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Yashavarddhan MH, Bohra D, Rana R, Tuli HS, Ranjan V, Rana DS, Ganguly NK. Comprehensive overview of 2022 human monkeypox outbreak and its pathology, prevention, and treatment: A strategy for disease control. Microbiol Res 2023; 277:127504. [PMID: 37812873 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The 2022 Monkeypox virus, an evolved DNA strain originating in Africa, exhibits heightened human-to-human transmissibility and potential animal transmission. Its host remains unidentified. While its initial slow transmission rate restrained global impact, 2022 saw a surge in cases, causing widespread concern in over 103 countries by September. This virus's distinctive human-to-human transmission marks a crucial shift, demanding a prompt revaluation of containment strategies. However, the host source for this shift requires urgent research attention. Regrettably, no universal preventive or curative methods have emerged for this evolved virus. Repurposed from smallpox vaccines, only some vaccinations offer a partial defense. Solely one therapeutic drug is available. The article's essence is to provide a comprehensive grasp of the virus's epidemiology, morphology, immune invasion mechanisms, and existing preventive and treatment measures. This knowledge equips researchers to devise strategies against its spread and potential public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Yashavarddhan
- Department of Biotechnology & Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi 110060, India
| | - Deepika Bohra
- Department of Biotechnology & Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi 110060, India
| | - Rashmi Rana
- Department of Biotechnology & Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi 110060, India.
| | | | - Vivek Ranjan
- Department of Blood Transfusion Medicine, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi 110060, India
| | | | - Nirmal Kumar Ganguly
- Department of Biotechnology & Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi 110060, India
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de la Calle-Prieto F, Estébanez Muñoz M, Ramírez G, Díaz-Menéndez M, Velasco M, Azkune Galparsoro H, Salavert Lletí M, Mata Forte T, Blanco JL, Mora-Rillo M, Arsuaga M, de Miguel Buckley R, Arribas JR, Membrillo FJ. Treatment and prevention of monkeypox. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin (Engl Ed) 2023; 41:629-634. [PMID: 36624034 PMCID: PMC9823286 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimce.2022.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Monkeypox is a zoonosis that is spread mainly through direct contact with fluids and skin lesions of infected people with vesicles still active. Although the virus was isolated for the first time in 1958 and the first human case was identified in a child in 1970, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the disease has progressively increased its incidence in Africa reaching in May 2022 sustained transmission outside this continent. As it is a newly introduced virus in our health system, it is necessary to learn the epidemiological pattern in a different environment from that of traditionally endemic areas and to know the available antiviral treatments, as well as the prophylactic measures that could be considered, knowing that as a virus emerging in our regions, scientific evidence is still limited. There are antivirals that have been shown, in animal models, to effectively combat the disease with very good clinical tolerance. This disease has also forced us to review the characteristics of smallpox vaccines, because they have shown a protective effect against monkeypox. For this reason, it is important to have a document that compiles all the scientific information published in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando de la Calle-Prieto
- Unidad de Patología Importada y Salud Internacional, CSUR para Patología Tropical Importada Adultos y Pediatría, Unidad de Aislamiento de Alto Nivel, Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III-Cantoblanco, IdiPAZ, CIBERINFEC, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Miriam Estébanez Muñoz
- Unidad NRBQ-Infecciosas, Sección de Infecciosas, Unidad de Aislamiento de Alto Nivel, Hospital Central de la Defensa Gómez Ulla, Madrid, Spain
| | - Germán Ramírez
- Unidad NRBQ-Infecciosas, Sección de Infecciosas, Unidad de Aislamiento de Alto Nivel, Hospital Central de la Defensa Gómez Ulla, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Díaz-Menéndez
- Unidad de Patología Importada y Salud Internacional, CSUR para Patología Tropical Importada Adultos y Pediatría, Unidad de Aislamiento de Alto Nivel, Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III-Cantoblanco, IdiPAZ, CIBERINFEC, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Velasco
- Enfermedades Infecciosas y Medicina Tropical, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Harkaitz Azkune Galparsoro
- Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Unidad de Aislamiento de Alto Nivel, Hospital Universitario Donostia, Biodonostia, Universidad del Pais Vasco, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Miguel Salavert Lletí
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Área Clínica Médica, Unidad de Aislamiento de Alto Nivel La Fe, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Tatiana Mata Forte
- Unidad NRBQ-Infecciosas, Sección de Infecciosas, Unidad de Aislamiento de Alto Nivel, Hospital Central de la Defensa Gómez Ulla, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Blanco
