401
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Quinn JP, Corbett NJ, Kellett KAB, Hooper NM. Tau Proteolysis in the Pathogenesis of Tauopathies: Neurotoxic Fragments and Novel Biomarkers. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 63:13-33. [PMID: 29630551 PMCID: PMC5900574 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
With predictions showing that 131.5 million people worldwide will be living with dementia by 2050, an understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning disease is crucial in the hunt for novel therapeutics and for biomarkers to detect disease early and/or monitor disease progression. The metabolism of the microtubule-associated protein tau is altered in different dementias, the so-called tauopathies. Tau detaches from microtubules, aggregates into oligomers and neurofibrillary tangles, which can be secreted from neurons, and spreads through the brain during disease progression. Post-translational modifications exacerbate the production of both oligomeric and soluble forms of tau, with proteolysis by a range of different proteases being a crucial driver. However, the impact of tau proteolysis on disease progression has been overlooked until recently. Studies have highlighted that proteolytic fragments of tau can drive neurodegeneration in a fragment-dependent manner as a result of aggregation and/or transcellular propagation. Proteolytic fragments of tau have been found in the cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of patients with different tauopathies, providing an opportunity to develop these fragments as novel disease progression biomarkers. A range of therapeutic strategies have been proposed to halt the toxicity associated with proteolysis, including reducing protease expression and/or activity, selectively inhibiting protease-substrate interactions, and blocking the action of the resulting fragments. This review highlights the importance of tau proteolysis in the pathogenesis of tauopathies, identifies putative sites during tau fragment-mediated neurodegeneration that could be targeted therapeutically, and discusses the potential use of proteolytic fragments of tau as biomarkers for different tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P. Quinn
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Nicola J. Corbett
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Katherine A. B. Kellett
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Nigel M. Hooper
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
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402
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Scott LL, Downing TG. A Single Neonatal Exposure to BMAA in a Rat Model Produces Neuropathology Consistent with Neurodegenerative Diseases. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 10:E22. [PMID: 29286334 PMCID: PMC5793109 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cyanobacterial β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) has been implicated in the development of Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD) and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), no BMAA animal model has reproduced all the neuropathology typically associated with these neurodegenerative diseases. We present here a neonatal BMAA model that causes β-amyloid deposition, neurofibrillary tangles of hyper-phosphorylated tau, TDP-43 inclusions, Lewy bodies, microbleeds and microgliosis as well as severe neuronal loss in the hippocampus, striatum, substantia nigra pars compacta, and ventral horn of the spinal cord in rats following a single BMAA exposure. We also report here that BMAA exposure on particularly PND3, but also PND4 and 5, the critical period of neurogenesis in the rodent brain, is substantially more toxic than exposure to BMAA on G14, PND6, 7 and 10 which suggests that BMAA could potentially interfere with neonatal neurogenesis in rats. The observed selective toxicity of BMAA during neurogenesis and, in particular, the observed pattern of neuronal loss observed in BMAA-exposed rats suggest that BMAA elicits its effect by altering dopamine and/or serotonin signaling in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Louise Scott
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela University, P.O. Box 77 000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa.
| | - Timothy Grant Downing
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela University, P.O. Box 77 000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa.
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403
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Mudher A, Brion JP, Avila J, Medina M, Buée L. EuroTau: towing scientists to tau without tautology. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2017; 5:90. [PMID: 29187238 PMCID: PMC6389242 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-017-0491-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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404
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Gasparotto J, Girardi CS, Somensi N, Ribeiro CT, Moreira JCF, Michels M, Sonai B, Rocha M, Steckert AV, Barichello T, Quevedo J, Dal-Pizzol F, Gelain DP. Receptor for advanced glycation end products mediates sepsis-triggered amyloid-β accumulation, Tau phosphorylation, and cognitive impairment. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:226-244. [PMID: 29127203 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.786756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients recovering from sepsis have higher rates of CNS morbidities associated with long-lasting impairment of cognitive functions, including neurodegenerative diseases. However, the molecular etiology of these sepsis-induced impairments is unclear. Here, we investigated the role of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration-associated changes, and cognitive dysfunction arising after sepsis recovery. Adult Wistar rats underwent cecal ligation and perforation (CLP), and serum and brain (hippocampus and prefrontal cortex) samples were obtained at days 1, 15, and 30 after the CLP. We examined these samples for systemic and brain inflammation; amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) and Ser-202-phosphorylated Tau (p-TauSer-202) levels; and RAGE, RAGE ligands, and RAGE intracellular signaling. Serum markers associated with the acute proinflammatory phase of sepsis (TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6) rapidly increased and then progressively decreased during the 30-day period post-CLP, concomitant with a progressive increase in RAGE ligands (S100B, Nϵ-[carboxymethyl]lysine, HSP70, and HMGB1). In the brain, levels of RAGE and Toll-like receptor 4, glial fibrillary acidic protein and neuronal nitric-oxide synthase, and Aβ and p-TauSer-202 also increased during that time. Of note, intracerebral injection of RAGE antibody into the hippocampus at days 15, 17, and 19 post-CLP reduced Aβ and p-TauSer-202 accumulation, Akt/mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling, levels of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein, and behavioral deficits associated with cognitive decline. These results indicate that brain RAGE is an essential factor in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders following acute systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juciano Gasparotto
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003 RS, Brazil
| | - Carolina S Girardi
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003 RS, Brazil
| | - Nauana Somensi
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003 RS, Brazil
| | - Camila T Ribeiro
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003 RS, Brazil
| | - José C F Moreira
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003 RS, Brazil
| | - Monique Michels
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina, Criciúma 88806-000 SC, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Sonai
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina, Criciúma 88806-000 SC, Brazil
| | - Mariane Rocha
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina, Criciúma 88806-000 SC, Brazil
| | - Amanda V Steckert
- Laboratório de Neurociências at Programa de Pós-GraduaçΔo em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense-Criciúma, Criciúma 88806-000 SC, Brazil; Translational Psychiatry Program, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030; Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders at Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Laboratório de Neurociências at Programa de Pós-GraduaçΔo em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense-Criciúma, Criciúma 88806-000 SC, Brazil; Translational Psychiatry Program, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030; Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders at Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - JoΔo Quevedo
- Laboratório de Neurociências at Programa de Pós-GraduaçΔo em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense-Criciúma, Criciúma 88806-000 SC, Brazil; Translational Psychiatry Program, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030; Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders at Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina, Criciúma 88806-000 SC, Brazil
| | - Daniel P Gelain
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003 RS, Brazil.
