changes are susceptible to individual differences. Sprint performance appears to be maintained over successive matches regardless of playing position. However, reductions in other match-running categories vary between positions. Changes in match-running over successive matches affect individuals differently; thus, players should be monitored on an individual basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Varley
- a Football Performance & Science Department , Aspire Academy , Doha , Qatar.,b Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- a Football Performance & Science Department , Aspire Academy , Doha , Qatar.,c Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences , University of Rome "Foro Italico" , Rome , Italy
| | - Mattia Modonutti
- a Football Performance & Science Department , Aspire Academy , Doha , Qatar.,c Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences , University of Rome "Foro Italico" , Rome , Italy
| | - Warren Gregson
- a Football Performance & Science Department , Aspire Academy , Doha , Qatar.,d Football Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK
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Varley MC, Gregson W, McMillan K, Bonanno D, Stafford K, Modonutti M, Di Salvo V. Physical and technical performance of elite youth soccer players during international tournaments: influence of playing position and team success and opponent quality. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1230676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. Varley
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Warren Gregson
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Football Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Kenneth McMillan
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
| | - Daniele Bonanno
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Mattia Modonutti
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- Football Performance & Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
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28
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Mendez-Villanueva A, Suarez-Arrones L, Rodas G, Fernandez-Gonzalo R, Tesch P, Linnehan R, Kreider R, Di Salvo V. MRI-Based Regional Muscle Use during Hamstring Strengthening Exercises in Elite Soccer Players. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161356. [PMID: 27583444 PMCID: PMC5008723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined site-specific hamstring muscles use with functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in elite soccer players during strength training. Thirty-six players were randomized into four groups, each performing either Nordic hamstring, flywheel leg-curl, Russian belt or the hip-extension conic-pulley exercise. The transverse relaxation time (T2) shift from pre- to post-MRI were calculated for the biceps femoris long (BFl) and short (BFs) heads, semitendinosus (ST) and semimembranosus (SM) muscles at proximal, middle and distal areas of the muscle length. T2 values increased substantially after flywheel leg-curl in all regions of the BFl (from 9±8 to 16±8%), BFs (41±6-71±11%), and ST (60±1-69±7%). Nordic hamstring induced a substantial T2 increase in all regions of the BFs (13±8-16±5%) and ST (15±7-17±5%). T2 values after the Russian belt deadlift substantially increased in all regions of the BFl (6±4-7±5%), ST (8±3-11±2%), SM (6±4-10±4%), and proximal and distal regions of BFs (6±6-8±5%). T2 values substantially increased after hip-extension conic-pulley only in proximal and middle regions of BFl (11±5-7±5%) and ST (7±3-12±4%). The relevance of such MRI-based inter- and intra-muscle use in designing more effective resistance training for improving hamstring function and preventing hamstring injuries in elite soccer players should be explored with more mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Suarez-Arrones
- Football Performance & Science Department, ASPIRE Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Sports Department, Pablo de Olavide University, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Gil Rodas
- Medical Department, Futbol Club Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Per Tesch
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Richard Linnehan
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Richard Kreider
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- Football Performance & Science Department, ASPIRE Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
This study aimed to examine: (i) the effect of decreasing training load (TL) during taper weeks on physical match activities in professional soccer players, and (ii) to disclose the relationship between weekly TL and physical match activities. Rating of perceived exertion was collected after each training session and match to quantify the TL in 19 professional players over 17 standard and 7 taper weeks during the season. Physical match activities were quantified by a computerised match analysis system and compared between standard training and taper weeks. Compared to standard weeks, the duration and frequency of training sessions during the taper weeks decreased (-21.7% and -18.8%, respectively; P < 0.01) with no change in intensity (-4.8%; P = 0.09). Consequently, the weekly TL decreased during the taper weeks (-25.5%; P < 0.01). Increases in distance covered by intense running (+15.1%; P < 0.05), high-intensity running (HIR) (+15.7%; P < 0.01), number of sprints (+17.8%; P < 0.05) and number of high-speed runs (+15.7%; P < 0.05) were observed during the seven matches played after the taper weeks. High relationships were observed between TL and HIR distance covered, number of HIR and number of sprints (r = -0.53; r = -0.55; r = -0.65, respectively; P < 0.01). Decreasing TL during taper weeks by reducing training duration and frequency but maintaining intensity was associated with an increase in physical activities during matches. However, it needs to be determined whether tapering or other match factors led to the changes in match activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Saifeddin Fessi
