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Gnat S, Łagowski D, Dyląg M, Nowakiewicz A. European Hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus L.) as a Reservoir of Dermatophytes in Poland. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022; 84:363-375. [PMID: 34536095 PMCID: PMC9436838 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01866-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus Linnaeus) frequently colonises areas located close to human life in cities, as these are more suitable nest sites offering an abundance of food and allowing avoidance of predators. However, urbanisation has a significant impact on the epidemiology of infectious diseases, including dermatophytoses, the primary source of which are wild animals. In this study, we determined the spectrum of dermatophytes isolated from the European hedgehog and assessed their susceptibility profile to antifungal drugs. Symptomatic and asymptomatic dermatophyte infections were observed in 7.7% and 8% of the 182 examined free-living hedgehogs, respectively. In the pool of the isolated dermatophyte strains, Trichophyton erinacei was dominant (29.9%), followed by Trichophyton mentagrophytes (17.9%), Trichophyton benhamiae (13.4%), Nannizzia gypsea (11.9%), Microsporum canis (10.4%), Nannizzia nana (7.5%), Paraphyton cookei (6.0%), and Nannizzia fulva (3.0%). Susceptibility tests revealed the highest activity of luliconazole and the lowest of activity fluconazole among the azole drugs applied. Although terbinafine generally exhibited high efficacy, two Trichophyton mentagrophytes isolates showed resistance to this drug (MIC = 2 µg/ml) resulting from missense mutations in the SQLE gene corresponding to the amino acid substitution Leu393Phe. Summarising, our study has also revealed that such wildlife animals as hedgehogs can be a reservoir of pathogenic human dermatophytes, including harmful strains resistant to commonly used antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Gnat
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Dominik Łagowski
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Mariusz Dyląg
- Department of Mycology and Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aneta Nowakiewicz
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
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Izquierdo-Rodriguez E, Martin-Carrillo N, Valladares B, Foronda P. Study of Zoonotic Enteric Pathogens of Atelerix algirus in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:579602. [PMID: 33134361 PMCID: PMC7578256 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.579602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Atelerix algirus is an invasive species in the Canary Islands (Spain). There are few studies about the zoonotic pathogens this species could be hosting; therefore, this study was focused on analyzing causative agents of diarrhea in humans in feces from hedgehogs. A total of 45 fecal samples obtained in Tenerife (Canary Islands) were analyzed in this study using Biofire FilmArray gastrointestinal panel with an integrated Biofire FilmArray system. Forty-two (93.33%) of the samples presented at least one of the pathogens detected by the panel. The prevalence of four bacteria stands out as for enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (71.11%), Salmonella (66.67%), Clostridioides difficile (33.33%), and Campylobacter sp. (22.22%), all of which were widely distributed along Tenerife. Besides, other pathogens were found, Cryptosporidium sp. and enterotoxigenic E. coli lt/st in 6.66% of the animals, Shigella/enteroinvasive E. coli in 4.44%, and Norovirus GI/GII, Plesiomonas shigelloides, and Vibrio sp. in 2.22%. Of the hedgehogs, 26.66% were hosting just one pathogen, and the others showed coinfection: 24.44% hosted two, 31.11% hosted three, and 11.11% hosted four or more. The close contact with hedgehogs may imply the transmission of not only one causative agent of diarrhea but also multiple agents, since coinfection is highly prevalent. The lack of management measurements for this animal in the Canary Islands, the common habit of adopting hedgehogs from wildlife without veterinary control, and the fact that most of the hedgehogs studied belonged to highly populated areas imply a high risk of transmission of pathogens to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Izquierdo-Rodriguez
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Natalia Martin-Carrillo
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Basilio Valladares
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain.,Departament Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Pilar Foronda
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain.,Departament Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
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Said JT, Stavert R. A suspected hedgehog dermatosis diagnosed via store and forward teledermatology. JAAD Case Rep 2020; 6:141-143. [PMID: 32042872 PMCID: PMC7000437 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Taylor Said
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,Correspondence to: Jordan Taylor Said, BA, 20 Queensberry Street, Apartment 4, Boston, MA 02215.
