401
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Li H, Yan X, Ou S. Correlation of the prognostic value of FNDC4 in glioblastoma with macrophage polarization. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:273. [PMID: 36056336 PMCID: PMC9440505 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02688-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma is among the most malignant tumors in the central nervous system and characterized by strong invasion and poor prognosis. Fibronectin type III domain-containing 4 (FNDC4) plays various important roles in the human body, including participating in cellular metabolism and inflammatory responses to cardiovascular diseases, influencing immune cells, and exerting anti-inflammatory effects; however, the role of FNDC4 in glioblastoma has not been reported. METHODS In this study, bioinformatics databases, including TCGA, CGGA, GTEx, and TIMER, were used to analyze the differential expression of FNDC4 genes and cell survival, in addition to investigating its relationship with immune cell infiltration. Additionally, we overexpressed FNDC4 in glioblastoma cell lines U87 and U251 by lentiviral transfection and detected changes in proliferation, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis. Following collection of monocytes from the peripheral blood of healthy individuals and transformation into M0 macrophages, we performed flow cytometry to detect the polarizing effect of exogenous FNDC4, as well as the effect of FNDC4-overexpressing glioblastoma cells on macrophage polarization in a co-culture system. RESULTS We identified that significantly higher FNDC4 expression in glioblastoma tissue relative to normal brain tissue was associated with worse prognosis. Moreover, we found that FNDC4 overexpression in U87 and U251 cells resulted in increased proliferation and affected the S phase of tumor cells, whereas cell apoptosis remained unchanged. Furthermore, exogenous FNDC4 inhibited the M1 polarization of M0 macrophages without affecting M2 polarization; this was also observed in glioblastoma cells overexpressing FNDC4. CONCLUSIONS FNDC4 expression is elevated in glioblastoma, closely associated with poor prognosis, and promoted the proliferation of glioblastoma cells, affected the S phase of tumor cells while inhibiting macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwu Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Nantong City (Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University), Nantong, China
| | - Xiaofei Yan
- Department of Pathology, The First People's Hospital of Nantong City (Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University), Nantong, China
| | - Shaowu Ou
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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402
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Lin A, Shaaya E, Calvert JS, Parker SR, Borton DA, Fridley JS. A Review of Functional Restoration From Spinal Cord Stimulation in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury. Neurospine 2022; 19:703-734. [PMID: 36203296 PMCID: PMC9537842 DOI: 10.14245/ns.2244652.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury often leads to loss of sensory, motor, and autonomic function below the level of injury. Recent advancements in spinal cord electrical stimulation (SCS) for spinal cord injury have provided potential avenues for restoration of neurologic function in affected patients. This review aims to assess the efficacy of spinal cord stimulation, both epidural (eSCS) and transcutaneous (tSCS), on the return of function in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury. The current literature on human clinical eSCS and tSCS for spinal cord injury was reviewed. Seventy-one relevant studies were included for review, specifically examining changes in volitional movement, changes in muscle activity or spasticity, or return of cardiovascular pulmonary, or genitourinary autonomic function. The total participant sample comprised of 327 patients with spinal cord injury, each evaluated using different stimulation protocols, some for sensorimotor function and others for various autonomic functions. One hundred eight of 127 patients saw improvement in sensorimotor function, 51 of 70 patients saw improvement in autonomic genitourinary function, 32 of 32 patients saw improvement in autonomic pulmonary function, and 32 of 36 patients saw improvement in autonomic cardiovascular function. Although this review highlights SCS as a promising therapeutic neuromodulatory technique to improve rehabilitation in patients with SCI, further mechanistic studies and stimulus parameter optimization are necessary before clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Lin
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Elias Shaaya
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | | | - David A. Borton
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA,Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, Department of Veterans Affairs, Providence, RI, USA,Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jared S. Fridley
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA,Corresponding Author Jared S. Fridley Department of Neurosurgery, Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy St # 1, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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403
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Xiao X, Deng Q, Zeng X, Lai BQ, Ma YH, Li G, Zeng YS, Ding Y. Transcription Profiling of a Revealed the Potential Molecular Mechanism of Governor Vessel Electroacupuncture for Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. Neurospine 2022; 19:757-769. [PMID: 36203300 PMCID: PMC9537832 DOI: 10.14245/ns.2244452.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by transcriptome analysis to elucidate a potential mechanism by which governor vessel electroacupuncture (GV-EA) promotes neuronal survival, axonal regeneration, and functional recovery after complete transection spinal cord injury (SCI). METHODS Sham, control, or GV-EA group adult female Sprague Dawley rats underwent a complete transection SCI protocol. SCI area RNA-seq investigated the DEGs of coding and noncoding RNAs 7 days post-SCI. Gene ontology (GO) and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were used to classify DEGs functions, to explain a possible molecular mechanism. Immunofluorescence and BBB (Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan) score were used to verify a GV-EA treatment effect following SCI. RESULTS GV-EA treatment could regulate the expression of 173 mRNA, 260 lncRNA, and 153 circRNA genes among these DEGs resulted by SCI. GO enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were most enriched in membrane, actin binding, and regulation of Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. KEGG pathway analysis showed enriched pathways (e.g. , Toll-like receptors, MAPK, Hippo signaling). According to the ceRNA network, miR-144-3p played a regulatory role by interacting with lncRNA and circRNA. GV-EA also promoted the injured spinal cord neuron survival, axonal regeneration, and functional improvement of hind limb locomotion. CONCLUSION Results of our RNA-seq suggest that post-SCI GV-EA may regulate characteristic changes in transcriptome gene expression, potential critical genes, and signaling pathways, providing clear directions for further investigation into the mechanism of GV-EA in subacute SCI treatment. Moreover, we found that GV-EA promotes neuronal survival, nerve fiber extension, and motor function recovery in subacute SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingru Xiao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingwen Deng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Zeng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bi-Qin Lai
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Huan Ma
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,Guangzhou Institute of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ge Li
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,Medical Research Center, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuan-Shan Zeng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ying Ding
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,Corresponding Author Ying Ding Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74# Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
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404
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Zhao Y, Chen Y, Wang Z, Xu C, Qiao S, Liu T, Qi K, Tong D, Li C. Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell Exosome Attenuates Inflammasome-Related Pyroptosis via Delivering circ_003564 to Improve the Recovery of Spinal Cord Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:6771-6789. [PMID: 36038697 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03006-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) is previously reported to present a certain effect on treating spinal cord injury (SCI), while the underlying mechanism is largely uncovered. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the involvement of exosome-delivered circRNA profile in the BMSC's effect on pyroptosis for SCI treatment. H2O2 treated rat primary neurons were cultured with normal medium, BMSC, BMSC plus GW4869, and BMSC-derived exosome, respectively, then inflammasome-related pyroptosis markers, and circRNA profiles were detected. Subsequently, circ_003564-knockdown BMSC exosome was transfected into H2O2 treated rat primary neurons and NGF-stimulated PC-12 cells. Furthermore, in vivo validation was conducted. BMSC and BMSC-derived exosome both decreased inflammasome-related pyroptosis markers including cleaved caspase-1, GSDMD, NLRP3, IL-1β, and IL-18 in H2O2-treated neurons, while exosome-free BMSC (BMSC plus GW4869) did not obviously reduce these factors. Microarray assay revealed that BMSC (vs. exosome-free BMSC) and BMSC-derived exosome (vs. normal medium) greatly regulated circRNA profiles, which were enriched in neuroinflammation pathways (such as neurotrophin, apoptosis, and TNF). Among three functional candidate circRNAs (circ_015525, circ_008876, and circ_003564), circ_003564 was most effective to regulate inflammasome-related pyroptosis. Interestingly, circ_003564-knockdown BMSC exosome showed higher expression of inflammasome-related pyroptosis markers compared to negative-control-knockdown BMSC exosome in H2O2 treated primary neurons/NGF-stimulated PC-12 cells. In vivo, BMSC exosome improved the function recovery and decreased tissue injury and inflammasome-related pyroptosis in SCI rats, whose effect was attenuated by circ_003564 knockdown transfection. BMSC exosome attenuates inflammasome-related pyroptosis via delivering circ_003564, contributing to its treatment efficacy for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyin Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, No. 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Changli Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, No. 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Suchi Qiao
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianze Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, No. 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Ke Qi
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, No. 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Dake Tong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, No. 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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405
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Yuan H, Zhang B, Ma J, Zhang Y, Tuo Y, Li X. Analysis of gene expression profiles in two spinal cord injury models. Eur J Med Res 2022; 27:156. [PMID: 35999613 PMCID: PMC9400253 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-022-00785-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To analyze the changes of gene expression at different timepoints after spinal cord injury (SCI) with tenth segment thoracic injury. Methods Two SCI models, the complete paraplegia (H) and Allen’s strike (D) methods were applied to induce SCI in rats, and transcriptome sequencing was performed 1, 3, 7, 14, 56, and 70 days after SCI, respectively. Principal component analysis, differentially expressed gene analysis, and hierarchical clustering analysis were applied to analyze the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Gene Ontology GO enrichment analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis, and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis revealed the pathway of gene enrichment. Results There were 1,907, 3,120, 3,728, 978, 2,319, and 3,798 DEGs in the complete paraplegia group and 2,380, 878, 1,543, 6,040, 1,945, and 3,850 DEGs in the Allen’s strike method group and after SCI at 1, 3, 7, 14, 56, and 70 days, respectively. The transcriptome contours of D1, H1, D3, and H14 were clustered with C; the H56, D56, H70, and D70 transcriptome contours were similar and clustered together. H3, D7, and H7 were clustered together, and D14 was clustered separately. The transcriptome differences of the two SCI models were mainly concentrated during the first 2 weeks after SCI. The DEGs after SCI in the complete paraplegia group were more concentrated. Most of the early transcriptional regulation stabilized within 2 weeks after injury. Conclusions There were DEGs between the two SCI models. Through the gene changes and pathway enrichment of the entire time period after SCI, the molecular mechanism of SCI repair was revealed in depth, which provided a reference for SCI treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Yuan
- Department of Spinal Orthopedics, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, No. 804 Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Bi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia, Ningbo Medical Center Li Huili Hospital, Ningbo, 315046, China
| | - Junchi Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Gansu College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730099, China
| | - Yufei Zhang
- The third department of spine, Baoji Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baoji, 721001, China
| | - Yifan Tuo
- Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Xusheng Li
- Department of Spinal Orthopedics, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, No. 804 Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
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406
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Qi L, Zhang J, Wang J, An J, Xue W, Liu Q, Zhang Y. Mechanisms of ginsenosides exert neuroprotective effects on spinal cord injury: A promising traditional Chinese medicine. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:969056. [PMID: 36081662 PMCID: PMC9445311 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.969056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). It is mainly caused by trauma and reduces the quality of life of the affected individual. Ginsenosides are safe and effective traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), and their efficacy against SCI is being increasingly researched in many countries, especially in China and Korea. This systematic review evaluated the neuroprotective effects of ginsenosides in SCI and elucidated their properties.
