401
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Kasama T, Strieter RM, Lukacs NW, Lincoln PM, Burdick MD, Kunkel SL. Interleukin-10 expression and chemokine regulation during the evolution of murine type II collagen-induced arthritis. J Clin Invest 1995; 95:2868-76. [PMID: 7769128 PMCID: PMC295974 DOI: 10.1172/jci117993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In the enclosed study we have examined the expression and contribution of specific chemokines, macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha (MIP-1 alpha) and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2), and interleukin 10 (IL-10) during the evolution of type II collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Detectable levels of chemotactic cytokine protein for MIP-1 alpha and MIP-2 were first observed between days 32 and 36, after initial type II collagen challenge, while increases in IL-10 were found between days 36 and 44. CIA mice passively immunized with antibodies directed against either MIP-1 alpha or MIP-2 demonstrated a delay in the onset of arthritis and a reduction of the severity of arthritis. On the contrary, CIA mice receiving neutralizing anti-IL-10 antibodies demonstrated an acceleration of the onset and an increase in the severity of arthritis. Interestingly, anti-IL-10 treatment increased the expression of MIP-1 alpha and MIP-2, as well as increased myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and leukocyte infiltration in the inflamed joints. These data suggest that MIP-1 alpha and MIP-2 play a crucial role in the initiation and maintenance, while IL-10 appears to play a regulatory role during the development of experimental arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kasama
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109, USA
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402
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Cook WJ, Windsor WT, Murgolo NJ, Tindall SH, Nagabhushan TL, Walter MR. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray investigation of recombinant human interleukin 10. Proteins 1995; 22:187-90. [PMID: 7567966 DOI: 10.1002/prot.340220211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Crystals of recombinant human interleukin 10 have been grown from solutions of ammonium sulfate. The crystals are tetragonal, space group P4(1)2(1)2 or P4(3)2(1)2; the unit cell axes are a = 36.5 A and c = 221.9 A. There is the equivalent of one polypeptide chain in the asymmetric unit. The crystals are stable to X-rays and diffract to at least 2.5 A resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Cook
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294, USA
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403
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Prud'homme GJ, Kono DH, Theofilopoulos AN. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis reveals marked overexpression of interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-1 and interferon-gamma mRNA in the lymph nodes of lupus-prone mice. Mol Immunol 1995; 32:495-503. [PMID: 7783752 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(95)00024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The nature of the stimuli driving autoantibody production in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is unclear, but cytokines are believed to play an important role. Since cytokines primarily appear to act locally at the tissue level, we analysed mRNA expression of several cytokines (IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IFN gamma, TNF alpha, TNF beta and TGF beta 1) in the lymph nodes of lupus-prone mice, in models of early onset disease. We constructed a multispecific competitor fragment that allowed quantification of these cytokine transcripts by competitive PCR assay. The results reveal considerable overexpression of IL-1 beta, IL-10 and IFN gamma transcripts in SLE-prone MRL-lpr/lpr (MRL/l) and BXSB male (BXSBm) mice, but with some strain differences. IFN gamma was most markedly augmented in MRL/l mice (in some cases over 100-fold greater than control mice), IL-1 beta was most severely overexpressed in BXSBm mice while IL-10 was equally increased in both strains. In addition, TGF beta 1 expression was moderately elevated in the lymph nodes of BXSBm (but not MRL/l) mice. We found no abnormality in the expression of the other cytokines. Cytokine transcript levels were only slightly altered at 4 weeks of age, but were elevated from 10 to 22 weeks of age. The latter phase corresponds to a period where lupus-like disease escalates, resulting in frequent mortality. Interestingly, our results do not reveal a clear Th1 or Th2 cytokine expression pattern in these lupus-prone mice. IL-1 beta, IFN gamma and IL-10 are pleiotropic cytokines with pro-inflammatory and B-cell stimulatory effects. These results point to certain cytokines as potential targets for immunotherapy in lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Prud'homme
- Department of Immunology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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404
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Sato MN, Minoprio P, Avrameas S, Ternynck T. Defects in the regulation of anti-DNA antibody production in aged lupus-prone (NZB x NZW)F1 mice: analysis of T-cell lymphokine synthesis. Immunology 1995; 85:26-32. [PMID: 7635519 PMCID: PMC1384020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
(NZB x NZW)F1 (B/W) mice spontaneously develop a lupus-like syndrome characterized by an increased level of autoantibodies in old mice. We analysed the role of T cells in the regulation of anti-DNA antibody production by B cells in vitro as a function of age. In cultures of old mouse T and B cells, IgG and IgM anti-DNA antibodies were synthesized at high levels, in contrast to consistently lower amounts, particularly of IgG, measured in cultures of young mouse cells. Addition of young mouse T cells to old B cells inhibited IgG, but not IgM, anti-DNA production, whereas T cells from old mice stimulated IgG synthesis by young mouse B cells. Addition of supernatants harvested from concanavalin A (Con A)-stimulated T cells to B-cell cultures induced similar effects. Therefore, we evaluated possible modifications of lymphokine synthesis compared to that of the healthy NZW parent. T cells from old mice were able to secrete normal levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin (IL)-10; however, secretion of IL-2 and IL-4 was dramatically decreased. Semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of constitutive RNA messengers showed increased IFN-gamma levels in young and old B/W mice, and normal IL-10 mRNA levels in young and higher levels in old mice. Constitutive IL-2 and IL-4 mRNA were detected only after Con A stimulation and their levels decreased in old compared to young B/W mice; in particular IL-2 mRNA was considerably lower in old B/W than in control NZW mice. Taken together, these results suggest that, despite constitutive T-cell abnormalities, young B/W mice are able partially to control their lymphokine production, whereas aged mice exhibit a deficient synthesis, associated with an increased capacity to produce IFN-gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Sato