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Unidad de Aislamiento de Alto Nivel, Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Universidad de Barcelona, CIBERINFEC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Mora-Rillo
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica, Unidad de Aislamiento de Alto Nivel, Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III-Cantoblanco, IdiPAZ, CIBERINFEC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Arsuaga
- Unidad de Patología Importada y Salud Internacional, CSUR para Patología Tropical Importada Adultos y Pediatría, Unidad de Aislamiento de Alto Nivel, Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III-Cantoblanco, IdiPAZ, CIBERINFEC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa de Miguel Buckley
- Unidad de Patología Importada y Salud Internacional, CSUR para Patología Tropical Importada Adultos y Pediatría, Unidad de Aislamiento de Alto Nivel, Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III-Cantoblanco, IdiPAZ, CIBERINFEC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Ramón Arribas
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III-Cantoblanco, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, IdiPAZ, CIBERINFEC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Membrillo
- Unidad NRBQ-Infecciosas, Sección de Infecciosas, Unidad de Aislamiento de Alto Nivel, Hospital Central de la Defensa Gómez Ulla, Madrid, Spain
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O'Neal J, Lopes da Rosa J, Astin M, Folkes D, Crowder D, Holland DP. Reversing Inequity in Mpox Vaccine Distribution, Fulton County, Georgia, June-September 2022. Am J Public Health 2023; 113:1263-1266. [PMID: 37797279 PMCID: PMC10632850 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2023.307416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Racial/ethnic disparities in the administration of mpox vaccine in Fulton County, Georgia, threatened to undermine the effectiveness of the response. To counteract this inequity, the Fulton County Board of Health partnered with local agencies serving Black and Latino men who have sex with men to coordinate efforts and reserve blocks of time for clients of these agencies to receive a vaccine. The disparities were reversed and approached equity with case rates. (Am J Public Health. 2023;113(12):1263-1266. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2023.307416).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua O'Neal
- Joshua O'Neal, Jessica Lopes da Rosa, Meka Astin, and David P. Holland are with the Fulton County Board of Health, Atlanta, GA. David Folkes is with Thrive SS, Atlanta. Dewayne Crowder is with A Vision 4 Hope, Atlanta
| | - Jessica Lopes da Rosa
- Joshua O'Neal, Jessica Lopes da Rosa, Meka Astin, and David P. Holland are with the Fulton County Board of Health, Atlanta, GA. David Folkes is with Thrive SS, Atlanta. Dewayne Crowder is with A Vision 4 Hope, Atlanta
| | - Meka Astin
- Joshua O'Neal, Jessica Lopes da Rosa, Meka Astin, and David P. Holland are with the Fulton County Board of Health, Atlanta, GA. David Folkes is with Thrive SS, Atlanta. Dewayne Crowder is with A Vision 4 Hope, Atlanta
| | - David Folkes
- Joshua O'Neal, Jessica Lopes da Rosa, Meka Astin, and David P. Holland are with the Fulton County Board of Health, Atlanta, GA. David Folkes is with Thrive SS, Atlanta. Dewayne Crowder is with A Vision 4 Hope, Atlanta
| | - Dewayne Crowder
- Joshua O'Neal, Jessica Lopes da Rosa, Meka Astin, and David P. Holland are with the Fulton County Board of Health, Atlanta, GA. David Folkes is with Thrive SS, Atlanta. Dewayne Crowder is with A Vision 4 Hope, Atlanta
| | - David P Holland
- Joshua O'Neal, Jessica Lopes da Rosa, Meka Astin, and David P. Holland are with the Fulton County Board of Health, Atlanta, GA. David Folkes is with Thrive SS, Atlanta. Dewayne Crowder is with A Vision 4 Hope, Atlanta
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Lindhof HH. Mpox vaccination in a patient on anti-IL-23 therapy was well tolerated and led to seroconversion. Sex Transm Infect 2023; 99:502. [PMID: 37550013 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2023-055821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
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Li E, Guo X, Hong D, Gong Q, Xie W, Li T, Wang J, Chuai X, Chiu S. Duration of humoral immunity from smallpox vaccination and its cross-reaction with Mpox virus. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:350. [PMID: 37709783 PMCID: PMC10502045 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01574-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic caused by mpox virus (MPXV) has become an international public health emergency that poses a significant threat to global health. The vaccinia virus Tiantan strain (VTT) was used to vaccinate against smallpox in China 42 years ago. It is urgent to assess the level of immunity to smallpox in individuals vaccinated 43 or more years ago and evaluate their immunological susceptibility to MPXV. Here, we recruited 294 volunteers and detected the level of residual humoral immunity, including the vaccinia-specific IgG level and neutralizing antibody titer, and the cross-antibodies of MPXV A29L, B6R, A35R, and M1R. Our results showed that the humoral immunity from the smallpox vaccine in the population still remains, and VTT-specific NAb levels wane with age. The majority of the population pre-1981 who should be immunized with VTT still maintains certain levels of MPXV-specific antibodies, in particular, targeting A35R and B6R antigens. Furthermore, we separately analyzed the correlations between the OD450 values of VTT-specific IgG and A35R-specific IgG, B6R-specific IgG, and A29L-specific IgG with plasma samples diluted 1:40, showing a linear correlation (p < 0.0001). Our findings suggest that most Chinese populations still maintain VTT-specific IgG antibodies for 42 or more years after smallpox vaccination and could provide some level of protection against MPXV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Entao Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaoping Guo