- a UR 15JS01 EM2S, Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education , University of Sfax , Sfax , Tunisia
| | - Nidhal Zarrouk
- b National Sports Medicine Programme (NSMP), Excellence in Football Project , Aspetar, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital , Doha , Qatar
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- c Football Performance & Science Department , Aspire Academy , Doha , Qatar.,d Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences , University of Rome Foro Italico , Roma , Italy
| | - Cristoforo Filetti
- e Department of Sports Science and Exercise , University of Rome Torvergata , Roma , Italy
| | - Alan R Barker
- f Sports and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Exeter , England , UK
| | - Wassim Moalla
- a UR 15JS01 EM2S, Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education , University of Sfax , Sfax , Tunisia
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Buchheit M, Allen A, Poon TK, Modonutti M, Gregson W, Di Salvo V. Integrating different tracking systems in football: multiple camera semi-automatic system, local position measurement and GPS technologies. J Sports Sci 2014; 32:1844-1857. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2014.942687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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31
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Di Salvo V, Carmont MR, Maffulli N. Football officials activities during matches: a comparison of activity of referees and linesmen in European, Premiership and Championship matches. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J 2011; 1:106-111. [PMID: 23738256 PMCID: PMC3666476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We compared the notational activity of 68 referees and 170 referee's assistants or linesmen officiating European matches from UEFA and the Champions League together with matches from the English Premiership and the English Championship competitions during the 2005/2006 football season using a computerised video system. We studied 328 games (14 European matches, UEFA and Champions league, 202 matches from the English Premiership and 112 from the English Championship). Referees covered a mean overall distance of 11.634 km, and assistants 6.508 km per match. Both referees and assistant referees covered significantly shorter distances jogging, running and high speed running in the second half compared to the first. There is a significant negative correlation between the distance covered and activity of officials compared with competition standard. Although we have demonstrated a negative correlation between distance covered and activity and competition standard, the physical activity across all competitions was intense and this reaffirms the high levels of fitness required by officials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valter Di Salvo
- Department of Health Sciences, University Institute of Motor Science (IUSM), Piazza Lauro de Bosis, 6 00194, Roma, Italia
| | - Michael R Carmont
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Princess Royal Hospital, Telford, UK
| | - Nicola Maffulli
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Mile End Hospital, London, U.K
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32
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Di Salvo V, Baron R, González-Haro C, Gormasz C, Pigozzi F, Bachl N. Sprinting analysis of elite soccer players during European Champions League and UEFA Cup matches. J Sports Sci 2011; 28:1489-94. [PMID: 21049314 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2010.521166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that assessment of high-intensity activities during a match is a valid measure of physical performance in elite soccer. Recently, sprinting activities have been analysed in more depth. The aim of this study was to develop a detailed analysis of the sprinting activities of different playing positions during European Champions League and UEFA Cup competitions. Altogether, 717 elite outfield soccer players were evaluated throughout 2002-2006 using ProZone® (Leeds, UK). Sprinting (explosive and leading) was analysed for each playing position. To compare positional differences, a Kruskal-Wallis analysis was performed. Differences were found among positions for total number of sprints and total sprint distance covered: wide midfielders > (attackers = wide defenders) > central midfielders > central defenders (P < 0.001), as well as for explosive sprints: (wide midfielders = attackers = wide defenders) > central defenders, wide midfielders > central midfielders > central defenders and attackers = wide defenders = central midfielders (P < 0.001), and leading sprints: wide midfielders > (attackers = wide defenders) > central midfielders > central defenders (P < 0.001). For each group, there were no differences in ratio of explosive to leading sprints. Wide midfielders performed a higher number of sprints in all five distance categories than all other positions. This study showed that sprinting characteristics are influenced by position. Wide midfielders have to complete additional high-intensity activities during training sessions compared with the other positions to achieve the performance level required during the match.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valter Di Salvo
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy.
