401
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Huang DB, Dryden M. Iclaprim, a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor antibiotic in Phase III of clinical development: a review of its pharmacology, microbiology and clinical efficacy and safety. Future Microbiol 2018; 13:957-969. [PMID: 29742926 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2018-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Iclaprim is under clinical development for treating acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI) and nosocomial pneumonia most often due to Gram-positive bacteria, including infections due to drug-resistant bacteria. In two recent Phase III studies of patients with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections, intravenous iclaprim 80 mg every 12 h was noninferior to dose-adjusted vancomycin. Additional studies are planned for patients with nosocomial pneumonia. Iclaprim represents an alternative for the treatment of severe skin and pulmonary infections due to Gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Huang
- Motif BioSciences, 5 Independence Way, Suite 300 Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 5 Independence Way, Suite 300 Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Matthew Dryden
- Department of Microbiology & Infection, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Romsey Road, Winchester, Hampshire, SO22 5DG, UK
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402
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Mohapatra DP, Singh SK, Sahoo M, Patole S, Mishra M, Debata NK, Mohapatra H. Retrospective study on clonal relationship of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella spp. indicates closed circulation and initiation of clonal divergence. J Med Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29521617 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Antibiotic resistance patterns often exhibit geographical variations. Periodic analyses of resistance spectra and phylogenetic trends are important guides for facilitating judicious use of therapeutic interventions. The present study retrospectively analysed the infection trends, resistance patterns, and clonal relationships between isolates of Klebsiella spp. from a tertiary care hospital. METHODOLOGY Bacterial isolates were collected from January 2013 to June 2014 and their resistance profiles were identified using an automated bacterial identification system. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using housekeeping genes with Molecular Evolutionary Genetic Analysis software. The dN/dS ratio was determined by the Synonymous Non-synonymous Analysis Program while polymorphic sites, and the difference per site was calculated using DNA Sequence Polymorphism software. Statistical Package for Social Science software was used to perform all statistical analyses. KEY FINDINGS The results of this study indicated the prevalence of community-acquired urinary tract and lower respiratory tract infections caused by Klebsiella spp. among geriatric patients. The occurrence of new allelic profiles, a low dN/dS ratio and the lack of strong evolutionary descent between isolates indicated that mutations play a major role in the evolution of the organism. CONCLUSION The findings of this study highlight the consequences of antimicrobial agents exerting a silent and strong selective force on the evolution of Klebsiella spp. The expansion of such analyses is of great importance for addressing rapidly emerging antibiotic-resistant opportunistic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debi Prasad Mohapatra
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalinga Nagar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Singh
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Odisha, India
| | - Minu Sahoo
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Odisha, India
| | - Shashank Patole
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Odisha, India
| | - Mitali Mishra
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Odisha, India
| | - Nagen Kumar Debata
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalinga Nagar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Harapriya Mohapatra
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Odisha, India
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403
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Ponnaiya B, Buonanno M, Welch D, Shuryak I, Randers-Pehrson G, Brenner DJ. Far-UVC light prevents MRSA infection of superficial wounds in vivo. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192053. [PMID: 29466457 PMCID: PMC5821446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prevention of superficial surgical wound infections from drug-resistant bacteria such as methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) currently present major health care challenges. The majority of surgical site infections (SSI) are believed to be caused by airborne transmission of bacteria alighting onto the wound during surgical procedures. We have previously shown that far-ultraviolet C light in the wavelength range of 207–222 nm is significantly harmful to bacteria, but without damaging mammalian cells and tissues. It is important that the lamp be fitted with a filter to remove light emitted at wavelengths longer than 230 nm which are harmful. Aims Using a hairless mouse model of infection of superficial wounds, here we tested the hypothesis that 222-nm light kills MRSA alighting onto a superficial skin incisions as efficiently as typical germicidal light (254 nm), but without inducing skin damage. Methods To simulate the scenario wherein incisions are infected during surgical procedures as pathogens in the room alight on a wound, MRSA was spread on a defined area of the mouse dorsal skin; the infected skin was then exposed to UVC light (222 nm or 254 nm) followed by a superficial incision within the defined area, which was immediately sutured. Two and seven days post procedure, bactericidal efficacy was measured as MRSA colony formation unit (CFU) per gram of harvested skin whereas fixed samples were used to assess skin damage measured in terms of epidermal thickness and DNA photodamage. Results In the circumstance of superficial incisions infected with bacteria alighting onto the wound, 222-nm light showed the same bactericidal properties of 254-nm light but without the associated skin damage. Conclusions Being safe for patient and hospital staff, our results suggested that far-UVC light (222 nm) might be a convenient approach to prevent transmission of drug-resistant infectious agents in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Ponnaiya
- Center for Radiological Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Manuela Buonanno
- Center for Radiological Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David Welch
- Center for Radiological Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Igor Shuryak
- Center for Radiological Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Gerhard Randers-Pehrson
- Center for Radiological Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David J. Brenner
- Center for Radiological Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
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404
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Chew YL, Mahadi AM, Wong KM, Goh JK. Anti-methicillin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) compounds from Bauhinia kockiana Korth. And their mechanism of antibacterial activity. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 18:70. [PMID: 29463252 PMCID: PMC5819667 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2137-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bauhinia kockiana originates from Peninsular Malaysia and it is grown as a garden ornamental plant. Our previous study reported that this plant exhibited fairly strong antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. This paper focused on the assessment of the antibacterial activity of B. kockiana towards methicillin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), to purify and to identify the antibacterial compounds, and to determine the mechanism of antibacterial activity. METHODS Antibacterial activity of B. kockiana flower was evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively using disc diffusion assay and microbroth dilution method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of extracts were examined. Phytochemical analysis was performed to determine the classes of phytochemicals in the extracts. Bioactivity guided isolation was employed to purify the antibacterial agents and identified via various spectroscopy methods. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique was used to evaluate the antibacterial mechanism of extract and compounds isolated. RESULTS B. kockiana flower was found to exhibit fairly strong antibacterial activity towards both strains of MRSA bacteria used, MIC varies from 62.5-250 μg/mL. Tannins and flavonoids have been detected in the phytochemical analysis. Gallic acid and its ester derivatives purified from ethyl acetate extract could inhibit MRSA at 250-500 μg/mL. SEM revealed that the cells have undergone plasmolysis upon treatment with the extract and compounds. CONCLUSION Tannins and polyphenols are the antibacterial components towards MRSA in B. kockiana. Massive leakage of the cell content observed in treated cells showed that the phytochemicals have changed the properties of the cell membranes. Amphiphilic nature of the compounds exhibited the antibacterial activity towards MRSA via three stages: (1) cell membrane attachment; (2) cell membrane fluidity modification; and (3) cell membrane structure disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yik Ling Chew
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, No. 1 Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Adlina Maisarah Mahadi
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Kak Ming Wong
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Joo Kheng Goh
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
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405
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McLeod A, Hovde Liland K, Haugen J, Sørheim O, Myhrer KS, Holck AL. Chicken fillets subjected to UV-C and pulsed UV light: Reduction of pathogenic and spoilage bacteria, and changes in sensory quality. J Food Saf 2018; 38:e12421. [PMID: 30122794 PMCID: PMC6084340 DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We have compared the efficacy of continuous ultraviolet (UV-C) (254 nm) and pulsed UV light in reducing the viability of Salmonella Enteritidis, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp., Brochothrix thermospacta, Carnobacterium divergens, and extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing E. coli inoculated on chicken fillet surface. Fluences from 0.05 to 3.0 J/cm2 (10 mW/cm2, from 5 to 300 s) used for UV-C light resulted in average reductions from 1.1 to 2.8 log cfu/cm2. For pulsed UV light, fluences from 1.25 to 18.0 J/cm2 gave average reductions from 0.9 to 3.0 log cfu/cm2. A small change in the odor characterized as sunburnt and increased concentration of volatile compounds associated with burnt odor posed restrictions on the upper limit of UV treatment, however no sensory changes were observed after cooking the meat. Treatments under modified atmosphere conditions using a UV permeable top film gave similar or slightly lower bacterial reductions. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Ultraviolet (UV) light may be used for decontaminating the surface of food products and reduce viability of pathogenic and spoilage bacteria. Exposure of raw chicken fillet surface to various doses of continuous UV-C or pulsed UV light proposed in the present work represent alternatives for microbiological improvement of this product. Chicken fillets can be treated in intact packages covered with UV permeable top film, thus avoiding recontamination of the meat. UV-C light treatment is a low cost strategy with low maintenance, whereas pulsed UV light involves more elaborate equipment, but treatment times are short and less space is required. Both methods can be helpful for producers to manage the safety and quality of chicken fillets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette McLeod
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture ResearchÅsNorway
| | | | - John‐Erik Haugen
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture ResearchÅsNorway
| | - Oddvin Sørheim
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture ResearchÅsNorway
| | - Kristine S. Myhrer
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture ResearchÅsNorway
| | - Askild L. Holck
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture ResearchÅsNorway
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406
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López-Rojas P, Janeczko M, Kubiński K, Amesty Á, Masłyk M, Estévez-Braun A. Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of 4-Substituted 1,2,3-Triazole-Coumarin Derivatives. Molecules 2018; 23:E199. [PMID: 29346325 PMCID: PMC6017388 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A new series of coumarin-1,2,3-triazole conjugates with varied alkyl, phenyl and heterocycle moieties at C-4 of the triazole nucleus were synthesized using a copper(I)-catalysed Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of corresponding O-propargylated coumarin (3) or N-propargylated coumarin (6) with alkyl or aryl azides. Based on their minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against selected microorganisms, six out of twenty-six compounds showed significant antibacterial activity towards Enterococcus faecalis (MIC = 12.5-50 µg/mL). Moreover, the synthesized triazoles show relatively low toxicity against human erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila López-Rojas
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González (CIBICAN), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Monika Janeczko
- Department of Molecular Biology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, ul. Konstantynów 1i, 20-708 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Konrad Kubiński
- Department of Molecular Biology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, ul. Konstantynów 1i, 20-708 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Ángel Amesty
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González (CIBICAN), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Maciej Masłyk
- Department of Molecular Biology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, ul. Konstantynów 1i, 20-708 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Ana Estévez-Braun
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González (CIBICAN), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
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407
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Huang DB, Strader CD, MacDonald JS, VanArendonk M, Peck R, Holland T. An Updated Review of Iclaprim: A Potent and Rapidly Bactericidal Antibiotic for the Treatment of Skin and Skin Structure Infections and Nosocomial Pneumonia Caused by Gram-Positive Including Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria. Open Forum Infect Dis 2018; 5:ofy003. [PMID: 29423421 PMCID: PMC5798018 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofy003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