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Dongxiang Hong
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qizan Gong
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wenyu Xie
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Xia Chuai
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Sandra Chiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- Core Unit of National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- Key Laboratory of Anhui Province for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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Filardo TD, Prasad N, Waddell CJ, Persad N, Pellegrini GJ, Borne D, Janssen J, Bejarano A, Marx GE, Mosites E. Mpox vaccine acceptability among people experiencing homelessness in San Francisco - October-November 2022. Vaccine 2023; 41:5673-5677. [PMID: 37591706 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Mpox has affected many communities in the United States (U.S.), including people experiencing homelessness (PEH). Mpox vaccination has been an important tool to disrupt transmission and protect communities at risk of infection. To better understand mpox vaccine knowledge and attitudes, we surveyed 273 PEH and people accessing homeless service sites in San Francisco. Among 64 participants previously offered mpox vaccination, 38 (59 %) had received the vaccine. Among 209 participants not previously offered mpox vaccination, 108 (52 %) reported they would receive the vaccine. Vaccine acceptance was higher among transgender female participants and among male participants who reported male sex partner preference (MSM). Half of participants who declined vaccination identified that perception of personal risk and vaccine education may increase their likelihood of receiving an mpox vaccine. Leveraging trusted information sources to provide risk communication and vaccine education may increase vaccine uptake among PEH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Filardo
- 2022 Multi-National Mpox Outbreak Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Namrata Prasad
- 2022 Multi-National Mpox Outbreak Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Caroline J Waddell
- 2022 Multi-National Mpox Outbreak Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Neela Persad
- 2022 Multi-National Mpox Outbreak Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gerald J Pellegrini
- 2022 Multi-National Mpox Outbreak Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Deborah Borne
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julia Janssen
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Grace E Marx
- 2022 Multi-National Mpox Outbreak Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Emily Mosites
- 2022 Multi-National Mpox Outbreak Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Xu M, Liu C, Du Z, Bai Y, Wang Z, Gao C. Real-world effectiveness of monkeypox vaccines: a systematic review. J Travel Med 2023; 30:taad048. [PMID: 37040341 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taad048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
A systematic review was conducted to investigate and understand the real-world effectiveness of smallpox vaccines against mpox during 2022 outbreaks. The effectiveness of MVA-BN was estimated to be 87% [95% confidence interval (CI): 84–90%] for one-dose and 89% (95% CI: 78–100%) for two-dose vaccination. The next-generation vaccines are recommended for future preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingda Xu
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Optics and Electronics (iOPEN), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Caifen Liu
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhanwei Du
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuan Bai
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Optics and Electronics (iOPEN), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
- School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chao Gao
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Optics and Electronics (iOPEN), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
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Guilamo-Ramos V, Thimm-Kaiser M, Benzekri A. Community-engaged Mpox vaccination provides lessons for equitable health care in the United States. Nat Med 2023; 29:2160-2161. [PMID: 37468666 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02447-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Guilamo-Ramos
- Center for Latino Adolescent and Family Health, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- School of Nursing, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Department of Infectious Diseases, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Presidential Advisory Council on HIV/AIDS, US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, USA.
