1
|
The bright side of fibroblasts: molecular signature and regenerative cues in major organs. NPJ Regen Med 2021; 6:43. [PMID: 34376677 PMCID: PMC8355260 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-021-00153-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a pathologic process characterized by the replacement of parenchymal tissue by large amounts of extracellular matrix, which may lead to organ dysfunction and even death. Fibroblasts are classically associated to fibrosis and tissue repair, and seldom to regeneration. However, accumulating evidence supports a pro-regenerative role of fibroblasts in different organs. While some organs rely on fibroblasts for maintaining stem cell niches, others depend on fibroblast activity, particularly on secreted molecules that promote cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation, to guide the regenerative process. Herein we provide an up-to-date overview of fibroblast-derived regenerative signaling across different organs and discuss how this capacity may become compromised with aging. We further introduce a new paradigm for regenerative therapies based on reverting adult fibroblasts to a fetal/neonatal-like phenotype.
Collapse
|
2
|
Fibronectin in development and wound healing. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 170:353-368. [PMID: 32961203 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Fibronectin structure and composition regulate contextual cell signaling. Recent advances have been made in understanding fibronectin and its role in tissue organization and repair. This review outlines fibronectin splice variants and their functions, evaluates potential therapeutic strategies targeting or utilizing fibronectin, and concludes by discussing potential future directions to modulate fibronectin function in development and wound healing.
Collapse
|
3
|
Embryonic Environmental Niche Reprograms Somatic Cells to Express Pluripotency Markers and Participate in Adult Chimaeras. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030490. [PMID: 33668852 PMCID: PMC7996319 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of the reprogramming of terminally differentiated cells can be achieved by various means, like somatic cell nuclear transfer, cell fusion with a pluripotent cell, or the introduction of pluripotency genes. Here, we present the evidence that somatic cells can attain the expression of pluripotency markers after their introduction into early embryos. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts introduced between blastomeres of cleaving embryos, within two days of in vitro culture, express transcription factors specific to blastocyst lineages, including pluripotency factors. Analysis of donor tissue marker DNA has revealed that the progeny of introduced cells are found in somatic tissues of foetuses and adult chimaeras, providing evidence for cell reprogramming. Analysis of ploidy has shown that in the chimaeras, the progeny of introduced cells are either diploid or tetraploid, the latter indicating cell fusion. The presence of donor DNA in diploid cells from chimaeric embryos proved that the non-fused progeny of introduced fibroblasts persisted in chimaeras, which is evidence of reprogramming by embryonic niche. When adult somatic (cumulus) cells were introduced into early cleavage embryos, the extent of integration was limited and only cell fusion-mediated reprogramming was observed. These results show that both cell fusion and cell interactions with the embryonic niche reprogrammed somatic cells towards pluripotency.
Collapse
|
4
|
Pratsinis H, Mavrogonatou E, Kletsas D. Scarless wound healing: From development to senescence. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 146:325-343. [PMID: 29654790 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
An essential element of tissue homeostasis is the response to injuries, cutaneous wound healing being the most studied example. In the adults, wound healing aims at quickly restoring the barrier function of the skin, leading however to scar, a dysfunctional fibrotic tissue. On the other hand, in fetuses a scarless tissue regeneration takes place. During ageing, the wound healing capacity declines; however, in the absence of comorbidities a higher quality in tissue repair is observed. Senescent cells have been found to accumulate in chronic unhealed wounds, but more recent reports indicate that their transient presence may be beneficial for tissue repair. In this review data on skin wound healing and scarring are presented, covering the whole spectrum from early embryonic development to adulthood, and furthermore until ageing of the organism.
