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Yu C, Lin Y, Dai Y, Wu B, Qi Z, Qian X. Recent research advances in the development of Dabie Banda virus vaccines. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012411. [PMID: 39207951 PMCID: PMC11361446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is a newly identified tick-borne viral hemorrhagic fever caused by Dabie Banda virus (DBV). The virus was first discovered in eastern China in 2009 and is now considered an infectious disease with a mortality rate ranging from 6.3% to 30%. The best strategy for controlling SFTS is to develop effective vaccines. However, no approved vaccines are currently available to prevent this disease, despite the number of extensive and in-depth studies conducted on DBV in the past few years. This review focuses on the structure of DBV and the induced host immune responses which are the fundamental factors in vaccine development, and thoroughly summarizes the current research progress on DBV vaccines. The developing DBV vaccines include protein subunit vaccines, live attenuated vaccines, recombinant virus vector vaccines, and DNA vaccines. At present, almost all candidate vaccines for DBV are in the laboratory development or preclinical stages. There remain challenges in successfully developing clinically approved DBV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Yu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxiang Lin
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixin Dai
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Health and Wellness, Linxia Modern Career College, Gansu, China
| | - Bingan Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongtian Qi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xijing Qian
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Rani I, Joshi H, Sharma U, Kaur J, Sood S, Ramniwas S, Chauhan A, Abdulabbas HS, Tuli HS. Potential use of cidofovir, brincidofovir, and tecovirimat drugs in fighting monkeypox infection: recent trends and advancements. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:2055-2065. [PMID: 37837475 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02769-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed the rise of more recent pandemic outbreaks including COVID-19 and monkeypox. A multinational monkeypox outbreak creates a complex situation that necessitates countermeasures to the existing quo. The first incidence of monkeypox was documented in the 1970s, and further outbreaks led to a public health emergency of international concern. Yet as of right now, neither vaccines nor medicines are certain to treat monkeypox. Even the inability of conducting human clinical trials has prevented thousands of patients from receiving effective disease management. The current state of the disease's understanding, the treatment options available, financial resources, and lastly international policies to control an epidemic state are the major obstacles to controlling epidemics. The current review focuses on the epidemiology of monkeypox, scientific ideas, and available treatments, including potential monkeypox therapeutic methods. As a result, a thorough understanding of monkeypox literature will facilitate in the development of new therapeutic medications for the prevention and treatment of monkeypox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Rani
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar College of Medical Sciences and Research (MMCMSR), Sadopur, Ambala, 134007, India
| | - Hemant Joshi
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ujjawal Sharma
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151401, India
| | - Jagjit Kaur
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Shivani Sood
- GIOSTAR-USA, Global Institute of Stem Cell Therapy and Research, Mohali, 140308, India
| | - Seema Ramniwas
- University Centre for Research and Development, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, 140413, India
| | - Abhishek Chauhan
- Amity Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Safety and Management, Amity University, Noida, 201303, India
| | - Hadi Sajid Abdulabbas
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Babylon, Babylon, 51002, Iraq
| | - Hardeep Singh Tuli
- Department of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133207, India.
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Morino E, Mine S, Tomita N, Uemura Y, Shimizu Y, Saito S, Suzuki T, Okumura N, Iwasaki H, Terada J, Ainai A, Sakai Y, Park E, Seki S, Akazawa D, Shimojima M, Shiwa-Sudo N, Virhuez-Mendoza M, Miyauchi K, Moriyama S, Iwata-Yoshikawa N, Harada M, Harada S, Hishiki T, Kotaki R, Matsumura T, Miyamoto S, Kanno T, Isogawa M, Watashi K, Nagata N, Ebihara H, Takahashi Y, Maeda K, Matano T, Wakita T, Suzuki T, Sugiura W, Ohmagari N, Ujiie M. Mpox Neutralizing Antibody Response to LC16m8 Vaccine in Healthy Adults. NEJM EVIDENCE 2024; 3:EVIDoa2300290. [PMID: 38411447 DOI: 10.1056/evidoa2300290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Vaccination against mpox (formerly known as monkeypox), an infectious disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), is needed to prevent outbreaks and consequent public health concerns. The LC16m8 vaccine, a dried cell-cultured proliferative live attenuated vaccinia virus–based vaccine, was approved in Japan against smallpox and mpox. However, its immunogenicity and efficacy against MPXV have not been fully assessed. We assessed the safety and immunogenicity of LC16m8 against MPXV in healthy adults. METHODS: We conducted a single-arm study that included 50 participants who were followed up for 168 days postvaccination. The primary end point was the neutralizing antibody seroconversion rate against MPXVs, including the Zr599 and Liberia strains, on day 28. The secondary end points included the vaccine “take” (major cutaneous reaction) rate, neutralizing titer kinetics against MPXV and vaccinia virus (LC16m8) strains, and safety outcomes. RESULTS: Seroconversion rates on day 28 were 72% (36 of 50), 70% (35 of 50), and 88% (44 of 50) against the Zr599 strain, the Liberia strain, and LC16m8, respectively. On day 168, seroconversion rates decreased to 30% (15 of 50) against the Zr599 and Liberia strains and to 76% (38 of 50) against LC16m8. The vaccine “take” (broad definition) rate on day 14 was 94% (46 of 49). Adverse events (AEs), including common solicited cutaneous reactions, occurred in 98% (45 of 48) of participants; grade 3 severity AEs occurred in 16% (8 of 50). No deaths, serious AEs, or mpox onset incidences were observed up to day 168. CONCLUSIONS: The LC16m8 vaccine generated neutralizing antibody responses against MPXV in healthy adults. No serious safety concerns occurred with LC16m8 use. (Funded by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan; Japan Registry of Clinical Trials number, jRCTs031220171.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Morino
- Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo
- Department Respiratory Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo
| | - Sohtaro Mine
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo
| | - Noriko Tomita
- Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo
| | - Yukari Uemura
- Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo
| | - Yosuke Shimizu
- Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo
| | - Sho Saito
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo
| | - Tetsuya Suzuki
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo
| | - Nobumasa Okumura
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo
| | - Haruka Iwasaki
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo
| | - Junko Terada
- Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo
- Department Respiratory Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo
| | - Akira Ainai
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo
| | - Yusuke Sakai
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo
| | - Eunsil Park
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo
| | - Sayuri Seki
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo
| | - Daisuke Akazawa
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo
| | - Masayuki Shimojima
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo
| | - Nozomi Shiwa-Sudo
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo
| | | | - Kosuke Miyauchi
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo
| | - Saya Moriyama
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo
| | | | - Michiko Harada
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo
| | - Shigeyoshi Harada
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo
| | - Takayuki Hishiki
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo
| | - Ryutaro Kotaki
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo
| | - Takayuki Matsumura
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo
| | - Sho Miyamoto
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo
| | - Takayuki Kanno
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo
| | - Masanori Isogawa
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo
| | - Koichi Watashi
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo
| | - Noriyo Nagata
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo
| | - Hideki Ebihara
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo
| | - Yoshimasa Takahashi
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo
| | - Ken Maeda
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo
| | - Tetsuro Matano
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo
| | | | - Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo
| | - Wataru Sugiura
- Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo
| | - Norio Ohmagari
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo
| | - Mugen Ujiie
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo
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Li M, Guo Y, Deng Y, Gao W, Huang B, Yao W, Zhao Y, Zhang Q, Huang M, Liu M, Li L, Guo P, Tian J, Wang X, Lin Y, Gan J, Guo Y, Hu Y, Zhang J, Yang X, Shang B, Yang M, Han Y, Wang Y, Cong P, Li M, Chu Q, Zhang D, Wang Q, Zhang T, Wu G, Tan W, Gao GF, Liu J. Long-lasting humoral and cellular memory immunity to vaccinia virus Tiantan provides pre-existing immunity against mpox virus in Chinese population. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113609. [PMID: 38159277 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Investigating immune memory to vaccinia virus and pre-existing immunity to mpox virus (MPXV) among the population is crucial for the global response to this ongoing mpox epidemic. Blood was sampled from vaccinees inoculated with vaccinia virus Tiantan (VTT) strain born before 1981 and unvaccinated control subjects born since 1982. After at least 40 years of the inoculation, 60% or 5% VTT vaccinees possess neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) to VTT or MPXV, with at least 50% having T cell memory to VTT protein antigens. Notably, 46.7% vaccinees show pre-existing T cell responses to MPXV. Broad pre-existing CD8+ T cell reactivities to MPXV are detected not only against conserved epitopes but also against variant epitopes between VTT and MPXV. Persistent NAbs and T cell memory to VTT among vaccinees, along with pre-existing T cells to MPXV among both vaccinees and the unvaccinated population, indicate a particular immune barrier to mpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yaxin Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; Research Unit of Adaptive Evolution and Control of Emerging Viruses (2018RU009), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yao Deng
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Wenhui Gao
- Chaoyang District for Disease Prevention and Control of Beijing, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Baoying Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Weiyong Yao
- Dongba Community Healthcare Service Center, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yingze Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; Research Unit of Adaptive Evolution and Control of Emerging Viruses (2018RU009), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Dongba Community Healthcare Service Center, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Mengkun Huang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Maoshun Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Lei Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Peipei Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Jinmin Tian
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xin Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Ying Lin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Jinxian Gan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yuechao Hu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jianing Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiaonan Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Bingli Shang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Mengjie Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yang Han
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yalan Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Peilei Cong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Mengzhe Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qiaohong Chu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Danni Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qihui Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Guizhen Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; Research Unit of Adaptive Evolution and Control of Emerging Viruses (2018RU009), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Wenjie Tan
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; Research Unit of Adaptive Evolution and Control of Emerging Viruses (2018RU009), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - George F Gao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; Research Unit of Adaptive Evolution and Control of Emerging Viruses (2018RU009), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Jun Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; Research Unit of Adaptive Evolution and Control of Emerging Viruses (2018RU009), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 102206, China.