- CDC/HRSA Advisory Committee on HIV, Viral Hepatitis and STD Prevention and Treatment, US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Marco Thimm-Kaiser
- Center for Latino Adolescent and Family Health, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- School of Nursing, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Adam Benzekri
- Center for Latino Adolescent and Family Health, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- School of Nursing, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Lee W, Kim YJ, Lee SJ, Ahn DG, Kim SJ. Current Status of Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Therapeutics, and Vaccines for the Re-Emerging Human Monkeypox Virus. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 33:981-991. [PMID: 37519276 PMCID: PMC10468680 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2306.06033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Monkeypox (Mpox) virus, a member of the Poxviridae family, causes a severe illness similar to smallpox, which is characterized by symptoms such as high fever, rash, and pustules. Human-to-human transmission cases have been reported but remained low since the first recorded case of human infection occurred in the Congo in 1970. Recently, Mpox has re-emerged, leading to an alarming surge in infections worldwide since 2022, originating in the United Kingdom. Consequently, the World Health Organization (WHO) officially declared the '2022-23 Mpox outbreak'. Currently, no specific therapy or vaccine is available for Mpox. Therefore, patients infected with Mpox are treated using conventional therapies developed for smallpox. However, the vaccines developed for smallpox have demonstrated only partial efficacy against Mpox, allowing viral transmission among humans. In this review, we discuss the current epidemiology of the ongoing Mpox outbreak and provide an update on the progress made in diagnosis, treatment, and development of vaccines for Mpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wooseong Lee
- Department of Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Kim
- Department of Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jin Lee
- Department of Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Gyun Ahn
- Department of Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Jun Kim
- Department of Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
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Hockaday SL, Schulte J, McCallum E, Schwartz R, Esparza R, Swienton R, Fowler R. Investigation and Decontamination of an Urban Monkeypox Occurrence. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2023; 17:e460. [PMID: 37609843 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2023.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Before the described monkeypox virus (MPXV) case in this article, limited cases of human MPXV had occurred within the United States. Lessons learned from prior outbreaks contributed to a successful approach to decontamination and containment of an adult case of MPXV in Dallas, Texas. This case report provides an overview of the characteristics of the monkeypox virus, its effects on the human body, and a primary focus on a successful protocol for household decontamination. Additional information is provided on methods related to public relations and information management that were utilized during this incident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Hockaday
- University of Texas Southwestern Department of Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Joann Schulte
- Dallas County Health and Human Services, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | - Raymond Swienton
- University of Texas Southwestern Department of Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Ray Fowler
- University of Texas Southwestern Department of Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Liu B, Farid S, Ullah S, Altanji M, Nawaz R, Wondimagegnhu Teklu S. Mathematical assessment of monkeypox disease with the impact of vaccination using a fractional epidemiological modeling approach. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13550. [PMID: 37599330 PMCID: PMC10440346 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40745-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This present paper aims to examine various epidemiological aspects of the monkeypox viral infection using a fractional-order mathematical model. Initially, the model is formulated using integer-order nonlinear differential equations. The imperfect vaccination is considered for human population in the model formulation. The proposed model is then reformulated using a fractional order derivative with power law to gain a deeper understanding of disease dynamics. The values of the model parameters are determined from the cumulative reported monkeypox cases in the United States during the period from May 10th to October 10th, 2022. Besides this, some of the demographic parameters are evaluated from the population of the literature. We establish sufficient conditions to ensure the existence and uniqueness of the model's solution in the fractional case. Furthermore, the stability of the endemic equilibrium of the fractional monkeypox model is presented. The Lyapunov function approach is used to demonstrate the global stability of the model equilibria. Moreover, the fractional order model is numerically solved using an efficient numerical technique known as the fractional Adams-Bashforth-Moulton method. The numerical simulations are conducted using estimated parameters, considering various values of the fractional order of the Caputo derivative. The finding of this study reveals the impact of various model parameters and fractional order values on the dynamics and control of monkeypox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botao Liu