Collapse
|
5
|
Montoya A, Yepes L, Bedoya A, Henao R, Delgado G, Vélez ID, Robledo SM. Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGFβ1) and Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) as Biomarkers of Leishmania (V) braziliensis Infection and Early Therapeutic Response in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: Studies in Hamsters. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:350. [PMID: 30333964 PMCID: PMC6176012 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: In cutaneous leishmaniasis, the host immune response is responsible for the development of skin injuries but also for resolution of the disease especially after antileishmanial therapy. The immune factors that participate in the regulation of inflammation, remodeling of the extracellular matrix, cell proliferation and differentiation may constitute biomarkers of diseases or response to treatment. In this work, we analyzed the production of the growth factors EGF, TGFβ1, PDGF, and FGF during the infection by Leishmania parasites, the development of the injuries and the early response to treatment. Methodology: Golden hamsters were infected with L. (V) braziliensis. The growth factors were detected in skin scrapings and biopsies every 2 weeks after infected and then at day 7 of treatment with different drug candidates by RT-qPCR. The parasitic load was also quantified by RT-qPCR in skin biopsies sampled at the end of the study. Results: The infection by L. (V) braziliensis induced the expression of all the growth factors at day 15 of infection. One month after infection, EGF and TGFβ1 were expressed in all hamsters with inverse ratio. While the EGF and FGF levels decreased between day 15 and 30 of infection, the TGFβ1 increased and the PGDF levels did not change. The relative expression of EGF and TGFβ1 increased notably after treatment. However, the increase of EGF was associated with clinical cure while the increase of TGFβ1 was associated with failure to treatment. The amount of parasites in the cutaneous lesion at the end of the study decreased according to the clinical outcome, being lower in the group of cured hamsters and higher in the group of hamsters that had a failure to the treatment. Conclusions: A differential profile of growth factor expression occurred during the infection and response to treatment. Higher induction of TGFβ1 was associated with active disease while the higher levels of EGF are associated with adequate response to treatment. The inversely EGF/TGFβ1 ratio may be an effective biomarker to identify establishment of Leishmania infection and early therapeutic response, respectively. However, further studies are needed to validate the utility of the proposed biomarkers in field conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Montoya
- Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales (PECET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Lina Yepes
- Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales (PECET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Alexander Bedoya
- Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales (PECET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Raúl Henao
- Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales (PECET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Gabriela Delgado
- Grupo de Investigación en Inmunotoxicología, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Iván D Vélez
- Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales (PECET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Sara M Robledo
- Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales (PECET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Parekh A, Hebda PA. The Contractile Phenotype of Dermal Fetal Fibroblasts in Scarless Wound Healing. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017; 5:271-277. [PMID: 29038745 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-017-0149-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Injured skin in the mammalian fetus can heal regeneratively due to the ability of fetal fibroblasts to effectively reorganize the extracellular matrix (ECM). This process occurs without fetal fibroblasts differentiating into highly contractile myofibroblasts which cause scarring and fibrosis in adult wounds. Here, we provide a brief review of fetal wound healing and the evidence supporting a unique contractile phenotype in fetal fibroblasts. Furthermore, we discuss the biomechanical role of the ECM in driving myofibroblast differentiation in wound healing and the implications for new clinical modalities based on the biophysical properties of fetal fibroblasts. RECENT FINDINGS We and others have found that fetal fibroblasts are refractory to the environmental stimuli necessary for myofibroblast differentiation in adult wound healing including mechanical stress. SUMMARY Understanding the biomechanical mechanisms that regulate the contractile phenotype of fetal fibroblasts may unlock new avenues for anti-scarring therapies that target myofibroblast differentiation of adult fibroblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aron Parekh
- Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Patricia A Hebda
