HLA in autonomic failure

Association between parkinsonism and participation in agriculture in Korea

Background and purpose

Environmental factors might influence the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) or multiple-system atrophy (MSA), and previous examinations of pesticide exposure, well-water drinking, and farming have produced inconclusive results. Because agriculture has been of considerable importance to Korean society, and hence the risk of exposure to pesticides was high in Korea, this study investigated whether such exposure is associated with elevated risks of developing PD and MSA.

Methods

Two hundred and thirty-five PD patients, 133 MSA patients, and 77 normal control subjects were examined. Data concerning environmental factors were collected by face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated by binary logistic regression.

Results

ORs for environmental risk factors for developing PD were 1.06 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.02-1.10] for age and 2.37 (95% CI = 1.32-4.27) for rural well-water drinking for >10 years. Smoking >10 pack-years (OR = 0.31; 95% CI = 0.11-0.64) was a preventable factor for developing PD in this study. However, no significant risk factors were identified for MSA.

Conclusions

These results suggest that exposure to certain environmental risk factors plays a role in the development of PD. However, the development of MSA appears to be independent of environmental risk factors in Korean patients.

Environmental-occupational risk factors and familial associations in multiple system atrophy: a preliminary investigation

We studied 60 patients with multiple system atrophy and autonomic failure and 60 control subjects matched for age, sex and race. Their psychosocial history, pedigree and occupation were obtained by personal interview. An inventory of autonomic and neurologic symptoms was obtained from 148 first-degree relatives of the patients and 80 controls by a self-administered questionnaire. Patients with multiple system atrophy had significantly more potential exposures to metal dusts and fumes, plastic monomers and additives, organic solvents, and pesticides than the control population. The potential exposures were determined in most subjects by their reported usual occupation. Clinical symptoms of multiple system atrophy were reported by a significantly larger group of patients' relatives than controls. These findings are possibly consistent with the hypothesis that multiple system atrophy develops as a result of a genetically determined selective vulnerability in the nervous system. Specific neuronal systems may become targets for environmental insults or toxins, and the disease state may occur when ageing neuronal systems can no longer sustain functional capacity. This preliminary study supports the need to further explore possible environmental, occupational, and familial contributions to the aetiology of multiple system atrophy.