New antibiotics are needed because of the increased morbidity and mortality associated with multidrug-resistant bacteria. Iclaprim, a bacterial dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, not currently approved, is being studied for the treatment of skin infections and nosocomial pneumonia caused by Gram-positve bacteria, including multidrug-resistant bacteria. Iclaprim showed noninferiority at -10% to linezolid in 1 of 2 phase 3 studies for the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections with a weight-based dose (0.8 mg/kg) but did not show noninferiority at -10% to linezolid in a second phase 3 study. More recently, iclaprim has shown noninferiority at -10% to vancomycin in 2 phase 3 studies for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections with an optimized fixed dose (80 mg). A phase 3 study for the treatment of hospital-acquired bacterial and ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia is upcoming. If, as anticipated, iclaprim becomes available for the treatment of skin and skin structure infections, it will serve as an alternative to current antibiotics for treatment of severe infections. This article will provide an update to the chemistry, preclinical, pharmacology, microbiology, clinical and regulatory status of iclaprim.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Huang
- Motif BioSciences, New York, New York; Rutgers New Jersey Medical School
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408
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Hu B, Owh C, Chee PL, Leow WR, Liu X, Wu YL, Guo P, Loh XJ, Chen X. Supramolecular hydrogels for antimicrobial therapy. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:6917-6929. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00128f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The programmable nature of supramolecular interactions enables various supramolecular hydrogels to perform antimicrobial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benhui Hu
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX)
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798
- Singapore
| | - Cally Owh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE)
- Singapore
| | - Pei Lin Chee
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE)
- Singapore
| | - Wan Ru Leow
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX)
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798
- Singapore
| | - Xuan Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- China
| | - Yun-Long Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- China
| | - Peizhi Guo
- Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Qingdao University
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE)
- Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX)
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798
- Singapore
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409
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METHYLETHYLPYRIDINOL SUCCINATE AS POTENTIAL ADJUVANT OF ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS. WORLD OF MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.26724/2079-8334-2018-2-64-123-126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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410
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Andersson JA, Sha J, Kirtley ML, Reyes E, Fitts EC, Dann SM, Chopra AK. Combating Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens with Host-Directed Nonantibiotic Therapeutics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:e01943-17. [PMID: 29109161 PMCID: PMC5740341 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01943-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Earlier, we reported that three Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs, trifluoperazine (TFP; an antipsychotic), amoxapine (AXPN; an antidepressant), and doxapram (DXP; a breathing stimulant), identified from an in vitro murine macrophage cytotoxicity screen, provided mice with 40 to 60% protection against pneumonic plague when administered at the time of infection for 1 to 3 days. In the present study, the therapeutic potential of these drugs against pneumonic plague in mice was further evaluated when they were administered at up to 48 h postinfection. While the efficacy of TFP was somewhat diminished as treatment was delayed to 24 h, the protection of mice with AXPN and DXP increased as treatment was progressively delayed to 24 h. At 48 h postinfection, these drugs provided the animals with significant protection (up to 100%) against challenge with the agent of pneumonic or bubonic plague when they were administered in combination with levofloxacin. Likewise, when they were used in combination with vancomycin, all three drugs provided mice with 80 to 100% protection from fatal oral Clostridium difficile infection when they were administered at 24 h postinfection. Furthermore, AXPN provided 40 to 60% protection against respiratory infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae when it was administered at the time of infection or at 24 h postinfection. Using the same in vitro cytotoxicity assay, we identified an additional 76/780 nonantibiotic drugs effective against K. pneumoniae For Acinetobacter baumannii, 121 nonantibiotic drugs were identified to inhibit bacterium-induced cytotoxicity in murine macrophages. Of these 121 drugs, 13 inhibited the macrophage cytotoxicity induced by two additional multiple-antibiotic-resistant strains. Six of these drugs decreased the intracellular survival of all three A. baumannii strains in macrophages. These results provided further evidence of the broad applicability and utilization of drug repurposing screening to identify new therapeutics to combat multidrug-resistant pathogens of public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jourdan A Andersson
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jian Sha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Michelle L Kirtley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Emily Reyes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Eric C Fitts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Sara M Dann
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Ashok K Chopra
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- WHO Collaborating Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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411
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neha Kumar
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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412
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Pérez-Peinado C, Dias SA, Domingues MM, Benfield AH, Freire JM, Rádis-Baptista G, Gaspar D, Castanho MARB, Craik DJ, Henriques ST, Veiga AS, Andreu D. Mechanisms of bacterial membrane permeabilization by crotalicidin (Ctn) and its fragment Ctn(15-34), antimicrobial peptides from rattlesnake venom. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:1536-1549. [PMID: 29255091 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Crotalicidin (Ctn), a cathelicidin-related peptide from the venom of a South American rattlesnake, possesses potent antimicrobial, antitumor, and antifungal properties. Previously, we have shown that its C-terminal fragment, Ctn(15-34), retains the antimicrobial and antitumor activities but is less toxic to healthy cells and has improved serum stability. Here, we investigated the mechanisms of action of Ctn and Ctn(15-34) against Gram-negative bacteria. Both peptides were bactericidal, killing ∼90% of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells within 90-120 and 5-30 min, respectively. Studies of ζ potential at the bacterial cell membrane suggested that both peptides accumulate at and neutralize negative charges on the bacterial surface. Flow cytometry experiments confirmed that both peptides permeabilize the bacterial cell membrane but suggested slightly different mechanisms of action. Ctn(15-34) permeabilized the membrane immediately upon addition to the cells, whereas Ctn had a lag phase before inducing membrane damage and exhibited more complex cell-killing activity, probably because of two different modes of membrane permeabilization. Using surface plasmon resonance and leakage assays with model vesicles, we confirmed that Ctn(15-34) binds to and disrupts lipid membranes and also observed that Ctn(15-34) has a preference for vesicles that mimic bacterial or tumor cell membranes. Atomic force microscopy visualized the effect of these peptides on bacterial cells, and confocal microscopy confirmed their localization on the bacterial surface. Our studies shed light onto the antimicrobial mechanisms of Ctn and Ctn(15-34), suggesting Ctn(15-34) as a promising lead for development as an antibacterial/antitumor agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Pérez-Peinado
- From the Department of Experimental and Health Science, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Almeida Dias
- the Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marco M Domingues
- the Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Aurélie H Benfield
- the Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - João Miguel Freire
- the Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.,the Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France, and
| | - Gandhi Rádis-Baptista
- From the Department of Experimental and Health Science, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.,the Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Institute for Marine Science, Federal University of Ceará, 60165-081 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Diana Gaspar
- the Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel A R B Castanho
- the Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - David J Craik
- the Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Sónia Troeira Henriques
- the Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia,
| | - Ana Salomé Veiga
- the Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal,
| | - David Andreu
- From the Department of Experimental and Health Science, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, 08003 Barcelona, Spain,
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413
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Michael CA, Franks AE, Labbate M. The antimicrobial resistance crisis: management through gene monitoring. Open Biol 2017; 6:rsob.160236. [PMID: 27831476 PMCID: PMC5133444 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an acknowledged crisis for humanity. Its genetic origins and dire potential outcomes are increasingly well understood. However, diagnostic techniques for monitoring the crisis are currently largely limited to enumerating the increasing incidence of resistant pathogens. Being the end-stage of the evolutionary process that produces antimicrobial resistant pathogens, these measurements, while diagnostic, are not prognostic, and so are not optimal in managing this crisis. A better test is required. Here, using insights from an understanding of evolutionary processes ruling the changing abundance of genes under selective pressure, we suggest a predictive framework for the AMR crisis. We then discuss the likely progression of resistance for both existing and prospective antimicrobial therapies. Finally, we suggest that by the environmental monitoring of resistance gene frequency, resistance may be detected and tracked presumptively, and how this tool may be used to guide decision-making in the local and global use of antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A Michael
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia
| | - Ashley E Franks
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maurizio Labbate
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia.,ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia
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414
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Mukherjee S, Saha N. Correlation of Recommendations of Treatment Guidelines and Frequently Prescribed Antibiotics: Evaluation of Their Pharmaceutical Pack Size. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 122:317-321. [PMID: 28889650 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
There are various factors that contribute to development of antimicrobial resistance. Overuse, inappropriate prescribing and extensive agricultural use of antibiotics are some of the factors which have been identified. Antibiotics are almost always universally packaged by manufacturers in packs that are heavily driven by cost of economies and convenience rather than by any scientific basis or duration of therapy. So, in this study, the correlation of the treatment guidelines with the choice of antibiotics and whether packing size contributes to leftover dosing units when used according to guideline recommendations were assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoma Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmacology, Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Nilanjan Saha
- Department of Pharmacology, Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
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415
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Gritsch L, Lovell C, Goldmann WH, Boccaccini AR. Fabrication and characterization of copper(II)-chitosan complexes as antibiotic-free antibacterial biomaterial. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 179:370-378. [PMID: 29111063 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.09.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We produced and characterized copper(II)-chitosan complexes fabricated via in-situ precipitation as antibiotic-free antibacterial biomaterials. Copper was bound to chitosan from a dilute acetic acid solution of chitosan and copper(II) chloride exploiting the ability of the polysaccharide to chelate metal ions. The influence of copper(II) ions on the morphology, structure and hydrophobicity of the complexes was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and static contact-angle measurements. To assess the biological response to the materials, cell viability and antibacterial assays were performed using mouse embryonic fibroblasts and both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. Combined analysis of cell and bacterial studies identified a threshold concentration at which the material shows outstanding antibacterial properties without significantly affecting fibroblast viability. This key outcome sets copper(II)- chitosan as a promising biomaterial and encourages further investigation on similar systems toward the development of new antibiotic-free antibacterial technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Gritsch
- Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstraße 6, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; Lucideon Ltd.,Queens Road, Penkhull, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, ST4 7LQ, UK.