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang X, Gao Z, Wu X, Zhang W, Zhou G, Liu W. Inhibitory effect of TGF-β peptide antagonist on the fibrotic phenotype of human hypertrophic scar fibroblasts. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:1189-1197. [PMID: 26135051 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1059862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT TGF-β plays a central role in hypertrophic scar (HS) formation and development. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the role of a TGF-β antagonist peptide in inhibiting fibrotic behavior of human HS-derived fibroblasts (HSFs). MATERIALS AND METHODS HSFs were seeded at a density of 3.1 × 10(4)/cm(2) and were subjected to treatment of peptide antagonist (30 μM) or TGF-β receptor inhibitor LY2109761 (10 μM) or without treatment followed by the analyses of quantitative PCR, Elisa, in vitro wounding and fibroblast-populated collagen lattice (FPCL) assays. RESULTS qPCR and Elisa analyses showed that the peptide could, respectively, reduce the gene (at 48 h) and protein (at 72 h) expression levels of collagen I (86 ± 4.8%; 56.6 ± 7.3%), collagen III (73 ± 10.7%; 43.7 ± 7.2%), fibronectin (90 ± 8.9%; 21.1 ± 2.8%), and TGF-β1 (85 ± 9.3%; 25.0 ± 9.4%) as opposed to the non-treated group (p < 0.05), as the LY2109761 group similarly did. Cell proliferation was also significantly inhibited at day 5 (CCK-8 assay) by both peptide and LY2109761 treatments compared with the non-treated group (p < 0.05). The peptide also significantly inhibited cell migration as opposed to blank control at 24 h (43 ± 6.7% versus 60 ± 2.1%, p < 0.05) and at 48 h (63.9 ± 3.1% versus 95 ± 4.1%, p < 0.05). Similar to LY2109761, the peptide antagonist significantly reduced HS FPCL contraction compared with the non-treated group with significant differences in surface area at 48 h (0.71 ± 0.06 cm(2) versus 0.51 ± 0.06 cm(2), p < 0.05) and at 72 h (0.65 ± 0.02 cm(2) versus 0.42 ± 0.01 cm(2), p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The TGF-β antagonist peptide may serve as an important drug for HS prevention and reduction given the obvious benefits of good biosafety, low cost, and easy manufacture and delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxia Wang
- a Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery , Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , PR China and
| | - Zhen Gao
- a Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery , Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , PR China and
| | - Xiaoli Wu
- a Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery , Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , PR China and
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- a Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery , Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , PR China and
- b National Tissue Engineering Center of China , Shanghai , PR China
| | - Guangdong Zhou
- a Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery , Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , PR China and
- b National Tissue Engineering Center of China , Shanghai , PR China
| | - Wei Liu
- a Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery , Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , PR China and
- b National Tissue Engineering Center of China , Shanghai , PR China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fetal Skin Possesses the Ability to Regenerate Completely: Complete Regeneration of Skin. Keio J Med 2012; 61:101-8. [DOI: 10.2302/kjm.2011-0002-ir] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
9
|
Cha C, Jeong JH, Shim J, Kong H. Tuning the dependency between stiffness and permeability of a cell encapsulating hydrogel with hydrophilic pendant chains. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:3719-28. [PMID: 21704737 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical stiffness of a hydrogel plays a significant role in regulating the phenotype of cells that adhere to its surface. However, the effect of hydrogel stiffness on cells cultured within its matrix is not well understood, because of the intrinsic inverse dependency between the permeability and stiffness of hydrogels. This study therefore presents an advanced biomaterial design strategy to decrease the inverse dependency between permeability and stiffness of a cell encapsulating hydrogel. Hydrogels were made by cross-linking poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) and poly(ethylene glycol) monoacrylate (PEGMA), with PEGMA acting as a pendant polymer chain. Increasing the mass fraction of PEGMA while keeping the total polymer concentration constant led to a decrease in the elastic modulus (E) of the hydrogel, but caused a minimal increase in the swelling ratio (Q). The size and hydrophobicity of the end groups of pendant PEG chains further fine tuned the dependency between Q and E of the hydrogel. Pure PEGDA hydrogels with varying molecular weights, which show the same range of E but a much greater range of Q, were used as a control. Fibroblasts encapsulated in PEGDA-PEGMA hydrogels displayed more significant biphasic dependencies of cell viability and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression on E than those encapsulated in pure PEGDA hydrogels, which were greatly influenced by Q. Overall, the hydrogel design strategy presented in this study will be highly useful to better regulate the phenotype and ultimately improve the therapeutic efficacy of a wide array of cells used in various biology studies and clinical settings.