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Grabenstein JD, Hacker A. Vaccines against mpox: MVA-BN and LC16m8. Expert Rev Vaccines 2024; 23:796-811. [PMID: 39188013 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2397006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Global outbreaks involving mpox clade IIb began in mid-2022. Today, clade IIb and clade I outbreaks continue. Reliable mpox vaccines can prevent serious mpox disease and death. AREAS COVERED Globally, two vaccines hold mpox indications, regardless of mpox viral clade: MVA-BN (Bavarian Nordic) and LC16m8 (KM Biologics). This review summarizes the human and pivotal animal data establishing safety and efficacy for MVA-BN and LC16m8, including real-world evidence gathered during mpox outbreaks from 2022 through 2024. EXPERT OPINION Some regulatory decisions for MVA-BN and LC16m8 followed pathways based on surrogate outcomes, including lethal-challenge studies in nonhuman primates, among other atypical aspects. Nonetheless, MVA-BN and LC16m8 hold unencumbered registration in multiple countries. Effectiveness of MVA-BN as primary preventive vaccination (PPV) in humans against clade IIb mpox is clear from real-world studies; effectiveness of LC16m8 against clade IIb is likely from surrogate endpoints. Effectiveness of MVA-BN and LC16m8 as PPV against more-lethal clade I is likely, based on animal-challenge studies with multiple orthopoxvirus species and other studies. Both vaccines have solid safety records. MVA-BN's replication incompetence favors adoption, whereas LC16m8 has more pediatric data. Additional real-world evidence, in additional geographic settings and special populations (e.g. pregnancy, immune suppression, atopic dermatitis), is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam Hacker
- Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness & Innovation, Oslo, Norway
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Jhancy M. Poxvirus Vaccines: Past, Present, and Future. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1451:273-287. [PMID: 38801584 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Smallpox was a significant cause of mortality for over three thousand years, amounting to 10% of deaths yearly. Edward Jenner discovered smallpox vaccination in 1796, which rapidly became a smallpox infection preventive practice throughout the world and eradicated smallpox infection by 1980. After smallpox eradication, monkeypox vaccines have been used primarily in research and in outbreaks in Africa, where the disease is endemic. In the present, the vaccines are being used for people who work with animals or in high-risk areas, as well as for healthcare workers treating patients with monkeypox. Among all orthopoxviruses (OPXV), monkeypox viral (MPXV) infection occurs mainly in cynomolgus monkeys, natural reservoirs, and occasionally causes severe multi-organ infection in humans, who were the incidental hosts. The first case of the present epidemic of MXPV was identified on May 7, 2022, and rapidly increased the number of cases. In this regard, the WHO declared the outbreak, an international public health emergency on July 23, 2022. The first monkeypox vaccine was developed in the 1960s by the US Army and was based on the vaccinia virus, which is also used in smallpox vaccines. In recent years, newer monkeypox vaccines have been developed based on other viruses such as Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA). These newer vaccines are safer and can provide longer-lasting immunity with fewer side effects. For the future, there is ongoing research to improve the current vaccines and to develop new ones. One notable advance has been the development of a recombinant vaccine that uses a genetically modified vaccinia virus to express monkeypox antigens. This vaccine has shown promising results in pre-clinical trials and is currently undergoing further testing in clinical trials. Another recent development has been the use of a DNA vaccine, which delivers genetic material encoding monkeypox antigens directly into cells. This type of vaccine has shown effectiveness in animal studies and is also undergoing clinical testing in humans. Overall, these recent advances in monkeypox vaccine development hold promise for protecting individuals against this potentially serious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malay Jhancy
- RAK College of Medical Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al-Khaimah, United Arab Emirates.
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7
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Watanabe S, Yoshikawa T, Kaku Y, Kurosu T, Fukushi S, Sugimoto S, Nishisaka Y, Fuji H, Marsh G, Maeda K, Ebihara H, Morikawa S, Shimojima M, Saijo M. Construction of a recombinant vaccine expressing Nipah virus glycoprotein using the replicative and highly attenuated vaccinia virus strain LC16m8. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011851. [PMID: 38100536 PMCID: PMC10756534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly pathogenic zoonotic virus that causes severe encephalitis and respiratory diseases and has a high mortality rate in humans (>40%). Epidemiological studies on various fruit bat species, which are natural reservoirs of the virus, have shown that NiV is widely distributed throughout Southeast Asia. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop effective NiV vaccines. In this study, we generated recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing the NiV glycoprotein (G) or fusion (F) protein using the LC16m8 strain, and examined their antigenicity and ability to induce immunity. Neutralizing antibodies against NiV were successfully induced in hamsters inoculated with LC16m8 expressing NiV G or F, and the antibody titers were higher than those induced by other vaccinia virus vectors previously reported to prevent lethal NiV infection. These findings indicate that the LC16m8-based vaccine format has superior features as a proliferative vaccine compared with other poxvirus-based vaccines. Moreover, the data collected over the course of antibody elevation during three rounds of vaccination in hamsters provide an important basis for the clinical use of vaccinia virus-based vaccines against NiV disease. Trial Registration: NCT05398796.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumpei Watanabe
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Ehime, Japan
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoki Yoshikawa
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kaku
- Division of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kurosu
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuetsu Fukushi
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoko Sugimoto
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Nishisaka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hikaru Fuji
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Ehime, Japan
| | - Glenn Marsh
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Ken Maeda
- Division of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Ebihara
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Morikawa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Ehime, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shimojima
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Saijo
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
- Public Health Office, Health and Welfare Bureau, Sapporo Municipal Government, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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8
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Hirani R, Noruzi K, Iqbal A, Hussaini AS, Khan RA, Harutyunyan A, Etienne M, Tiwari RK. A Review of the Past, Present, and Future of the Monkeypox Virus: Challenges, Opportunities, and Lessons from COVID-19 for Global Health Security. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2713. [PMID: 38004725 PMCID: PMC10673257 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox, a rare but significant zoonotic and orthopoxviral disease, has garnered increasing attention due to its potential for human-to-human transmission and its recent resurgence in multiple countries throughout Europe, North America, and Oceania. The disease has emerged as a novel threat to the global health systems that are still striving to recover from the major shocks of the COVID-19 pandemic. The unusual manifestation of the illness highlights a substantial knowledge deficit and necessitates the immediate development of a public health action strategy, considering the epidemiological differences observed in the ongoing outbreak and the appearance of cases in non-endemic nations. This literature review aims to synthesize existing knowledge on monkeypox, encompassing its historical context, etiology, epidemiology, surveillance, prevention, transmission, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatments, and recent outbreak. Particular attention is given to both advances and gaps in our understanding of monkeypox, and we point toward future directions for research and intervention efforts as pertains to vaccine development and distribution. Lastly, we will also review the recent outbreak through a sociopolitical lens as relates to decision-making strategies, especially given the lessons learned from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Hirani
- School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (R.H.); (A.I.); (R.A.K.)
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Kaleb Noruzi
- School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (R.H.); (A.I.); (R.A.K.)
| | - Aroubah Iqbal
- School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (R.H.); (A.I.); (R.A.K.)
| | - Anum S. Hussaini
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Rafay A. Khan
- School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (R.H.); (A.I.); (R.A.K.)
| | - Aleksandr Harutyunyan
- School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (R.H.); (A.I.); (R.A.K.)
| | - Mill Etienne
- School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (R.H.); (A.I.); (R.A.K.)