| | - Christopher Lovell
- Lucideon Ltd.,Queens Road, Penkhull, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, ST4 7LQ, UK.
| | - Wolfgang H Goldmann
- Department of Biophysics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestrasse 91, 91052 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Aldo R Boccaccini
- Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstraße 6, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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416
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Horikoshi Y, Suwa J, Higuchi H, Kaneko T, Furuichi M, Aizawa Y, Fukuoka K, Okazaki K, Ito K, Shoji T. Sustained pediatric antimicrobial stewardship program with consultation to infectious diseases reduced carbapenem resistance and infection-related mortality. Int J Infect Dis 2017; 64:69-73. [PMID: 28941633 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The impact of pediatric antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASP) on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remains largely unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the AMR for carbapenem of Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) and carbapenem use with infectious diseases consultation after the implementation of an ASP. METHODS This quasi-experimental study was conducted at Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center in Japan. The pre- and post-intervention periods were April 2010 to September 2011 and October 2011 to March 2017, respectively. The pre-intervention phase consisted of consultations with the infectious diseases service alone. The ASP was implemented during the post-intervention phase. The carbapenem resistance rates of GNB were calculated. The correlation between carbapenem resistance rates and carbapenem day of therapy (DOT) was examined. The outcome metrics were compared by average length of hospitalization, all-cause mortality, and infection-related mortality. RESULTS A positive correlation was observed between the carbapenem resistance rate in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and DOT (0.76, p=0.04). The carbapenem resistance rate in P. aeruginosa (p<0.01) and DOT (p<0.01) decreased significantly in the post-intervention period. The length of hospitalization (p<0.01) and infection-related mortality (p=0.05) decreased in the post-intervention period. CONCLUSIONS A sustained ASP with additional consultation with the infectious disease service reduced carbapenem use and resistance in P. aeruginosa, leading to favorable outcomes in terms of length of hospitalization and infection-related mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuho Horikoshi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, 2-8-29 Musashidai, Fuchu City, Tokyo, 183-8561, Japan.
| | - Junichi Suwa
- Department of Pharmacy, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Fuchu City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Higuchi
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Laboratory, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Fuchu City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Kaneko
- Clinical Research Support Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Fuchu City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mihoko Furuichi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Allergy, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuta Aizawa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, 2-8-29 Musashidai, Fuchu City, Tokyo, 183-8561, Japan
| | - Kahoru Fukuoka
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, 2-8-29 Musashidai, Fuchu City, Tokyo, 183-8561, Japan
| | - Kaoru Okazaki
- Division of Neonatology, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Fuchu City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenta Ito
- Division of General Pediatrics, Aichi Children's Health and Medical Center, Ohfu City, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takayo Shoji
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Shizuoka Children's Hospital, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka, Japan
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417
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Enioutina EY, Teng L, Fateeva TV, Brown JCS, Job KM, Bortnikova VV, Krepkova LV, Gubarev MI, Sherwin CMT. Phytotherapy as an alternative to conventional antimicrobials: combating microbial resistance. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2017; 10:1203-1214. [PMID: 28836870 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2017.1371591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the modern antimicrobial era, the rapid spread of resistance to antibiotics and introduction of new and mutating viruses is a global concern. Combating antimicrobial resistant microbes (AMR) requires coordinated international efforts that incorporate new conventional antibiotic development as well as development of alternative drugs with antimicrobial activity, management of existing antimicrobials, and rapid detection of AMR pathogens. Areas covered: This manuscript discusses some conventional strategies to control microbial resistance. The main purpose of the manuscript is to present information on specific herbal medicines that may serve as good treatment alternatives to conventional antimicrobials for infections sensitive to conventional as well as resistant strains of microorganisms. Expert commentary: Identification of potential new antimicrobials is challenging; however, one source for potential structurally diverse and complex antimicrobials are natural products. Natural products may have advantages over other post-germ theory antimicrobials. Many antimicrobial herbal medicines possess simultaneous antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal and/or antiviral properties. Herbal products have the potential to boost host resistance to infections, particularly in immunocompromised patients. Antimicrobial broad-spectrum activity in conjunction with immunostimulatory properties may help to prevent microbial resistance to herbal medicine. As part of the efforts to broaden use of herbal medicines to treat microbial infections, pre-clinical and clinical testing guidelines of these compounds as a whole should be implemented to ensure consistency in formulation, efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Yu Enioutina
- a Division of Clinical Pharmacology, the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA.,b Department of Pathology, School of Medicine , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Lida Teng
- c Department of Drug Policy & Management (DPM), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Tatyana V Fateeva
- d Center of Medicine , All-Russian Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (VILAR) , Moscow , Russia
| | - Jessica C S Brown
- b Department of Pathology, School of Medicine , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Kathleen M Job
- a Division of Clinical Pharmacology, the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Valentina V Bortnikova
- d Center of Medicine , All-Russian Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (VILAR) , Moscow , Russia
| | - Lubov V Krepkova
- d Center of Medicine , All-Russian Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (VILAR) , Moscow , Russia
| | | | - Catherine M T Sherwin
- a Division of Clinical Pharmacology, the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA.,f Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
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418
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Balkhair A. Antibiotics Resistance: When the Armamentarium Gets to the Verge of Being Empty. Oman Med J 2017; 32:267-268. [PMID: 28804577 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2017.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Balkhair
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
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419
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Oliver SJ, Cush J, Ward JE. Community-Based Prescribing for Impetigo in Remote Australia: An Opportunity for Antimicrobial Stewardship. Front Public Health 2017; 5:158. [PMID: 28748178 PMCID: PMC5506077 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To support antibiotic prescribing for both hospital and community-based health professionals working in remote North Western Australia, a multidisciplinary Antimicrobial Stewardship (AMS) Committee was established in 2013. This Committee is usually focused on hospital-based prescribing. A troubling increase in sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim resistance in Staphylococcus aureus antibiograms from 9 to 18% over 1 year prompted a shift in gaze to community prescribing. What we did Finding a paucity of relevant research, we first investigated contextual factors influencing local prescribing. We also designed a systematic survey of experts with experience relevant to our setting using a structured response survey (12 questions) to better understand specific AMS risks. Using these findings, recommendations were formulated for the AMS Committee. What we learned Prescribing recommendations in a regional Skin Infections Protocol had previously been altered in December 2014. From 15 experts, we received 9 comprehensive responses (60%) about AMS risks in community prescribing. If feasible, prescribing audits also would have been valuable. Ten recommendations regarding specific antibiotic recommendations were submitted to the AMS Committee. Strengthening AMS in remote settings As AMS Committees in Australia usually focus on hospital-based prescribing, novel methods such as external expert opinion could inform deliberations about community-based prescribing. Our approach meant that this AMS Committee was able to intervene in the 2017 organizational review of the regional Skin Infections Protocol used by prescribers likely unaware of AMS risks. This experience demonstrates the value of incorporating AMS principles in community-based prescribing in context of a remote setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Jane Oliver
- Pharmacy Department, Western Australia Country Health Service (WACHS)-Kimberley, Broome, WA, Australia
| | - James Cush
- Paediatrics Department, Western Australia Country Health Service (WACHS)-Kimberley, Broome, WA, Australia
| | - Jeanette E Ward
- Kimberley Population Health Unit, Western Australia Country Health Service (WACHS)-Kimberley, Broome, WA, Australia.,Nulungu Research Institute, University of Notre Dame Australia, Broome, WA, Australia
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420