Collapse
|
10
|
Satish L, Johnson S, Wang JHC, Post JC, Ehrlich GD, Kathju S. Chaperonin containing T-complex polypeptide subunit eta (CCT-eta) is a specific regulator of fibroblast motility and contractility. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10063. [PMID: 20442790 PMCID: PMC2862014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Integumentary wounds in mammalian fetuses heal without scar; this scarless wound healing is intrinsic to fetal tissues and is notable for absence of the contraction seen in postnatal (adult) wounds. The precise molecular signals determining the scarless phenotype remain unclear. We have previously reported that the eta subunit of the chaperonin containing T-complex polypeptide (CCT-eta) is specifically reduced in healing fetal wounds in a rabbit model. In this study, we examine the role of CCT-eta in fibroblast motility and contractility, properties essential to wound healing and scar formation. We demonstrate that CCT-eta (but not CCT-beta) is underexpressed in fetal fibroblasts compared to adult fibroblasts. An in vitro wound healing assay demonstrated that adult fibroblasts showed increased cell migration in response to epidermal growth factor (EGF) and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulation, whereas fetal fibroblasts were unresponsive. Downregulation of CCT-eta in adult fibroblasts with short inhibitory RNA (siRNA) reduced cellular motility, both basal and growth factor-induced; in contrast, siRNA against CCT-beta had no such effect. Adult fibroblasts were more inherently contractile than fetal fibroblasts by cellular traction force microscopy; this contractility was increased by treatment with EGF and PDGF. CCT-eta siRNA inhibited the PDGF-induction of adult fibroblast contractility, whereas CCT-beta siRNA had no such effect. In each of these instances, the effect of downregulating CCT-eta was to modulate the behavior of adult fibroblasts so as to more closely approximate the characteristics of fetal fibroblasts. We next examined the effect of CCT-eta modulation on alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) expression, a gene product well known to play a critical role in adult wound healing. Fetal fibroblasts were found to constitutively express less alpha-SMA than adult cells. Reduction of CCT-eta with siRNA had minimal effect on cellular beta-actin but markedly decreased alpha-SMA; in contrast, reduction of CCT-beta had minimal effect on either actin isoform. Direct inhibition of alpha-SMA with siRNA reduced both basal and growth factor-induced fibroblast motility. These results indicate that CCT-eta is a specific regulator of fibroblast motility and contractility and may be a key determinant of the scarless wound healing phenotype by means of its specific regulation of alpha-SMA expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Latha Satish
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sandra Johnson
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James H-C. Wang
- MechanoBiology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - J. Christopher Post
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Garth D. Ehrlich
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sandeep Kathju
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Expression of receptor for activated C kinase 1 in healing skin and mucosal wounds. Ann Plast Surg 2010; 64:238-41. [PMID: 20098113 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0b013e31819537fc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Postnatal (adult) mammalian wound healing results in the formation of scar, whereas fetal mammals are able to effect wound repair without scar. We have investigated the expression pattern of the receptor of activated C kinase 1 (RACK1), a pleiotropic G-protein-like molecule, in healing skin and mucosal wounds in a rabbit model after obtaining a full-length clone of the rabbit RACK1 cDNA. In both adult skin and mucosal wounds, RACK1 mRNA expression is decreased relative to unwounded controls. In contrast, in fetal skin wounds RACK1 expression is unaltered from fetal control. Fibroblasts derived from adult skin tissue express more RACK1 message than fetal skin fibroblasts. These observations suggest that RACK1 may play an important role in distinguishing scarless fetal wound healing from its scirrhous counterpart in adults.