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407
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Zhang Q, Liu M, Nong H, Zhang Y, Bai Y, Liu P, Zong S, Zeng G. Total flavonoids of hawthorn leaves protect spinal motor neurons via promotion of autophagy after spinal cord injury. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:925568. [PMID: 36071834 PMCID: PMC9441667 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.925568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The death of spinal motor neurons (SMNs) after spinal cord injury (SCI) is a crucial cause, contributing to a permanent neurological deficit. Total flavonoids of hawthorn leaves (TFHL) have been confirmed to have potentially therapeutic for SCI. Nonetheless, the roles and mechanisms of TFHL in recovering neuromotor function and regenerating axons of SMNs have not been fully elucidated. In this study, TFHL was applied to treat rats with SCI and injured SMNs for 7 days. In vivo experiment, rats with SCI were evaluated by a BBB (Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan) score to assess their motor functional recovery. The morphology, microstructure, apoptosis, Nissl bodies, and autophagy of SMNs in spinal cord tissue were detected by Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, transmission electron microscopy, TUNEL staining, Nissl staining, and immunohistochemistry respectively. In vitro experiment, the co-culture model of SMNs and astrocytes was constructed to simulate the internal environment around SMNs in the spinal cord tissue. The cell morphology, microstructure, axonal regeneration, and autophagy were observed via optical microscope, transmission electron microscopy, and immunofluorescence. The content of neurotrophic factors in the cell culture medium of the co-culture model was detected by ELISA. Moreover, the expression of axon-related and autophagy-related proteins in the spinal cord tissue and SMNs was measured by Western Blot. We demonstrated that TFHL improved the neuromotor function recovery in rats after SCI. We then found that TFHL significantly promoted injured spinal cord tissue repair, reduced apoptosis, and improved the functional status of neurons in spinal cord tissue in vivo. Meanwhile, the cell morphology, microstructure, and axonal regeneration of damaged SMNs also obviously were improved, and the secretion of neurotrophic factors was facilitated after treatment with TFHL in vitro. Further, we revealed that TFHL promoted autophagy and related protein expression in vivo and vitro. Taken together, our study suggested that TFHL might facilitate autophagy and have neuroprotective properties in SMNs to enhance the recovery of neuromotor function of rats with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zhang
- School of Public Health of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Mingfu Liu
- Department of Spine Osteopathia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Haibin Nong
- Department of Spine Osteopathia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Guangxi Biological Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yiguang Bai
- Department of Spine Osteopathia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Pan Liu
- Department of Spine Osteopathia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Shaohui Zong
- Department of Spine Osteopathia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- *Correspondence: Shaohui Zong, ; Gaofeng Zeng,
| | - Gaofeng Zeng
- School of Public Health of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- *Correspondence: Shaohui Zong, ; Gaofeng Zeng,
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408
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Yang C, He T, Wang Q, Wang G, Ma J, Chen Z, Li Q, Wang L, Quan Z. Elevated intraspinal pressure drives edema progression after acute compression spinal cord injury in rabbits. Exp Neurol 2022; 357:114206. [PMID: 35988698 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Elevated intraspinal pressure (ISP) following traumatic spinal cord injury (tSCI) can be an important factor for secondary SCI that may result in greater tissue damage and functional deficits. Our present study aimed to investigate the dynamic changes in ISP after different degrees of acute compression SCI in rabbits with closed canals and explore its influence on spinal cord pathophysiology. Closed balloon compression injuries were induced with different inflated volumes (40 μl, 50 μl or no inflation) at the T7/8 level in rabbits. ISP was monitored by a SOPHYSA probe at the epicenter within 7 days post-SCI. Edema progression, spinal cord perfusion and damage severity were evaluated by serial multisequence MRI scans, somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) and behavioral scores. Histological and blood spinal cord barrier (BSCB) permeability results were subsequently analyzed. The results showed that the ISP waveforms comprised three peaks, significantly increased after tSCI, peaked at 72 h (21.86 ± 3.13 mmHg) in the moderate group or 48 h (31.71 ± 6.02 mmHg) in the severe group and exhibited "slow elevated and fast decreased" or "fast elevated and slow decreased" dynamic changes in both injured groups. Elevated ISP after injury was correlated with spinal cord perfusion and edema progression, leading to secondary lesion enlargement. The secondary damage aggravation can be visualized by diffusion tensor tractography (DTT). Moreover, the BSCB permeability was significantly increased at the epicenter and rostrocaudal segments at 72 h after SCI; by 14 days, notable permeability was still observed at the caudal segment in the severely injured rabbits. Our results suggest that the ISP of rabbits with closed canals increased after acute compression SCI and exhibited different dynamic change patterns in moderately and severely injured rabbits. Elevated ISP exacerbated spinal cord perfusion, drove edema progression and led to secondary lesion enlargement that was strongly associated with BSCB disruption. For severe tSCI, early intervention targeting elevated ISP may be an indispensable choice to rescue spinal cord function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaohua Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China; Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No.25 Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Sichuan 646000, China; Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Tao He
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China; Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China; Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, Chongqing General Hospital, No.118 Xingguang Avenue, Liangjiang New District, Chongqing 40114, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No.25 Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Gaoju Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No.25 Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Jingjin Ma
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China; Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zhiyu Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China; Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qiaochu Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China; Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Linbang Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China; Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zhengxue Quan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China; Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China.
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409
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Zhang J, Yang H, Wu J, Zhang D, Wang Y, Zhai J. Recent progresses in novel in vitro models of primary neurons: A biomaterial perspective. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:953031. [PMID: 36061442 PMCID: PMC9428288 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.953031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) diseases have been a growing threat to the health of humanity, emphasizing the urgent need of exploring the pathogenesis and therapeutic approaches of various CNS diseases. Primary neurons are directly obtained from animals or humans, which have wide applications including disease modeling, mechanism exploration and drug development. However, traditional two-dimensional (2D) monoculture cannot resemble the native microenvironment of CNS. With the increasing understanding of the complexity of the CNS and the remarkable development of novel biomaterials, in vitro models have experienced great innovation from 2D monoculture toward three-dimensional (3D) multicellular culture. The scope of this review includes the progress of various in vitro models of primary neurons in recent years to provide a holistic view of the modalities and applications of primary neuron models and how they have been connected with the revolution of biofabrication techniques. Special attention has been paid to the interaction between primary neurons and biomaterials. First, a brief introduction on the history of CNS modeling and primary neuron culture was conducted. Next, detailed progress in novel in vitro models were discussed ranging from 2D culture, ex vivo model, spheroid, scaffold-based model, 3D bioprinting model, and microfluidic chip. Modalities, applications, advantages, and limitations of the aforementioned models were described separately. Finally, we explored future prospects, providing new insights into how basic science research methodologies have advanced our understanding of the CNS, and highlighted some future directions of primary neuron culture in the next few decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangang Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Huiyu Yang
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaming Wu
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dingyue Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiliang Zhai
- Departments of Orthopedics Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jiliang Zhai,
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410
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Main Cations and Cellular Biology of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162503. [PMID: 36010579 PMCID: PMC9406880 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury is a life-changing condition with a significant socio-economic impact on patients, their relatives, their caregivers, and even the community. Despite considerable medical advances, there is still a lack of options for the effective treatment of these patients. The major complexity and significant disabling potential of the pathophysiology that spinal cord trauma triggers are the main factors that have led to incremental scientific research on this topic, including trying to describe the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate spinal cord repair and regeneration. Scientists have identified various practical approaches to promote cell growth and survival, remyelination, and neuroplasticity in this part of the central nervous system. This review focuses on specific detailed aspects of the involvement of cations in the cell biology of such pathology and on the possibility of repairing damaged spinal cord tissue. In this context, the cellular biology of sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, and magnesium is essential for understanding the related pathophysiology and also the possibilities to counteract the harmful effects of traumatic events. Lithium, sodium, potassium—monovalent cations—and calcium and magnesium—bivalent cations—can influence many protein–protein interactions, gene transcription, ion channel functions, cellular energy processes—phosphorylation, oxidation—inflammation, etc. For data systematization and synthesis, we used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes (PRISMA) methodology, trying to make, as far as possible, some order in seeing the “big forest” instead of “trees”. Although we would have expected a large number of articles to address the topic, we were still surprised to find only 51 unique articles after removing duplicates from the 207 articles initially identified. Our article integrates data on many biochemical processes influenced by cations at the molecular level to understand the real possibilities of therapeutic intervention—which must maintain a very narrow balance in cell ion concentrations. Multimolecular, multi-cellular: neuronal cells, glial cells, non-neuronal cells, but also multi-ionic interactions play an important role in the balance between neuro-degenerative pathophysiological processes and the development of effective neuroprotective strategies. This article emphasizes the need for studying cation dynamics as an important future direction.