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Mathur H, Field D, Rea MC, Cotter PD, Hill C, Ross RP. Bacteriocin-Antimicrobial Synergy: A Medical and Food Perspective. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1205. [PMID: 28706513 PMCID: PMC5489601 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuing emergence of multi-drug resistant pathogens has sparked an interest in seeking alternative therapeutic options. Antimicrobial combinatorial therapy is one such avenue. A number of studies have been conducted, involving combinations of bacteriocins with other antimicrobials, to circumvent the development of antimicrobial resistance and/or increase antimicrobial potency. Such bacteriocin-antimicrobial combinations could have tremendous value, in terms of reducing the likelihood of resistance development due to the involvement of two distinct mechanisms of antimicrobial action. Furthermore, antimicrobial synergistic interactions may also have potential financial implications in terms of decreasing the costs of treatment by reducing the concentration of an expensive antimicrobial and utilizing it in combination with an inexpensive one. In addition, combinatorial therapies with bacteriocins can broaden antimicrobial spectra and/or result in a reduction in the concentration of an antibiotic required for effective treatments to the extent that potentially toxic or adverse side effects can be reduced or eliminated. Here, we review studies in which bacteriocins were found to be effective in combination with other antimicrobials, with a view to targeting clinical and/or food-borne pathogens. Furthermore, we discuss some of the bottlenecks which are currently hindering the development of bacteriocins as viable therapeutic options, as well as addressing the need to exercise caution when attempting to predict clinical outcomes of bacteriocin-antimicrobial combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Mathur
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, MooreparkCork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Institute, University College CorkCork, Ireland
| | - Des Field
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College CorkCork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College CorkCork, Ireland
| | - Mary C Rea
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, MooreparkCork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Institute, University College CorkCork, Ireland
| | - Paul D Cotter
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, MooreparkCork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Institute, University College CorkCork, Ireland
| | - Colin Hill
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College CorkCork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College CorkCork, Ireland
| | - R Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College CorkCork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College CorkCork, Ireland
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421
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Wambaugh MA, Shakya VPS, Lewis AJ, Mulvey MA, Brown JCS. High-throughput identification and rational design of synergistic small-molecule pairs for combating and bypassing antibiotic resistance. PLoS Biol 2017; 15:e2001644. [PMID: 28632788 PMCID: PMC5478098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2001644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant infections kill approximately 23,000 people and cost $20,000,000,000 each year in the United States alone despite the widespread use of small-molecule antimicrobial combination therapy. Antibiotic combinations typically have an additive effect: the efficacy of the combination matches the sum of the efficacies of each antibiotic when used alone. Small molecules can also act synergistically when the efficacy of the combination is greater than the additive efficacy. However, synergistic combinations are rare and have been historically difficult to identify. High-throughput identification of synergistic pairs is limited by the scale of potential combinations: a modest collection of 1,000 small molecules involves 1 million pairwise combinations. Here, we describe a high-throughput method for rapid identification of synergistic small-molecule pairs, the overlap2 method (O2M). O2M extracts patterns from chemical-genetic datasets, which are created when a collection of mutants is grown in the presence of hundreds of different small molecules, producing a precise set of phenotypes induced by each small molecule across the mutant set. The identification of mutants that show the same phenotype when treated with known synergistic molecules allows us to pinpoint additional molecule combinations that also act synergistically. As a proof of concept, we focus on combinations with the antibiotics trimethoprim and sulfamethizole, which had been standard treatment against urinary tract infections until widespread resistance decreased efficacy. Using O2M, we screened a library of 2,000 small molecules and identified several that synergize with the antibiotic trimethoprim and/or sulfamethizole. The most potent of these synergistic interactions is with the antiviral drug azidothymidine (AZT). We then demonstrate that understanding the molecular mechanism underlying small-molecule synergistic interactions allows the rational design of additional combinations that bypass drug resistance. Trimethoprim and sulfamethizole are both folate biosynthesis inhibitors. We find that this activity disrupts nucleotide homeostasis, which blocks DNA replication in the presence of AZT. Building on these data, we show that other small molecules that disrupt nucleotide homeostasis through other mechanisms (hydroxyurea and floxuridine) also act synergistically with AZT. These novel combinations inhibit the growth and virulence of trimethoprim-resistant clinical Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, suggesting that they may be able to be rapidly advanced into clinical use. In sum, we present a generalizable method to screen for novel synergistic combinations, to identify particular mechanisms resulting in synergy, and to use the mechanistic knowledge to rationally design new combinations that bypass drug resistance.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
- Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary/chemistry
- Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary/pharmacology
- Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary/therapeutic use
- Bacterial Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/metabolism
- Biological Assay
- Computational Biology
- Drug Design
- Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial
- Drug Synergism
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/drug effects
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/metabolism
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/microbiology
- Escherichia coli/drug effects
- Escherichia coli/growth & development
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Escherichia coli Infections/drug therapy
- Escherichia coli Infections/metabolism
- Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology
- Folic Acid Antagonists/chemistry
- Folic Acid Antagonists/pharmacology
- Folic Acid Antagonists/therapeutic use
- High-Throughput Screening Assays
- Klebsiella Infections/drug therapy
- Klebsiella Infections/metabolism
- Klebsiella Infections/microbiology
- Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects
- Klebsiella pneumoniae/growth & development
- Klebsiella pneumoniae/metabolism
- Microbial Sensitivity Tests
- Mutation
- Mutation Rate
- Pattern Recognition, Automated
- Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/chemistry
- Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Small Molecule Libraries
- Sulfamethizole/agonists
- Sulfamethizole/chemistry
- Sulfamethizole/pharmacology
- Sulfamethizole/therapeutic use
- Trimethoprim/agonists
- Trimethoprim/chemistry
- Trimethoprim/pharmacology
- Trimethoprim/therapeutic use
- Zebrafish/embryology
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan A. Wambaugh
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Pathology Department, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Viplendra P. S. Shakya
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Pathology Department, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Adam J. Lewis
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Pathology Department, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Matthew A. Mulvey
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Pathology Department, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Jessica C. S. Brown
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Pathology Department, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
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422
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φBO1E, a newly discovered lytic bacteriophage targeting carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae of the pandemic Clonal Group 258 clade II lineage. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2614. [PMID: 28572684 PMCID: PMC5453958 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02788-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic dissemination of KPC carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (KPC-KP) represents a major public health problem, given their extensive multidrug resistance profiles and primary role in causing healthcare-associated infections. This phenomenon has largely been contributed by strains of Clonal Group (CG) 258, mostly of clade II, which in some areas represent the majority of KPC-KP isolates. Here we have characterized a newly discovered lytic Podoviridae, named φBO1E, targeting KPC-KP strains of clade II lineage of CG258. Genomic sequencing revealed that φBO1E belongs to the Kp34virus genus (87% nucleotide identity to vB_KpnP_SU552A). ΦBO1E was stable over a broad pH and temperature range, exhibited strict specificity for K. pneumoniae strains of clade II of CG258, and was unable to establish lysogeny. In a Galleria mellonella infection model, φBO1E was able to protect larvae from death following infection with KPC-KP strains of clade II of CG258, including one colistin resistant strain characterized by a hypermucoviscous phenotype. To our best knowledge φBO1E is the first characterized lytic phage targeting K. pneumoniae strains of this pandemic clonal lineage. As such, it could be of potential interest to develop new agents for treatment of KPC-KP infections and for decolonization of subjects chronically colonized by these resistant superbugs.