| | - Robert Stavert
- Department of Dermatology, Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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González-de-Olano D, Muñoz-García E, Haroun-Díaz E, Bartolomé B, Pastor-Vargas C. Allergy to hedgehog with carboxypeptidase and chitinase-like and chymotrypsin-like elastase family members as the relevant allergens. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2016; 116:256-7. [PMID: 26774975 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elisa Haroun-Díaz
- Servicio de Alergia, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Madrid, Spain
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Bernardes Filho F, Andrade JC, Queiroz DLG, Lupi O. Brazilian porcupine quill injuries. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2014; 30:530-2. [PMID: 25530112 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Bernardes Filho
- Instituto de Dermatologia Professor Rubem David Azulay, Santa Casa da Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro (IDPRDA/SCMRJ), Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil.,Emergency Room, Unidade Municipal de Urgência Mário Monteiro, Niterói (RJ), Brazil
| | - J C Andrade
- Emergency Room, Unidade Municipal de Urgência Mário Monteiro, Niterói (RJ), Brazil
| | - D L G Queiroz
- Emergency Room, Unidade Municipal de Urgência Mário Monteiro, Niterói (RJ), Brazil.,Department of Plastic Surgery, Santa Casa da Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil
| | - O Lupi
- Department of Dermatology, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil.,Department of Dermatology, Policlínica Geral do Rio de Janeiro (PGRJ), Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil
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[New pets, allergens and allergic dermatitis]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2014; 141:581-7. [PMID: 25288060 DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2014.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The number of household pets increased greatly during the twentieth century, with the numbers of new pets (NP, i.e. any pet other than cats and dogs) rising especially sharply over the last decade. Contact with such animals, whose owners do not always know how to look after them properly, expose the population to new risks such as trauma, infection and allergy. While the most common allergies are respiratory, allergic skin reactions, both immediate and delayed, may also result from contact with these new allergens. The animal itself or its environment may be the cause. Herein, we review NPs and reports of allergic dermatitis associated with them.
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Compendium of measures to prevent disease associated with animals in public settings, 2013. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 243:1270-88. [PMID: 24134577 DOI: 10.2460/javma.243.9.1270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Díaz-Perales A, González-de-Olano D, Pérez-Gordo M, Pastor-Vargas C. Allergy to uncommon pets: new allergies but the same allergens. Front Immunol 2013; 4:492. [PMID: 24416032 PMCID: PMC3874550 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of exotic pet allergies has been increasing over the last decade. Years ago, the main allergy-causing domestic animals were dogs and cats, although nowadays there is an increasing number of allergic diseases related to insects, rodents, amphibians, fish, and birds, among others. The current socio-economic situation, in which more and more people have to live in small apartments, might be related to this tendency. The main allergic symptoms related to exotic pets are the same as those described for dog and cat allergy: respiratory symptoms. Animal allergens are therefore, important sensitizing agents and an important risk factor for asthma. There are three main protein families implicated in these allergies, which are the lipocalin superfamily, serum albumin family, and secretoglobin superfamily. Detailed knowledge of the characteristics of allergens is crucial to improvement treatment of uncommon-pet allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Díaz-Perales
- Center for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics (UPM-INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón , Madrid , Spain
| | | | - Marina Pérez-Gordo
- Institute of Molecular Applied Medicine (IMMA), CEU San Pablo School of Medicine , Madrid , Spain