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405
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Müller WEG, Wang S, Ackermann M, Neufurth M, Steffen R, Mecja E, Muñoz-Espí R, Feng Q, Schröder HC, Wang X. Rebalancing β-Amyloid-Induced Decrease of ATP Level by Amorphous Nano/Micro Polyphosphate: Suppression of the Neurotoxic Effect of Amyloid β-Protein Fragment 25-35. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102154. [PMID: 29035351 PMCID: PMC5666835 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Morbus Alzheimer neuropathology is characterized by an impaired energy homeostasis of brain tissue. We present an approach towards a potential therapy of Alzheimer disease based on the high-energy polymer inorganic polyphosphate (polyP), which physiologically occurs both in the extracellular and in the intracellular space. Rat pheochromocytoma (PC) 12 cells, as well as rat primary cortical neurons were exposed to the Alzheimer peptide Aβ25-35. They were incubated in vitro with polyphosphate (polyP); ortho-phosphate was used as a control. The polymer remained as Na+ salt; or complexed in a stoichiometric ratio to Ca2+ (Na-polyP[Ca2+]); or was processed as amorphous Ca-polyP microparticles (Ca-polyP-MP). Ortho-phosphate was fabricated as crystalline Ca-phosphate nanoparticles (Ca-phosphate-NP). We show that the pre-incubation of PC12 cells and primary cortical neurons with polyP protects the cells against the neurotoxic effect of the Alzheimer peptide Aβ25-35. The strongest effect was observed with amorphous polyP microparticles (Ca-polyP-MP). The effect of the soluble sodium salt; Na-polyP (Na-polyP[Ca2+]) was lower; while crystalline orthophosphate nanoparticles (Ca-phosphate-NP) were ineffective. Ca-polyP-MP microparticles and Na-polyP[Ca2+] were found to markedly enhance the intracellular ATP level. Pre-incubation of Aβ25-35 during aggregate formation, with the polyP preparation before exposure of the cells, had a small effect on neurotoxicity. We conclude that recovery of the compromised energy status in neuronal cells by administration of nontoxic biodegradable Ca-salts of polyP reverse the β-amyloid-induced decrease of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level. This study contributes to a new routes for a potential therapeutic intervention in Alzheimer’s disease pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner E G Müller
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Shunfeng Wang
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Maximilian Ackermann
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Johann Joachim Becher Weg 13, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Meik Neufurth
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Renate Steffen
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Egherta Mecja
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Rafael Muñoz-Espí
- Institute of Materials Science (ICMUV), Universitat de València, C/Catedràtic José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, València, Spain.
| | - Qingling Feng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Heinz C Schröder
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
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406
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Jan AT, Malik MA, Rahman S, Yeo HR, Lee EJ, Abdullah TS, Choi I. Perspective Insights of Exosomes in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Critical Appraisal. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:317. [PMID: 29033828 PMCID: PMC5626860 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small membranous entities of endocytic origin. Their production by a wide variety of cells in eukaryotes implicates their roles in the execution of essential processes, especially cellular communication. Exosomes are secreted under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions, and their actions on neighboring and distant cells lead to the modulations of cellular behaviors. They also assist in the delivery of disease causing entities, such as prions, α-syn, and tau, and thus, facilitate spread to non-effected regions and accelerate the progressions of neurodegenerative diseases. The characterization of exosomes, provides information on aberrant processes, and thus, exosome analysis has many clinical applications. Because they are associated with the transport of different cellular entities across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), exosomes might be useful for delivering drugs and other therapeutic molecules to brain. Herein, we review roles played by exosomes in different neurodegenerative diseases, and the possibilities of using them as diagnostic biomarkers of disease progression, drug delivery vehicles and in gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Tasleem Jan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | | | - Safikur Rahman
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Hye R. Yeo
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Eun J. Lee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | | | - Inho Choi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
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407
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Mavroeidi P, Mavrofrydi O, Pappa E, Panopoulou M, Papazafiri P, Haralambous S, Efthimiopoulos S. Oxygen and Glucose Deprivation Alter Synaptic Distribution of Tau Protein: The Role of Phosphorylation. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 60:593-604. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-170157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Mavroeidi
- Department of Biology, Division of Animal and Human Physiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Inflammation Research Group and Transgenic Technology Lab, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Olga Mavrofrydi
- Department of Biology, Division of Animal and Human Physiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Elpiniki Pappa
- Department of Biology, Division of Animal and Human Physiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Myrto Panopoulou
- Department of Biology, Division of Animal and Human Physiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiota Papazafiri
- Department of Biology, Division of Animal and Human Physiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sylva Haralambous
- Inflammation Research Group and Transgenic Technology Lab, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Spiros Efthimiopoulos
- Department of Biology, Division of Animal and Human Physiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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408
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Kuo YC, Rajesh R. A critical overview of therapeutic strategy and advancement for Alzheimer's disease treatment. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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409
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Bodas M, Patel N, Silverberg D, Walworth K, Vij N. Master Autophagy Regulator Transcription Factor EB Regulates Cigarette Smoke-Induced Autophagy Impairment and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-Emphysema Pathogenesis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 27:150-167. [PMID: 27835930 PMCID: PMC5510670 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Recent studies have shown that cigarette smoke (CS)-induced oxidative stress impairs autophagy, resulting in aggresome-formation that correlates with severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)-emphysema, although the specific step in autophagy pathway that is impaired is unknown. Hence, in this study, we aimed to evaluate the role of master autophagy transcription factor EB (TFEB) in CS-induced COPD-emphysema pathogenesis. RESULTS We first observed that TFEB accumulates in perinuclear spaces as aggresome-bodies in COPD lung tissues of tobacco smokers and severe emphysema subjects, compared with non-emphysema or nonsmoker controls. Next, Beas2b cells and C57BL/6 mice were exposed to either cigarette smoke extract (CSE) or subchronic-CS (sc-CS), followed by treatment with potent TFEB-inducing drug, gemfibrozil (GEM, or fisetin as an alternate), to experimentally