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423
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Yılmaz Ç, Özcengiz G. Antibiotics: Pharmacokinetics, toxicity, resistance and multidrug efflux pumps. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 133:43-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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424
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Akrami F, Shahandashti EF, Yahyapour Y, Sadeghi M, Khafri S, Pournajaf A, Rajabnia R. Integron types, gene cassettes and antimicrobial resistance profile of Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from BAL samples in Babol, north of Iran. Microb Pathog 2017; 109:35-38. [PMID: 28479508 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Multi-drug resistant isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii have created therapeutic problems worldwide. This current study was intended to determine the Integron types, gene cassettes and antimicrobial resistance profile of A. baumannii isolated from BAL samples in Babol, north of Iran. During a 15-month period, 35 A. baumannii isolates were studied. Different classes of antimicrobial agents were used to determine the resistance ratios. Multiplex-PCR was used to detect different types of integrons and associated gene cassettes. The resistance rates to GM, FEP, AK, TOB, CP, PIP, SAM, IPM, SXT, CTX, CAZ, CL, TIM, MEM, and TZP were 85.7%, 100%, 91.4%, 68.5%, 94.3%, 88.5%, 97.1%, 94.3%, 100%, 100%, 100%, 0.0%, 91.4%, 94.3% and 91.4%, respectively. The distribution analysis of int genes showed that 25.7%, 88.6% and 28.6% of isolates carried the intI, intII and intIII genes, respectively. The prevalence of aadB, dfrA1, bla-OXA30 and aadA1 genes were 94.3%, 77.1%, 40% and 5.7%, respectively. The current study showed that a high level of A. baumannii isolates harbor integrons in our therapeutic center, which may lead to distribution of multiple antimicrobial resistance. The different types of gene cassette arrays in the present study highlight the important role of geographical features in MDR isolates dissemination which could be credited to different profiles of drug consumption in different areas. The findings emphasized that the need for continuous surveillance to prevent distribution of multidrug resistance among A. baumannii strains in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Akrami
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Elaheh Ferdosi Shahandashti
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Yousef Yahyapour
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mohsen Sadeghi
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Soraya Khafri
- Department of Biostatics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Abazar Pournajaf
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Ramazan Rajabnia
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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425
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Nora D, Salluh J, Martin-Loeches I, Póvoa P. Biomarker-guided antibiotic therapy-strengths and limitations. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017; 5:208. [PMID: 28603723 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2017.04.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Biomarkers as C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) emerged as tools to help clinicians to diagnose infection and to properly initiate and define the duration of antibiotic therapy. Several randomized controlled trials, including adult critically ill patients, showed that PCT-guided antibiotic stewardship was repeatedly associated with a decrease in the duration of antibiotic therapy with no apparent harm. There are however some relevant limitations in these trials namely the low rate of compliance of PCT-guided algorithms, the high rate of exclusion (without including common clinical situations and pathogens) and the long duration of antibiotic therapy in control groups. Such limitations weakened the real impact of such algorithms in the clinical decision-making process and strengthened the concept that the initiation and the duration of antibiotic therapy cannot depend solely on a biomarker. Future efforts should address these limitations in order to better clarify the role of biomarkers on the complex and multifactorial issue of antibiotic management and to deeply understand its potential effect on mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Nora
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Vila Franca de Xira, Vila Franca de Xira, Portugal.,NOVA Medical School, New University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jorge Salluh
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ignacio Martin-Loeches
- St. James's University Hospital, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland.,Irish Center for Vascular Biology, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Pedro Póvoa
- NOVA Medical School, New University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Polyvalent Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de São Francisco Xavier, Lisbon, Portugal
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426
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Kim SH, Jeon EJ, Hong SM, Bae CH, Lee HY, Park MK, Byun JY, Kim MG, Yeo SG. Bacterial Species and Antibiotic Sensitivity in Korean Patients Diagnosed with Acute Otitis Media and Otitis Media with Effusion. J Korean Med Sci 2017; 32:672-678. [PMID: 28244296 PMCID: PMC5334168 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2017.32.4.672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes over time in pathogens and their antibiotic sensitivity resulting from the recent overuse and misuse of antibiotics in otitis media (OM) have complicated treatment. This study evaluated changes over 5 years in principal pathogens and their antibiotic sensitivity in patients in Korea diagnosed with acute OM (AOM) and OM with effusion (OME). The study population consisted of 683 patients who visited the outpatient department of otorhinolaryngology in 7 tertiary hospitals in Korea between January 2010 and May 2015 and were diagnosed with acute AOM or OME. Aural discharge or middle ear fluid were collected from patients in the operating room or outpatient department and subjected to tests of bacterial identification and antibiotic sensitivity. The overall bacteria detection rate of AOM was 62.3% and OME was 40.9%. The most frequently isolated Gram-positive bacterial species was coagulase negative Staphylococcus aureus (CNS) followed by methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and Streptococcus pneumonia (SP), whereas the most frequently isolated Gram-negative bacterium was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA). Regardless of OM subtype, ≥ 80% of CNS and MRSA strains were resistant to penicillin (PC) and tetracycline (TC); isolated MRSA strains showed low sensitivity to other antibiotics, with 100% resistant to PC, TC, cefoxitin (CFT), and erythromycin (EM); and isolated PA showed low sensitivity to quinolone antibiotics, including ciprofloxacin (CIP) and levofloxacin (LFX), and to aminoglycosides. Bacterial species and antibiotic sensitivity did not change significantly over 5 years. The rate of detection of MRSA was higher in OME than in previous studies. As bacterial predominance and antibiotic sensitivity could change over time, continuous and periodic surveillance is necessary in guiding appropriate antibacterial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hoon Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Ju Jeon
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | - Seok Min Hong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hallym University College of Medicine, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong, Korea
| | - Chang Hoon Bae
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ho Yun Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eulji University Hospital, Eulji University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Moo Kyun Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Yong Byun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung Gu Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Korea
| | - Seung Geun Yeo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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427
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Determining bacteriophage endopeptidase activity using either fluorophore-quencher labeled peptides combined with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) or Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) assays. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173919. [PMID: 28296948 PMCID: PMC5352010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The necessity of identifying novel methods to combat infections caused by antibiotic resistant bacteria is increasing each year. Recent advancements in the development of peptidoglycan hydrolases (e.g. lysins) from bacterial viruses (bacteriophages) have revealed the efficiency of this class of enzymes in treating serious bacterial infections. Though promising results have been obtained regarding the lethal action of lysin on bacterial pathogens both in vitro and in vivo, an often-overlooked factor in these studies is precisely identifying their peptidoglycan cleavage site. This knowledge would be useful for following the activity of the enzyme during development, without the need for whole-organism lytic assays. However, more importantly, it would enable the selection of lysins with different cleavage activities that would act synergistically for enhanced efficacy. Here, we have developed two new methods to accurately identify the cleavage site of lysins using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) on peptidoglycan-like fluorophore-quencher modified synthetic peptides, as well as determining the enzymatic action and kinetics of the enzymes on modified peptides in a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay. These methods should facilitate progress within the lysin field, accelerating the development of therapeutic lysins to combat antibiotic resistant bacterial infections.
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428
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Blaskovich MAT, Butler MS, Cooper MA. Polishing the tarnished silver bullet: the quest for new antibiotics. Essays Biochem 2017; 61:103-114. [PMID: 28258234 PMCID: PMC5869247 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20160077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We are facing a potential catastrophe of untreatable bacterial infections, driven by the inexorable rise of extensively drug-resistant bacteria, coupled with a market failure of pharmaceutical and biotech companies to deliver new therapeutic options. While global recognition of the problem is finally apparent, solutions are still a long way from being implemented. In addition to drug stewardship programmes and better diagnostics, new antibiotics are desperately needed. The question remains as to how to achieve this goal. This review will examine the different strategies being applied to discover new antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A T Blaskovich
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Mark S Butler
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Matthew A Cooper
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia
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429
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Azizov IS, Lavrinenko AV, Belyaev IA, Babenko DB, Shambilova NA, Bissenova NM. Sensitivity to Antimicrobial Drugs of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Extreme-Resistant Strains Isolated in the Major Hospitals of Central Kazakhstan. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2017; 5:6-8. [PMID: 28293307 PMCID: PMC5320898 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2017.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: The article presents the current data on the sensitivity of the main 37 strains of eXtremaly Drugs Resistance (XDR) category to anti-pseudomonas drugs. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The strains were collected during the prospective multicenter study in large multidisciplinary hospitals of Central Kazakhstan. Susceptibility to antimicrobial drugs was carried out by disk method and the serial dilution method with the interpretation of the results according to EUCAST criteria. Detection of carbapenemases gene of VIM, IMP, NDM and GES classes was carried out by PCR method using the commercial kits. RESULTS: All identified carbapenemases were sorted to VIM class and accounted for 63.64%. Resistance to aminoglycoside drugs exceeded 80%. All the strains were susceptible to polymyxin. CONCLUSION: Thus, at the present stage the circulation of P. aeruginosa strains of XDR category continues in major hospitals in Kazakhstan. The strains remain sensitiveness only to polymyxin.
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430
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Rather IA, Kim BC, Bajpai VK, Park YH. Self-medication and antibiotic resistance: Crisis, current challenges, and prevention. Saudi J Biol Sci 2017; 24:808-812. [PMID: 28490950 PMCID: PMC5415144 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to explore the crisis of antibiotic resistance and discover more about the current challenges related to self-medication. The current challenges related to antibiotic resistance are unique and differ from the challenges of the past since new bacterial pathogens are involved and continue to evolve. Strains with resistance to multiple antibiotic classes have emerged which the discovery of new antibiotics has failed to match. The consequences of antibiotic resistance are grave with mortality and morbidity continually on the rise. This paper also highlights the possible interventions that can be effective at the micro or individual level in the prevention of development of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan A Rather
- Department of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Chun Kim
- Probionic Institute, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Vivek K Bajpai
- Department of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ha Park
- Department of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea.,Probionic Institute, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
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431
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Zilahi G, Artigas A, Martin-Loeches I. What's new in multidrug-resistant pathogens in the ICU? Ann Intensive Care 2016; 6:96. [PMID: 27714706 PMCID: PMC5053965 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-016-0199-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last several decades, antibacterial drug use has become widespread with their misuse being an ever-increasing phenomenon. Consequently, antibacterial drugs have become less effective or even ineffective, resulting in a global health security emergency. The prevalence of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) varies widely among regions and countries. The primary aim of antibiotic stewardship programs is to supervise the three most influential factors contributing to the development and transmission of MDROs, namely: (1) appropriate antibiotic prescribing; (2) early detection and prevention of cross-colonization of MDROs; and (3) elimination of reservoirs. In the future, it is expected that a number of countries will experience a rise in MDROs. These infections will be associated with a high consumption of healthcare resources manifested by a prolonged hospital stay and high mortality. As a counteractive strategy, minimization of broad-spectrum antibiotic use and prompt antibiotic administration will aid in reduction of antibiotic resistance. Innovative management approaches include development and implementation of rapid diagnostic tests that will help in both shortening the duration of therapy and allowing early targeted therapy. The institution of more accessible therapeutic drug monitoring will help to optimize drug administration and support a patient-specific approach. Areas where further research is required are investigation into the heterogeneity of critically ill patients and the need for new antibacterial drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor Zilahi
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Research Organization (MICRO), Wellcome Trust‐HRB Clinical Research, St James’s Hospital, St James’s University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Antonio Artigas
- Critical Care Center, Parc Taulí Hospital-Sabadell, CIBERes, Parc Tauli s/n., Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
- Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Martin-Loeches
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Research Organization (MICRO), Wellcome Trust‐HRB Clinical Research, St James’s Hospital, St James’s University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
- Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER), Madrid, Spain
- Wellcome Trust‐HRB Clinical Research, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
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432
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Selective Pressure Promotes Tetracycline Resistance of Chlamydia Suis in Fattening Pigs. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166917. [PMID: 27893834 PMCID: PMC5125646 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In pigs, Chlamydia suis has been associated with respiratory disease, diarrhea and conjunctivitis, but there is a high rate of inapparent C. suis infection found in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs. Tetracycline resistance in C. suis has been described in the USA, Italy, Switzerland, Belgium, Cyprus and Israel. Tetracyclines are commonly used in pig production due to their broad-spectrum activity and relatively low cost. The aim of this study was to isolate clinical C. suis samples in cell culture and to evaluate their antibiotic susceptibility in vitro under consideration of antibiotic treatment on herd level. Swab samples (n = 158) identified as C. suis originating from 24 farms were further processed for isolation, which was successful in 71% of attempts with a significantly higher success rate from fecal swabs compared to conjunctival swabs. The farms were divided into three treatment groups: A) farms without antibiotic treatment, B) farms with prophylactic oral antibiotic treatment of the whole herd consisting of trimethoprime, sulfadimidin and sulfathiazole (TSS), or C) farms giving herd treatment with chlortetracycline with or without tylosin and sulfadimidin (CTS). 59 isolates and their corresponding clinical samples were selected and tested for the presence or absence of the tetracycline resistance class C gene [tet(C)] by conventional PCR and isolates were further investigated for their antibiotic susceptibility in vitro. The phenotype of the investigated isolates was either classified as tetracycline sensitive (Minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] < 2 μg/ml), intermediate (2 μg/ml ≤ MIC < 4 μg/ml) or resistant (MIC ≥ 4 μg/ml). Results of groups and individual pigs were correlated with antibiotic treatment and time of sampling (beginning/end of the fattening period). We found clear evidence for selective pressure as absence of antibiotics led to isolation of only tetracycline sensitive or intermediate strains whereas tetracycline treatment resulted in a greater number of tetracycline resistant isolates.