Collapse
|
12
|
Gragnani A, Warde M, Furtado F, Ferreira LM. Topical tamoxifen therapy in hypertrophic scars or keloids in burns. Arch Dermatol Res 2009; 302:1-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-009-0983-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Revised: 07/04/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
13
|
Kathju S, Satish L, Rabik C, Rupert T, Oswald D, Johnson S, Hu FZ, Post JC, Ehrlich GD. Identification of differentially expressed genes in scarless wound healing utilizing polymerase chain reaction- suppression subtractive hybridization. Wound Repair Regen 2006; 14:413-20. [PMID: 16939568 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2006.00140.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Wound healing in fetal skin is well known to proceed without scarring, whereas adult (postnatal) skin wound healing is accompanied by scar formation. To identify differentially expressed genes during fetal wound (FW) healing, we have used polymerase chain reaction-suppression subtractive hybridization. This technique allows for a comparative analysis across the entire transcriptome of FW vs. unwounded fetal control tissue, including even potentially novel sequences. Our subtractive hybridization protocol identified 15 clones that are overexpressed in healing FWs, and 20 clones that are underexpressed. These include genes with both known and unknown functions. We have confirmed the differential pattern of expression for four of these candidate genes: elongation factor 1 alpha, elongation initiation factor 4e, and two transcripts thus far known only as an expressed sequence tags. With this approach, we have also identified novel genes potentially involved in scarless wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kathju
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny Singer Research Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15212-4772, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Krein PM, Huang Y, Winston BW. Growth factor regulation and manipulation in wound repair: to scar or not to scar, that is the question. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.11.7.1065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
15
|
Soo C, Beanes SR, Hu FY, Zhang X, Dang C, Chang G, Wang Y, Nishimura I, Freymiller E, Longaker MT, Lorenz HP, Ting K. Ontogenetic transition in fetal wound transforming growth factor-beta regulation correlates with collagen organization. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 163:2459-76. [PMID: 14633618 PMCID: PMC1892380 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63601-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fetal rat skin transitions from scarless fetal-type repair to adult-type repair with scar between day 16 (E16) and day 18 (E18) of gestation (term = 21.5 days). Deficient transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 1 and -beta 2 injury response has been proposed as a mechanism for scarless fetal-type repair. However, previous fetal studies have inconsistently reported the degree of TGF-beta induction after injury. To minimize developmental variables in fetal versus adult TGF-beta regulation, we narrowed our study to wounded fetal animals. We hypothesize that TGF-beta ligand and receptor expression will be differentially regulated during the transition from early gestation (E16) wounds manifesting scarless fetal-type repair to late gestation (E19) wounds manifesting adult-type repair with scar. In this study, decreased and rapidly cleared TGF-beta 1 and -beta 2 expression accompanied by increased and prolonged TGF-beta 3 levels in wounded E16 animals correlated with organized collagen deposition. In contrast, increased and prolonged TGF-beta 1 and -beta 2 expression accompanied by decreased and delayed TGF-beta 3 expression in wounded E19 animals correlated with disorganized collagen architecture. Similarly, expression of TGF-beta receptors type I and II were also increased or prolonged in E19 animals. Our results implicate increased TGF-beta 1, -beta 2, and decreased TGF-beta 3 expression, as well as increased type I and II receptor expression in late gestation fetal scar formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia Soo