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411
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Ma X, Li X, Wang W, Zhang M, Yang B, Miao Z. Phosphatidylserine, inflammation, and central nervous system diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:975176. [PMID: 35992593 PMCID: PMC9382310 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.975176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is an anionic phospholipid in the eukaryotic membrane and is abundant in the brain. Accumulated studies have revealed that PS is involved in the multiple functions of the brain, such as activation of membrane signaling pathways, neuroinflammation, neurotransmission, and synaptic refinement. Those functions of PS are related to central nervous system (CNS) diseases. In this review, we discuss the metabolism of PS, the anti-inflammation function of PS in the brain; the alterations of PS in different CNS diseases, and the possibility of PS to serve as a therapeutic agent for diseases. Clinical studies have showed that PS has no side effects and is well tolerated. Therefore, PS and PS liposome could be a promising supplementation for these neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Ma
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Bo Yang,
| | - Zhigang Miao
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Zhigang Miao,
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412
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da Cruz Tobelem D, Silva T, Araujo T, Andreo L, Malavazzi TCDS, Horliana ACRT, Fernandes KPS, Bussadori SK, Mesquita-Ferrari RA. Effects of photobiomodulation in experimental spinal cord injury models: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2022; 15:e202200059. [PMID: 35484784 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202200059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review investigated the repercussions of photobiomodulation using low-level laser therapy (LLLT) for the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI) in experimental models. Studies were identified from relevant databases published between January 2009 and December 2021. Nineteen original articles were selected and 68.4% used light at an infrared wavelength. There was a considerable variation of the power used (from 25 to 200 mW), total application time (8-3000 s) and total energy (0.3-450 J). In 79% of the studies, irradiation was initiated immediately after or within 2 h of the SCI, and treatment time ranged continuously from 5 to 21 days. In conclusion, LLLT can be an auxiliary therapy in the treatment of SCI, playing a neuroprotective role, enabling functional recovery, increasing the concentration of nerve connections around the injury site and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, there is a need for standardization in the dosimetric parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daysi da Cruz Tobelem
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to the Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tamiris Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, UNINOVE, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tamires Araujo
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to the Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas Andreo
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to the Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Sandra Kalil Bussadori
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to the Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, UNINOVE, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Raquel Agnelli Mesquita-Ferrari
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to the Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, UNINOVE, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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413
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Hou J, Bi H, Ge Q, Teng H, Wan G, Yu B, Jiang Q, Gu X. Heterogeneity analysis of astrocytes following spinal cord injury at single-cell resolution. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22442. [PMID: 35816276 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200463r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes play many important functions in response to spinal cord injury (SCI) in an activated manner, including clearance of necrotic tissue, formation of protective barrier, maintenance of microenvironment balance, interaction with immune cells, and formation of the glial scar. More and more studies have shown that the astrocytes are heterogeneous, such as inflammatory astrocyte 1 (A1) and neuroprotective astrocyte 2 (A2) types. However, the subtypes of astrocyte resulting from SCI have not been clearly defined. In this study, using single-cell RNA sequencing, we constructed the transcriptomic profile of astrocytes from uninjured spinal cord tissue and injured tissue nearby the lesion epicenter at 0.5, 1, 3, 7, 14, 60, and 90 days after mouse hemisection spinal cord surgery. Our analysis uncovered six transcriptionally distinct astrocyte states, including Atp1b2+ , S100a4+ , Gpr84+ , C3+ /G0s2+ , GFAP+ /Tm4sf1+ , and Gss+ /Cryab+ astrocytes. We used these new signatures combined with canonical astrocyte markers to determine the distribution of morphologically and physiologically distinct astrocyte population at injured sites by immunofluorescence staining. Then we identified the dynamic evolution process of each astrocyte subtype following SCI. Finally, we also revealed the evolution of highly expressed genes in these astrocyte subtypes at different phases of SCI. Together, we provided six astrocyte subtypes at single-cell resolution following SCI. These data not only contribute to understand the heterogeneity of astrocytes during SCI but also help to find new astrocyte subtypes as a target for SCI repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiru Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiting Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Huajian Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqiang Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
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414
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NPC transplantation rescues sci-driven cAMP/EPAC2 alterations, leading to neuroprotection and microglial modulation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:455. [PMID: 35904607 PMCID: PMC9338125 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04494-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neural progenitor cell (NPC) transplantation represents a promising treatment strategy for spinal cord injury (SCI); however, the underlying therapeutic mechanisms remain incompletely understood. We demonstrate that severe spinal contusion in adult rats causes transcriptional dysregulation, which persists from early subacute to chronic stages of SCI and affects nearly 20,000 genes in total tissue extracts. Functional analysis of this dysregulated transcriptome reveals the significant downregulation of cAMP signalling components immediately after SCI, involving genes such as EPAC2 (exchange protein directly activated by cAMP), PKA, BDNF, and CAMKK2. The ectopic transplantation of spinal cord-derived NPCs at acute or subacute stages of SCI induces a significant transcriptional impact in spinal tissue, as evidenced by the normalized expression of a large proportion of SCI-affected genes. The transcriptional modulation pattern driven by NPC transplantation includes the rescued expression of cAMP signalling genes, including EPAC2. We also explore how the sustained in vivo inhibition of EPAC2 downstream signalling via the intrathecal administration of ESI-05 for 1 week impacts therapeutic mechanisms involved in the NPC-mediated treatment of SCI. NPC transplantation in SCI rats in the presence and absence of ESI-05 administration prompts increased rostral cAMP levels; however, NPC and ESI-05 treated animals exhibit a significant reduction in EPAC2 mRNA levels compared to animals receiving only NPCs treatment. Compared with transplanted animals, NPCs + ESI-05 treatment increases the scar area (as shown by GFAP staining), polarizes microglia into an inflammatory phenotype, and increases the magnitude of the gap between NeuN + cells across the lesion. Overall, our results indicate that the NPC-associated therapeutic mechanisms in the context of SCI involve the cAMP pathway, which reduces inflammation and provides a more neuropermissive environment through an EPAC2-dependent mechanism.
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415
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Neuroprotective Effects of Curcumin against Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation/Reoxygenation-Induced Injury in Cultured Primary Rat Astrocyte by Improving Mitochondrial Function and Regulating the ERK Signaling Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:1731701. [PMID: 35865336 PMCID: PMC9296283 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1731701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Curcumin (Cur) is a natural polyphenol isolated from turmeric and has potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. This study aimed to explore the effects and possible mechanisms of curcumin on oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)-induced injury in cultured rat astrocyte primary cells. Methods After screening for effective doses, the cultured rat astrocyte primary cells were divided into three groups: control, OGD/R, and OGD/R + curcumin (10 μM, 20 μM, and 40 μM). Cell viability was detected using CCK8 assays. The level of malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase activity was determined using commercial kits. The endothelial nitric oxide synthase and adenosine triphosphate concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The mRNA levels of the inflammatory indexes interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and interleukin (IL)-1β were evaluated by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide was used to detect apoptosis. JC-1 was used to assess the mitochondrial membrane potential. The protein expression of apoptosis-related proteins (B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), BCL-2-associated X (Bax), and cleaved caspase 3), mitochondria-related proteins (dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1), phosphorylated DRP1 (p-DRP1), and mitofusin 2), and essential proteins of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway (ERK1/2, p-ERK1/2) were analyzed by western blot. Results Our data indicated that curcumin reversed OGD/R-induced cell viability loss, oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokine production, and cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, curcumin attenuated OGD/R-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions Curcumin protected against OGD/R-induced injury in rat astrocyte primary cells through improving mitochondrial function and regulating the ERK signaling pathway.
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Pinelli F, Pizzetti F, Veneruso V, Petillo E, Raghunath M, Perale G, Veglianese P, Rossi F. Biomaterial-Mediated Factor Delivery for Spinal Cord Injury Treatment. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071673. [PMID: 35884981 PMCID: PMC9313204 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is an injurious process that begins with immediate physical damage to the spinal cord and associated tissues during an acute traumatic event. However, the tissue damage expands in both intensity and volume in the subsequent subacute phase. At this stage, numerous events exacerbate the pathological condition, and therein lies the main cause of post-traumatic neural degeneration, which then ends with the chronic phase. In recent years, therapeutic interventions addressing different neurodegenerative mechanisms have been proposed, but have met with limited success when translated into clinical settings. The underlying reasons for this are that the pathogenesis of SCI is a continued multifactorial disease, and the treatment of only one factor is not sufficient to curb neural degeneration and resulting paralysis. Recent advances have led to the development of biomaterials aiming to promote in situ combinatorial strategies using drugs/biomolecules to achieve a maximized multitarget approach. This review provides an overview of single and combinatorial regenerative-factor-based treatments as well as potential delivery options to treat SCIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Pinelli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy; (F.P.); (F.P.); (E.P.)
| | - Fabio Pizzetti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy; (F.P.); (F.P.); (E.P.)
| | - Valeria Veneruso
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy;
| | - Emilia Petillo
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy; (F.P.); (F.P.); (E.P.)
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy;
| | - Michael Raghunath
- Center for Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Institute for Chemistry and Biotechnology (ICBT), Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland;
| | - Giuseppe Perale
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Southern Switzerland (USI), Via Buffi 13, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland;
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Donaueschingenstrasse 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Pietro Veglianese
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy;
- Correspondence: (P.V.); (F.R.); Tel.: +39-02-3901-4205 (P.V.); +39-02-2399-3145 (F.R.)
| | - Filippo Rossi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy; (F.P.); (F.P.); (E.P.)
- Correspondence: (P.V.); (F.R.); Tel.: +39-02-3901-4205 (P.V.); +39-02-2399-3145 (F.R.)