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433
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Okorie-Kanu OJ, Ezenduka EV, Okorie-Kanu CO, Ugwu LC, Nnamani UJ. Occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of pathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in retail raw table eggs sold for human consumption in Enugu state, Nigeria. Vet World 2016; 9:1312-1319. [PMID: 27956787 PMCID: PMC5146316 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.1312-1319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM This study was conducted to investigate the occurrence of pathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella species in retail raw table eggs sold for human consumption in Enugu State and to determine the resistance of these pathogens to antimicrobials commonly used in human and veterinary practices in Nigeria. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 340 raw table eggs comprising 68 composite samples (5 eggs per composite sample) were collected from five selected farms (13 composite samples from the farms) and 10 retail outlets (55 composite samples from the retail outlets) in the study area over a period of 4-month (March-June, 2014). The eggs were screened for pathogenic E. coli and Salmonella species following standard procedures within 24 h of sample collection. Isolates obtained were subjected to in-vitro antimicrobial susceptibility test with 15 commonly used antimicrobials using the disk diffusion method. RESULTS About 37 (54.4%) and 7 (10.3%) of the 68 composite samples were positive for pathogenic E. coli and Salmonella species, respectively. The shells showed significantly higher (p<0.05) contaminations than the contents for both microorganisms. The eggs from the farms showed higher contamination with pathogenic E. coli than eggs from the retail outlets while the reverse was the case for Salmonella species even though they were not significant (p>0.05). The organisms obtained showed a multiple drug resistance. They were completely resistant to nitrofurantoin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, penicillin G and oxacillin. In addition to these, Salmonella spp. also showed 100% resistance to tetracycline. The pathogenic E. coli isolates obtained were 100% susceptible to gentamicin, neomycin, ciprofloxacin, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid while Salmonella spp. showed 100% susceptibility to erythromycin, neomycin, and rifampicin. Both organisms showed varying degrees of resistance to streptomycin, amoxicillin, vancomycin, and doxycycline. CONCLUSION From the results of the study, it can be concluded that the raw table eggs marketed for human consumption in Enugu State, Nigeria is contaminated with pathogenic E. coli and Salmonella species that showed multiple drug resistance to antimicrobial agents commonly used in veterinary and human practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Josephine Okorie-Kanu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - E. Vivienne Ezenduka
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - C. Onwuchokwe Okorie-Kanu
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria
| | - L. Chinweokwu Ugwu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - U. John Nnamani
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
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434
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Olofsson TC, Butler É, Lindholm C, Nilson B, Michanek P, Vásquez A. Fighting Off Wound Pathogens in Horses with Honeybee Lactic Acid Bacteria. Curr Microbiol 2016; 73:463-73. [PMID: 27324340 PMCID: PMC4999459 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-016-1080-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the global perspective of antibiotic resistance, it is urgent to find potent topical antibiotics for the use in human and animal infection. Healing of equine wounds, particularly in the limbs, is difficult due to hydrostatic factors and exposure to environmental contaminants, which can lead to heavy bio-burden/biofilm formation and sometimes to infection. Therefore, antibiotics are often prescribed. Recent studies have shown that honeybee-specific lactic acid bacteria (LAB), involved in honey production, and inhibit human wound pathogens. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the effects on the healing of hard-to-heal equine wounds after treatment with these LAB symbionts viable in a heather honey formulation. For this, we included ten horses with wound duration of >1 year, investigated the wound microbiota, and treated wounds with the novel honeybee LAB formulation. We identified the microbiota using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and DNA sequencing. In addition, the antimicrobial properties of the honeybee LAB formulation were tested against all wound isolates in vitro. Our results indicate a diverse wound microbiota including fifty-three bacterial species that showed 90 % colonization by at least one species of Staphylococcus. Treatment with the formulation promoted wound healing in all cases already after the first application and the wounds were either completely healed (n = 3) in less than 20 days or healing was in progress. Furthermore, the honeybee LAB formulation inhibited all pathogens when tested in vitro. Consequently, this new treatment option presents as a powerful candidate for the topical treatment of hard-to-heal wounds in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Éile Butler
- Laboratory Medicine, Lunds Universitet, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Bo Nilson
- Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Lund, Medical Microbiology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 23, 22362, Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Michanek
- Animal Farm Veterinary Consultants, Degebergavägen, 27568, Vollsjö, Sweden
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435
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Carter RR, Sun J, Jump RLP. A Survey and Analysis of the American Public's Perceptions and Knowledge About Antibiotic Resistance. Open Forum Infect Dis 2016; 3:ofw112. [PMID: 27382598 PMCID: PMC4929486 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofw112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Little is known about the American public's perceptions or knowledge about antibiotic-resistant bacteria or antibiotic misuse. We hypothesized that although many people recognize antibiotic resistance as a problem, they may not understand the relationship between antibiotic consumption and selection of resistant bacteria. Methods. We developed and tested a survey asking respondents about their perceptions and knowledge regarding appropriate antibiotic use. Respondents were recruited with the Amazon Mechanical Turk crowdsourcing platform. The survey, carefully designed to assess a crowd-sourced population, asked respondents to explain "antibiotic resistance" in their own words. Subsequent questions were multiple choice. Results. Of 215 respondents, the vast majority agreed that inappropriate antibiotic use contributes to antibiotic resistance (92%), whereas a notable proportion (70%) responded neutrally or disagreed with the statement that antibiotic resistance is a problem. Over 40% of respondents indicated that antibiotics were the best choice to treat a fever or a runny nose and sore throat. Major themes from the free-text responses included that antibiotic resistance develops by bacteria, or by the infection, or the body (ie, an immune response). Minor themes included antibiotic overuse and antibiotic resistance caused by bacterial adaptation or an immune response. Conclusions. Our findings indicate that the public is aware that antibiotic misuse contributes to antibiotic resistance, but many do not consider it to be an important problem. The free-text responses suggest specific educational targets, including the difference between an immune response and bacterial adaptation, to increase awareness and understanding of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R Carter
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine
| | - Jiayang Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine
| | - Robin L P Jump
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University; Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center and Infectious Disease Section, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ohio
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436
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Biodiversity, the Human Microbiome and Mental Health: Moving toward a New Clinical Ecology for the 21st Century? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1155/2016/2718275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Advances in research concerning the brain-related influences of the microbiome have been paradigm shifting, although at an early stage, clinical research involving beneficial microbes lends credence to the notion that the microbiome may be an important target in supporting mental health (defined here along the continuum between quality of life and the criteria for specific disorders). Through metagenomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and systems biology, a new emphasis to personalized medicine is on the horizon. Humans can now be viewed as multispecies organisms operating within an ecological theatre; it is important that clinicians increasingly see their patients in this context. Historically marginalized ecological aspects of health are destined to become an important consideration in the new frontiers of practicing medicine with the microbiome in mind. Emerging evidence indicates that macrobiodiversity in the external environment can influence mental well-being. Local biodiversity may also drive differences in human-associated microbiota; microbial diversity as a product of external biodiversity may have far-reaching effects on immune function and mood. With a focus on the microbiome as it pertains to mental health, we define environmental “grey space” and emphasize a new frontier involving bio-eco-psychological medicine. Within this concept the ecological terrain can link dysbiotic lifestyles and biodiversity on the grand scale to the local human-associated microbial ecosystems that might otherwise seem far removed from one another.