- Department of Neurology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Raj K. Tiwari
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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9
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Okumura N, Ishikane M, Ujiie M, Ohmagari N. "Take" after LC16m8 for mpox. Int J Infect Dis 2023; 134:290-291. [PMID: 37451393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nobumasa Okumura
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ishikane
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Mugen Ujiie
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Ohmagari
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Wang Y. Rendezvous with Vaccinia Virus in the Post-smallpox Era: R&D Advances. Viruses 2023; 15:1742. [PMID: 37632084 PMCID: PMC10457812 DOI: 10.3390/v15081742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Smallpox was eradicated in less than 200 years after Edward Jenner's practice of cowpox variolation in 1796. The forty-three years of us living free of smallpox, beginning in 1979, never truly separated us from poxviruses. The recent outbreak of monkeypox in May 2022 might well warn us of the necessity of keeping up both the scientific research and public awareness of poxviruses. One of them in particular, the vaccinia virus (VACV), has been extensively studied as a vector given its broad host range, extraordinary thermal stability, and exceptional immunogenicity. Unceasing fundamental biological research on VACV provides us with a better understanding of its genetic elements, involvement in cellular signaling pathways, and modulation of host immune responses. This enables the rational design of safer and more efficacious next-generation vectors. To address the new technological advancement within the past decade in VACV research, this review covers the studies of viral immunomodulatory genes, modifications in commonly used vectors, novel mechanisms for rapid generation and purification of recombinant virus, and several other innovative approaches to studying its biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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11
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Tomita N, Terada-Hirashima J, Uemura Y, Shimizu Y, Iwasaki H, Yano R, Suzuki T, Saito S, Okumura N, Sugiura W, Ohmagari N, Ujiie M. An open-label, non-randomized study investigating the safety and efficacy of smallpox vaccine, LC16, as post-exposure prophylaxis for mpox. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2242219. [PMID: 37559375 PMCID: PMC10416734 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2242219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mpox is an acute exanthematous disease caused by the monkeypox virus. Since May 2022, it has spread as a community-acquired infection, mainly in Europe and the United States, and urgent measures to prevent this infection were also required in Japan. In this study, we investigated the post-exposure prophylaxis of mpox and safety after inoculating the smallpox vaccine. Participants in close contact with patients with mpox were inoculated with "Freeze-dried cell culture Smallpox Vaccine LC16," within 14 days after close contact. Six cases were registered, and all the participants were inoculated. No mpox symptoms or related complications were observed in the participants for 21 days after the close contact. Adverse events due to inoculation, such as rash, fever, lymphadenopathy, and local reaction at the inoculation site (comprising erythema, swelling, induration, and pain) were observed in the participants; however, all inoculation-related events were non-severe and non-serious, and the participants recovered during the 28-day observation period. The findings of this study suggest that inoculation with LC16 is an effective post-exposure prophylaxis in individuals who had close contact with patients with mpox. Further large-scale studies are warranted to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Tomita
- Centre for Clinical Sciences, National Centre for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junko Terada-Hirashima
- Centre for Clinical Sciences, National Centre for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukari Uemura
- Centre for Clinical Sciences, National Centre for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Shimizu
- Centre for Clinical Sciences, National Centre for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruka Iwasaki
- Disease Control and Prevention Centre, National Centre for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rina Yano
- Centre for Clinical Sciences, National Centre for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Suzuki
- Disease Control and Prevention Centre, National Centre for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sho Saito
- Disease Control and Prevention Centre, National Centre for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobumasa Okumura
- Disease Control and Prevention Centre, National Centre for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Sugiura
- Centre for Clinical Sciences, National Centre for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Ohmagari
- Disease Control and Prevention Centre, National Centre for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mugen Ujiie
- Disease Control and Prevention Centre, National Centre for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Stilpeanu RI, Stercu AM, Stancu AL, Tanca A, Bucur O. Monkeypox: a global health emergency. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1094794. [PMID: 37180247 PMCID: PMC10169603 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1094794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past 2 years, the world has faced the impactful Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, with a visible shift in economy, medicine, and beyond. As of recent times, the emergence of the monkeypox (mpox) virus infections and the growing number of infected cases have raised panic and fear among people, not only due to its resemblance to the now eradicated smallpox virus, but also because another potential pandemic could have catastrophic consequences, globally. However, studies of the smallpox virus performed in the past and wisdom gained from the COVID-19 pandemic are the two most helpful tools for humanity that can prevent major outbreaks of the mpox virus, thus warding off another pandemic. Because smallpox and mpox are part of the same virus genus, the Orthopoxvirus genus, the structure and pathogenesis, as well as the transmission of both these two viruses are highly similar. Because of these similarities, antivirals and vaccines approved and licensed in the past for the smallpox virus are effective and could successfully treat and prevent an mpox virus infection. This review discusses the main components that outline this current global health issue raised by the mpox virus, by presenting it as a whole, and integrating aspects such as its structure, pathogenesis, clinical aspects, prevention, and treatment options, and how this ongoing phenomenon is being globally approached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxandra Ilinca Stilpeanu
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana Maria Stercu
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea Lucia Stancu
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Antoanela Tanca
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Octavian Bucur
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
- Viron Molecular Medicine Institute, Boston, MA, United States
- Genomics Research and Development Institute, Bucharest, Romania
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13
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Evaluating the Immunogenicity and Safety of a Smallpox Vaccine to Monkeypox in Healthy Japanese Adults: A Single-Arm Study. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13030787. [PMID: 36983942 PMCID: PMC10059741 DOI: 10.3390/life13030787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox (mpox) is an acute exanthematous disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV). Since May 2022, patients with mpox have been reported worldwide, mainly in Europe and the Americas. In Japan, LC16”KMB,” which is a smallpox vaccine derived from a dried cell culture, against mpox, has been approved. Although inoculation with a smallpox vaccine has been recommended to prevent MPXV infection, the immunogenicity of the smallpox vaccine against the MPXV is unclear, and information regarding postvaccination safety is scarce. We present the protocol for a single-arm open-label study to investigate the immunogenicity and safety of LC16”KMB” against the MPXV in healthy Japanese adults. The primary endpoint is the seroconversion rate of neutralizing antibodies against the MPXV on postvaccination day 28. The secondary endpoints are the seroconversion rates against the MPXV on postvaccination days 14 and 168; the seroconversion rates against the vaccinia virus on postvaccination days 14, 28, and 168; the incidence of mpox until day 168; and adverse and serious adverse events until postvaccination days 28 and 168. These results will pave the way for larger comparative studies using other smallpox vaccines to evaluate the test vaccine’s safety and efficacy in preventing mpox.
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14
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Moriyama Y, Ujiie M. Monkeypox. N Engl J Med 2023; 388:671. [PMID: 36791179 DOI: 10.1056/nejmc2215751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Moriyama
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mugen Ujiie
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Poland GA, Kennedy RB, Tosh PK. Prevention of monkeypox with vaccines: a rapid review. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 22:e349-e358. [PMID: 36116460 PMCID: PMC9628950 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00574-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The largest outbreak of monkeypox in history began in May, 2022, and has rapidly spread across the globe ever since. The purpose of this Review is to briefly describe human immune responses to orthopoxviruses; provide an overview of the vaccines available to combat this outbreak; and discuss the various clinical data and animal studies evaluating protective immunity to monkeypox elicited by vaccinia virus-based smallpox vaccines, address ongoing concerns regarding the outbreak, and provide suggestions for the appropriate use of vaccines as an outbreak control measure. Data showing clinical effectiveness (~85%) of smallpox vaccines against monkeypox come from surveillance studies conducted in central Africa in the 1980s and later during outbreaks in the same area. These data are supported by a large number of animal studies (primarily in non-human primates) with live virus challenge by various inoculation routes. These studies uniformly showed a high degree of protection and immunity against monkeypox virus following vaccination with various smallpox vaccines. Smallpox vaccines represent an effective countermeasure that can be used to control monkeypox outbreaks. However, smallpox vaccines do cause side-effects and the replication-competent, second-generation vaccines have contraindications. Third-generation vaccines, although safer for use in immunocompromised populations, require two doses, which is an impediment to rapid outbreak response. Lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic should be used to inform our collective response to this monkeypox outbreak and to future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pritish K Tosh
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,Division of Public Health, Infectious Diseases, and Occupational Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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16
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Huang Y, Mu L, Wang W. Monkeypox: epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment and prevention. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:373. [PMID: 36319633 PMCID: PMC9626568 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01215-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease that was once endemic in west and central Africa caused by monkeypox virus. However, cases recently have been confirmed in many nonendemic countries outside of Africa. WHO declared the ongoing monkeypox outbreak to be a public health emergency of international concern on July 23, 2022, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The rapidly increasing number of confirmed cases could pose a threat to the international community. Here, we review the epidemiology of monkeypox, monkeypox virus reservoirs, novel transmission patterns, mutations and mechanisms of viral infection, clinical characteristics, laboratory diagnosis and treatment measures. In addition, strategies for the prevention, such as vaccination of smallpox vaccine, is also included. Current epidemiological data indicate that high frequency of human-to-human transmission could lead to further outbreaks, especially among men who have sex with men. The development of antiviral drugs and vaccines against monkeypox virus is urgently needed, despite some therapeutic effects of currently used drugs in the clinic. We provide useful information to improve the understanding of monkeypox virus and give guidance for the government and relative agency to prevent and control the further spread of monkeypox virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Huang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Mu
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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17
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Effect of Serial Passage on the Pathogenicity and Immunogenicity of Vaccinia Virus LC16m8 Strain. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10111158. [PMID: 34827150 PMCID: PMC8614788 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The phenotype of an attenuated live vaccine depends on gene mutation achieved by, for example, many passages in cultured cells. Viral clones with preferable phenotypes are selected and the causative genetic mutation(s) are later identified. LC16m8 is an example of a highly attenuated smallpox vaccine that was developed and licensed in Japan in the 1970s. LC16m8 was obtained by the passaging of Lister strain, with indicators of small plaque formation and temperature sensitivity as virus phenotypes. This strain can replicate in mammalian cells and provides robust cellular and humoral immunity, as well as long-term immune memory. Recent studies using proteome-wide antigen arrays have revealed that antibody production against LC16m8 and other VACVs differs largely among individuals. Moreover, associations between SNPs in immune-related genes and immune outcomes have been increasingly found. These results lead to predicting adverse events of a vaccine, which is a purpose of vaccinomics. Studies on VACV will continue to contribute to the understanding of host-pathogen interactions and to development of a vaccine for other infectious and non-infectious diseases. Here, we review studies of VACV, including our recent research on LC16m8, with a focus on the phenotype and genotype, and we discuss future research directions.