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33
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Abstract
The aim of the present investigation was to determine the between-match variability of high-speed running activities completed by a large sample of elite players over an extended period of time. A further aim of the study was to determine the influence of playing position on the magnitude of this variability. Observations on individual match performance measures were undertaken on 485 outfield players (median of 10 games per player; range=2-57) competing in the English Premier League from 2003/2004 to 2005/2006 using a computerised tracking system (Prozone, Leeds, England). High-speed activities selected for analysis included total high-speed running distance (THSR), high-speed running (HSR), total sprint distance (TSD) and the total number of sprints undertaken. Total high-speed running distance in possession and without possession of the ball was also analysed. Match-to-match variability was generally high across all variables with a mean CV of 16.2+/-6.4% (95% CI=15.6-16.7%) and 30.8+/-11.2% (95% CI=29.9-31.7%) reported for HSR and TSD covered during a game. This variability was generally higher for central players (midfielders and defenders) and lower for wide midfielders and attackers. Greater variability was also noted when the team were in possession of the ball (approximately 30%) than when they did not have possession (approximately 23%). The findings of the present study indicate that match-to-match variability in performance characteristics of elite soccer players is high. This inherent variability means that research requires large sample sizes in order to detect real systematic changes in performance characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Gregson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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34
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Gregson W, Di Salvo V, Atkinson G, Drust B. Variability In High Intensity Activities In Premier League Soccer. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000355505.24185.a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Díaz V, Benito PJ, Peinado AB, Alvarez M, Martín C, Salvo VD, Pigozzi F, Maffulli N, Calderón FJ. Validation of a new portable metabolic system during an incremental running test. J Sports Sci Med 2008; 7:532-536. [PMID: 24149962 PMCID: PMC3761920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We tested a new portable metabolic system, the Jaeger Oxycon Mobile (OM) at a range of running speeds. Six subjects carried out, in random order, two incremental tests on a treadmill, one of them using the OM, and the other using the Jaeger Oxycon Pro (OP). There are systematic errors in the measurements of oxygen consumption (VO2) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) with the OM. Production of CO2 (VCO2) tends to be overestimated by the OM, although the differences are not significant. Ventilation (VE) showed very similar values in both analyzers. Data of VO2 and RER were corrected with a regression equation which minimised the differences among the devices. The portable metabolic system OM makes systematic errors in measurements of VO2 and RER which can be adjusted with a regression analysis to obtain data comparable to those obtained by fixed systems. Key pointsPortable metabolic systems are frequently used to explore various physiological ventilatory variables in field tests.There are systematic errors in the measurements of oxygen consumption (VO2) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) with the Jaeger Oxycon Mobile (OM) portable metabolic systemProduction of CO2 (VCO2) tends to be overestimated by the OMData of VO2 and RER can be corrected with a regression equationThe portable metabolic system OM makes systematic errors in measurements of VO2 and RER which can be adjusted with a regression analysis to obtain data comparable to those obtained by fixed systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Díaz
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Science (INEF), Technical University of Madrid
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Annino G, Padua E, Castagna C, Di Salvo V, Minichella S, Tsarpela O, Manzi V, D'Ottavio S. Effect of whole body vibration training on lower limb performance in selected high-level ballet students. J Strength Cond Res 2008; 21:1072-6. [PMID: 18076222 DOI: 10.1519/r-18595.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of 8 weeks of whole body vibration (WBV) training on vertical jump ability (CMJ) and knee-extensor performance at selected external loads (50, 70, and 100 kg; leg-press exercise) in elite ballerinas. Twenty-two (age, 21.25 +/- 1.5 years) full-time ballerinas were assigned randomly to the experimental (E, n = 11) and control (C, n = 11) groups. The experimental group was submitted to WBV training 3 times per week before ballet practice. During the training period, the E and C groups undertook the same amount of ballet practice. Posttraining CMJ performance significantly increased in E group (6.3 +/- 3.8%, p < 0.001). Furthermore, E group showed significant (p < 0.05-0.001) posttraining average leg-press power and velocity improvements at all the external loads considered. Consequently, the force-velocity and power-velocity relationship shifted to the right after WBV training in the E group. The results of the present study show that WBV training is an effective short-term training methodology for inducing improvements in knee-extensor explosiveness in elite ballerinas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Annino
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy.