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437
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Abstract
The genus Burkholderia comprises metabolically diverse and adaptable Gram-negative bacteria, which thrive in often adversarial environments. A few members of the genus are prominent opportunistic pathogens. These include Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei of the B. pseudomallei complex, which cause glanders and melioidosis, respectively. Burkholderia cenocepacia, Burkholderia multivorans, and Burkholderia vietnamiensis belong to the Burkholderia cepacia complex and affect mostly cystic fibrosis patients. Infections caused by these bacteria are difficult to treat because of significant antibiotic resistance. The first line of defense against antimicrobials in Burkholderia species is the outer membrane penetration barrier. Most Burkholderia contain a modified lipopolysaccharide that causes intrinsic polymyxin resistance. Contributing to reduced drug penetration are restrictive porin proteins. Efflux pumps of the resistance nodulation cell division family are major players in Burkholderia multidrug resistance. Third and fourth generation β-lactam antibiotics are seminal for treatment of Burkholderia infections, but therapeutic efficacy is compromised by expression of several β-lactamases and ceftazidime target mutations. Altered DNA gyrase and dihydrofolate reductase targets cause fluoroquinolone and trimethoprim resistance, respectively. Although antibiotic resistance hampers therapy of Burkholderia infections, the characterization of resistance mechanisms lags behind other non-enteric Gram-negative pathogens, especially ESKAPE bacteria such as Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Rhodes
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, Emerging Pathogens Institute and Institute for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Microbiology Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Herbert P Schweizer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, Emerging Pathogens Institute and Institute for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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438
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Abstract
Resistance to antifungal drugs is an increasingly significant clinical problem. The most common antifungal resistance encountered is efflux pump-mediated resistance of Candida species to azole drugs. One approach to overcome this resistance is to inhibit the pumps and chemosensitize resistant strains to azole drugs. Drug discovery targeting fungal efflux pumps could thus result in the development of azole-enhancing combination therapy. Heterologous expression of fungal efflux pumps in Saccharomyces cerevisiae provides a versatile system for screening for pump inhibitors. Fungal efflux pumps transport a range of xenobiotics including fluorescent compounds. This enables the use of fluorescence-based detection, as well as growth inhibition assays, in screens to discover compounds targeting efflux-mediated antifungal drug resistance. A variety of medium- and high-throughput screens have been used to identify a number of chemical entities that inhibit fungal efflux pumps.
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439
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Mapping Protein-Protein Interactions of the Resistance-Related Bacterial Zeta Toxin-Epsilon Antitoxin Complex (ε₂ζ₂) with High Affinity Peptide Ligands Using Fluorescence Polarization. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8070222. [PMID: 27438853 PMCID: PMC4963854 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8070222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxin–antitoxin systems constitute a native survival strategy of pathogenic bacteria and thus are potential targets of antibiotic drugs. Here, we target the Zeta–Epsilon toxin–antitoxin system, which is responsible for the stable maintenance of certain multiresistance plasmids in Gram-positive bacteria. Peptide ligands were designed on the basis of the ε2ζ2 complex. Three α helices of Zeta forming the protein–protein interaction (PPI) site were selected and peptides were designed conserving the residues interacting with Epsilon antitoxin while substituting residues binding intramolecularly to other parts of Zeta. Designed peptides were synthesized with an N-terminal fluoresceinyl-carboxy-residue for binding assays and provided active ligands, which were used to define the hot spots of the ε2ζ2 complex. Further shortening and modification of the binding peptides provided ligands with affinities <100 nM, allowing us to determine the most relevant PPIs and implement a robust competition binding assay.
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440
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Labbate M, Seymour JR, Lauro F, Brown MV. Editorial: Anthropogenic Impacts on the Microbial Ecology and Function of Aquatic Environments. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1044. [PMID: 27458441 PMCID: PMC4934117 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Labbate
- School of Life Sciences and the ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Justin R Seymour
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Federico Lauro
- Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological UniversitySingapore, Singapore; Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological UniversitySingapore, Singapore
| | - Mark V Brown
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
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441
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Antibiotics in the clinical pipeline at the end of 2015. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2016; 70:3-24. [PMID: 27353164 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2016.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is growing global recognition that the continued emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria poses a serious threat to human health. Action plans released by the World Health Organization and governments of the UK and USA in particular recognize that discovering new antibiotics, particularly those with new modes of action, is one essential element required to avert future catastrophic pandemics. This review lists the 30 antibiotics and two β-lactamase/β-lactam combinations first launched since 2000, and analyzes in depth seven new antibiotics and two new β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations launched since 2013. The development status, mode of action, spectra of activity and genesis (natural product, natural product-derived, synthetic or protein/mammalian peptide) of the 37 compounds and six β-lactamase/β-lactam combinations being evaluated in clinical trials between 2013 and 2015 are discussed. Compounds discontinued from clinical development since 2013 and new antibacterial pharmacophores are also reviewed.
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442
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Impact on Bacterial Resistance of Therapeutically Nonequivalent Generics: The Case of Piperacillin-Tazobactam. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155806. [PMID: 27191163 PMCID: PMC4871539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that pharmaceutical equivalence and pharmacokinetic equivalence of generic antibiotics are necessary but not sufficient conditions to guarantee therapeutic equivalence (better called pharmacodynamic equivalence). In addition, there is scientific evidence suggesting a direct link between pharmacodynamic nonequivalence of generic vancomycin and promotion of resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. To find out if even subtle deviations from the expected pharmacodynamic behavior with respect to the innovator could favor resistance, we studied a generic product of piperacillin-tazobactam characterized by pharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic equivalence but a faulty fit of Hill's Emax sigmoid model that could be interpreted as pharmacodynamic nonequivalence. We determined the impact in vivo of this generic product on the resistance of a mixed Escherichia coli population composed of ∼99% susceptible cells (ATCC 35218 strain) and a ∼1% isogenic resistant subpopulation that overproduces TEM-1 β-lactamase. After only 24 hours of treatment in the neutropenic murine thigh infection model, the generic amplified the resistant subpopulation up to 20-times compared with the innovator, following an inverted-U dose-response relationship. These findings highlight the critical role of therapeutic nonequivalence of generic antibiotics as a key factor contributing to the global problem of bacterial resistance.
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443
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Metcalfe D, Aquilina AL, Hedley HM. Prophylactic antibiotics in open distal phalanx fractures: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2016; 41:423-30. [PMID: 26329883 DOI: 10.1177/1753193415601055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A systematic review was conducted on 30 December 2014 to determine whether prophylactic antibiotics reduce the risk of superficial infection and osteomyelitis following open distal phalanx fractures. Four randomized controlled trials (353 fractures) were suitable for meta-analysis. There was no statistically significant difference between rates of superficial infection in the two groups. This finding persisted when only the two most recent and highest quality trials were included. There were no reported cases of osteomyelitis in the pooled dataset, despite patients with 164 fractures not receiving antibiotics. These results fail to show any effect of prophylactic antibiotics on the rate of superficial infections following open distal phalanx fractures. The focus of treatment should be on prompt irrigation and debridement rather than administration of prophylactic antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Metcalfe
- University Hospital Coventry & Warwickshire, Coventry, UK Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A L Aquilina
- University Hospital Coventry & Warwickshire, Coventry, UK
| | - H M Hedley
- University Hospital Coventry & Warwickshire, Coventry, UK
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444
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Kaplan E, Guichou JF, Chaloin L, Kunzelmann S, Leban N, Serpersu EH, Lionne C. Aminoglycoside binding and catalysis specificity of aminoglycoside 2″-phosphotransferase IVa: A thermodynamic, structural and kinetic study. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1860:802-13. [PMID: 26802312 PMCID: PMC4769084 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aminoglycoside O-phosphotransferases make up a large class of bacterial enzymes that is widely distributed among pathogens and confer a high resistance to several clinically used aminoglycoside antibiotics. Aminoglycoside 2″-phosphotransferase IVa, APH(2″)-IVa, is an important member of this class, but there is little information on the thermodynamics of aminoglycoside binding and on the nature of its rate-limiting step. METHODS We used isothermal titration calorimetry, electrostatic potential calculations, molecular dynamics simulations and X-ray crystallography to study the interactions between the enzyme and different aminoglycosides. We determined the rate-limiting step of the reaction by the means of transient kinetic measurements. RESULTS For the first time, Kd values were determined directly for APH(2″)-IVa and different aminoglycosides. The affinity of the enzyme seems to anti-correlate with the molecular weight of the ligand, suggesting a limited degree of freedom in the binding site. The main interactions are electrostatic bonds between the positively charged amino groups of aminoglycosides and Glu or Asp residues of APH. In spite of the significantly different ratio Kd/Km, there is no large difference in the transient kinetics obtained with the different aminoglycosides. We show that a product release step is rate-limiting for the overall reaction. CONCLUSIONS APH(2″)-IVa has a higher affinity for aminoglycosides carrying an amino group in 2' and 6', but tighter bindings do not correlate with higher catalytic efficiencies. As with APH(3')-IIIa, an intermediate containing product is preponderant during the steady state. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This intermediate may constitute a good target for future drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Kaplan
- CNRS, FRE3689 - Université de Montpellier, Centre d'études d'agents Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé, F-34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-François Guichou
- CNRS, UMR5048 - Université de Montpellier, Centre de Biochimie Structurale, F-34090 Montpellier, France; INSERM, U1054, F-34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Chaloin
- CNRS, FRE3689 - Université de Montpellier, Centre d'études d'agents Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé, F-34293 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Nadia Leban
- CNRS, FRE3689 - Université de Montpellier, Centre d'études d'agents Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé, F-34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Engin H Serpersu
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Corinne Lionne
- CNRS, FRE3689 - Université de Montpellier, Centre d'études d'agents Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé, F-34293 Montpellier, France.
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445
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Rapid Diagnosis of Infection in the Critically Ill, a Multicenter Study of Molecular Detection in Bloodstream Infections, Pneumonia, and Sterile Site Infections. Crit Care Med 2016; 43:2283-91. [PMID: 26327198 PMCID: PMC4603364 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000001249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Early identification of causative microorganism(s) in patients with severe infection is crucial to optimize antimicrobial use and patient survival. However, current culture-based pathogen identification is slow and unreliable such that broad-spectrum antibiotics are often used to insure coverage of all potential organisms, carrying risks of overtreatment, toxicity, and selection of multidrug-resistant bacteria. We compared the results obtained using a novel, culture-independent polymerase chain reaction/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry technology with those obtained by standard microbiological testing and evaluated the potential clinical implications of this technique.