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Ferroptosis: A Novel Therapeutic Direction of Spinal Cord Injury. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:7906218. [PMID: 35866036 PMCID: PMC9296343 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7906218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An injury to the spinal cord results in a crucial central nervous system event that further causes irreversible impairment or loss of motor, autonomic, and sensory functions. A progressive pathophysiological cascade following spinal cord injury (SCI) includes ischemia/reperfusion injury, oxidative stress, proapoptotic signaling, peripheral inflammatory cell infiltration, and glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity, and regulated cell death. These complex pathological and physiological changes continue to cause cell injury over the long-term and severely limit the efficacy of clinical treatment strategies in restoring the injured nervous system. Ferroptosis is a nonapoptotic, iron-regulated kind of cell death that has recently been discovered. It is distinguished by iron overload-induced toxic lipid peroxidation associated with mitochondrial morphological changes during the cell death process. For example, after SCI, iron overload activates the reactive oxygen species generation, dysregulation of glutathione/glutathione peroxidase 4 (GSH/GPX4) metabolism, and accumulation of lipid peroxides, which cause lipid membrane deterioration and ferroptosis. Conversely, knockout or differential expression of key genes and application of lipid peroxidation inhibitors and iron chelators (e.g., deferoxamine) (e.g., SRS-16-86) can block ferroptosis and promote neuronal repair for functional recovery after SCI. Although the findings of numerous investigations have been confirmed the importance of ferroptosis in several human neurologic sicknesses and its potential in SCI, the mechanism of ferroptosis and its application in SCI has not been elucidated. This review highlights current ferroptosis research and its impact on SCI, as well as the key molecular mechanism of ferroptosis in promoting the recovery from SCI. Understanding ferroptosis' process and function in SCI could provide useful insight into the treatment and avoidance of such a destructive injury.
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418
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Zhou Y, Guo S, Botchway BOA, Zhang Y, Jin T, Liu X. Muscone Can Improve Spinal Cord Injury by Activating the Angiogenin/Plexin-B2 Axis. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:5891-5901. [PMID: 35809154 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02948-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurological disorder that usually damages sensorimotor and autonomic functions. Signaling pathways can play a key role in the repair process of SCI. The plexin-B2 acts as a receptor for angiogenin and mediates ribosomal RNA transcription, influencing cell survival and proliferation. Protein kinase B serine/threonine kinase interacts with angiogenin to form a positive feedback effect. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vascular endothelial growth factor can induce angiogenin nuclear translocation. Moreover, the BDNF can promote the secretion of angiogenin. Interestingly, all of them can activate the angiogenin/plexin-B2 axis. Muscone has anti-inflammatory and proliferative features as it can inhibit nuclear transcription factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and activate the angiogenin/plexin-B2 axis, thus being significant agent in the SCI repair process. Herein, we review the potential mechanism of angiogenin/plexin-B2 axis activation and the role of muscone in SCI treatment. Muscone may attenuate inflammatory responses and promote neuronal regeneration after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Zhejiang Province, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Shitian Guo
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Benson O A Botchway
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Zhejiang Province, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Tian Jin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Zhejiang Province, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Xuehong Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Zhejiang Province, Shaoxing, 312000, China.
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Blando S, Anchesi I, Mazzon E, Gugliandolo A. Can a Scaffold Enriched with Mesenchymal Stem Cells Be a Good Treatment for Spinal Cord Injury? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147545. [PMID: 35886890 PMCID: PMC9319719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a worldwide highly crippling disease that can lead to the loss of motor and sensory neurons. Among the most promising therapies, there are new techniques of tissue engineering based on stem cells that promote neuronal regeneration. Among the different types of stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) seem the most promising. Indeed, MSCs are able to release trophic factors and to differentiate into the cell types that can be found in the spinal cord. Currently, the most common procedure to insert cells in the lesion site is infusion. However, this causes a low rate of survival and engraftment in the lesion site. For these reasons, tissue engineering is focusing on bioresorbable scaffolds to help the cells to stay in situ. Scaffolds do not only have a passive role but become fundamental for the trophic support of cells and the promotion of neuroregeneration. More and more types of materials are being studied as scaffolds to decrease inflammation and increase the engraftment as well as the survival of the cells. Our review aims to highlight how the use of scaffolds made from biomaterials enriched with MSCs gives positive results in in vivo SCI models as well as the first evidence obtained in clinical trials.
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Tong LY, Deng YB, Du WH, Zhou WZ, Liao XY, Jiang X. Clemastine Promotes Differentiation of Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells Through the Activation of ERK1/2 via Muscarinic Receptors After Spinal Cord Injury. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:914153. [PMID: 35865954 PMCID: PMC9294397 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.914153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The recovery of spinal cord injury (SCI) is closely associated with the obstruction of oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) differentiation, which ultimately induces the inability to generate newly formed myelin. To address the concern, drug-based methods may be the most practical and feasible way, possibly applying to clinical therapies for patients with SCI. In our previous study, we found that clemastine treatment preserves myelin integrity, decreases the loss of axons, and improves functional recovery in the SCI model. Clemastine acts as an antagonist of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (muscarinic receptor, MR) identified from a string of anti-muscarinic drugs that can enhance oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelin wrapping. However, the effects of clemastine on OPC differentiation through MRs in SCI and the underlying mechanism remain unclear. To explore the possibility, a rat model of SCI was established. To investigate if clemastine could promote the differentiation of OPCs in SCI via MR, the expressions of OPC and mature OL were detected at 7 days post injury (dpi) or at 14 dpi. The significant effect of clemastine on encouraging OPC differentiation was revealed at 14 dpi rather than 7 dpi. Under pre-treatment with the MR agonist cevimeline, the positive role of clemastine on OPC differentiation was partially disrupted. Further studies indicated that clemastine increased the phosphorylation level of extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1/2 (p-ERK1/2) and the expressions of transcription factors, Myrf and Olig2. To determine the relationship among clemastine, ERK1/2 signaling, specified transcription factors, and OPC differentiation, the ERK1/2 signaling was disturbed by U0126. The inhibition of ERK1/2 in SCI rats treated with clemastine decreased the expressions of p-ERK 1/2, Myrf, Olig2, and mature OLs, suggesting that ERK1/2 is required for clemastine on promoting OPC differentiation and that specified transcription factors may be affected by the activity of ERK1/2. Moreover, the impact of clemastine on modulating the level of p-ERK 1/2 was restricted following cevimeline pre-injecting, which provides further evidence that the role of clemastine was mediated by MRs. Altogether, our data demonstrated that clemastine, mediated by MRs, promotes OPC differentiation under the enhancement of Myrf and Olig2 by activating ERK1/2 signaling and suggests a novel therapeutic prospect for SCI recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Yao Tong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong-Bing Deng
- Department of Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing University Center Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei-Hong Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen-Zhu Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin-Yu Liao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Xue Jiang, ,
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Gong L, Gu Y, Han X, Luan C, Liu C, Wang X, Sun Y, Zheng M, Fang M, Yang S, Xu L, Sun H, Yu B, Gu X, Zhou S. Spatiotemporal Dynamics of the Molecular Expression Pattern and Intercellular Interactions in the Glial Scar Response to Spinal Cord Injury. Neurosci Bull 2022; 39:213-244. [PMID: 35788904 PMCID: PMC9905408 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00897-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve regeneration in adult mammalian spinal cord is poor because of the lack of intrinsic regeneration of neurons and extrinsic factors - the glial scar is triggered by injury and inhibits or promotes regeneration. Recent technological advances in spatial transcriptomics (ST) provide a unique opportunity to decipher most genes systematically throughout scar formation, which remains poorly understood. Here, we first constructed the tissue-wide gene expression patterns of mouse spinal cords over the course of scar formation using ST after spinal cord injury from 32 samples. Locally, we profiled gene expression gradients from the leading edge to the core of the scar areas to further understand the scar microenvironment, such as neurotransmitter disorders, activation of the pro-inflammatory response, neurotoxic saturated lipids, angiogenesis, obstructed axon extension, and extracellular structure re-organization. In addition, we described 21 cell transcriptional states during scar formation and delineated the origins, functional diversity, and possible trajectories of subpopulations of fibroblasts, glia, and immune cells. Specifically, we found some regulators in special cell types, such as Thbs1 and Col1a2 in macrophages, CD36 and Postn in fibroblasts, Plxnb2 and Nxpe3 in microglia, Clu in astrocytes, and CD74 in oligodendrocytes. Furthermore, salvianolic acid B, a blood-brain barrier permeation and CD36 inhibitor, was administered after surgery and found to remedy fibrosis. Subsequently, we described the extent of the scar boundary and profiled the bidirectional ligand-receptor interactions at the neighboring cluster boundary, contributing to maintain scar architecture during gliosis and fibrosis, and found that GPR37L1_PSAP, and GPR37_PSAP were the most significant gene-pairs among microglia, fibroblasts, and astrocytes. Last, we quantified the fraction of scar-resident cells and proposed four possible phases of scar formation: macrophage infiltration, proliferation and differentiation of scar-resident cells, scar emergence, and scar stationary. Together, these profiles delineated the spatial heterogeneity of the scar, confirmed the previous concepts about scar architecture, provided some new clues for scar formation, and served as a valuable resource for the treatment of central nervous system injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Gong
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yun Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Han
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Chengcheng Luan
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Xinghui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yufeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Mengru Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Mengya Fang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Shuhai Yang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Lai Xu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Hualin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
| | - Songlin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
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422
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[Advances of the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the spinal cord injury and its relevant treatments]. ZHONGGUO XIU FU CHONG JIAN WAI KE ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO XIUFU CHONGJIAN WAIKE ZAZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF REPARATIVE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 2022; 36:902-907. [PMID: 35848189 PMCID: PMC9288914 DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.202203081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the advances of the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the spinal cord injury (SCI) and its relevant treatments. METHODS Focusing on various mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction, recent relevant literature at home and abroad was identified to summarize the therapeutic strategies for SCI. RESULTS Mitochondrial dysfunction is mainly manifested in abnormalities in mitochondrial energy metabolism, mitochondrial oxidative stress, mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis, mitophagy, mitochondrial permeability transition, and mitochondrial biogenesis, playing a vital role in the development of SCI. Drug that enhanced mitochondrial function have been proved beneficial for the treatment of SCI. CONCLUSION Mitochondrial dysfunction can serve as a potential therapeutic target for SCI, providing ideas and basis for the development of SCI therapeutic candidates in the future.