- Unité d'Immunocytochimie, CNRS URA 359, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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405
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Llorente L, Zou W, Levy Y, Richaud-Patin Y, Wijdenes J, Alcocer-Varela J, Morel-Fourrier B, Brouet JC, Alarcon-Segovia D, Galanaud P, Emilie D. Role of interleukin 10 in the B lymphocyte hyperactivity and autoantibody production of human systemic lupus erythematosus. J Exp Med 1995; 181:839-44. [PMID: 7869046 PMCID: PMC2191898 DOI: 10.1084/jem.181.3.839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is produced at a high level by B lymphocytes and monocytes of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In the present work, we analyzed whether this increased production of IL-10 contributed to the abnormal production of immunoglobulins (Ig) and of autoantibodies in SLE. The role of IL-10 was compared with that of IL-6, another cytokine suspected to play a role in these abnormalities. The spontaneous in vitro production of IgM, IgG, and IgA by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from SLE patients was weakly increased by recombinant IL (rIL)-6, but strongly by rIL-10. This production was not significantly affected by an anti-IL-6 mAb but was decreased by an anti-IL-10 mAb. We then tested the in vivo effect of these antibodies in severe combined immunodeficiency mice injected with PBMC from SLE patients. The anti-IL-6 mAb did not significantly affect the serum concentration of total human IgG and of anti-double-stranded DNA IgG in the mice. In contrast, the anti-IL-10 mAb strongly inhibited the production of autoantibodies, and, to a lesser extent, that of total human IgG. These results indicate that the Ig production by SLE B lymphocytes is largely IL-10 dependent, and that the increased production of IL-10 by SLE B lymphocytes and monocytes may represent a critical mechanism in the emergence of the autoimmune manifestations of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Llorente
- Departamento de Immunologia y Reumatologia, Instituto Nacional de la Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City D.F., Mexico
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406
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Abstract
In Part II of his review of the basis of autoimmunity, Argyrios N. Theofilopoulos summarizes current knowledge on the genetic factors that contribute to autoimmune disease predisposition. The findings indicate that multiple genes contribute to the induction of pathogenic autoimmunity, and that no single genetic abnormality is sufficient in itself to induce disease. The definition of these genetically complex diseases is about to be revolutionized by the development of genome scanning approaches, such as dense chromosomal maps based on polymorphic microsatellite DNA and other informative markers. These will allow the loci and genes that predispose to these diseases to be identified broadly.
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407
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Nakamura T, Ebihara I, Tomino Y, Koide H. Effect of a specific endothelin A receptor antagonist on murine lupus nephritis. Kidney Int 1995; 47:481-9. [PMID: 7723234 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1995.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to assess whether a specific endothelin A (ETA) receptor antagonist, FR139317, affects the progression of lupus nephritis and affects transcription of mRNA for extracellular matrix (ECM) components, metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, and accumulation of ECM proteins in the renal cortex of NZB/W F1 mice. mRNA levels for alpha 1(I), alpha 1(III), alpha 1(IV) collagen chains, laminin B1 and B2 chains, heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG), MMP-1, -2, -3, and TIMP-1 increased significantly as nephritis progressed in NZB/W F1 mice. At 48 weeks of age, the levels of mRNA for alpha 1(I), alpha 1(III), alpha 1(IV) collagen chains, laminin B1 and B2 chains, HSPG, MMP-1, -2, -3, and TIMP-1 were increased by 5.6- (P < 0.001), 3.6- (P < 0.01), 6.8- (P < 0.001), 5.2- (P < 0.001), 5.0- (P < 0.001), 6.0- (P < 0.001), 7.6- (P < 0.001), 4.2- (P < 0.01), 8.2- (P < 0.001), and 15.2-fold (P < 0.001), respectively, in the renal cortex of NZB/W F1 mice compared to NZW mice. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that the accumulation of collagens I, III, and IV, laminin, and HSPG in the renal cortex of NZB/W F1 mice increased markedly with the progression of nephritis. At 20 weeks of age, NZB/W F1 and NZW mice were divided into two groups that received either FR139317 or its vehicle (saline) intraperitoneally, daily, for 28 weeks. The development of histological lesions, proteinuria, hypertension, accumulation of collagens I, III, and IV, laminin, and HSPG in the renal cortex of NZB/W F1 mice were suppressed by FR139317 treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nakamura
- Department of Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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408
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409