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hanasono MM, Kita M, Mikulec AA, Lonergan D, Koch RJ. Autocrine growth factor production by fetal, keloid, and normal dermal fibroblasts. ARCHIVES OF FACIAL PLASTIC SURGERY 2003; 5:26-30. [PMID: 12533134 DOI: 10.1001/archfaci.5.1.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate differences in fibroblast autocrine growth factor production by human fetal, keloid, and normal adult dermal fibroblasts. DESIGN Serum-free cell lines of fetal, keloid, and normal adult dermal fibroblasts were established. Cell counts were performed and supernatants collected at 4, 24, and 72 hours. Cell-free supernatants were quantitatively assayed for transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). RESULTS Population doubling times for fetal, keloid, and normal adult fibroblasts were 120.0, 88.1, and 128.4 hours, respectively. Differences in population doubling times did not reach statistical significance. Statistically significant differences between TGF-beta1 levels from fetal and normal adult fibroblasts were seen at 24 and 72 hours. Significant differences between TGF-beta1 levels from keloid and normal adult fibroblasts were also seen at 24 and 72 hours. Fetal fibroblasts demonstrated higher levels of bFGF than normal adult fibroblasts at each time point, but these differences were not statistically significant. No significant differences were observed between keloid and normal adult bFGF levels. CONCLUSIONS Both fetal and keloid fibroblasts produce significantly more TGF-beta1 than normal adult fibroblasts. Our data and the data of others suggest that fetal fibroblasts produce more bFGF than adult fibroblasts. The serum-free model we describe can be used to quantitatively measure autocrine growth factor production by cells that underlie clinically different types of wound healing. This model provides information that may allow us to better treat and prevent undesirable scarring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Hanasono
- Wound Healing and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Feugate JE, Wong L, Li QJ, Martins-Green M. The CXC chemokine cCAF stimulates precocious deposition of ECM molecules by wound fibroblasts, accelerating development of granulation tissue. BMC Cell Biol 2002; 3:13. [PMID: 12057014 PMCID: PMC117214 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-3-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2001] [Accepted: 06/10/2002] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During wound repair, fibroblasts orchestrate replacement of the provisional matrix formed during clotting with tenascin, cellular fibronectin and collagen III. These, in turn, are critical for migration of endothelial cells, keratinocytes and additional fibroblasts into the wound site. Fibroblasts are also important in the deposition of collagen I during scar formation. The CXC chemokine chicken Chemotactic and Angiogenic Factor (cCAF), is highly expressed by fibroblasts after wounding and during development of the granulation tissue, especially in areas where extracellular matrix (ECM) is abundant. We hypothesized that cCAF stimulates fibroblasts to produce these matrix molecules. RESULTS Here we show that this chemokine can stimulate precocious deposition of tenascin, fibronectin and collagen I, but not collagen III. Studies in culture and in vivo show that tenascin stimulation can also be achieved by the N-terminal 15 aas of the protein and occurs at the level of gene expression. In contrast, stimulation of fibronectin and collagen I both require the entire molecule and do not involve changes in gene expression. Fibronectin accumulation appears to be linked to tenascin production, and collagen I to decreased MMP-1 levels. In addition, cCAF is chemotactic for fibroblasts and accelerates their migration. CONCLUSIONS These previously unknown functions for chemokines suggest that cCAF, the chicken orthologue of human IL-8, enhances healing by rapidly chemoattracting fibroblasts into the wound site and stimulating them to produce ECM molecules, leading to precocious development of granulation tissue. This acceleration of the repair process may have important application to healing of impaired wounds.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Angiogenesis Inducing Agents/pharmacology
- Angiogenesis Inducing Agents/physiology
- Animals
- Avian Proteins
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokines, CXC/pharmacology
- Chemokines, CXC/physiology
- Chick Embryo
- Collagen Type I/biosynthesis
- Collagen Type II/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/pharmacology
- Cytokines/physiology
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/metabolism
- Fibroblasts/drug effects
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Fibroblasts/physiology
- Fibronectins/biosynthesis
- Granulation Tissue/chemistry
- Granulation Tissue/cytology
- Granulation Tissue/drug effects
- Granulation Tissue/physiology
- Humans
- Interleukin-8/pharmacology
- Interleukin-8/physiology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/chemistry
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Peptides/physiology
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Tenascin/biosynthesis
- Wound Healing/drug effects
- Wound Healing/physiology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jo Ellen Feugate
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Lina Wong
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Qi-Jing Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Manuela Martins-Green