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Lu D, Yang Y, Zhang P, Ma Z, Li W, Song Y, Feng H, Yu W, Ren F, Li T, Zeng H, Wang J. Development and Application of Three-Dimensional Bioprinting Scaffold in the Repair of Spinal Cord Injury. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2022; 19:1113-1127. [PMID: 35767151 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-022-00465-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a disabling and destructive central nervous system injury that has not yet been successfully treated at this stage. Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has become a promising method to produce more biologically complex microstructures, which fabricate living neural constructs with anatomically accurate complex geometries and spatial distributions of neural stem cells, and this is critical in the treatment of SCI. With the development of 3D printing technology and the deepening of research, neural tissue engineering research using different printing methods, bio-inks, and cells to repair SCI has achieved certain results. Although satisfactory results have not yet been achieved, they have provided novel ideas for the clinical treatment of SCI. Considering the potential impact of 3D bioprinting technology on neural studies, this review focuses on 3D bioprinting methods widely used in SCI neural tissue engineering, and the latest technological applications of bioprinting of nerve tissues for the repair of SCI are discussed. In addition to introducing the recent progress, this work also describes the existing limitations and highlights emerging possibilities and future prospects in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhi Lu
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Shandong, 250000, China
| | - Pingping Zhang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Zhenjiang Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Wentao Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yan Song
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Haiyang Feng
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Wenqiang Yu
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Fuchao Ren
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Hong Zeng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Jinwu Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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424
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Kang J, Wang Y, Guo X, He X, Liu W, Chen H, Wang Z, Lin A, Kang X. N-acetylserotonin protects PC12 cells from hydrogen peroxide induced damage through ROS mediated PI3K / AKT pathway. Cell Cycle 2022; 21:2268-2282. [PMID: 35758219 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2022.2092817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acetylserotonin (NAS) exerts neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic effects. Oxidative stress and apoptosis are the primary causes of spinal cord injury (SCI). Herein, we explored potential protective effects and mechanisms of NAS in a neuron oxidative damage model in vitro. We established an oxidative damage model in PC12 cells induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and treated these cells with NAS. NAS enhanced the activity of superoxide dismutase and halted the increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Additionally, NAS promoted protein expression of Bcl-2, but inhibited protein expressions of Fas, FADD, cytochrome c, Bax, cleaved caspase-9, and cleaved caspase-3, namely, decreasing protein expression of the Fas and mitochondrial pathways. Furthermore, it reduced the rate of apoptosis and necroptosis-related protein expressions of MLKL and p-MLKL. Moreover, NAS promoted the protein expression of p-PI3K and p-AKT, and the addition of the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 partially attenuated the antioxidant stress and anti-apoptotic effects of NAS in H2O2 stimulated PC12 cells. In conclusion, NAS protected PC12 cells from apoptosis and oxidative stress induced by H2O2 by inhibiting ROS activity and activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihe Kang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yidian Wang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xudong Guo
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuegang He
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenzhao Liu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haiwei Chen
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhaoheng Wang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Aixin Lin
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuewen Kang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
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425
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Liu X, Mao Y, Huang S, Li W, Zhang W, An J, Jin Y, Guan J, Wu L, Zhou P. Selenium nanoparticles derived from Proteus mirabilis YC801 alleviate oxidative stress and inflammatory response to promote nerve repair in rats with spinal cord injury. Regen Biomater 2022; 9:rbac042. [PMID: 35855111 PMCID: PMC9290869 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbac042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial biotransformation and detoxification of biotoxic selenite into selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) has emerged as an efficient technique for the utilization of selenium. SeNPs are characterized by high bioavailability and have several therapeutic effects owing to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities. However, their influence on microenvironment disturbances and neuroprotection after spinal cord injury (SCI) is yet to be elucidated. This study aimed to assess the influence of SeNPs on SCI and explore the underlying protective mechanisms. Overall, the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells were facilitated by SeNPs derived from Proteus mirabilis YC801 via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. The SeNPs increased the number of neurons to a greater extent than astrocytes after differentiation and improved nerve regeneration. A therapeutic dose of SeNPs remarkably protected the integrity of the spinal cord to improve the motor function of the hind limbs after SCI and decreased the expression of several inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 in vivo and enhanced the production of M2-type macrophages by regulating their polarization, indicating the suppressed inflammatory response. Besides, SeNPs reversed the SCI-mediated production of reactive oxygen species. In conclusion, SeNPs treatment holds the potential to improve the disturbed microenvironment and promote nerve regeneration, representing a promising therapeutic approach for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, China
| | - Yingji Mao
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, China
| | - Shengwei Huang
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Science, School of Life and Health Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, Anhui 239000, China
| | - Weifeng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, China
| | - Jingzhou An
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, China
| | - Yongchao Jin
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, China
| | - Jianzhong Guan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, China
| | - Lifang Wu
- The Center for Ion Beam Bioengineering and Green Agriculture, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Pinghui Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, China
- Spinal Deformity Clinical Research Center of Anhui Province, Fuyang 236000, China
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426
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Subjective Distance Estimates and Sense of Agency in Robotic Wheelchair Control. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12126217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Sense of agency (SoA) refers to an individual’s awareness of their own actions. SoA studies seek to find objective indicators for the feeling of agency. These indicators, being related to the feeling of control, have practical application in vehicle design. However, they have not been investigated for actions related to the agent’s body movement inherent to steering a vehicle. In our study, participants operated a robotic wheelchair under three conditions: active control by a participant, direct control by the experimenter and remote control by the experimenter. In each trial, a participant drove the wheelchair until a sound signal occurred, after which they stopped the wheelchair and estimated the travelled distance. The subjective estimates were significantly greater when participants operated the wheelchair by themselves. This result contrasts with observations under static settings in previous studies. In an additional study on the electroencephalographic response to a sound presented at a random time after movement onset, the observed latencies in the N1 component implied that participants might have a higher sense of control when they drove the wheelchair. The proposed methodology might become useful to indirectly assess the degree of operator control of a vehicle, primarily in the field of rehabilitation technologies.
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427
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Circular RNA Hecw1 Regulates the Inflammatory Imbalance in Spinal Cord Injury via miR-3551-3p/LRRTM1 Axis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:5151-5166. [PMID: 35699802 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-03999-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a neurological disease having devastating effect and results in the development of systemic inflammation. However, the molecular mechanisms of SCI remain not entirely elucidated. This study was directed toward exploring the circ Hecw1 involved in the mechanism of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-triggered inflammation damage in neuronal cells. The in vitro model of SCI based on PC12 cells were established with lipopolysaccharide. The cell proliferation was determined by the use of cell counting kit-8 (CCK8). The expressions of circHecw1, miR-3551-3p, and inflammatory factors were measured by quantitative real-time PCR and ELISA assay. Flow cytometry was used to assess apoptosis. Western blot analysis was performed for the purpose of determining LRRTM1 and NF-kB signaling. The expression of circ Hecw1, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in LPS-triggered PC12 cells and the expression of miR-3551-3p and IL-10 were significantly decreased. Knockdown of circHecw1 promoted proliferation and inhibited apoptosis and reduction in the inflammatory cytokine expression. Our study revealed that circHecw1 regulates SCI neuronal cell inflammation imbalance by regulating the miR-3551-3p/LRRTM1 signaling.
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428
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Nrf2 signaling in the oxidative stress response after spinal cord injury. Neuroscience 2022; 498:311-324. [PMID: 35710066 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a central nervous system trauma that can cause severe neurological impairment. A series of pathological and physiological changes after SCI (e.g., inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction) promotes further deterioration of the microenvironment at the site of injury, leading to aggravation of neurological function. The multifunctional transcription factor NF-E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) has long been considered a key factor in antioxidant stress. Therefore, Nrf2 may be an ideal therapeutic target for SCI. A comprehensive understanding of the function and regulatory mechanism of Nrf2 in the pathophysiology of SCI will aid in the development of targeted therapeutic strategies for SCI. This review discusses the roles of Nrf2 in SCI, with the aim of aiding in further elucidation of SCI pathophysiology and in efforts to provide Nrf2-targeted strategies for the treatment of SCI.