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18
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Yoshikawa T. Third-generation smallpox vaccine strain-based recombinant vaccines for viral hemorrhagic fevers. Vaccine 2021; 39:6174-6181. [PMID: 34521550 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Vaccinia virus has been used as a smallpox vaccine. Now that smallpox has been eradicated, the vaccinia virus is expected to be used as a bioterrorism countermeasure and a recombinant vaccine vector for other infectious diseases, such as viral hemorrhagic fevers. Many vaccinia virus strains were used as smallpox vaccines in the smallpox eradication campaign coordinated by the World Health Organization. These strains can be classified into generations, according to the history of improving production methods and efforts to reduce the adverse reactions. Significantly, the third-generation of smallpox vaccine strains, which include modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) and LC16m8, are currently popular as recombinant vaccine vectors due to their well-balanced safety and immunogenicity profiles. The present review firstly focuses on the characteristics of the smallpox vaccine generations. The historical background of the development of the third-generation smallpox vaccine strains is detailed, along with the history of the transition of the vaccinia virus generation used as vectors for hemorrhagic fever vaccines to the third generation. Among the vaccinia viruses, MVA is currently the most commonly used vector for developing hemorrhagic fever vaccines, including dengue fever, yellow fever, Ebola viral disease, Lassa fever, Rift Valley fever, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. LC16m8 is a vaccine candidate for severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome. The current status and recent advances in the development of these hemorrhagic fever vaccines using third-generation vaccinia strains are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Yoshikawa
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
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19
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Vaccine Development for Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040627. [PMID: 33917632 PMCID: PMC8067456 DOI: 10.3390/v13040627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), which is caused by SFTS virus (SFTSV), is a tick-borne emerging zoonosis with a high case-fatality rate. At present, there is no approved SFTS vaccine, although the development of a vaccine would be one of the best strategies for preventing SFTS. This article focused on studies aimed at establishing small animal models of SFTS that are indispensable for evaluating vaccine candidates, developing these vaccine candidates, and establishing more practical animal models for evaluation. Innate immune-deficient mouse models, a hamster model, an immunocompetent ferret model and a cat model have been developed for SFTS. Several vaccine candidates for SFTS have been developed, and their efficacy has been confirmed using these animal models. The candidates consist of live-attenuated virus-based, viral vector-based, or DNA-based vaccines. SFTS vaccines are expected to be used for humans and companion dogs and cats. Hence for practical use, the vaccine candidates should be evaluated for efficacy using not only nonhuman primates but also dogs and cats. There is no practical nonhuman primate model of SFTS; however, the cat model is available to evaluate the efficacy of these candidate SFTS vaccines on domesticated animals.
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20
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A highly attenuated vaccinia virus strain LC16m8-based vaccine for severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1008859. [PMID: 33534867 PMCID: PMC7886154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) caused by a species Dabie bandavirus (formerly SFTS virus [SFTSV]) is an emerging hemorrhagic infectious disease with a high case-fatality rate. One of the best strategies for preventing SFTS is to develop a vaccine, which is expected to induce both humoral and cellular immunity. We applied a highly attenuated but still immunogenic vaccinia virus strain LC16m8 (m8) as a recombinant vaccine for SFTS. Recombinant m8s expressing SFTSV nucleoprotein (m8-N), envelope glycoprotein precursor (m8-GPC), and both N and GPC (m8-N+GPC) in the infected cells were generated. Both m8-GPC- and m8-N+GPC-infected cells were confirmed to produce SFTSV-like-particles (VLP) in vitro, and the N was incorporated in the VLP produced by the infection of cells with m8-N+GPC. Specific antibodies to SFTSV were induced in mice inoculated with each of the recombinant m8s, and the mice were fully protected from lethal challenge with SFTSV at both 103 TCID50 and 105 TCID50. In mice that had been immunized with vaccinia virus strain Lister in advance of m8-based SFTSV vaccine inoculation, protective immunity against the SFTSV challenge was also conferred. The pathological analysis revealed that mice immunized with m8-GPC or m8-N+GPC did not show any histopathological changes without any viral antigen-positive cells, whereas the control mice showed focal necrosis with inflammatory infiltration with SFTSV antigen-positive cells in tissues after SFTSV challenge. The passive serum transfer experiments revealed that sera collected from mice inoculated with m8-GPC or m8-N+GPC but not with m8-N conferred protective immunity against lethal SFTSV challenge in naïve mice. On the other hand, the depletion of CD8-positive cells in vivo did not abrogate the protective immunity conferred by m8-based SFTSV vaccines. Based on these results, the recombinant m8-GPC and m8-N+GPC were considered promising vaccine candidates for SFTS. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging viral hemorrhagic fever with a high case-fatality rate (approximately 5% to >40%). Indigenous SFTS has been reported in China, Japan, South Korea, and Vietnam. Thus, the development of an effective vaccine for SFTS is urgently needed. Vaccinia virus (VAC) was previously used as a vaccine for smallpox. Unfortunately, after these strains, the so-called second generation of VAC used during the eradication campaign was associated with severe adverse events, and the third generation of VAC strains such as LC16m8 (m8) and modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) was established. m8 is confirmed to be highly attenuated while still maintaining immunogenicity. m8 is licensed for use in healthy people in Japan. At the present time, approximately 100,000 people have undergone vaccination with m8 without experiencing any severe postvaccine complications. At present, third-generation VAC strains are attractive for a recombinant vaccine vector, especially for viral hemorrhagic infectious diseases, such as Ebola virus disease, Lassa fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, and SFTS. We investigated the practicality of an m8-based recombinant vaccine for SFTS as well as other promising recombinant VAC-based vaccines for viral hemorrhagic infectious diseases.
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21
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Kunasekaran MP, Chen X, Costantino V, Chughtai AA, MacIntyre CR. Evidence for Residual Immunity to Smallpox After Vaccination and Implications for Re-emergence. Mil Med 2020; 184:e668-e679. [PMID: 31369103 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usz181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Smallpox has been eradicated but advances in synthetic biology have increased the risk of its re-emergence. Residual immunity in individuals who were previously vaccinated may mitigate the impact of an outbreak, but there is a high degree of uncertainty about the duration and degree of residual immunity. Both cell-mediated and humoral immunity are thought to be important but the exact mechanisms of protection are unclear. Guidelines usually suggest vaccine-induced immunity wanes to zero after 3-10 years post vaccination, whereas other estimates show long term immunity over decades. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic review of the literature was conducted to quantify the duration and extent of residual immunity to smallpox after vaccination. RESULTS Twenty-nine papers related to quantifying residual immunity to smallpox after vaccination were identified: neutralizing antibody levels were used as immune correlates of protection in 11/16 retrospective cross-sectional studies, 2/3 epidemiological studies, 6/7 prospective vaccine trials and 0/3 modeling studies. Duration of protection of >20 years was consistently shown in the 16 retrospective cross-sectional studies, while the lowest estimated duration of protection was 11.7 years among the modeling studies. Childhood vaccination conferred longer duration of protection than vaccination in adulthood, and multiple vaccinations did not appear to improve immunity. CONCLUSIONS Most studies suggest a longer duration of residual immunity (at least 20 years) than assumed in smallpox guidelines. Estimates from modeling studies were less but still greater than the 3-10 years suggested by the WHO Committee on International Quarantine or US CDC guidelines. These recommendations were probably based on observations and studies conducted while smallpox was endemic. The cut-off values for pre-existing antibody levels of >1:20 and >1:32 reported during the period of endemic smallpox circulation may not be relevant to the contemporary population, but have been used as a threshold for identifying people with residual immunity in post-eradication era studies. Of the total antibodies produced in response to smallpox vaccination, neutralizing antibodies have shown to contribute significantly to immunological memory. Although the mechanism of immunological memory and boosting is unclear, revaccination is likely to result in a more robust response. There is a need to improve the evidence base for estimates on residual immunity to better inform planning and preparedness for re-emergent smallpox.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xin Chen
- Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Abrar Ahmad Chughtai
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chandini Raina MacIntyre
- Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Australia.,College of Public Service and Community Solutions, Arizona State University, AZ
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Costantino V, Trent MJ, Sullivan JS, Kunasekaran MP, Gray R, MacIntyre R. Serological Immunity to Smallpox in New South Wales, Australia. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050554. [PMID: 32443405 PMCID: PMC7291091 DOI: 10.3390/v12050554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The re-emergence of smallpox is an increasing and legitimate concern due to advances in synthetic biology. Vaccination programs against smallpox using the vaccinia virus vaccine ceased with the eradication of smallpox and, unlike many other countries, Australia did not use mass vaccinations. However, vaccinated migrants contribute to population immunity. Testing for vaccinia antibodies is not routinely performed in Australia, and few opportunities exist to estimate the level of residual population immunity against smallpox. Serological data on population immunity in Australia could inform management plans against a smallpox outbreak. Vaccinia antibodies were measured in 2003 in regular plasmapheresis donors at the Australian Red Cross Blood Service from New South Wales (NSW). The data were analysed to estimate the proportion of Australians in NSW with detectable serological immunity to vaccinia. The primary object of this study was to measure neutralising antibody titres against vaccinia virus. Titre levels in donor samples were determined by plaque reduction assay. To estimate current levels of immunity to smallpox infection, the decline in geometric mean titres (GMT) over time was projected using two values for the antibody levels estimated on the basis of different times since vaccination. The results of this study suggest that there is minimal residual immunity to the vaccinia virus in the Australian population. Although humoral immunity is protective against orthopoxvirus infections, cell-mediated immunity and immunological memory likely also play roles, which are not quantified by antibody levels. These data provide an immunological snapshot of the NSW population, which could inform emergency preparedness planning and outbreak control, especially concerning the stockpiling of vaccinia vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Costantino
- Biosecurity Program, Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (M.J.T.); (M.P.K.); (R.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mallory J. Trent
- Biosecurity Program, Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (M.J.T.); (M.P.K.); (R.M.)
| | - John S. Sullivan
- Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Mohana P. Kunasekaran
- Biosecurity Program, Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (M.J.T.); (M.P.K.); (R.M.)
| | - Richard Gray
- Surveillance Evaluation and Research Program, Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;
| | - Raina MacIntyre
- Biosecurity Program, Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (M.J.T.); (M.P.K.); (R.M.)