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Calderón Montero FJ, Benito Peinado PJ, Di Salvo V, Pigozzi F, Maffulli N. Cardiac adaptation to training and decreased training loads in endurance athletes: a systematic review. Br Med Bull 2007; 84:25-35. [PMID: 17947300 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldm027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Changes in echocardiographic standard measurements as a consequence of training and detraining in elite or subelite athletes have not been comprehensively studied. METHODS We identified 200 potentially relevant studies from 1966 to June 2006 and eliminated 187 studies that did not fulfil the objectives of the study. We identified 13 studies with echocardiographic assessment of heart adaptation following variation in training loads in elite or subelite endurance-trained athletes. We performed a meta-analysis by studying the changes in the left ventricular end-diastolic (LVEDD), left ventricular end-systolic (LVESD), left ventricular posterior wall (LVPW) and interventricular septum thickness (IVST) dimensions induced by training. RESULTS A significant positive overall effect size on echocardiographic outcomes was found following training, using the fixed effect model on LVPW, LVEDD, LVESD and IVST. LVPW and LVEDD were significantly higher following training. CONCLUSION Studies reported an increase in LVEDD and LVPW, following endurance training. However, the heterogeneity of the studies and the sensitivity of echocardiography technique can be two reasons, for which the results do not allow to state unequivocally that the adaptation to endurance training of highly trained hearts stems from increments of diastolic diameter of the left ventricle and lateral wall of the left ventricle (LVPW).
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Calderón Montero
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte. Inef., Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain.
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Fagnani F, Giombini A, Di Cesare A, Pigozzi F, Di Salvo V. The effects of a whole-body vibration program on muscle performance and flexibility in female athletes. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2006; 85:956-62. [PMID: 17117001 DOI: 10.1097/01.phm.0000247652.94486.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This randomized controlled study was designed to investigate the short-term effects of an 8-wk whole-body vibration protocol on muscle performance and flexibility in female competitive athletes. DESIGN Twenty-six young volunteer female athletes (ages 21-27 yrs) were randomized to either the vibration group or control group. The vibration intervention consisted of an 8-wk whole-body vibration 3 times a week employed by standing on a vertical vibration platform. As outcome measures, three performance tests (counter-movement jump, extension strength of lower extremities with an isokinetic horizontal leg press, and a sit-and-reach test for flexibility) were performed initially and after 8 wks. RESULTS A total of 24 athletes completed the study properly. In the vibration group (n = 13) whole-body vibration induced significant improvement of bilateral knee extensor strength (P < 0.001), counter-movements jump (P < 0.001), and flexibility (P < 0.001) after 8 wks of training. No significant changes were found for all the outcome measures for the control group (n = 11). CONCLUSIONS Whole-body vibration is a suitable training method to improve knee extension maximal strength, counter-movement jump, and flexibility in a young female athlete if it is properly designed. Not only do the optimal frequency, amplitude, and g-forces need to be identified but also the level of muscle activation that would benefit more from vibration stimulation. The improvement of flexibility is important not only for performance but also for the prevention of muscle-tendon injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Fagnani
- Sports Medicine Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome "IUSM", Rome, Italy
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Peinado PJB, Di Salvo V, Pigozzi F, Bermúdez AIP, Peinado Lozano AB, Calderón Montero FJ, Maffulli N. Steady-state acid-base response at exercise levels close to maximum lactate steady state. Clin J Sport Med 2006; 16:244-6. [PMID: 16778546 DOI: 10.1097/00042752-200605000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study acid-base status during a constant-load treadmill test at exercise levels close to the maximum lactate steady-state. DESIGN Two tests were performed: one maximal and one steady-state at a load corresponding to the mean of the two ventilatory thresholds observed in the first test. SETTING University Sports Science Laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Twenty-three male Sports Science students, aged 26.7 (+/- 4.9 SD) years, 176.1 (+/- 6.3) cm in height, and weighing 72.8 (+/- 6.7) kg. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Capillary blood gases, metabolites, electrolytes. RESULTS Acid-base status variables declined significantly during the maximal test. Lactate concentrations were above the values observed at onset of blood lactate accumulation. All the blood variables did not vary significantly at the various experimental times, except pH values and PCO2 values. Bicarbonate concentration remained constant. Plasma potassium, chlorine and sodium concentration did not increase. CONCLUSION During a steady-state test at a load corresponding to approximately 80% of VO2max, the acid-base status in capillary blood remained constant even though the lactate concentration was over 4 mmol/L. However, despite the maintenance of a constant acid-base status, other physiological variables did not behave in the same fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J B Peinado
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Fisica y el Deporte- INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain.
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Parisi P, Casini B, Di Salvo V, Pigozzi F, Pittaluga M, Prinzi G, Klissouras V. The Registry of Italian Twin Athletes (RITA): Background, design, and procedures,and twin data analysis on sport participation—An application to twin swimmers. Eur J Sport Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1080/17461390100071208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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