verify the role of TFEB in COPD. Our in vitro results indicate that GEM/fisetin-mediated TFEB induction significantly (p < 0.05) decreases CSE-induced autophagy-impairment (Ub/LC3B reporter and autophagy flux assay) and resulting aggresome-formation (Ub/p62 coexpression/accumulation; immunoblotting and staining) by controlling reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity. Intriguingly, we observed that CS induces TFEB accumulation in the insoluble protein fractions of Beas2b cells, which shows a partial rescue with GEM treatment. Moreover, TFEB knockdown induces oxidative stress, autophagy-impairment, and senescence, which can all be mitigated by GEM-mediated TFEB induction. Finally, in vivo studies were used to verify that CS-induced autophagy-impairment (increased Ub, p62, and valosin-containing protein in the insoluble protein fractions of lung/cell lysates), inflammation (interleukin-6 [IL-6] levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and iNOS expression in lung sections), apoptosis (caspase-3/7), and resulting emphysema (hematoxylin and eosin [H&E]) can be controlled by GEM-mediated TFEB induction (p < 0.05). INNOVATION CS exposure impairs autophagy in COPD-emphysema by inducing perinuclear localization of master autophagy regulator, TFEB, to aggresome-bodies. CONCLUSION TFEB-inducing drug(s) can control CS-induced TFEB/autophagy-impairment and COPD-emphysema pathogenesis. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 150-167.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Bodas
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan
| | - Neel Patel
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan
| | - David Silverberg
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan
| | - Kyla Walworth
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan
| | - Neeraj Vij
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan
- Department of Pediatrics and Pulmonary Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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410
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Mathis CA, Lopresti BJ, Ikonomovic MD, Klunk WE. Small-molecule PET Tracers for Imaging Proteinopathies. Semin Nucl Med 2017; 47:553-575. [PMID: 28826526 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we provide a review of the challenges and advances in developing successful PET imaging agents for 3 major types of aggregated amyloid proteins: amyloid-beta (Aβ), tau, and alpha-synuclein (α-syn). These 3 amyloids are involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, referred to as proteinopathies or proteopathies, that include Alzheimer disease, Lewy body dementias, multiple system atrophy, and frontotemporal dementias, among others. In the Introduction section, we briefly discuss the history of amyloid in neurodegenerative diseases and describe why progress in developing effective imaging agents has been hampered by the failure of crystallography to provide definitive ligand-protein interactions for rational radioligand design efforts. Instead, the field has relied on largely serendipitous, trial-and-error methods to achieve useful and specific PET amyloid imaging tracers for Aβ, tau, and α-syn deposits. Because many of the proteopathies involve more than 1 amyloid protein, it is important to develop selective PET tracers for the different amyloids to help assess the relative contribution of each to total amyloid burden. We use Pittsburgh compound B to illustrate some of the critical steps in developing a potent and selective Aβ PET imaging agent. Other selective Aβ and tau PET imaging compounds have followed similar pathways in their developmental processes. Success for selective α-syn PET imaging agents has not been realized yet, but work is ongoing in multiple laboratories throughout the world. In the tau sections, we provide background regarding 3-repeat (3R) and 4-repeat (4R) tau proteins and how they can affect the binding of tau radioligands in different tauopathies. We review the ongoing efforts to assess the properties of tau ligands, which are useful in 3R, 4R, or combined 3R-4R tauopathies. Finally, we describe in the α-syn sections recent attempts to develop selective tracers to image α-synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chester A Mathis
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA.
| | - Brian J Lopresti
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Milos D Ikonomovic
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - William E Klunk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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411
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Zhao FC, Wu Y, Song XJ. Design and Development of a Novel Chalcone Derivative as an Anticholinesterase Inhibitor for Possible Treatment of Dementia. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:3311-3317. [PMID: 28687725 PMCID: PMC5513680 DOI: 10.12659/msm.901842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive decline (e.g., memory loss), which mainly occurs in the elderly, is termed dementia. In the present study, we intended to explore the cholinesterase inhibitory activity of some novel synthesized chalcones, together with their effect on β-amyloid anti-aggregation. MATERIAL AND METHODS A novel class of chalcone derivatives have been synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, and mass and elemental analysis. These derivatives were later used for the determination of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory and b-amyloid anti-aggregation activity. RESULTS The results of the study showed that among the developed compounds, 8g inhibits AChE more prominently than BuChE, as suggested by a selectivity index (SI) of 2.88. Furthermore, the most potent compound, 8g, showed considerable action in inhibition of β-secretase and Aβ aggregation, but not as prominent as that of curcumin as a standard. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our study revealed a novel class of chalcone derivatives as a selective inhibitor of AChE with considerably action against β-secretase and Aβ aggregation. Our results may be useful in developing AD drug therapy and warrant further investigation to generate more advanced analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Chun Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Linyi People’s Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Linyi, People’s Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Jie Song
- Department of Neurology, Linyi People’s Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, P.R. China
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412
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Leyns CEG, Holtzman DM. Glial contributions to neurodegeneration in tauopathies. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:50. [PMID: 28662669 PMCID: PMC5492997 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0192-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tauopathies are a broad set of neurodegenerative dementias characterized by aggregation of the tau protein into filamentous inclusions that can be found in neurons and glial cells. Activated microglia, astrocytes and elevated levels of proinflammatory molecules are also pathological hallmarks that are found in brain regions affected by tau pathology. There has been abundant research in recent years to understand the role of gliosis and neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases, particularly in Alzheimer's disease (AD) which is the most common form of dementia. AD is a tauopathy characterized by both extracellular amyloid-β plaques in addition to intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and neuropil threads containing aggregated tau protein. Accumulating evidence suggests that neuroinflammation offers a possible mechanistic link between these pathologies. Additionally, there appears to be a role for neuroinflammation in aggravating tau pathology and neurodegeneration in tauopathies featuring tau deposits as the predominant pathological signature. In this review, we survey the literature regarding inflammatory mechanisms that may impact neurodegeneration in AD and related tauopathies. We consider a physical role for microglia in the spread of tau pathology as well as the non-cell autonomous effects of secreted proinflammatory cytokines, specifically interleukin 1 beta, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor alpha and complement proteins. These molecules appear to have direct effects on tau pathophysiology and overall neuronal health. They also indirectly impact neuronal homeostasis by altering glial function. We conclude by proposing a complex role for gliosis and neuroinflammation in accelerating the progression of AD and other tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl E. G. Leyns