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gosiewska A, Yi CF, Brown LJ, Cullen B, Silcock D, Geesin JC. Differential expression and regulation of extracellular matrix-associated genes in fetal and neonatal fibroblasts. Wound Repair Regen 2001; 9:213-22. [PMID: 11472618 DOI: 10.1046/j.1524-475x.2001.00213.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Adults and neonates heal wounds by a repair process associated with scarring in contrast to scar-free wound healing in the fetus. In the present study, human dermal fetal fibroblasts, representing the scarless phenotype, and neonatal human dermal fibroblasts, representing scar-forming phenotype, were examined for potential differences that might influence the wound healing process. Fetal fibroblasts secreted four- to tenfold more latent transforming growth factor-beta1 depending on the cell strains compared. Fetal fibroblasts also produced higher levels of collagen protein and mRNA for most types of collagen (particularly type III) as compared to neonatal cells. Interestingly, mRNA for type V collagen was significantly reduced in fetal cells. Neonatal fibroblasts expressed significantly higher levels of latent transforming growth factor-beta1 binding protein mRNA, in contrast to almost undetectable levels in fetal fibroblasts. By ligand blot analysis, the levels of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3, a reported mediator of transforming growth factor-beta1 activity, was eightfold higher in neonatal versus fetal fibroblasts. Approximately 20 other mRNAs for various cytokines, matrix molecules and receptors were examined and found to be similar between the two cell types. The phenotypic differences described in this article may represent potentially important mechanisms to explain the differences in the quality of wound repair observed in fetal versus adult/neonatal tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Gosiewska
- Johnson & Johnson Wound Healing Technology Resource Center, Skillman, New Jersey 08558-9418, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mikulec AA, Hanasono MM, Lum J, Kadleck JM, Kita M, Koch RJ. Effect of Tamoxifen on Transforming Growth Factor β1Production by Keloid and Fetal Fibroblasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001; 3:111-4. [PMID: 11368663 DOI: 10.1001/archfaci.3.2.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that keloid scar formation may be mediated, in part, by deranged growth factor activity, including that of transforming growth factor (TGF) beta1. Tamoxifen citrate has shown promise in the treatment of keloids. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of tamoxifen on autocrine growth factor expression in keloid and fetal dermal fibroblasts, which exhibit scar-free healing. DESIGN Serum-free cell lines of keloid and fetal dermal fibroblasts were established. Cell cultures were exposed to different concentrations of tamoxifen solution (8 and 12 or 16 micromol/L). Cell counts were performed and supernatants collected at 24, 48, and 96 hours. Cell-free supernatants were quantitatively assayed for TGF-beta1 expression. RESULTS Keloid fibroblasts show increased per-cell TGF-beta1 production compared with fetal fibroblasts. Tamoxifen appeared to decrease per-cell TGF-beta1 production at each of the time points evaluated. CONCLUSIONS Keloids likely arise due to locally insufficient or excessive concentrations of specific growth factors. The higher level of TGF-beta1 produced by keloid cells compared with fetal fibroblasts could be related to the aberrant wound healing seen with keloids. The addition of tamoxifen may lead to improved wound healing in keloids by decreasing the expression of TGF-beta1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A Mikulec
- Division of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305-5328, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lee NJ, Wang SJ, Durairaj KK, Srivatsan ES, Wang MB. Increased expression of transforming growth factor-beta1, acidic fibroblast growth factor, and basic fibroblast growth factor in fetal versus adult fibroblast cell lines. Laryngoscope 2000; 110:616-9. [PMID: 10764007 DOI: 10.1097/00005537-200004000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fetal wound healing occurs without scar tissue formation. Differences in growth factor expression between fetal and adult fibroblasts have been explored. Recently we used RNA expression studies to demonstrate that transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, acidic fibroblast growth factor (alpha-FGF), and basic fibroblast growth factor (beta-FGF) could be detected in both fetal and adult fibroblast cell lines. In addition, adult fibroblasts showed greater relative expression of these growth factors than fetal fibroblasts. The aim of this study was to identify the level of protein expression in fetal and adult fibroblasts. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS Fetal and adult fibroblasts were grown in culture using standard and serum-free media. After protein extraction, Western blot studies were performed to detect the presence and amount of TGFbeta-1, alpha-FGF, and beta-FGF growth factor proteins. beta-Tubulin was used as a control. RESULTS TGFbeta-1, alpha-FGF, and beta-FGF proteins were detected in fetal and adult fibroblasts grown in standard and serum-free media. The fetal fibroblasts showed higher levels of all three growth factor proteins compared with the adult fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS Western blot studies suggest higher levels of TGFbeta-1, alpha-FGF, and beta-FGF expression in fetal fibroblasts. It is clear that significant differences exist in the expression/production of these growth factors and it seems likely that further study of these differences will help elucidate the unique healing capabilities of fetal fibroblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N J Lee
- Division of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Medicine, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ravanti L, Toriseva M, Penttinen R, Crombleholme T, Foschi M, Han J, Kähäri V. Expression of human collagenase‐3 (MMP‐13) by fetal skin fibroblasts is induced by transforming growth factor‐β via p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase. FASEB J 2000. [DOI: 10.1096/fsb2fj000588fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ravanti
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University FIN‐20520 Turku Finland
- Department of Medical Biochemistry University of Turku FIN‐20520 Turku Finland
- Department of Dermatology Turku University Central Hospital FIN‐20520 Turku Finland
| | - Mervi Toriseva
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University FIN‐20520 Turku Finland
| | - Risto Penttinen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry University of Turku FIN‐20520 Turku Finland
| | - Timothy Crombleholme
- The Children's Institute for Surgical Science, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Philadelphia Pa
| | - Marco Foschi
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Florence Florence 50134 Italy
| | - Jiahuai Han
- Department of Immunology Scripps Research Institute La Jolla Calif
| | - Veli‐Matti Kähäri
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University FIN‐20520 Turku Finland
- Department of Medical Biochemistry University of Turku FIN‐20520 Turku Finland
- Department of Dermatology Turku University Central Hospital FIN‐20520 Turku Finland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Frank C, Shrive N, Hiraoka H, Nakamura N, Kaneda Y, Hart D. Optimisation of the biology of soft tissue repair. J Sci Med Sport 1999; 2:190-210. [PMID: 10668758 DOI: 10.1016/s1440-2440(99)80173-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
As identified in this review, over the past twenty years there have been a number of very exciting new developments in the quest to optimise soft tissue repair. Comparing fetal soft tissue injuries, which heal by regeneration, to the adult processes of healing by inflammation-induced scar formation has led to a number of insights into how the latter may be improved. Seeding wounds with embryonic stem cells, bridging gaps with cell-derived "engineered tissues", addition of exogenous hyaluronic acid and modification of wounds to either enhance the growth factors which have been implicated in regeneration (e.g. TGF-B3) or block those implicated in scar formation (eg. TGF-B1) have all shown promise. Our group has quantified numerous cellular, molecular, biomechanical and matrix abnormalities of scar in a rabbit model of ligament healing. Based on these studies which we review here, three matrix deficiencies have been identified which appear to have specific implications to scar weakness: organisational "flaws", abnormal hydroxypyridinoline collagen cross-link densities and abnormally small, slow-maturing collagen fibrils. In tests aimed at finding therapeutic solutions in this model, the addition of a 7ug bolus of TGF-B1 at day 21 or 2.5ng/day of TGF-B1 being pumped into a wound x 21 days increased the size of ligament scars but did not improve their material strength. It also did not alter any of the above-noted matrix deficiencies. A liposome-mediated anti-sense gene therapy approach aimed at decreasing the expression of the proteoglycan decorin in 21-day scars, however, has significantly increased the size of scar collagen fibrils as well as improved these scars mechanically. Based on these positive results from a single dose of only one targeted molecule, we believe that this gene therapy approach has great potential for further scar improvement. If combined with some of the other biological strategies reviewed above, a repair which is closer to true regenerative healing of ligaments, and all soft tissues, may eventually be achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Frank
- McCaig Centre for Joint Injury and Arthritis Research, Faculties of Medicine and Engineering, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|