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Delacruz WP, Savona MR, Thornton JA, Danaher PJ. Evidence of vaccinia dissemination despite lack of major reaction following smallpox vaccination. Vaccine 2019; 38:1589-1592. [PMID: 31899026 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Following vaccinia vaccination, vesicle formation at the site occurs in 95% of primary vaccinees and is thought to indicate virus replication and vaccine efficacy. Little is known about virus replication and immune response in those who do not develop a vesicle. We used PCR to detect vaccinia in various sites following receipt of the smallpox vaccine in those with and without vesicle formation. Among 80 participants, 74 developed and 6 failed to develop a vesicle. Vaccinia DNA was detected in the blood, in the oropharynx, on the dressing, and on the hands of 5%, 11%, 4%, and 0% of those with vesicle formation and of 33%, 17%, 0%, and 17% of those without vesicle formation, respectively (p > 0.05 for each site). The detection of systemic vaccinia DNA in vaccinees without vesicle formation challenges the current understanding that lack of vesicle formation indicates lack of virus replication, the prerequisite to immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfred P Delacruz
- Clinical Investigation Facility, David Grant United States Air Force Medical Center, 101 Bodin Circle, Travis AFB, CA 94535, USA.
| | - Michael R Savona
- Department of Medicine, David Grant United States Air Force Medical Center, 101 Bodin Circle, Travis AFB, CA 94535, USA.
| | - Jennifer A Thornton
- Clinical Investigation Facility, David Grant United States Air Force Medical Center, 101 Bodin Circle, Travis AFB, CA 94535, USA.
| | - Patrick J Danaher
- Department of Medicine, David Grant United States Air Force Medical Center, 101 Bodin Circle, Travis AFB, CA 94535, USA.
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Eto A, Fujita M, Nishiyama Y, Saito T, Molina DM, Morikawa S, Saijo M, Shinmura Y, Kanatani Y. Profiling of the antibody response to attenuated LC16m8 smallpox vaccine using protein array analysis. Vaccine 2019; 37:6588-6593. [PMID: 31540810 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Concerns about bioterrorism and outbreaks of zoonotic orthopoxvirus require safe and efficacious smallpox vaccines. We previously reported the clinical efficacy and safety profiles of LC16m8, a live, attenuated, cell culture-derived, smallpox vaccine, examined in over 3000 healthy Japanese adults with various vaccination histories. In this study, serum of approximately 200 subjects pre and post LC16m8 vaccination were subjected to a vaccinia virus-specific protein array to evaluate the proteome-wide immunogenicity. The relationships between antigen-specific antibodies and plaque reduction neutralization titers were analyzed. LC16m8 induced antibodies to multiple vaccinia antigens in primary-vaccinated individuals and yielded effective booster responses in previously vaccinated individuals, demonstrating similar antibody profiles to those reported for other vaccinia virus strains. Several immunodominant antigens were indicated to be important for neutralization of the intracellular mature virion. The similarity of antibody profiles between LC16m8 and other smallpox vaccine strains supports the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of LC16m8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Eto
- Department of Health Crisis Management, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0197, Japan
| | - Masanori Fujita
- Division of Environmental Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Nishiyama
- Health Care Center, Japan Self-Defense Forces Central Hospital, 1-2-24 Ikeziri, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 154-8532, Japan
| | - Tomoya Saito
- Department of Health Crisis Management, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0197, Japan
| | | | - Shigeru Morikawa
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Masayuki Saijo
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | | | - Yasuhiro Kanatani
- Department of Health Crisis Management, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0197, Japan.
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Melamed S, Israely T, Paran N. Challenges and Achievements in Prevention and Treatment of Smallpox. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:vaccines6010008. [PMID: 29382130 PMCID: PMC5874649 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Declaration of smallpox eradication by the WHO in 1980 led to discontinuation of the worldwide vaccination campaign. The increasing percentage of unvaccinated individuals, the existence of its causative infectious agent variola virus (VARV), and the recent synthetic achievements increase the threat of intentional or accidental release and reemergence of smallpox. Control of smallpox would require an emergency vaccination campaign, as no other protective measure has been approved to achieve eradication and ensure worldwide protection. Experimental data in surrogate animal models support the assumption, based on anecdotal, uncontrolled historical data, that vaccination up to 4 days postexposure confers effective protection. The long incubation period, and the uncertainty of the exposure status in the surrounding population, call for the development and evaluation of safe and effective methods enabling extension of the therapeutic window, and to reduce the disease manifestations and vaccine adverse reactions. To achieve these goals, we need to evaluate the efficacy of novel and already licensed vaccines as a sole treatment, or in conjunction with immune modulators and antiviral drugs. In this review, we address the available data, recent achievements, and open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Melamed
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O. Box 19, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel.
| | - Tomer Israely
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O. Box 19, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel.
| | - Nir Paran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O. Box 19, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel.
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Futami M, Sato K, Miyazaki K, Suzuki K, Nakamura T, Tojo A. Efficacy and Safety of Doubly-Regulated Vaccinia Virus in a Mouse Xenograft Model of Multiple Myeloma. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2017; 6:57-68. [PMID: 28808676 PMCID: PMC5545772 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is a malignancy of plasma cells of the bone marrow. Although the prognosis is variable, no curative therapy has been defined. Vaccinia virus infects cancer cells and kills such cells in a variety of ways. These include direct infection, triggering of immunomediated cell death, and vascular collapse. The potential of the vaccinia virus as an anti-tumor therapy has attracted the attention of oncologists. Interestingly, our preliminary experiments revealed that myeloma cells were particularly susceptible to vaccinia virus. To exploit this susceptibility and to render vaccinia more myeloma specific, we generated thymidine-kinase-deleted microRNA (miRNA)-regulated vaccinia viruses in which the essential viral gene B5R was regulated by miRNAs of normal human cells. Of the miRNAs examined, let-7a was found to be the most reliable in terms of regulating viral transmission. Exposure to unregulated vaccinia virus killed myeloma-transplanted severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice; the animals succumbed to viral toxicity. In contrast, the thymidine-kinase-deleted let-7a-regulated virus remained localized within myeloma cells, triggering tumor regression and improving overall survival. In conclusion, a thymidine-kinase-deleted let-7a-regulated vaccinia virus was safe and effective for mice, warranting clinical trials in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneyoshi Futami
- Division of Molecular Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Corresponding author: Muneyoshi Futami, Division of Molecular Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Kota Sato
- Division of Molecular Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Department of Hematology, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, 4-1-22 Hiroo, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8935, Japan
| | - Kanji Miyazaki
- Department of Hematology, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, 4-1-22 Hiroo, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8935, Japan
| | - Kenshi Suzuki
- Department of Hematology, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, 4-1-22 Hiroo, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8935, Japan
| | - Takafumi Nakamura
- Division of Integrative Bioscience, Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Arinobu Tojo
- Division of Molecular Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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Sensitization with vaccinia virus encoding H5N1 hemagglutinin restores immune potential against H5N1 influenza virus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37915. [PMID: 27892498 PMCID: PMC5124960 DOI: 10.1038/srep37915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1 HPAI) virus causes elevated mortality compared with seasonal influenza viruses like H1N1 pandemic influenza (H1N1 pdm) virus. We identified a mechanism associated with the severe symptoms seen with H5N1 HPAI virus infection. H5N1 HPAI virus infection induced a decrease of dendritic cell number in the splenic extrafollicular T-cell zone and impaired formation of the outer layers of B-cell follicles, resulting in insufficient levels of antibody production after infection. However, in animals vaccinated with a live recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the H5 hemagglutinin, infection with H5N1 HPAI virus induced parafollicular dendritic cell accumulation and efficient antibody production. These results indicate that a recombinant vaccinia encoding H5 hemagglutinin gene does not impair dendritic cell recruitment and can be a useful vaccine candidate.