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446
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Stålsby Lundborg C, Diwan V, Pathak A, Purohit MR, Shah H, Sharma M, Mahadik VK, Tamhankar AJ. Protocol: a 'One health' two year follow-up, mixed methods study on antibiotic resistance, focusing children under 5 and their environment in rural India. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:1321. [PMID: 26714632 PMCID: PMC4696104 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-2632-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antibiotic resistance has been referred to as ‘the greatest malice of the 21st century’ and a global action plan was adopted by the World Health Assembly in 2015. There is a wealth of independent studies regarding antibiotics and resistant bacteria in humans, animals and their environment, however, integrated studies are lacking, particularly ones that simultaneously also take into consideration the health related behaviour of participants and healthcare providers. Such, ‘One health’ studies are difficult to implement, because of the complex teamwork that they entail. This paper describes the protocol of a study that investigates ‘One health’ issues regarding antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance in children and their environment in Indian villages. Methods/Design Both quantitative and qualitative studies are planned for a cohort of children, from 6 villages, and their surrounding environment. Repeated or continues data collection is planned over 2 years for quantitative studies. Qualitative studies will be conducted once. Studies include parents’ health seeking behavior for their children (1–3 years of age at the onset), prescribing pattern of formal and informal healthcare providers, analysis of phenotypic antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli from samples of stool from children and village animals, household drinking water, village source water and waste water, and investigation on molecular mechanisms governing resistance. Analysis of interrelationship of these with each other will also be done as basis for future interventions. Ethics approval has been obtained from the Institutional Ethics Committee R.D. Gardi Medical College, Ujjain, India (No: 2013/07/17-311). Discussion The findings of the study presented in this protocol will add to our knowledge about the multi-factorial nature of causes governing antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance from a ‘One health’ perspective. Our study will be the first of its kind addressing antibiotic use and resistance issues related to children in a One-health approach, particularly for rural India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Stålsby Lundborg
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Global Health - Health Systems and Policy (HSP): Medicines, focusing antibiotics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Vishal Diwan
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Global Health - Health Systems and Policy (HSP): Medicines, focusing antibiotics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Public Health and Environment, R.D. Gardi Medical College, Ujjain, India. .,International Center for Health Research, R.D. Gardi Medical College, Ujjain, India.
| | - Ashish Pathak
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Global Health - Health Systems and Policy (HSP): Medicines, focusing antibiotics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Pediatrics, R.D. Gardi Medical College, Ujjain, India. .,Department of Women and Children's Health, International Maternal and Child Health Unit, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Manju R Purohit
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Global Health - Health Systems and Policy (HSP): Medicines, focusing antibiotics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Pathology, R.D. Gardi Medical College, Ujjain, India. .,Central Clinical Laboratory, Ujjain Charitable Trust Hospital and Research Centre, Ujjain, India.
| | - Harshada Shah
- Department of Microbiology, R.D. Gardi Medical College, Ujjain, India.
| | - Megha Sharma
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Global Health - Health Systems and Policy (HSP): Medicines, focusing antibiotics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Pharmacology, R.D. Gardi Medical College, Ujjain, India.
| | - Vijay K Mahadik
- Ujjain Charitable Trust Hospital and Research Centre, Ujjain, India.
| | - Ashok J Tamhankar
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Global Health - Health Systems and Policy (HSP): Medicines, focusing antibiotics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Indian Initiative for Management of Antibiotic Resistance, Department of Environmental Medicine, R.D. Gardi Medical College, Ujjain, India.
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447
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Dominey-Howes D, Bajorek B, Michael CA, Betteridge B, Iredell J, Labbate M. Applying the emergency risk management process to tackle the crisis of antibiotic resistance. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:927. [PMID: 26388864 PMCID: PMC4559638 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We advocate that antibiotic resistance be reframed as a disaster risk management problem. Antibiotic-resistant infections represent a risk to life as significant as other commonly occurring natural disasters (e.g., earthquakes). Despite efforts by global health authorities, antibiotic resistance continues to escalate. Therefore, new approaches and expertise are needed to manage the issue. In this perspective we: (1) make a call for the emergency management community to recognize the antibiotic resistance risk and join in addressing this problem; (2) suggest using the risk management process to help tackle antibiotic resistance; (3) show why this approach has value and why it is different to existing approaches; and (4) identify public perception of antibiotic resistance as an important issue that warrants exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale Dominey-Howes
- Asia - Pacific Natural Hazards and Disaster Risk Research Group, The School of Geosciences, The University of Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Beata Bajorek
- The UTS Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carolyn A Michael
- The School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brittany Betteridge
- Asia - Pacific Natural Hazards and Disaster Risk Research Group, The School of Geosciences, The University of Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonathan Iredell
- Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research and The Marie Bashir Institute, University of Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maurizio Labbate
- The School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia ; The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia
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448
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Cavera VL, Arthur TD, Kashtanov D, Chikindas ML. Bacteriocins and their position in the next wave of conventional antibiotics. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2015; 46:494-501. [PMID: 26341839 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Micro-organisms are capable of producing a range of defence mechanisms, including antibiotics, bacteriocins, lytic agents, protein exotoxins, etc. Such mechanisms have been identified in nearly 99% of studied bacteria. The multiplicity and diversity of bacteriocins and the resultant effects of their interactions with targeted bacteria on microbial ecology has been thoroughly studied and remains an area of investigation attracting many researchers. However, the incorporation of bacteriocins into drug delivery systems used in conjunction with, or as potential alternatives to, conventional antibiotics is only a recent, although rapidly expanding, field. The extensive array of bacteriocins positions them as one of the most promising options in the next wave of antibiotics. The goal of this review was to explore bacteriocins as novel antimicrobials, alone and in combination with established antibiotics, and thus position them as a potential tool for addressing the current antibiotic crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica L Cavera
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers State University, 76 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Timothy D Arthur
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers State University, 76 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Dimitri Kashtanov
- School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers State University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Michael L Chikindas
- School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers State University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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449
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Mai-Prochnow A, Bradbury M, Ostrikov K, Murphy AB. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Response and Resistance to Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Is Linked to the Redox-Active Molecule Phenazine. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130373. [PMID: 26114428 PMCID: PMC4483161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important opportunistic pathogen displaying high antibiotic resistance. Its resistance is in part due to its outstanding ability to form biofilms on a range of biotic and abiotic surfaces leading to difficult-to-treat, often long-term infections. Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is a new, promising antibacterial treatment to combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Plasma is ionized gas that has antibacterial properties through the generation of a mix of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), excited molecules, charged particles and UV photons. Our results show the efficient removal of P. aeruginosa biofilms using a plasma jet (kINPen med), with no viable cells detected after 5 min treatment and no attached biofilm cells visible with confocal microscopy after 10 min plasma treatment. Because of its multi-factorial action, it is widely presumed that the development of bacterial resistance to plasma is unlikely. However, our results indicate that a short plasma treatment (3 min) may lead to the emergence of a small number of surviving cells exhibiting enhanced resistance to subsequent plasma exposure. Interestingly, these cells also exhibited a higher degree of resistance to hydrogen peroxide. Whole genome comparison between surviving cells and control cells revealed 10 distinct polymorphic regions, including four belonging to the redox active, antibiotic pigment phenazine. Subsequently, the interaction between phenazine production and CAP resistance was demonstrated in biofilms of transposon mutants disrupted in different phenazine pathway genes which exhibited significantly altered sensitivity to CAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Mai-Prochnow
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship, P.O. Box 218, Lindfield, NSW 2070, Australia
| | - Mark Bradbury
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, 11 Julius Ave, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Kostya Ostrikov
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship, P.O. Box 218, Lindfield, NSW 2070, Australia
- Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Anthony B. Murphy
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship, P.O. Box 218, Lindfield, NSW 2070, Australia
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450
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Roach DR, Donovan DM. Antimicrobial bacteriophage-derived proteins and therapeutic applications. BACTERIOPHAGE 2015; 5:e1062590. [PMID: 26442196 DOI: 10.1080/21597081.2015.1062590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics have the remarkable power to control bacterial infections. Unfortunately, widespread use, whether regarded as prudent or not, has favored the emergence and persistence of antibiotic resistant strains of human pathogenic bacteria, resulting in a global health threat. Bacteriophages (phages) are parasites that invade the cells of virtually all known bacteria. Phages reproduce by utilizing the host cell's machinery to replicate viral proteins and genomic material, generally damaging and killing the cell in the process. Thus, phage can be exploited therapeutically as bacteriolytic agents against bacteria. Furthermore, understanding of the molecular processes involved in the viral life cycle, particularly the entry and cell lysis steps, has led to the development of viral proteins as antibacterial agents. Here we review the current preclinical state of using phage-derived endolysins, virion-associated peptidoglycan hydrolases, polysaccharide depolymerases, and holins for the treatment of bacterial infection. The scope of this review is a focus on the viral proteins that have been assessed for protective effects against human pathogenic bacteria in animal models of infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwayne R Roach
- Molecular Biology of the Genes in Extremophiles; Department of Microbiology; Institute Pasteur ; Paris, France
| | - David M Donovan
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory; NEA; Agricultural Research Service; US Department of Agriculture ; Beltsville, MD USA
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