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Ozmen L, Roman D, Fountoulakis M, Schmid G, Ryffel B, Garotta G. Experimental therapy of systemic lupus erythematosus: the treatment of NZB/W mice with mouse soluble interferon-gamma receptor inhibits the onset of glomerulonephritis. Eur J Immunol 1995; 25:6-12. [PMID: 7843255 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830250103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Female NZB/W F1 mice develop an autoimmune disease similar to human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and ultimately die of glomerulonephritis. Starting at the age of 16 weeks NZB/W F1 mice were treated for a period of 19 weeks with soluble interferon-gamma receptor (sIFN-gamma R), anti-IFN-gamma monoclonal antibody (mAb) or IFN-gamma. All mice treated with sIFN-gamma R or anti-IFN-gamma mAb were alive 4 weeks after the treatment was discontinued, whereas 50% of mice died in the placebo groups and 78% of the mice died in the IFN-gamma-treated group. Histologically, there was severe membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis in IFN-gamma- and placebo-treated mice, and minimal or no mesangioproliferative disease in mice receiving sIFN-gamma R or anti-IFN-gamma mAb. The renal mononuclear infiltrate (T lymphocytes and monocytes), expression of major histocompatibility complex class II antigen and glomerular immunoglobulin and complement deposition were reduced in those mice. These data suggest that an IFN-gamma inhibitor, such as the soluble IFN-gamma R, can be used for SLE therapy in the early stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ozmen
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche LTd., Basel, Switzerland
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410
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Horwitz DA, Jacob CO. The cytokine network in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus and possible therapeutic implications. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1994; 16:181-200. [PMID: 7716704 DOI: 10.1007/bf00197516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D A Horwitz
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, School of Medicine, Los Angeles
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411
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Handwerger BS, Rus V, da Silva L, Via CS. The role of cytokines in the immunopathogenesis of lupus. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1994; 16:153-80. [PMID: 7716703 DOI: 10.1007/bf00197515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B S Handwerger
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201
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412
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Maini RN, Elliott MJ, Charles PJ, Feldmann M. Immunological intervention reveals reciprocal roles for tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-10 in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1994; 16:327-36. [PMID: 7716713 DOI: 10.1007/bf00197526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R N Maini
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, London, UK
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413
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Hartwell D, Levine J, Fenton M, Francis C, Leslie C, Beller D. Cytokine dysregulation and the initiation of systemic autoimmunity. Immunol Lett 1994; 43:15-21. [PMID: 7737685 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2478(94)00144-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmunity (AI) exemplifies the potent and destructive activity expressed by the immune system when normal constraints against self-reactivity are lost or compromised. We have previously described a dramatic and intrinsic defect in cytokine expression in macrophages (M phi) from young AI-prone mice [1-3]. There are two points in particular that we believe speak to the importance of this observation: (i) Cytokine dysregulation is distinguished from many of the aberrancies reported in AI-prone mouse strains in that, as an inherent trait, it cannot arise as a consequence of the disease process. (ii) This defect is a remarkably consistent characteristic of M phi from strains that develop manifestations of systemic AI, including MRL/+, NZB, NZB/W F1, BXSB, and NOD, and distinguishes these strains from mice whose disease is predicated on defects in apoptosis (e.g., the lpr and gld mutations). The multigenic basis for disease and renal pathology in the former strains more closely mirror human lupus than do the disease manifestations of lpr and gld mice. In light of clear evidence that cytokines are key mediators of lymphocyte growth and function, a defect in the cytokine network has the potential to disrupt the normal regulation of self-reactivity, leading to the initiation of systemic AI.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hartwell
- Immunology Research Unit, Boston University Medical Center, MA 02118
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414
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Llorente L, Richaud-Patin Y, Fior R, Alcocer-Varela J, Wijdenes J, Fourrier BM, Galanaud P, Emilie D. In vivo production of interleukin-10 by non-T cells in rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome, and systemic lupus erythematosus. A potential mechanism of B lymphocyte hyperactivity and autoimmunity. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1994; 37:1647-55. [PMID: 7980676 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780371114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a potent stimulator of B lymphocytes in vitro. In vivo dysregulation of IL-10 gene expression was therefore analyzed in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS), and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS Spontaneous production of IL-10 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells was measured using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in untreated patients with either RA (n = 10), SS (n = 10), or SLE (n = 10), and in 15 normal control subjects. RESULTS IL-10 production was dramatically higher in RA, SS, and SLE patients than in controls. In each group, both B lymphocytes and monocytes, but not T lymphocytes, produced IL-10. CONCLUSION IL-10 production is increased in RA, SS, and SLE. It may play a role in B lymphocyte hyperactivity and in the development of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Llorente
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de la Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México, D.F., México
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