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429
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Guo K, Chang Y, Jin Y, Yuan H, Che P. circ-Ncam2 (mmu_circ_0006413) Participates in LPS-Induced Microglia Activation and Neuronal Apoptosis via the TLR4/NF-κB Pathway. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:1738-1748. [PMID: 35687299 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-02018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) can cause permanent neurological deficits. Circular RNA Ncam2 (circ-Ncam2 also termed mmu_circ_0006413) has been reported to be overexpressed in SCI mouse models. However, the function of circ-Ncam2 in SCI has not been validated. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to activate mouse microglia (BV2 cells). Expression levels of circ-Ncam2 were determined by RT-qPCR. Relative protein levels were evaluated by western blotting. Cytokines were determined by ELISA. The regulatory mechanism of circ-Ncam2 was validated by dual-luciferase reporter and RNA pull-down assays. Effects of LPS-induced BV2 cells on mouse neuronal (HT22 cells) viability, proliferation, and apoptosis were analyzed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT), 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU), and flow cytometry assays. LPS stimulation promoted circ-Ncam2 expression in BV2 cells. Inhibition of circ-Ncam2 mitigated LPS-induced BV2 cell activation and inflammation. Mechanically, circ-Ncam2 adsorbed miR-544-3p to regulate TLR4 expression. Also, either miR-544-3p inhibition or TLR4 overexpression weakened circ-Ncam2 silencing-mediated effects on LPS-induced BV2 cell activation and inflammation. Furthermore, LPS-induced BV2 cells suppressed HT22 cell proliferation and promoted HT22 cell apoptosis through the circ-Ncam2/miR-544-3p axis. Importantly, circ-Ncam2 activated the NF-κB signaling via the miR-544-3p/TLR4axis. circ-Ncam2 silencing lowered LPS-induced microglia activation and neuronal apoptosis via blocking the TLR4/NF-κB pathway through acting as a miR-544-3p sponge, suggesting that circ-Ncam2 may be involved in secondary SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinan Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yulin Chang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yutao Jin
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinan Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hong Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinan Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ping Che
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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430
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Jiang T, He Y. Recent Advances in the Role of Nuclear Factor Erythroid-2-Related Factor 2 in Spinal Cord Injury: Regulatory Mechanisms and Therapeutic Options. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:851257. [PMID: 35754957 PMCID: PMC9226435 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.851257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a pleiotropic transcription factor, and it has been documented that it can induce defense mechanisms both oxidative stress and inflammatory injury. At present, more and more evidences show that the Nrf2 signaling pathway is a key pharmacological target for the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI), and activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway can effectively treat the inflammatory injury and oxidative stress after SCI. This article firstly introduces the biological studies of the Nrf2 pathway. Meanwhile, it is more powerful to explain that activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway can effectively treat SCI by deeply exploring the relationship between Nrf2 and oxidative stress, inflammatory injury, and SCI. In addition, several potential drugs for the treatment of SCI by promoting Nrf2 activation and Nrf2-dependent gene expression are reviewed. And some other treatment strategies of SCI by modulating the Nrf2 pathway are also summarized. It will provide new ideas and directions for the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Jiang
- Graduate School of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China,Spine Surgery, Inner Mongolia People’s Hospital, Hohhot, China
| | - Yongxiong He
- Spine Surgery, Inner Mongolia People’s Hospital, Hohhot, China,*Correspondence: Yongxiong He,
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431
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Liu S, Yang H, Chen D, Xie Y, Tai C, Wang L, Wang P, Wang B. Three-dimensional bioprinting sodium alginate/gelatin scaffold combined with neural stem cells and oligodendrocytes markedly promoting nerve regeneration after spinal cord injury. Regen Biomater 2022; 9:rbac038. [PMID: 35801010 PMCID: PMC9255276 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbac038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating research has indicated that the transplantation of combined stem cells and scaffolds is an effective method for spinal cord injury (SCI). The development of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technology can make the 3D scaffolds combined with cells more accurate and effective for SCI treatment. However, unmyelinated newborn nerve fibers have no nerve signaling conduction, hampering recovery of motor function. In this study, we designed and printed a type of sodium alginate/gelatin scaffold loaded with neural stem cells and oligodendrocytes, which were involved in the formation of the myelin sheaths of neural cell axons. In order to observe the effectiveness of this 3D bioprinting scaffold, we transplanted it into the completely transected rat spinal cord, and then immunofluorescence staining, hematoxylin–eosin staining and behavioral assessment were performed. The results showed that this 3D bioprinting scaffold markedly improved the hindlimb motor function and promoted nerve regeneration. These findings suggested that this novel 3D bioprinting scaffold was a good carrier for cells transplantation, thereby enhancing spinal cord repair following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Liu
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School Clinical Stem Cell Center, , Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School Clinical Stem Cell Center, , Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dong Chen
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School Clinical Stem Cell Center, , Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School Clinical Stem Cell Center, , Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - ChenXu Tai
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School Clinical Stem Cell Center, , Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Liudi Wang
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School Clinical Stem Cell Center, , Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School , Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School Clinical Stem Cell Center, , Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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432
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Yu C, Gui F, Huang Q, Luo Y, Zeng Z, Li R, Guo L. Protective effects of muscone on traumatic spinal cord injury in rats. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2022; 10:685. [PMID: 35845509 PMCID: PMC9279775 DOI: 10.21037/atm-22-2672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a major clinical concern, and it is a life-changing neurological condition with substantial socioeconomic implications. Muscone has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicinal formulations for its anti-inflammatory activity. However, its protective effects on traumatic SCI have not been explored. This study investigated whether muscone plays a protective role in SCI and compared its effects with those of methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS). Methods Rats were divided into five groups: normal saline (NS; n=24), methylprednisolone (MP; w=24), and muscone 1 (MO1), muscone 2 (MO2), and muscone 3 (MO3) (n=24 in each group, collectively called the MOx groups). The SCI rat model was established by the modified Allen's method. The rats were administered muscone (MO1: 2.5 mg/kg, MO2: 5 mg/kg, and MO3: 10 mg/kg) or MP (30 mg/kg), or an equivalent volume of saline. The rats were kept under observation for 4 weeks. Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2), and caspase3 was detected by western blot analysis. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE), Nissl, and immunocytochemistry (ICC) staining was performed for pathological observation. Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan motor function scores were evaluated for assessment of neural functions after acute SCI. Results Muscone inhibited immune-inflammatory reactions, neuronal necrosis, and apoptosis. The lower limb function recovery was better in the MOx groups compared with NS and MP groups according to Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan scores. The changes were remarkable in the MO2 group compared with the other groups. Conclusions Muscone alleviates secondary injury after SCI by reducing immune-inflammatory reactions, neuronal necrosis, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fei Gui
- Department of Orthopedics, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanmeng Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zili Zeng
- Department of Orthopedics, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ruifu Li
- Department of Orthopedics, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Pang QM, Qian NN, Zou WH, Yang YC, Chen H, Zhang M, Zhang Q, Ao J, Zhang T. PBMSCs transplantation facilitates functional recovery after spinal cord injury by regulating microglia/macrophages plasticity. Transpl Immunol 2022; 72:101592. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2022.101592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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434
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Wang X, Fu Y, Botchway BOA, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Jin T, Liu X. Quercetin Can Improve Spinal Cord Injury by Regulating the mTOR Signaling Pathway. Front Neurol 2022; 13:905640. [PMID: 35669881 PMCID: PMC9163835 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.905640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of spinal cord injury (SCI) is complex. At present, there is no effective treatment for SCI, with most current interventions focused on improving the symptoms. Inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy, and oxidative stress caused by secondary SCI may instigate serious consequences in the event of SCI. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), as a key signaling molecule, participates in the regulation of inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy in several processes associated with SCI. Quercetin can reduce the loss of myelin sheath, enhance the ability of antioxidant stress, and promote axonal regeneration. Moreover, quercetin is also a significant player in regulating the mTOR signaling pathway that improves pathological alterations following neuronal injury. Herein, we review the therapeutic effects of quercetin in SCI through its modulation of the mTOR signaling pathway and elaborate on how it can be a potential interventional agent for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xichen Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuke Fu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - Yufeng Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tian Jin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuehong Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Zhejiang, China
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Feng Y, Li Y, Shen PP, Wang B. Gene-Modified Stem Cells for Spinal Cord Injury: a Promising Better Alternative Therapy. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:2662-2682. [PMID: 35587330 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-022-10387-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell therapy holds great promise for the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI), which can reverse neurodegeneration and promote tissue regeneration via its pluripotency and ability to secrete neurotrophic factors. Although various stem cell-based approaches have shown certain therapeutic effects when applied to the treatment of SCI, their clinical efficacies have been disappointing. Thus, it is an urgent need to further enhance the neurological benefits of stem cells through bioengineering strategies including genetic engineering. In this review, we summarize the progress of stem cell therapy for SCI and the prospect of genetically modified stem cells, focusing on the genome editing tools and functional molecules involved in SCI repair, trying to provide a deeper understanding of genetically modified stem cell therapy and more applicable clinical strategies for SCI repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yirui Feng
- Clinical Stem Cell Center, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu Li
- Clinical Stem Cell Center, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ping-Ping Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Bin Wang
- Clinical Stem Cell Center, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Li Z, Bai H, Zhang R, Chen B, Wang J, Xue B, Ren X, Wang J, Jia Y, Zang W, Wang J, Chen X. Systematic analysis of critical genes and pathways identified a signature of neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:3991-4008. [PMID: 35560852 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) damages sensory systems, producing chronic neuropathic pain that is resistant to medical treatment. The specific mechanisms underlying SCI-induced neuropathic pain (SCI-NP) remain unclear, and protein biomarkers have not yet been integrated into diagnostic screening. To better understand the host molecular pathways involved in SCI-NP, we used the bioinformatics method, the PubMed database, and bioinformatics methods to identify target genes and their associated pathways. We reviewed 2504 articles on the regulation of SCI-NP and used the text mining of PubMed database abstracts to determine associations among 12 pathways and networks. Based on this method, we identified two central genes in SCI-NP: interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were used to build the SCI-NP models. The threshold for paw withdrawal was significantly reduced in the SCI group and TLR4 was activated in microglia after SCI. ELISA analysis of TNF-α and IL-6 levels was significantly higher in the SCI group than in the sham group. Western blot showed that expressions of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB inflammatory pathway protein increased dramatically in the SCI group. Using the TLR4 inhibitor TAK-242, the pain threshold and expressions of inflammatory factors and proteins of the proteins of the inflammatory signal pathway were reversed, TLR4 in microglia was suppressed, suggesting that SCI-NP was related to neuroinflammation mediated by the TLR4 signaling pathway. In conclusion, we found TNF-α and IL-6 were the neuroinflammation-related genes involved in SCI-NP that can be alleviated by inhibiting the inflammatory pathway upstream of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB inflammatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zefu Li
- Department of Basic Medical College of Human Anatomy of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Huiying Bai
- Outpatient Surgery, Zhengzhou University Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Ruoyu Zhang
- Department of Basic Medical College of Human Anatomy of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Bohan Chen
- Department of Basic Medical College of Human Anatomy of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Junmin Wang
- Department of Basic Medical College of Human Anatomy of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Bohan Xue
- Department of Basic Medical College of Human Anatomy of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Xiuhua Ren
- Department of Basic Medical College of Human Anatomy of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Jiarui Wang
- The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yanjie Jia
- Department of Neurology, the first affiliated Hospital Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Weidong Zang
- Department of Basic Medical College of Human Anatomy of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Basic Medical College of Human Anatomy of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Basic Medical College of Human Anatomy of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
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437
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Wang R, Zhou R, Chen Z, Gao S, Zhou F. The Glial Cells Respond to Spinal Cord Injury. Front Neurol 2022; 13:844497. [PMID: 35599739 PMCID: PMC9120539 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.844497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is been over 100 years since glial cells were discovered by Virchow. Since then, a great deal of research was carried out to specify these further roles and properties of glial cells in central nervous system (CNS). As it is well-known that glial cells, such as astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes (OLs), and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) play an important role in supporting and enabling the effective nervous system function in CNS. After spinal cord injury (SCI), these glial cells play different roles in SCI and repair. In this review, we will discuss in detail about the role of glial cells in the healthy CNS and how they respond to SCI.