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Abstract
Smallpox has shaped human history, from the earliest human civilizations well into the 20th century. With high mortality rates, rapid transmission, and serious long-term effects on survivors, smallpox was a much-feared disease. The eradication of smallpox represents an unprecedented medical victory for the lasting benefit of human health and prosperity. Concerns remain, however, about the development and use of the smallpox virus as a biological weapon, which necessitates the need for continued vaccine development. Smallpox vaccine development is thus a much-reviewed topic of high interest. This review focuses on the current state of smallpox vaccines and their context in biodefense efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Voigt
- a Mayo Vaccine Research Group , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA
| | | | - Gregory A Poland
- a Mayo Vaccine Research Group , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA
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Eto A, Saito T, Yokote H, Kurane I, Kanatani Y. Recent advances in the study of live attenuated cell-cultured smallpox vaccine LC16m8. Vaccine 2015; 33:6106-11. [PMID: 26319072 PMCID: PMC9533910 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.07.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
LC16m8 is a live, attenuated, cell-cultured smallpox vaccine that was developed and licensed in Japan in the 1970s, but was not used in the campaign to eradicate smallpox. In the early 2000s, the potential threat of bioterrorism led to reconsideration of the need for a smallpox vaccine. Subsequently, LC16m8 production was restarted in Japan in 2002, requiring re-evaluation of its safety and efficacy. Approximately 50,000 children in the 1970s and about 3500 healthy adults in the 2000s were vaccinated with LC16m8 in Japan, and 153 adults have been vaccinated with LC16m8 or Dryvax in phase I/II clinical trials in the USA. These studies confirmed the safety and efficacy of LC16m8, while several studies in animal models have shown that LC16m8 protects the host against viral challenge. The World Health Organization Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization recommended LC16m8, together with ACAM2000, as a stockpile vaccine in 2013. In addition, LC16m8 is expected to be a viable alternative to first-generation smallpox vaccines to prevent human monkeypox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Eto
- Department of Health Crisis Management, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako-shi, 351-0197, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tomoya Saito
- Department of Health Crisis Management, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako-shi, 351-0197, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yokote
- Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute (Kaketsuken), 1-6-1 Okubo, Kita-ku, Kumamoto-shi, 860-8568, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kurane
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, 162-8640, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kanatani
- Department of Health Crisis Management, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako-shi, 351-0197, Saitama, Japan.
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Nishiyama Y, Fujii T, Kanatani Y, Shinmura Y, Yokote H, Hashizume S. Freeze-dried live attenuated smallpox vaccine prepared in cell culture "LC16-KAKETSUKEN": Post-marketing surveillance study on safety and efficacy compliant with Good Clinical Practice. Vaccine 2015; 33:6120-7. [PMID: 26455406 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Japan, production of smallpox vaccine LC16m8 (named LC16-KAKETSUKEN) was restarted and was determined to be maintained as a national stockpile in March 2002. OBJECTIVE To conduct a post-marketing surveillance study of the vaccination of freeze-dried live attenuated smallpox vaccine prepared in cell culture LC16-KAKETSUKEN using attenuated vaccinia strain LC16m8. The study complied with Good Clinical Practice, focusing on a comparison between primary vaccinees and re-vaccinees. METHOD 268 personnel (261 males and 7 females) of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force were inoculated with LC16-KAKETSUKEN and thereafter adverse events and efficacy were evaluated. RESULTS Among 268 vaccinee participants, the following vaccinees showed adverse events, none serious: 53 of 196 primary vaccinees (without previous smallpox vaccination), 4 of 71 re-vaccinees (with previous smallpox vaccination) and 1 vaccinee with unknown previous vaccination history. A breakdown of adverse events observed in this study (total 268 vaccinees) showed the following minor or mild adverse events: 52 (19.4%) swelling of axillary lymph node, 4 (1.5%) fever, 2 (0.7%) fatigue, 1 (0.4%) of rash, 14 (5.2%) erythema at the inoculation site, 1 (0.4%) swelling at the inoculation site and 1 (0.4%) autoinoculation. The incidence of adverse events for primary vaccinees (53/196; 27.0%) was significantly higher than for re-vaccinees (4/71; 5.6%). However, the proportion of vaccine take was significantly higher for primary vaccinees (185/196; 94.4%) than for re-vaccinees (58/71; 81.7%). Although the proportion of vaccine take of re-vaccinees was significantly lower than for primary vaccinees due to preexisting immunity by previous vaccination, no significant difference was found in neutralizing antibody titers between primary vaccinees and re-vaccinees at 1, 4 and 7 months after LC16-KAKETSUKEN vaccination. CONCLUSION The present post-marketing surveillance study compliant with Good Clinical Practice demonstrated the efficacy and safety of the smallpox vaccine LC16-KAKETSUKEN in an adult population. LC16-KAKETSUKEN is the sole currently available licensed smallpox vaccine for both adult and pediatric populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasumasa Nishiyama
- Health Care Center, Japan Self-Defense Forces Central Hospital, 1-2-24 Ikeziri, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 154-8532, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Fujii
- Health Care Center, Japan Self-Defense Forces Central Hospital, 1-2-24 Ikeziri, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 154-8532, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kanatani
- National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0197, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Shinmura
- The Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute (Kaketsuken), 1-6-1 Okubo, Kita-ku, Kumamoto-shi, Kumamoto 860-8568, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Yokote
- The Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute (Kaketsuken), 1-6-1 Okubo, Kita-ku, Kumamoto-shi, Kumamoto 860-8568, Japan
| | - So Hashizume
- Chiba University, 1-33, Yayoicho, Inage Ward, Chiba-shi, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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Vaccinia virus strain LC16m8 defective in the B5R gene keeps strong protection comparable to its parental strain Lister in immunodeficient mice. Vaccine 2015; 33:6112-9. [PMID: 26241947 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attenuated vaccinia virus strain, LC16m8, defective in the B5R envelope protein gene, is used as a stockpile smallpox vaccine strain in Japan against bioterrorism: the defect in the B5R gene mainly contributes to its highly attenuated properties. METHODS The protective activity of LC16m8 vaccine against challenge with a lethal dose of vaccinia Western Reserve strain was assessed in wild-type and immunodeficient mice lacking CD4, MHC class I, MHC class II or MHC class I and II antigens. RESULTS The immunization with LC16m8 induced strong protective activity comparable to that of its parent strain, Lister (Elstree) strain, in wild-type mice from 2 days to 1 year after vaccination, as well as in immunodeficient mice at 2 or 3 weeks after vaccination. These results implicated that the defect in the B5R gene hardly affected the potential activity of LC16m8 to induce innate, cell-mediated and humoral immunity, and that LC16m8 could be effective in immunodeficient patients. CONCLUSION LC16m8 with truncated B5 protein has an activity to induce immunity, such as innate immunity and subsequent cell-mediated and humoral immunity almost completely comparable to the activity of its parental strain Lister.
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García-Arriaza J, Esteban M. Enhancing poxvirus vectors vaccine immunogenicity. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:2235-44. [PMID: 25424927 DOI: 10.4161/hv.28974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Attenuated recombinant poxvirus vectors expressing heterologous antigens from pathogens are currently at various stages in clinical trials with the aim to establish their efficacy. This is because these vectors have shown excellent safety profiles, significant immunogenicity against foreign expressed antigens and are able to induce protective immune responses. In view of the limited efficacy triggered by some poxvirus strains used in clinical trials (i.e, ALVAC in the RV144 phase III clinical trial for HIV), and of the restrictive replication capacity of the highly attenuated vectors like MVA and NYVAC, there is a consensus that further improvements of these vectors should be pursuit. In this review we considered several strategies that are currently being implemented, as well as new approaches, to improve the immunogenicity of the poxvirus vectors. This includes heterologous prime/boost protocols, use of co-stimulatory molecules, deletion of viral immunomodulatory genes still present in the poxvirus genome, enhancing virus promoter strength, enhancing vector replication capacity, optimizing expression of foreign heterologous sequences, and the combined use of adjuvants. An optimized poxvirus vector triggering long-lasting immunity with a high protective efficacy against a selective disease should be sought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan García-Arriaza
- a Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Centro Nacional de Biotecnología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); Madrid, Spain
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Preparedness for a smallpox pandemic in Japan: public health perspectives. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2015; 9:220-3. [PMID: 26060873 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2014.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Smallpox is an acute, febrile, contagious disease caused by the Variola virus, which is a member of the Poxviridae family. Until the 1970s, smallpox had been a pandemic disease for more than 3000 years, endemic in tropical and developing areas and periodically epidemic worldwide. The World Health Organization declared smallpox to be completely eradicated in 1980 as the result of global vaccination efforts. At that time, all routine vaccination programs were terminated, given the success of thismonumental eradication. Although smallpox remains fully eradicated, uncertainty exists regarding the possibility of recurrent smallpox outbreaks. At the end of the Cold War, concerns regarding unstable international security and the feasibility of terrorism with weapons of mass destruction have been highlighted. The potential threat of intentional release of smallpox has forced regional health authorities to reconsider their political landscape and create preparedness plans to protect the community in the event of biological attacks. Here we present current countermeasures to this biological threat in Japan and discuss methods for strengthening public health preparedness both domestically and internationally. These methods include infection control, vaccination policy, and international partnerships to help deter or contain a contagious smallpox pandemic.