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - David M. Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
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413
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Schirinzi T, Di Lazzaro G, Colona VL, Imbriani P, Alwardat M, Sancesario GM, Martorana A, Pisani A. Assessment of serum uric acid as risk factor for tauopathies. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1743-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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414
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Bodas M, Vij N. Augmenting autophagy for prognosis based intervention of COPD-pathophysiology. Respir Res 2017; 18:83. [PMID: 28472967 PMCID: PMC5418861 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0560-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is foremost among the non-reversible fatal ailments where exposure to tobacco/biomass-smoke and aging are the major risk factors for the initiation and progression of the obstructive lung disease. The role of smoke-induced inflammatory-oxidative stress, apoptosis and cellular senescence in driving the alveolar damage that mediates the emphysema progression and severe lung function decline is apparent, although the central mechanism that regulates these processes was unknown. To fill in this gap in knowledge, the central role of proteostasis and autophagy in regulating chronic lung disease causing mechanisms has been recently described. Recent studies demonstrate that cigarette/nicotine exposure induces proteostasis/autophagy-impairment that leads to perinuclear accumulation of polyubiquitinated proteins as aggresome-bodies, indicative of emphysema severity. In support of this concept, autophagy inducing FDA-approved anti-oxidant drugs control tobacco-smoke induced inflammatory-oxidative stress, apoptosis, cellular senescence and COPD-emphysema progression in variety of preclinical models. Hence, we propose that precise and early detection of aggresome-pathology can allow the timely assessment of disease severity in COPD-emphysema subjects for prognosis-based intervention. While intervention with autophagy-inducing drugs is anticipated to reduce alveolar damage and lung function decline, resulting in a decrease in the current mortality rates in COPD-emphysema subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Bodas
- Molecular & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mt Pleasant, 2630 Denison Drive, Room# 120 (Office) & 126-127 (Lab), College of Medicine Research Building, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859 USA
| | - Neeraj Vij
- Molecular & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mt Pleasant, 2630 Denison Drive, Room# 120 (Office) & 126-127 (Lab), College of Medicine Research Building, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859 USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Pulmonary Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland USA
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415
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Qing G, Lu Q, Xiong Y, Zhang L, Wang H, Li X, Liang X, Sun T. New Opportunities and Challenges of Smart Polymers in Post-Translational Modification Proteomics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1604670. [PMID: 28112833 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201604670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs), which denote covalent additions of various functional groups (e.g., phosphate, glycan, methyl, or ubiquitin) to proteins, significantly increase protein complexity and diversity. PTMs play crucial roles in the regulation of protein functions and numerous cellular processes. However, in a living organism, native PTM proteins are typically present at substoichiometric levels, considerably impeding mass-spectrometry-based analyses and identification. Over the past decade, the demand for in-depth PTM proteomics studies has spawned a variety of selective affinity materials capable of capturing trace amounts of PTM peptides from highly complex biosamples. However, novel design ideas or strategies are urgently required for fulfilling the increasingly complex and accurate requirements of PTM proteomics analysis, which can hardly be met by using conventional enrichment materials. Considering two typical types of protein PTMs, phosphorylation and glycosylation, an overview of polymeric enrichment materials is provided here, with an emphasis on the superiority of smart-polymer-based materials that can function in intelligent modes. Moreover, some smart separation materials are introduced to demonstrate the enticing prospects and the challenges of smart polymers applied in PTM proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyan Qing
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Qi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Yuting Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, 28 Nanli Road, Wuhan, 430068, P. R. China
| | - Hongxi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Xiuling Li
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Taolei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
- International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
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416
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Šimić G, Babić Leko M, Wray S, Harrington CR, Delalle I, Jovanov-Milošević N, Bažadona D, Buée L, de Silva R, Di Giovanni G, Wischik CM, Hof PR. Monoaminergic neuropathology in Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 151:101-138. [PMID: 27084356 PMCID: PMC5061605 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
None of the proposed mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) fully explains the distribution patterns of the neuropathological changes at the cellular and regional levels, and their clinical correlates. One aspect of this problem lies in the complex genetic, epigenetic, and environmental landscape of AD: early-onset AD is often familial with autosomal dominant inheritance, while the vast majority of AD cases are late-onset, with the ε4 variant of the gene encoding apolipoprotein E (APOE) known to confer a 5-20 fold increased risk with partial penetrance. Mechanisms by which genetic variants and environmental factors influence the development of AD pathological changes, especially neurofibrillary degeneration, are not yet known. Here we review current knowledge of the involvement of the monoaminergic systems in AD. The changes in the serotonergic, noradrenergic, dopaminergic, histaminergic, and melatonergic systems in AD are briefly described. We also summarize the possibilities for monoamine-based treatment in AD. Besides neuropathologic AD criteria that include the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC), special emphasis is given to the serotonergic dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). Both of these brainstem nuclei are among the first to be affected by tau protein abnormalities in the course of sporadic AD, causing behavioral and cognitive symptoms of variable severity. The possibility that most of the tangle-bearing neurons of the LC and DRN may release amyloid β as well as soluble monomeric or oligomeric tau protein trans-synaptically by their diffuse projections to the cerebral cortex emphasizes their selective vulnerability and warrants further investigations of the monoaminergic systems in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Šimić
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Mirjana Babić Leko
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Selina Wray
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | | | - Ivana Delalle