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438
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Rong ZJ, Cai HH, Wang H, Liu GH, Zhang ZW, Chen M, Huang YL. Ursolic Acid Ameliorates Spinal Cord Injury in Mice by Regulating Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Changes. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:872935. [PMID: 35602557 PMCID: PMC9115468 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.872935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Spinal cord injury (SCI) damages the autonomic nervous system and affects the homeostasis of gut microbiota. Ursolic acid (UA) is a candidate drug for treating nervous system injury due to its neuroprotective and antioxidant functions. The purpose of our study was to investigate the role of UA on SCI and its mechanism. Methods: UA was administered to SCI mice and the solvent corn oil was used as control. The weight of the mice was recorded daily. Mice feces were collected 21 days after surgery for 16S rRNA-amplicon sequencing and untargeted metabolomics analysis. The expressions of NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α in the spinal cord and colon tissues of mice were detected by Western blot and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Immunohistochemistry was used to analyze the expression of NeuN, NF-200, and synapsin in the spinal cord tissues. Results: UA treatment increased body weight and soleus muscle weight of SCI mice. UA treatment inhibited inflammatory response and protected neuronal activity in SCI mice. UA improved the relative abundance of Muribaculaceae, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, and Alloprevotell genus in the gut tract of SCI mice. SCI destroyed the Glutamine_and_D-glutamate_metabolism, Nitrogen_metabolism, Aminoacyl-tRNA_biosynthesis, and Taurine_and_hypotaurine_metabolism in the gut of mice, which might be alleviated by UA. Conclusions: UA treatment could inhibit SCI progression by improving the gut environment and metabolic changes, promoting synaptic regeneration and anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Jie Rong
- Department of Spine Surgery, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, China
- Orthopaedic Institute, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, China
| | - Hong-Hua Cai
- Department of Spine Surgery, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, China
- Orthopaedic Institute, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, China
- Orthopaedic Institute, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, China
| | - Gui-Hua Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, China
- Orthopaedic Institute, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, China
| | - Zhi-Wen Zhang
- Orthopaedic Institute, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, China
- Orthopaedic Institute, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, China
- *Correspondence: Min Chen Yu-Liang Huang
| | - Yu-Liang Huang
- Orthopaedic Institute, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, China
- *Correspondence: Min Chen Yu-Liang Huang
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He X, Zhang J, Guo Y, Yang X, Huang Y, Hao D. Exosomal miR-9-5p derived from BMSCs alleviates apoptosis, inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress in spinal cord injury by regulating the HDAC5/FGF2 axis. Mol Immunol 2022; 145:97-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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440
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Mao C, Luan H, Gao S, Sheng W. Urolithin A as a Potential Drug for the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injuries: A Mechanistic Study Using Network Pharmacology Approaches. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2022; 2022:9090113. [PMID: 35497925 PMCID: PMC9054438 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9090113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective This research was focused to examine the potential targets, action network, and mechanism of urolithin A (UA) in spinal cord injury (SCI) management exploiting the network pharmacology (NP). Methods We used the SwissTargetPrediction, PharmMapper, and TargetNet databases to obtain UA action targets. We searched the OMIM, GeneCards, CTD, and DrugBank databases to screen selected target genes for SCI treatment. The intersection of target genes between the UA and SCI databases was obtained by constructing Venn diagrams, which led to the identification of common druggable targets for the disease. The relationship network of the targets was built with Cytoscape 3.7.2, and the protein interaction network was analyzed with the STRING platform. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network can be built on the STRING database. Gene Ontology (GO) function and KEGG pathway analyses of target intersections were completed with the DAVID 6.8 database. We constructed preliminary network targets for actions underlying UA-SCI interactions. Using the AutoDock software, we examined the molecular docking interactions between UA and its target proteins and further verified the mechanism of the action of UA. Results We obtained 318 UA drug targets and 1492 SCI disease targets. We identified a total of 118 common UA-SCI targets. Based on the PPI analysis, we identified MAPK1, SRC, AKT1, HRAS, MAPK8, HSP90AA1, MAPK14, JAK2, ESR1, and NF-κB1 as possible therapeutic targets. Enrichment analysis revealed that the PI3K-AKT, VEGF, and TNF signaling pathways could be critical for the NP analysis. Molecular docking indicated that UA had a strong affinity for docked proteins (binding energy range: -6.3 to -9.3 kcal mol-1). Conclusions We employed an NP approach to validate and predict the underlying mechanisms associated with UA therapy for SCI. An additional purpose of this study was to provide a theoretical basis for further experimental studies on UA's potential in SCI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Mao
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, China
| | - HaoPeng Luan
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, China
| | - ShuTao Gao
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, China
| | - WeiBin Sheng
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, China
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441
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Li S, Liao X, He Y, Chen R, Zheng WV, Tang M, Guo X, Chen J, Hu S, Sun J. Exosomes derived from NGF-overexpressing bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell sheet promote spinal cord injury repair in a mouse model. Neurochem Int 2022; 157:105339. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chen Y, Wu L, Shi M, Zeng D, Hu R, Wu X, Han S, He K, Xu H, Shao X, Ma R. Electroacupuncture Inhibits NLRP3 Activation by Regulating CMPK2 After Spinal Cord Injury. Front Immunol 2022; 13:788556. [PMID: 35401582 PMCID: PMC8987202 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.788556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the expression of cytosine monophosphate kinase 2 (CMPK2) and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in rats with spinal cord injury (SCI) and to characterize the effects of electroacupuncture on CMPK2-associated regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Methods An SCI model was established in Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats. The expression levels of NLRP3 and CMPK2 were measured at different time points following induction of SCI. The rats were randomly divided into a sham group (Sham), a model group (Model), an electroacupuncture group (EA), an adeno-associated virus (AAV) CMPK2 group, and an AAV NC group. Electroacupuncture was performed at jiaji points on both sides of T9 and T11 for 20 min each day for 3 consecutive days. In the AAV CMPK2 and AAV NC groups, the viruses were injected into the T9 spinal cord via a microneedle using a microscope and a stereotactic syringe. The Basso–Beattie–Bresnahan (BBB) score was used to evaluate the motor function of rats in each group. Histopathological changes in spinal cord tissue were detected using H&E staining, and the expression levels of NLRP3, CMPK2, ASC, caspase-1, IL-18, and IL-1β were quantified using Western blotting (WB), immunofluorescence (IF), and RT-PCR. Results The expression levels of NLRP3 and CMPK2 in the spinal cords of the model group were significantly increased at day 1 compared with those in the sham group (p < 0.05). The expression levels of NLRP3 and CMPK2 decreased gradually over time and remained low at 14 days post-SCI. We successfully constructed AAV CMPK2 and showed that CMPK2 was significantly knocked down following 2 dilutions. Finally, treatment with EA or AAV CMPK2 resulted in significantly increased BBB scores compared to those in the model group and the AAV NC group (p < 0.05). The histomorphology of the spinal cord in the EA and AAV CMPK2 groups was significantly different than that in the model and AAV NC groups. WB, IF, and PCR analyses showed that the expression levels of CMPK2, NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, IL-18, and IL-1β were significantly lower in the EA and AAV CMPK2 groups compared with those in the model and AAV NC groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion Our study showed that CMPK2 regulated NLRP3 expression in rats with SCI. Activation of NLRP3 is a critical mechanism of inflammasome activation and the inflammatory response following SCI. Electroacupuncture downregulated the expression of CMPK2 and inhibited activation of NLRP3, which could improve motor function in rats with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third School of Clinical Medicine (School of Rehabilitation Medicine), Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third School of Clinical Medicine (School of Rehabilitation Medicine), Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Acupuncture, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengting Shi
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third School of Clinical Medicine (School of Rehabilitation Medicine), Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Danyi Zeng
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third School of Clinical Medicine (School of Rehabilitation Medicine), Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third School of Clinical Medicine (School of Rehabilitation Medicine), Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingying Wu
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third School of Clinical Medicine (School of Rehabilitation Medicine), Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shijun Han
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third School of Clinical Medicine (School of Rehabilitation Medicine), Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kelin He
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third School of Clinical Medicine (School of Rehabilitation Medicine), Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Acupuncture, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haipeng Xu
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third School of Clinical Medicine (School of Rehabilitation Medicine), Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - XiaoMei Shao
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third School of Clinical Medicine (School of Rehabilitation Medicine), Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruijie Ma
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third School of Clinical Medicine (School of Rehabilitation Medicine), Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Acupuncture, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ruijie Ma,
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Role of NETosis in Central Nervous System Injury. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3235524. [PMID: 35028005 PMCID: PMC8752220 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3235524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) injury is divided into brain injury and spinal cord injury and remains the most common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Previous reviews have defined numerous inflammatory cells involved in this process. In the human body, neutrophils comprise the largest numbers of myeloid leukocytes. Activated neutrophils release extracellular web-like DNA amended with antimicrobial proteins called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). The formation of NETs was demonstrated as a new method of cell death called NETosis. As the first line of defence against injury, neutrophils mediate a variety of adverse reactions in the early stage, and we consider that NETs may be the prominent mediators of CNS injury. Therefore, exploring the specific role of NETs in CNS injury may help us shed some light on early changes in the disease. Simultaneously, we discovered that there is a link between NETosis and other cell death pathways by browsing other research, which is helpful for us to establish crossroads between known cell death pathways. Currently, there is a large amount of research concerning NETosis in various diseases, but the role of NETosis in CNS injury remains unknown. Therefore, this review will introduce the role of NETosis in CNS injury, including traumatic brain injury, cerebral ischaemia, CNS infection, Alzheimer's disease, and spinal cord injury, by describing the mechanism of NETosis, the evidence of NETosis in CNS injury, and the link between NETosis and other cell death pathways. Furthermore, we also discuss some agents that inhibit NETosis as therapies to alleviate the severity of CNS injury. NETosis may be a potential target for the treatment of CNS injury, so exploring NETosis provides a feasible therapeutic option for CNS injury in the future.