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Sánchez-Sampedro L, Perdiguero B, Mejías-Pérez E, García-Arriaza J, Di Pilato M, Esteban M. The evolution of poxvirus vaccines. Viruses 2015; 7:1726-803. [PMID: 25853483 PMCID: PMC4411676 DOI: 10.3390/v7041726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
After Edward Jenner established human vaccination over 200 years ago, attenuated poxviruses became key players to contain the deadliest virus of its own family: Variola virus (VARV), the causative agent of smallpox. Cowpox virus (CPXV) and horsepox virus (HSPV) were extensively used to this end, passaged in cattle and humans until the appearance of vaccinia virus (VACV), which was used in the final campaigns aimed to eradicate the disease, an endeavor that was accomplished by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1980. Ever since, naturally evolved strains used for vaccination were introduced into research laboratories where VACV and other poxviruses with improved safety profiles were generated. Recombinant DNA technology along with the DNA genome features of this virus family allowed the generation of vaccines against heterologous diseases, and the specific insertion and deletion of poxvirus genes generated an even broader spectrum of modified viruses with new properties that increase their immunogenicity and safety profile as vaccine vectors. In this review, we highlight the evolution of poxvirus vaccines, from first generation to the current status, pointing out how different vaccines have emerged and approaches that are being followed up in the development of more rational vaccines against a wide range of diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- History, 18th Century
- History, 19th Century
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- Humans
- Poxviridae/immunology
- Poxviridae/isolation & purification
- Smallpox/prevention & control
- Smallpox Vaccine/history
- Smallpox Vaccine/immunology
- Smallpox Vaccine/isolation & purification
- Vaccines, Attenuated/history
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Attenuated/isolation & purification
- Vaccines, Synthetic/history
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/isolation & purification
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Sánchez-Sampedro
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Perdiguero
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain.
| | - Ernesto Mejías-Pérez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain
| | - Juan García-Arriaza
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain
| | - Mauro Di Pilato
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain.
| | - Mariano Esteban
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain.
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Du S, Wang Y, Liu C, Wang M, Zhu Y, Tan P, Ren D, Li X, Tian M, Yin R, Li C, Jin N. Immunogenicity and virulence of attenuated vaccinia virus Tian Tan encoding HIV-1 muti-epitope genes, p24 and cholera toxin B subunit in mice. J Virol Methods 2015; 219:1-9. [PMID: 25796990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
No effective prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine against HIV-1 in humans is currently available. This study analyzes the immunogenicity and safety of a recombinant attenuated vaccinia virus. A chimeric gene of HIV-1 multi-epitope genes containing CpG ODN and cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) was inserted into Chinese vaccinia virus Tian Tan strain (VTT) mutant strain. The recombinant virus rddVTT(-CCMp24) was assessed for immunogenicity and safety in mice. Results showed that the protein CCMp24 was expressed stably in BHK-21 infected with rddVTT(-CCMp24). And the recombinant virus induced the production of HIV-1 p24 specific immunoglobulin G (IgG), IL-2 and IL-4. The recombinant vaccine induced γ-interferon secretion against HIV peptides, and elicited a certain levels of immunological memory. Results indicated that the recombinant virus had certain immunogenicity to HIV-1. Additionally, the virulence of the recombinant virus was been attenuated in vivo of mice compared with wild type VTT (wtVTT), and the introduction of CTB and HIV Mp24 did not alter the infectivity and virulence of defective vaccinia virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouwen Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, AMMS, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Yuhang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, AMMS, Changchun 130122, China; Changchun Bioxun Biotech Co., Ltd., Changchun 130122, China
| | - Cunxia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, AMMS, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Maopeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, AMMS, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Yilong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, AMMS, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Peng Tan
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, AMMS, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Dayong Ren
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, AMMS, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, AMMS, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Mingyao Tian
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, AMMS, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Ronglan Yin
- Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine in Jilin Province, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Chang Li
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, AMMS, Changchun 130122, China.
| | - Ningyi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, AMMS, Changchun 130122, China.
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Glycosylated and nonglycosylated complement control protein of the lister strain of vaccinia virus. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:1330-8. [PMID: 25030055 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00347-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The vaccinia virus complement control protein (VCP) is a secreted viral protein that binds the C3b and C4b complement components and inhibits the classic and alternative complement pathways. Previously, we reported that an attenuated smallpox vaccine, LC16m8, which was derived from the Lister strain of vaccinia virus (VV-Lister), expressed a glycosylated form of VCP, whereas published sequence data at that time indicated that the VV-Lister VCP has no motif for N-linked glycosylation. We were interested in determining whether the glycosylation of VCP impairs its biological activity, possibly contributing to the attenuation of LC16m8, and the likely origin of the glycosylated VCP. Expression analysis indicated that VV-Lister contains substrains expressing glycosylated VCP and substrains expressing nonglycosylated VCP. Other strains of smallpox vaccine, as well as laboratory strains of vaccinia virus, all expressed nonglycosylated VCP. Individual Lister virus clones expressing either the glycosylated VCP or the nonglycosylated species were isolated, and partially purified VCP from the isolates were found to be functional equivalents in binding human C3b and C4b complement proteins and inhibiting hemolysis and in immunogenicity. Recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing FLAG-tagged glycosylated VCP (FLAG-VCPg) and nonglycosylated VCP (FLAG-VCP) were constructed based on the Western Reserve strain. Purified FLAG-VCP and FLAG-VCPg bind human C3b and C4b and blocked complement-mediated hemolysis. Our data suggest that glycosylation did not affect the biological activity of VCP and thus may not have contributed to the attenuation of LC16m8. In addition, the LC16m8 virus likely originated from a substrain of VV-Lister that expresses glycosylated VCP.
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Combined cytolytic effects of a vaccinia virus encoding a single chain trimer of MHC-I with a Tax-epitope and Tax-specific CTLs on HTLV-I-infected cells in a rat model. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:902478. [PMID: 24791004 PMCID: PMC3985193 DOI: 10.1155/2014/902478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Adult T cell leukemia (ATL) is a malignant lymphoproliferative disease caused by human T cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I). To develop an effective therapy against the disease, we have examined the oncolytic ability of an attenuated vaccinia virus (VV), LC16m8Δ (m8Δ), and an HTLV-I Tax-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) line, 4O1/C8, against an HTLV-I-infected rat T cell line, FPM1. Our results demonstrated that m8Δ was able to replicate in and lyse tumorigenic FPM1 cells but was incompetent to injure 4O1/C8 cells, suggesting the preferential cytolytic activity toward tumor cells. To further enhance the cytolysis of HTLV-I-infected cells, we modified m8Δ and obtained m8Δ/RT1AlSCTax180L, which can express a single chain trimer (SCT) of rat major histocompatibility complex class I with a Tax-epitope. Combined treatment with m8Δ/RT1AlSCTax180L and 4O1/C8 increased the cytolysis of FPM1V.EFGFP/8R cells, a CTL-resistant subclone of FPM1, compared with that using 4O1/C8 and m8Δ presenting an unrelated peptide, suggesting that the activation of 4O1/C8 by m8Δ/RT1AlSCTax180L further enhanced the killing of the tumorigenic HTLV-I-infected cells. Our results indicate that combined therapy of oncolytic VVs with SCTs and HTLV-I-specific CTLs may be effective for eradication of HTLV-I-infected cells, which evade from CTL lysis and potentially develop ATL.