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nataša Jovanov-Milošević
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Danira Bažadona
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Luc Buée
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU-Lille, UMR-S 1172, Alzheimer & Tauopathies, Lille, France
| | - Rohan de Silva
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Claude M Wischik
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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417
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Olajide OJ, Yawson EO, Gbadamosi IT, Arogundade TT, Lambe E, Obasi K, Lawal IT, Ibrahim A, Ogunrinola KY. Ascorbic acid ameliorates behavioural deficits and neuropathological alterations in rat model of Alzheimer's disease. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 50:200-211. [PMID: 28192749 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Exploring the links between neural pathobiology and behavioural deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and investigating substances with known therapeutic advantages over subcellular mechanisms underlying these dysfunctions could advance the development of potent therapeutic molecules for AD treatment. Here we investigated the efficacy of ascorbic acid (AA) in reversing aluminium chloride (AlCl3)-induced behavioural deficits and neurotoxic cascades within prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus of rats. A group of rats administered oral AlCl3 (100mg/kg) daily for 15days showed degenerative changes characterised by significant weight loss, reduced exploratory/working memory, frontal-dependent motor deficits, cognitive decline, memory dysfunction and anxiety during behavioural assessments compared to control. Subsequent analysis showed that oxidative impairment-indicated by depleted superoxide dismutase and lipid peroxidation (related to glutathione-S-transferase activity), cholinergic deficits seen by increased neural acetylcholinesterase (AChE) expression and elevated lactate dehydrogenase underlie behavioural alterations. Furthermore, evidences of proteolysis were seen by reduced Nissl profiles in neuronal axons and dendrites which correspond to apoptotic changes observed in H&E staining of PFC and hippocampal sections. Interestingly, AA (100mg/kg daily for 15days) significantly attenuated behavioural deficits in rats through inhibition of molecular and cellular stressor proteins activated by AlCl3. Our results showed that the primary mechanisms underlying AA therapeutic advantages relates closely with its abilities to scavenge free radicals, prevent membrane lipid peroxidation, modulate neuronal bioenergetics, act as AChE inhibitor and through its anti-proteolytic properties. These findings suggest that supplementing endogenous AA capacity through its pharmacological intake may inhibit progression of AD-related neurodegenerative processes and behavioural alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olayemi Joseph Olajide
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Nigeria.
| | - Emmanuel Olusola Yawson
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Ismail Temitayo Gbadamosi
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Tolulope Timothy Arogundade
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Ezra Lambe
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Kosisochukwu Obasi
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Ismail Tayo Lawal
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Abdulmumin Ibrahim
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Kehinde Yomi Ogunrinola
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Nigeria
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418
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Prokopovich DV, Whittaker JW, Muthee MM, Ahmed A, Larini L. Impact of Phosphorylation and Pseudophosphorylation on the Early Stages of Aggregation of the Microtubule-Associated Protein Tau. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:2095-2103. [PMID: 28218850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The microtubule-associated protein tau regulates the stability of microtubules within neurons in the central nervous system. In turn, microtubules are responsible for the remodeling of the cytoskeleton that ultimately leads to the formation or pruning of new connections among neurons. As a consequence, dysfunction of tau is associated with many forms of dementia as well as Alzheimer's disease. In the brain, tau activity is regulated by its phosphorylation state. Phosphorylation is a post-translational modification of proteins that adds a phosphate group to the side chain of an amino acid. Phosphorylation at key locations in the tau sequence leads to a higher or lower affinity for microtubules. In Alzheimer's disease, tau is present in an abnormal phosphorylation state. However, studying the effect of phosphorylation experimentally has been extremely challenging as there is no viable way of exactly selecting the location and the number of phosphorylated sites. For this reason, researchers have turned to pseudophosphorylation. In this technique, actual phosphorylation is mimicked by mutating the selected amino acid into glutamate or aspartate. Whether this methodology is equivalent to actual phosphorylation is still open to debate. In this study, we will show that phosphorylation and pseudophosphorylation are not exactly equivalent. Although for larger aggregates the two techniques lead to similar structures, the kinetics of the process may be altered. In addition, very little is known about the impact that this may have on the early stages of aggregation, such as nucleation and conformational rearrangement. In this study, we show that the two methods may produce a similar ensemble of conformations, even though the kinetic and chemical details that lead to it are quite different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy V Prokopovich
- Department of Physics and ‡Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University-Camden , Camden, New Jersey 08102, United States
| | - John W Whittaker
- Department of Physics and ‡Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University-Camden , Camden, New Jersey 08102, United States
| | - Micaiah M Muthee
- Department of Physics and ‡Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University-Camden , Camden, New Jersey 08102, United States
| | - Azka Ahmed
- Department of Physics and ‡Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University-Camden , Camden, New Jersey 08102, United States
| | - Luca Larini
- Department of Physics and ‡Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University-Camden , Camden, New Jersey 08102, United States
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419
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Biomarkers of Traumatic Brain Injury: Temporal Changes in Body Fluids. eNeuro 2016; 3:eN-REV-0294-16. [PMID: 28032118 PMCID: PMC5175263 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0294-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are caused by a hit to the head or a sudden acceleration/deceleration movement of the head. Mild TBIs (mTBIs) and concussions are difficult to diagnose. Imaging techniques often fail to find alterations in the brain, and computed tomography exposes the patient to radiation. Brain-specific biomolecules that are released upon cellular damage serve as another means of diagnosing TBI and assessing the severity of injury. These biomarkers can be detected from samples of body fluids using laboratory tests. Dozens of TBI biomarkers have been studied, and research related to them is increasing. We reviewed the recent literature and selected 12 biomarkers relevant to rapid and accurate diagnostics of TBI for further evaluation. The objective was especially to get a view of the temporal profiles of the biomarkers’ rise and decline after a TBI event. Most biomarkers are rapidly elevated after injury, and they serve as diagnostics tools for some days. Some biomarkers are elevated for months after injury, although the literature on long-term biomarkers is scarce. Clinical utilization of TBI biomarkers is still at a very early phase despite years of active research.