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Concha M, Nicklas C, Balcells E, Guzmán AM, Poggi H, León E, Fich F. The first case of tinea faciei caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. erinacei isolated in Chile. Int J Dermatol 2012; 51:283-5. [PMID: 22348562 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2011.04995.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. erinacei is a zoophilic dermatophyte transmitted by hedgehogs which human infections manifest as highly inflammatory and pruritic eruptions. METHODS We report a 21-year-old woman who presented with a two-week history of a pruritic scaly erythematous plaque on the nose. The patient had kept hedgehogs as pets, and one had bitten her on the tip of the nose two months prior to the appearance of the nasal lesion. RESULTS Fungal culture from the scales on the tip of the patient's nose was compatible with T. mentagrophytes var. erinacei. The strains isolated from cultures made from samples taken from the noses and ears of the pet hedgehogs were morphologically similar to the strain isolated from the patient. Morphological identification was confirmed by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer. The lesion was diagnosed as tinea faciei, and therapy was initiated with topical and systemic terbinafine 250mg/day for eight weeks, which resulted in complete improvement. CONCLUSIONS Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. erinacei is the most common dermatophyte isolated in hedgehogs. Usually T. mentagrophytes var. erinacei infection manifests as an extremely inflammatory and pruritic eruption that is confined to the site of contact with the hedgehog. Although the identification of T. mentagrophytes by traditional methods is possible, identification by ITS region analysis is a fast, simple, and increasingly available method. The increasing frequency of the practice of keeping exotic animals as pets has resulted in the emergence of several zoonotic diseases that can potentially be transmitted to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Concha
- Departments of Dermatology Infectology Clinical Laboratory, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Santana EM, Jantz HE, Best TL. Atelerix albiventris (Erinaceomorpha: Erinaceidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1644/857.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Radiological Investigations of the Hedgehog (Erinaceus concolor) Appendicular Skeleton. J Zoo Wildl Med 2009; 40:1-7. [DOI: 10.1638/2006-0035.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Pickering LK, Marano N, Bocchini JA, Angulo FJ. Exposure to nontraditional pets at home and to animals in public settings: risks to children. Pediatrics 2008; 122:876-86. [PMID: 18829816 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2008-1942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to animals can provide many benefits during the growth and development of children. However, there are potential risks associated with animal exposures, including exposure to nontraditional pets in the home and animals in public settings. Educational materials, regulations, and guidelines have been developed to minimize these risks. Pediatricians, veterinarians, and other health care professionals can provide advice on selection of appropriate pets as well as prevention of disease transmission from nontraditional pets and when children contact animals in public settings.
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Abstract
Pet hedgehogs pose a zoonotic risk to owners. Exotic pets, including hedgehogs, have become popular in recent years among pet owners, especially in North America. Such animals can carry and introduce zoonotic agents, a fact well illustrated by the recent outbreak of monkeypox in pet prairie dogs. We reviewed known and potential zoonotic diseases that could be carried and transmitted by pet hedgehogs or when rescuing and caring for wild-caught hedgehogs.
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Abstract
Zoonoses are diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans. More than 250 distinct zoonoses have been described in the literature. It is estimated that 56% of United States households contain at least one pet, and although considerable research has been performed regarding the more common household animals including dogs, cats, small birds, and rodents, surprisingly little is known about the zoonotic hazards of owning the more exotic pets. According to the 1997 USPHS/IDSA Report on the Prevention of Opportunistic Infections in Persons Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus, the immunocompromised patient should avoid contact with feces-laden soil, litter boxes, reptiles, most pet birds, and any animal less than 6 months old . It has also been documented that because of their inquisitive nature, children are at even higher risk for infection from animals than adolescents or immunocompetent adults. In this article the authors have reviewed the available data regarding hazards associated with the hedgehog, flying squirrel, iguana, chinchilla, and cockatoo. With the growing popularity of such exotic pets, further observation and research is warranted. Physicians need to be aware of the possibility of zoonotic disease related to exotic pet ownership, and they should address this issue when obtaining a history and formulating a differential diagnosis of cutaneous lesions suggestive of such illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted Rosen
- Department of Dermatology, Baylor College of Medicine, 2815 Plumb, Houston, 7X 77005, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vigan
- Service de dermatologie 2, hôpital Saint-Jacques, Besançon, France
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