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Immunogenicity and safety of the vaccinia virus LC16m8Δ vector expressing SIV Gag under a strong or moderate promoter in a recombinant BCG prime-recombinant vaccinia virus boost protocol. Vaccine 2013; 31:3549-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.05.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Zhang X, Sobue T, Isshiki M, Makino SI, Inoue M, Kato K, Shioda T, Ohashi T, Sato H, Komano J, Hanabusa H, Shida H. Elicitation of both anti HIV-1 Env humoral and cellular immunities by replicating vaccinia prime Sendai virus boost regimen and boosting by CD40Lm. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51633. [PMID: 23236521 PMCID: PMC3517520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For protection from HIV-1 infection, a vaccine should elicit both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. A novel vaccine regimen and adjuvant that induce high levels of HIV-1 Env-specific T cell and antibody (Ab) responses was developed in this study. The prime-boost regimen that used combinations of replication-competent vaccinia LC16m8Δ (m8Δ) and Sendai virus (SeV) vectors expressing HIV-1 Env efficiently produced both Env-specific CD8+ T cells and anti-Env antibodies, including neutralizing antibodies (nAbs). These results sharply contrast with vaccine regimens that prime with an Env expressing plasmid and boost with the m8Δ or SeV vector that mainly elicited cellular immunities. Moreover, co-priming with combinations of m8Δs expressing Env or a membrane-bound human CD40 ligand mutant (CD40Lm) enhanced Env-specific CD8+ T cell production, but not anti-Env antibody production. In contrast, priming with an m8Δ that coexpresses CD40Lm and Env elicited more anti-Env Abs with higher avidity, but did not promote T cell responses. These results suggest that the m8Δ prime/SeV boost regimen in conjunction with CD40Lm expression could be used as an immunization platform for driving both potent cellular and humoral immunities against pathogens such as HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Zhang
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Sobue
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mao Isshiki
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shun-ichi Makino
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Makoto Inoue
- DNAVEC Corporation, Techno Park Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kato
- Department of BioMedical Engineering, Toyo University, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Shioda
- Department of Viral Infection, Research Institute for Microbial Disease, Osaka University, Yamada-oka, Suita-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohashi
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Sato
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jun Komano
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Nakamichi Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Hisatoshi Shida
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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41
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Shinomiya N. [Infectious diseases: progress in diagnosis and treatment. Topics: I. Infectious diseases in unusual circumstances: 3. The possibility of bioterrorism and its countermeasures]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 101:3103-13. [PMID: 23342581 DOI: 10.2169/naika.101.3103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nariyoshi Shinomiya
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Japan
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42
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Du S, Li C, Wang Y, Liu C, Ren D, Li Y, Qin Y, Wang M, Sun D, Zhu N, Jin N. Construction and evaluation of a new triple-gene expression cassette vaccinia virus shuttle vector. J Virol Methods 2012; 185:175-83. [PMID: 22766182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A vaccinia virus shuttle vector pSTKE with a triple-gene expression cassette was designed, and the derived recombinant virus could express at least three different target genes. A vaccinia virus and its mutant as the original viruses and EGFP as the reporter gene were used to verify the three expression cassettes. Two recombinant viruses containing EGFP were obtained by homologous recombination and plaque screening. The expression and genetic stability of the recombinant virus and foreign genes were analyzed using PCR, real-time PCR, and Western blot. And then EGFP, RFP and BFP were inserted into MCS1, MCS2 and MCS3 of pSTKE respectively, resulting in the generation of recombinant expressing three fluorescent proteins mentioned above, and the recombinant was continuously passaged 20 times. The results showed that EGFP, RFP and BFP were highly expressed in vaccinia virus, and no interaction between the three expression cassettes was observed. Recombinant viruses were stable genetically. The shuttle vector pSTKE can be used for efficient and stable gene expression to address problems in recombinant vaccinia viruses, such as low expression efficiency, limited number of inserted genes. In addition, this study provides a solid foundation for the development of a new genetically engineered vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouwen Du
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
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43
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Kennedy JS, Gurwith M, Yokote H, Greenberg RN. Reply to Friedman. J Infect Dis 2012. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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44
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Levy Y, Anis E, Kaliner E, Grotto I, Danon YL. Estimated size of the population at risk of severe adverse events after smallpox vaccination in Israel. Vaccine 2012; 30:6632-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Verardi PH, Titong A, Hagen CJ. A vaccinia virus renaissance: new vaccine and immunotherapeutic uses after smallpox eradication. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 8:961-70. [PMID: 22777090 PMCID: PMC3495727 DOI: 10.4161/hv.21080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1796, Edward Jenner introduced the concept of vaccination with cowpox virus, an Orthopoxvirus within the family Poxviridae that elicits cross protective immunity against related orthopoxviruses, including smallpox virus (variola virus). Over time, vaccinia virus (VACV) replaced cowpox virus as the smallpox vaccine, and vaccination efforts eventually led to the successful global eradication of smallpox in 1979. VACV has many characteristics that make it an excellent vaccine and that were crucial for the successful eradication of smallpox, including (1) its exceptional thermal stability (a very important but uncommon characteristic in live vaccines), (2) its ability to elicit strong humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, (3) the fact that it is easy to propagate, and (4) that it is not oncogenic, given that VACV replication occurs exclusively within the host cell cytoplasm and there is no evidence that the viral genome integrates into the host genome. Since the eradication of smallpox, VACV has experienced a renaissance of interest as a viral vector for the development of recombinant vaccines, immunotherapies, and oncolytic therapies, as well as the development of next-generation smallpox vaccines. This revival is mainly due to the successful use and extensive characterization of VACV as a vaccine during the smallpox eradication campaign, along with the ability to genetically manipulate its large dsDNA genome while retaining infectivity and immunogenicity, its wide mammalian host range, and its natural tropism for tumor cells that allows its use as an oncolytic vector. This review provides an overview of new uses of VACV that are currently being explored for the development of vaccines, immunotherapeutics, and oncolytic virotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo H Verardi
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
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46
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Walsh SR, Dolin R. Vaccinia viruses: vaccines against smallpox and vectors against infectious diseases and tumors. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012; 10:1221-40. [PMID: 21854314 DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Less than 200 years after its introduction, widespread use of vaccinia virus (VACV) as a smallpox vaccine has eradicated variola virus. Along with the remarkable success of the vaccination program, frequent and sometimes severe adverse reactions to VACV were encountered. After eradication, VACV has been reserved for select populations who might be at significant risk for orthopoxvirus infections. Events over the past decade have renewed concerns over the potential use of variola virus as a biological weapon. Accordingly, interest in VACV and attenuated derivatives has increased, both as vaccines against smallpox and as vectors for other vaccines. This article will focus on new developments in the field of orthopoxvirus immunization and will highlight recent advances in the use of vaccinia viruses as vectors for infectious diseases and malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Walsh
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Three Blackfan Circle, E/CLS-1006, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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47
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Rimoin AW, Graham BS. Whither monkeypox vaccination. Vaccine 2011; 29 Suppl 4:D60-4. [PMID: 22188935 PMCID: PMC3311705 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Monkeypox (MPX) is a virulent orthopoxvirus that is endemic in some regions of Central Africa. MPX incidence has been rising since the cessation of routine smallpox immunization. While it causes significant disease, there is limited person-to-person spread, the incidence is still relatively low, and cases are generally restricted to remote areas that are difficult to access. Therefore, initiating vaccine trials or implementing vaccination programs would be challenging. This paper considers the factors that may influence future decisions on whether MPX vaccination should be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne W. Rimoin
- University of California, Los Angeles School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Barney S. Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Kennedy JS, Gurwith M, Dekker CL, Frey SE, Edwards KM, Kenner J, Lock M, Empig C, Morikawa S, Saijo M, Yokote H, Karem K, Damon I, Perlroth M, Greenberg RN. Safety and immunogenicity of LC16m8, an attenuated smallpox vaccine in vaccinia-naive adults. J Infect Dis 2011; 204:1395-402. [PMID: 21921208 PMCID: PMC3218648 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION LC16m8 is an attenuated cell culture-adapted Lister vaccinia smallpox vaccine missing the B5R protein and licensed for use in Japan. METHODS We conducted a phase I/II clinical trial that compared the safety and immunogenicity of LC16m8 with Dryvax in vaccinia-naive participants. Adverse events were assessed, as were electrocardiography and laboratory testing for cardiotoxicity and viral culturing of the vaccination sites. Neutralization titers to vaccinia, monkeypox, and variola major were assessed and cell-mediated immune responses were measured by interferon (IFN)-γ enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot and lymphoproliferation assays. RESULTS Local and systemic reactions after vaccination with LC16m8 were similar to those reported after Dryvax. No clinically significant abnormalities consistent with cardiac toxicity were seen for either vaccine. Both vaccines achieved antivaccinia, antivariola, and antimonkeypox neutralizing antibody titers >1:40, although the mean plaque reduction neutralization titer of LC16m8 at day 30 after vaccination was significantly lower than Dryvax for anti-NYCBH vaccinia (P < .01), antimonkeypox (P < .001), and antivariola (P < .001). LC16m8 produced robust cellular immune responses that trended higher than Dryvax for lymphoproliferation (P = .06), but lower for IFN-γ ELISPOT (P = .02). CONCLUSIONS LC16m8 generates neutralizing antibody titers to multiple poxviruses, including vaccinia, monkeypox, and variola major, and broad T-cell responses, indicating that LC16m8 may have efficacy in protecting individuals from smallpox. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT00103584.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cornelia L. Dekker
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, California
| | - Sharon E. Frey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Saint Louis University Health Sciences Center, Missouri
| | - Kathryn M. Edwards
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Michael Lock
- Statistical Consultant, Mountain View, California
| | - Cyril Empig
- Peregrine Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tustin, California
| | | | | | - Hiroyuki Yokote
- Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute (Kaketsuken), Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kevin Karem
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Inger Damon
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mark Perlroth
- Department of Internal Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, California
| | - Richard N. Greenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington
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49
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Reina J. [The smallpox vaccines and the definitive destruction of the last virus strains]. Med Clin (Barc) 2011; 137:308-10. [PMID: 21605878 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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50
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Johnson BF, Kanatani Y, Fujii T, Saito T, Yokote H, Smith GL. Serological responses in humans to the smallpox vaccine LC16m8. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:2405-2410. [PMID: 21715598 PMCID: PMC3347799 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.034207-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to potential bioterrorism with smallpox, members of the Japanese Self-Defense Forces were vaccinated with vaccinia virus (VACV) strain LC16m8, an attenuated smallpox vaccine derived from VACV strain Lister. The serological response induced by LC16m8 to four virion-surface proteins and the intracellular mature virus (IMV) and extracellular enveloped virus (EEV) was investigated. LC16m8 induced antibody response against the IMV protein A27 and the EEV protein A56. LC16m8 also induced IMV-neutralizing antibodies, but unlike the VACV strain Lister, did not induce either EEV-neutralizing antibody or antibody to EEV protein B5, except after revaccination. Given that B5 is the only target for EEV-neutralizing antibody and that neutralization of both IMV and EEV give optimal protection against orthopoxvirus challenge, these data suggest that immunity induced by LC16m8 might be less potent than that deriving from strain Lister. This potential disadvantage should be balanced against the advantage of the greater safety of LC16m8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin F Johnson
- Section of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Yasuhiro Kanatani
- National Institute of Public Health, Department of Policy Sciences, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0197, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Fujii
- Self-Defense Force, Central Hospital, Health Department, Management Division, 1-2-24 Ikejiri, Setagaya, Tokyo 154-8532, Japan
| | - Tomoya Saito
- Bio-preparedness Research Laboratory, Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yokote
- The Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute (KAKETSUKEN), 1-6-1 Okubo, Kumamoto 860-8568, Japan
| | - Geoffrey L Smith
- Section of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
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