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420
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Snow WM, Albensi BC. Neuronal Gene Targets of NF-κB and Their Dysregulation in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:118. [PMID: 27881951 PMCID: PMC5101203 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although, better known for its role in inflammation, the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) has more recently been implicated in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory. This has been, in part, to the discovery of its localization not just in glia, cells that are integral to mediating the inflammatory process in the brain, but also neurons. Several effectors of neuronal NF-κB have been identified, including calcium, inflammatory cytokines (i.e., tumor necrosis factor alpha), and the induction of experimental paradigms thought to reflect learning and memory at the cellular level (i.e., long-term potentiation). NF-κB is also activated after learning and memory formation in vivo. In turn, activation of NF-κB can elicit either suppression or activation of other genes. Studies are only beginning to elucidate the multitude of neuronal gene targets of NF-κB in the normal brain, but research to date has confirmed targets involved in a wide array of cellular processes, including cell signaling and growth, neurotransmission, redox signaling, and gene regulation. Further, several lines of research confirm dysregulation of NF-κB in Alzheimer's disease (AD), a disorder characterized clinically by a profound deficit in the ability to form new memories. AD-related neuropathology includes the characteristic amyloid beta plaque formation and neurofibrillary tangles. Although, such neuropathological findings have been hypothesized to contribute to memory deficits in AD, research has identified perturbations at the cellular and synaptic level that occur even prior to more gross pathologies, including transcriptional dysregulation. Indeed, synaptic disturbances appear to be a significant correlate of cognitive deficits in AD. Given the more recently identified role for NF-κB in memory and synaptic transmission in the normal brain, the expansive network of gene targets of NF-κB, and its dysregulation in AD, a thorough understanding of NF-κB-related signaling in AD is warranted and may have important implications for uncovering treatments for the disease. This review aims to provide a comprehensive view of our current understanding of the gene targets of this transcription factor in neurons in the intact brain and provide an overview of studies investigating NF-κB signaling, including its downstream targets, in the AD brain as a means of uncovering the basic physiological mechanisms by which memory becomes fragile in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda M Snow
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital ResearchWinnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Benedict C Albensi
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital ResearchWinnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada
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421
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Gerson JE, Mudher A, Kayed R. Potential mechanisms and implications for the formation of tau oligomeric strains. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 51:482-496. [PMID: 27650389 PMCID: PMC5285467 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2016.1226251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The culmination of many years of increasing research into the toxicity of tau aggregation in neurodegenerative disease has led to the consensus that soluble, oligomeric forms of tau are likely the most toxic entities in disease. While tauopathies overlap in the presence of tau pathology, each disease has a unique combination of symptoms and pathological features; however, most study into tau has grouped tau oligomers and studied them as a homogenous population. Established evidence from the prion field combined with the most recent tau and amyloidogenic protein research suggests that tau is a prion-like protein, capable of seeding the spread of pathology throughout the brain. Thus, it is likely that tau may also form prion-like strains or diverse conformational structures that may differ by disease and underlie some of the differences in symptoms and pathology in neurodegenerative tauopathies. The development of techniques and new technology for the detection of tau oligomeric strains may, therefore, lead to more efficacious diagnostic and treatment strategies for neurodegenerative disease. [Formula: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E. Gerson
- George P. and Cynthia Woods Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1045, USA
- Departments of Neurology, and Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1045, USA
| | - Amrit Mudher
- Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Rakez Kayed
- George P. and Cynthia Woods Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1045, USA
- Departments of Neurology, and Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1045, USA
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422
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Arendt T, Stieler JT, Holzer M. Tau and tauopathies. Brain Res Bull 2016; 126:238-292. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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423
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BDNF trafficking and signaling impairment during early neurodegeneration is prevented by moderate physical activity. IBRO Rep 2016; 1:19-31. [PMID: 30135925 PMCID: PMC6084862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise can attenuate the effects of aging on the central nervous system by increasing the expression of neurotrophins such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which promotes dendritic branching and enhances synaptic machinery, through interaction with its receptor TrkB. TrkB receptors are synthesized in the cell body and are transported to the axonal terminals and anchored to plasma membrane, through SLP1, CRMP2 and Rab27B, associated with KIF1B. Retrograde trafficking is made by EDH-4 together with dynactin and dynein molecular motors. In the present study it was found that early neurodegeneration is accompanied by decrease in BDNF signaling, in the absence of hyperphosphorylated tau aggregation, in hippocampus of 11 months old Lewis rats exposed to rotenone. It was also demonstrated that moderate physical activity (treadmill running, during 6 weeks, concomitant to rotenone exposure) prevents the impairment of BDNF system in aged rats, which may contribute to delay neurodegeneration. In conclusion, decrease in BDNF and TrkB vesicles occurs before large aggregate-like p-Tau are formed and physical activity applied during early neurodegeneration may be of relevance to prevent BDNF system decay.