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The role of MLC901 in reducing VEGF as a vascular permeability marker in rats with spinal cord injury. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 75:103344. [PMID: 35386787 PMCID: PMC8977894 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.103344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Ji L, Wang SB, Lan BS, Lv M, Li JY, Huang YJ, Huang SL, Liu SZ. Protective effect of extended laminectomy on spinal cord injury induced by spinal shortening. J Neurotrauma 2022; 39:1039-1049. [PMID: 35229653 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the effect of extended laminectomy (EL) on spinal cord injury (SCI) caused by spinal shortening and further the best time for performing this operation and the optimal length of the additional lamina to remove. Dogs were allocated to 6 groups and all received spinal column shortening at T13 segment. Animals in the control group received non-extended laminectomy following shortening. Those in the "1-lamina EL 6h" group underwent laminectomy with an additional 1-lamina length removed 6h post shortening. For the "1.5-lamina EL 6h" and "1.5-lamina EL 12h" groups, the animals had an extra 1.5-lamina length of lamina resected at 6h and 12h, respectively, post shortening. In the "2-lamina EL 6h" and "2-lamina EL 12h" groups, an extra 2-lamina length was removed at 6h and 12h post shortening, respectively. Somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) and neurological function were recorded periodically; spinal cord blood flow (SCBF) and nerve cell apoptosis were detected. We have discovered that resection of an additional 1-lamina length appeared not adequate to relieve the sharp kinking of the spinal cord, whereas the kinking disappeared when the laminectomy extended to an additional 2-lamina length. The "1-lamina EL 6h" and "1.5-lamina EL 12h" groups showed no significant difference, as compared with the control, in latency of SSEP, SCBF, hind-limb function and apoptosis. By contrast, significant recovery of SSEP, SCBF and hind-limb function as well as reduction of apoptosis presented in other three experimental groups. The "2-lamina EL 6h" group, in particular, showed the most prominent recovery. In conclusion, in the case of shortening of 2/3 vertebral body length with 2 laminae resected, an additional resection of two laminae at 6 h post shortening showed the best performance in alleviating SCI. Timely and adequately extended laminectomy could be a potential therapeutic strategy for SCI due to spinal shortening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Ji
- Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, 159431, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Northwestern Polytechnical University, 26487, Xi'an, China;
| | - Song Bo Wang
- Xi'an People's Hospital, 596819, Department of Emergency Surgery, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China;
| | - Bin Shang Lan
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, 117799, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China;
| | - Meng Lv
- Xi'an Medical University, 105871, School of Clinical Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China;
| | - Jing Yuan Li
- Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, 159431, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China;
| | - Ya Juan Huang
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, 117799, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China;
| | - Sheng Li Huang
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, 117799, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China;
| | - Shi Zhang Liu
- Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, 159431, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China;
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446
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Lu Q, Botchway BOA, Zhang Y, Jin T, Liu X. SARM1 can be a potential therapeutic target for spinal cord injury. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:161. [PMID: 35224705 PMCID: PMC11072485 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04195-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Injury to the spinal cord is devastating. Studies have implicated Wallerian degeneration as the main cause of axonal destruction in the wake of spinal cord injury. Therefore, the suppression of Wallerian degeneration could be beneficial for spinal cord injury treatment. Sterile alpha and armadillo motif-containing protein 1 (SARM1) is a key modulator of Wallerian degeneration, and its impediment can improve spinal cord injury to a significant degree. In this report, we analyze the various signaling domains of SARM1, the recent findings on Wallerian degeneration and its relation to axonal insults, as well as its connection to SARM1, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, and the survival factor, nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 2 (NMNAT2). We then elaborate on the possible role of SARM1 in spinal cord injury and explicate how its obstruction could potentially alleviate the injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qicheng Lu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Benson O A Botchway
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Tian Jin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Xuehong Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China.
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447
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Wogonin inhibits inflammation and apoptosis through STAT3 signal pathway to promote the recovery of spinal cord injury. Brain Res 2022; 1782:147843. [PMID: 35202619 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a complex central traumatic disease. STAT3 signal transduction pathway plays an important role in SCI. Wogonin has been reported to exhibit neuroprotection. However, the molecular mechanism of its potential therapeutic effect after SCI remains unclear. In this study, rats were divided into the following groups: Sham; SCI; SCI + wogonin; and SCI + wogonin + colivelin (Colivelin is an effective activator of the STAT3 pathway). Motor function was evaluated by Basso Beattie Bresnahan (BBB) score. Histomorphological changes in the spinal cords were observed by Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and Nissl staining. Western blot, Transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining, and immunofluorescence were used to detect changes in the neuronal inflammation, apoptosis, and STAT3 signal pathway. Western blot and immunofluorescence techniques were also performed to detect the regulatory effect and the underlying mechanism of wogonin on the inflammation and apoptosis of PC12 cells. Experimental results in vivo and in vitro showed that wogonin could promote the recovery of motor function, improve the histopathological morphology, inhibit the activation of the STAT3 signal pathway, and reduce the neuronal inflammation and apoptosis in the rats with SCI. Activation of the STAT3 signal pathway by colivelin reversed the therapeutic effect of wogonin. Therefore, wogonin could inhibit inflammation and apoptosis by inhibiting the STAT3 signal pathway and promote the functional recovery of rats with SCI.
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448
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Ashok A, Andrabi SS, Mansoor S, Kuang Y, Kwon BK, Labhasetwar V. Antioxidant Therapy in Oxidative Stress-Induced Neurodegenerative Diseases: Role of Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Systems in Clinical Translation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020408. [PMID: 35204290 PMCID: PMC8869281 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Free radicals are formed as a part of normal metabolic activities but are neutralized by the endogenous antioxidants present in cells/tissue, thus maintaining the redox balance. This redox balance is disrupted in certain neuropathophysiological conditions, causing oxidative stress, which is implicated in several progressive neurodegenerative diseases. Following neuronal injury, secondary injury progression is also caused by excessive production of free radicals. Highly reactive free radicals, mainly the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), damage the cell membrane, proteins, and DNA, which triggers a self-propagating inflammatory cascade of degenerative events. Dysfunctional mitochondria under oxidative stress conditions are considered a key mediator in progressive neurodegeneration. Exogenous delivery of antioxidants holds promise to alleviate oxidative stress to regain the redox balance. In this regard, natural and synthetic antioxidants have been evaluated. Despite promising results in preclinical studies, clinical translation of antioxidants as a therapy to treat neurodegenerative diseases remains elusive. The issues could be their low bioavailability, instability, limited transport to the target tissue, and/or poor antioxidant capacity, requiring repeated and high dosing, which cannot be administered to humans because of dose-limiting toxicity. Our laboratory is investigating nanoparticle-mediated delivery of antioxidant enzymes to address some of the above issues. Apart from being endogenous, the main advantage of antioxidant enzymes is their catalytic mechanism of action; hence, they are significantly more effective at lower doses in detoxifying the deleterious effects of free radicals than nonenzymatic antioxidants. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the potential of antioxidant therapy, challenges in their clinical translation, and the role nanoparticles/drug delivery systems could play in addressing these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushruti Ashok
- Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (A.A.); (S.S.A.); (S.M.); (Y.K.)
| | - Syed Suhail Andrabi
- Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (A.A.); (S.S.A.); (S.M.); (Y.K.)
| | - Saffar Mansoor
- Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (A.A.); (S.S.A.); (S.M.); (Y.K.)
| | - Youzhi Kuang
- Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (A.A.); (S.S.A.); (S.M.); (Y.K.)
| | - Brian K. Kwon
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada;
| | - Vinod Labhasetwar
- Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (A.A.); (S.S.A.); (S.M.); (Y.K.)
- Correspondence:
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449
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Visintin R, Ray SK. Specific microRNAs for Modulation of Autophagy in Spinal Cord Injury. Brain Sci 2022; 12:247. [PMID: 35204010 PMCID: PMC8870708 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12020247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI) is currently a major challenge, with a severe lack of effective therapies for yielding meaningful improvements in function. Therefore, there is a great opportunity for the development of novel treatment strategies for SCI. The modulation of autophagy, a process by which a cell degrades and recycles unnecessary or harmful components (protein aggregates, organelles, etc.) to maintain cellular homeostasis and respond to a changing microenvironment, is thought to have potential for treating many neurodegenerative conditions, including SCI. The discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs), which are short ribonucleotide transcripts for targeting of specific messenger RNAs (mRNAs) for silencing, shows prevention of the translation of mRNAs to the corresponding proteins affecting various cellular processes, including autophagy. The number of known miRNAs and their targets continues to grow rapidly. This review article aims to explore the relationship between autophagy and SCI, specifically with the intent of identifying specific miRNAs that can be useful to modulate autophagy for neuroprotection and the improvement of functional recovery in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhett Visintin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;
| | - Swapan K. Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
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450
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P2Y2 Receptor Mediated Neuronal Regeneration and Angiogenesis to Affect Functional Recovery in Rats with Spinal Cord Injury. Neural Plast 2022; 2022:2191011. [PMID: 35154311 PMCID: PMC8828345 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2191011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the P2Y2 receptor (P2Y2R) signaling pathway on neuronal regeneration and angiogenesis during spinal cord injury (SCI). The rats were randomly divided into 3 groups, including the sham+dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), SCI+DMSO, and SCI+P2Y2R groups. The SCI animal models were constructed. A locomotor rating scale was used for behavioral assessments. The apoptosis of spinal cord tissues was detected by TUNEL staining. The expression levels of P2Y2R, GFAP, nestin, Tuj1, and CD34 were detected by immunofluorescence staining, and the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The locomotor score in the model group was significantly lower than the sham group. The expression of P2Y2R was increased after SCI. The expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were increased remarkably in the SCI model group compared with the sham group. The P2Y2R inhibitor relieved neuronal inflammation after SCI. Compared with the sham group, the apoptotic rate of spinal cord tissue cells in the model group was significantly increased. The P2Y2R inhibitor reduced the apoptosis of the spinal cord tissue. The expressions of CD34, Tuj1, and nestin in the model group were decreased, while the expressions of GFAP and P2Y2R were increased. The P2Y2R inhibitor reversed their expression levels. The P2Y2R inhibitor could alleviate SCI by relieving the neuronal inflammation, inhibiting the spinal cord tissue apoptosis, and promoting neuronal differentiation and vascular proliferation after SCI. P2Y2R may serve as a target for the treatment of SCI.
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