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424
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Mendiola-Precoma J, Berumen LC, Padilla K, Garcia-Alcocer G. Therapies for Prevention and Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:2589276. [PMID: 27547756 PMCID: PMC4980501 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2589276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia associated with a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, with a prevalence of 44 million people throughout the world in 2015, and this figure is estimated to double by 2050. This disease is characterized by blood-brain barrier disruption, oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment, neuroinflammation, and hypometabolism; it is related to amyloid-β peptide accumulation and tau hyperphosphorylation as well as a decrease in acetylcholine levels and a reduction of cerebral blood flow. Obesity is a major risk factor for AD, because it induces adipokine dysregulation, which consists of the release of the proinflammatory adipokines and decreased anti-inflammatory adipokines, among other processes. The pharmacological treatments for AD can be divided into two categories: symptomatic treatments such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists and etiology-based treatments such as secretase inhibitors, amyloid binders, and tau therapies. Strategies for prevention of AD through nonpharmacological treatments are associated with lifestyle interventions such as exercise, mental challenges, and socialization as well as caloric restriction and a healthy diet. AD is an important health issue on which all people should be informed so that prevention strategies that minimize the risk of its development may be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Mendiola-Precoma
- Laboratorio de Investigación Genética, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas S/N, Centro Universitario, 76010 Santiago de Querétaro, QRO, Mexico
| | - L. C. Berumen
- Laboratorio de Investigación Genética, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas S/N, Centro Universitario, 76010 Santiago de Querétaro, QRO, Mexico
| | - K. Padilla
- Laboratorio de Investigación Genética, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas S/N, Centro Universitario, 76010 Santiago de Querétaro, QRO, Mexico
| | - G. Garcia-Alcocer
- Laboratorio de Investigación Genética, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas S/N, Centro Universitario, 76010 Santiago de Querétaro, QRO, Mexico
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425
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Jahnke HG, Krinke D, Seidel D, Lilienthal K, Schmidt S, Azendorf R, Fischer M, Mack T, Striggow F, Althaus H, Schober A, Robitzki AA. A novel 384-multiwell microelectrode array for the impedimetric monitoring of Tau protein induced neurodegenerative processes. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 88:78-84. [PMID: 27506337 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decades, countless bioelectronic monitoring systems were developed for the analysis of cells as well as complex tissues. Most studies addressed the sensitivity and specificity of the bioelectronic detection method in comparison to classical molecular biological assays. In contrast, the up scaling as a prerequisite for the practical application of these novel bioelectronic monitoring systems is mostly only discussed theoretically. In this context, we developed a novel 384-multiwell microelectrode array (MMEA) based measurement system for the sensitive label-free real-time monitoring of neurodegenerative processes by impedance spectroscopy. With respect to the needs of productive screening systems for robust and reproducible measurements on high numbers of plates, we focused on reducing the critical contacting of more than 400 electrodes for a 384-MMEA. Therefore, we introduced an on top array of immersive counter electrodes that are individually addressed by a multiplexer and connected all measurement electrodes on the 384-MMEA to a single contact point. More strikingly, our novel approach provided a comparable signal stability and sensitivity similar to an array with integrated counter electrodes. Next, we optimized a SH-SY5Y cell based tauopathy model by introducing a novel 5-fold Tau mutation eliminating the need of artificial tauopathy induction. In combination with our novel 384-MMEA based measurement system, the concentration and time dependent neuroregenerative effect of the kinase inhibitor SRN-003-556 could be quantitatively monitored. Thus, our novel screening system could be a useful tool to identify and develop potential novel therapeutics in the field of Tau-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz-Georg Jahnke
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Molecular biological-biochemical Processing Technology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, Leipzig, D-04103 Germany
| | - Dana Krinke
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Molecular biological-biochemical Processing Technology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, Leipzig, D-04103 Germany
| | - Diana Seidel
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Molecular biological-biochemical Processing Technology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, Leipzig, D-04103 Germany
| | - Katharina Lilienthal
- Institute of Micro, and Nanotechnologies MacroNano®, Nano-biosystem Technology (Microfluidics and Biosensors group), Technische Universität Ilmenau, Gustav-Kirchhoff-Straße 7, Ilmenau, 98693 Germany
| | - Sabine Schmidt
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Molecular biological-biochemical Processing Technology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, Leipzig, D-04103 Germany
| | - Ronny Azendorf
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Molecular biological-biochemical Processing Technology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, Leipzig, D-04103 Germany
| | - Michael Fischer
- Institute of Micro, and Nanotechnologies MacroNano®, Nano-biosystem Technology (Microfluidics and Biosensors group), Technische Universität Ilmenau, Gustav-Kirchhoff-Straße 7, Ilmenau, 98693 Germany
| | - Till Mack
- KeyNeurotek Pharmaceuticals AG, Zenit Technologiepark, Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg, 39120 Germany; Department of Neurodegeneration and Intervention Strategies, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg, D-39120 Germany
| | - Frank Striggow
- KeyNeurotek Pharmaceuticals AG, Zenit Technologiepark, Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg, 39120 Germany; Department of Neurodegeneration and Intervention Strategies, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg, D-39120 Germany
| | - Holger Althaus
- Fraunhofer Institute for Factory Operation and Automation IFF, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schober
- Institute of Micro, and Nanotechnologies MacroNano®, Nano-biosystem Technology (Microfluidics and Biosensors group), Technische Universität Ilmenau, Gustav-Kirchhoff-Straße 7, Ilmenau, 98693 Germany
| | - Andrea A Robitzki
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Molecular biological-biochemical Processing Technology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, Leipzig, D-04103 Germany.
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426
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Lunven L, Bonnet H, Yahiaoui S, Yi W, Da Costa L, Peuchmaur M, Boumendjel A, Chierici S. Disruption of Fibers from the Tau Model AcPHF6 by Naturally Occurring Aurones and Synthetic Analogues. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:995-1003. [PMID: 27225823 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of tau aggregates is strongly linked to the neurodegenerative process in tauopathies such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Yet only a few molecules have shown to efficiently prevent the in vitro formation of those aggregates, and the identification of such molecules is still an ongoing interest in a therapeutic context. Herein, we report the in vitro evaluation of a series of aurones against the fibrillation of the tau-derived hexapeptide AcPHF6 model. Using thioflavin T-based fluorescence assays, circular dichroism and atomic force microscopy, we showed that aurones are capable of efficiently interacting with the tau-derived hexapeptide. Importantly, this work reveals a significant activity observed for polyhydroxylated aurones. In particular, aurone 23 displayed an almost complete inhibition of fibers formation as shown by AFM at a peptide/inhibitor 1:1 ratio. It is similar to that observed for myricetin, a polyphenolic compound, well-known to prevent the in vitro elongation of tau fibers. Moreover, a tetrahydroxylated isomer, compound 24, was shown as a chemical probe of fibers rather than an inhibitor. Consequently, these results highlight aurones as a new promising scaffold to interfere with tau aggregation for both treatment and diagnosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Lunven
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble F-38041, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 5250, Département
de Chimie Moléculaire, 38041 Grenoble, France
- Centre National de la Recherche
Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 5063, Département de Pharmacochimie
Moléculaire, 38400 St Martin d'Heres, France
| | - Hugues Bonnet
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble F-38041, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 5250, Département
de Chimie Moléculaire, 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Samir Yahiaoui
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble F-38041, France
- Centre National de la Recherche
Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 5063, Département de Pharmacochimie
Moléculaire, 38400 St Martin d'Heres, France
| | - Wei Yi
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble F-38041, France
- Centre National de la Recherche
Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 5063, Département de Pharmacochimie
Moléculaire, 38400 St Martin d'Heres, France
| | - Laurène Da Costa
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble F-38041, France
- Centre National de la Recherche
Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 5063, Département de Pharmacochimie
Moléculaire, 38400 St Martin d'Heres, France
| | - Marine Peuchmaur
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble F-38041, France
- Centre National de la Recherche
Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 5063, Département de Pharmacochimie
Moléculaire, 38400 St Martin d'Heres, France
| | - Ahcène Boumendjel
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble F-38041, France
- Centre National de la Recherche
Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 5063, Département de Pharmacochimie
Moléculaire, 38400 St Martin d'Heres, France
| | - Sabine Chierici
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble F-38041, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 5250, Département
de Chimie Moléculaire, 38041 Grenoble, France
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427
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Rosen RF, Tomidokoro Y, Farberg AS, Dooyema J, Ciliax B, Preuss TM, Neubert TA, Ghiso JA, LeVine H, Walker LC. Comparative pathobiology of β-amyloid and the unique susceptibility of humans to Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 44:185-196. [PMID: 27318146 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The misfolding and accumulation of the protein fragment β-amyloid (Aβ) is an early and essential event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Despite close biological similarities among primates, humans appear to be uniquely susceptible to the profound neurodegeneration and dementia that characterize AD, even though nonhuman primates deposit copious Aβ in senile plaques and cerebral amyloid-β angiopathy as they grow old. Because the amino acid sequence of Aβ is identical in all primates studied to date, we asked whether differences in the properties of aggregated Aβ might underlie the vulnerability of humans and the resistance of other primates to AD. In a comparison of aged squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) and humans with AD, immunochemical and mass spectrometric analyses indicate that the populations of Aβ fragments are largely similar in the 2 species. In addition, Aβ-rich brain extracts from the brains of aged squirrel monkeys and AD patients similarly seed the deposition of Aβ in a transgenic mouse model. However, the epitope exposure of aggregated Aβ differs in sodium dodecyl sulfate-stable oligomeric Aβ from the 2 species. In addition, the high-affinity binding of (3)H Pittsburgh Compound B to Aβ is significantly diminished in tissue extracts from squirrel monkeys compared with AD patients. These findings support the hypothesis that differences in the pathobiology of aggregated Aβ among primates are linked to post-translational attributes of the misfolded protein, such as molecular conformation and/or the involvement of species-specific cofactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca F Rosen
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | | | - Aaron S Farberg
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jeromy Dooyema
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brian Ciliax
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Todd M Preuss
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Thomas A Neubert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jorge A Ghiso
- Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Harry LeVine
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry, Center on Aging, Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Lary C Walker
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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428
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Gambin Y, Polinkovsky M, Francois B, Giles N, Bhumkar A, Sierecki E. Confocal Spectroscopy to Study Dimerization, Oligomerization and Aggregation of Proteins: A Practical Guide. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17050655. [PMID: 27144560 PMCID: PMC4881481 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein self-association is a key feature that can modulate the physiological role of proteins or lead to deleterious effects when uncontrolled. Protein oligomerization is a simple way to modify the activity of a protein, as the modulation of binding interfaces allows for self-activation or inhibition, or variation in the selectivity of binding partners. As such, dimerization and higher order oligomerization is a common feature in signaling proteins, for example, and more than 70% of enzymes have the potential to self-associate. On the other hand, protein aggregation can overcome the regulatory mechanisms of the cell and can have disastrous physiological effects. This is the case in a number of neurodegenerative diseases, where proteins, due to mutation or dysregulation later in life, start polymerizing and often fibrillate, leading to the creation of protein inclusion bodies in cells. Dimerization, well-defined oligomerization and random aggregation are often difficult to differentiate and characterize experimentally. Single molecule “counting” methods are particularly well suited to the study of self-oligomerization as they allow observation and quantification of behaviors in heterogeneous conditions. However, the extreme dilution of samples often causes weak complexes to dissociate, and rare events can be overlooked. Here, we discuss a straightforward alternative where the principles of single molecule detection are used at higher protein concentrations to quantify oligomers and aggregates in a background of monomers. We propose a practical guide for the use of confocal spectroscopy to quantify protein oligomerization status and also discuss about its use in monitoring changes in protein aggregation in drug screening assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Gambin
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Sciences, School of Medical Science, the University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Mark Polinkovsky
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Sciences, School of Medical Science, the University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Bill Francois
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Sciences, School of Medical Science, the University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Nichole Giles
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Sciences, School of Medical Science, the University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Akshay Bhumkar
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Sciences, School of Medical Science, the University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Emma Sierecki
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Sciences, School of Medical Science, the University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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