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Samreen Farid
- Department of Mathematics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Saif Ullah
- Department of Mathematics, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Mohamed Altanji
- Department of Mathematics, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashid Nawaz
- Department of Mathematics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
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Xia H, He YR, Zhan XY, Zha GF. Mpox virus mRNA-lipid nanoparticle vaccine candidates evoke antibody responses and drive protection against the Vaccinia virus challenge in mice. Antiviral Res 2023; 216:105668. [PMID: 37429529 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
In response to the human Mpox (hMPX) epidemic that began in 2022, there is an urgent need for a monkeypox vaccine. Here, we have developed a series of mRNA-lipid nanoparticle (mRNA-LNP)-based vaccine candidates that encode a collection of four highly conserved Mpox virus (MPXV) surface proteins involved in virus attachment, entry, and transmission, namely A29L, A35R, B6R, and M1R, which are homologs to Vaccinia virus (VACV) A27, A33, B5, and L1, respectively. Despite possible differences in immunogenicity among the four antigenic mRNA-LNPs, administering these antigenic mRNA-LNPs individually (5 μg each) or an average mixture of these mRNA-LNPs at a low dose (0.5 μg each) twice elicited MPXV-specific IgG antibodies and potent VACV-specific neutralizing antibodies. Furthermore, two doses of 5 μg of A27, B5, and L1 mRNA-LNPs or a 2 μg average mixture of the four antigenic mRNA-LNPs protected mice against weight loss and death after the VACV challenge. Overall, our data suggest that these antigenic mRNA-LNP vaccine candidates are both safe and efficacious against MPXV, as well as diseases caused by other orthopoxviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Xia
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, China
| | - Yun-Ru He
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Zhan
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, China.
| | - Gao-Feng Zha
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, China.
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13
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Khan MA, Khan A, Khan RM. Effectiveness of Antiviral Drugs <em>versus</em> Vaccine against MPOX Virus Infection. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2023; 33:955-956. [PMID: 37553945 DOI: 10.29271/jcpsp.2023.08.955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ahsan Khan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Civil Hospital, Dow Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Arbish Khan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Civil Hospital, Dow Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Mahnoor Khan
- Department of Radiology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
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14
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Daungsupawong H, Wiwanitkit V. Mpox vaccination for men who have sex with men. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2261197. [PMID: 37732640 PMCID: PMC10515686 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2261197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Viroj Wiwanitkit
- Chandigarh University, India
- Joesph Ayobabalola University, Ikeji-Arakeji, Nigeria
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15
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Tomita N, Terada-Hirashima J, Uemura Y, Shimizu Y, Iwasaki H, Yano R, Suzuki T, Saito S, Okumura N, Sugiura W, Ohmagari N, Ujiie M. An open-label, non-randomized study investigating the safety and efficacy of smallpox vaccine, LC16, as post-exposure prophylaxis for mpox. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2242219. [PMID: 37559375 PMCID: PMC10416734 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2242219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mpox is an acute exanthematous disease caused by the monkeypox virus. Since May 2022, it has spread as a community-acquired infection, mainly in Europe and the United States, and urgent measures to prevent this infection were also required in Japan. In this study, we investigated the post-exposure prophylaxis of mpox and safety after inoculating the smallpox vaccine. Participants in close contact with patients with mpox were inoculated with "Freeze-dried cell culture Smallpox Vaccine LC16," within 14 days after close contact. Six cases were registered, and all the participants were inoculated. No mpox symptoms or related complications were observed in the participants for 21 days after the close contact. Adverse events due to inoculation, such as rash, fever, lymphadenopathy, and local reaction at the inoculation site (comprising erythema, swelling, induration, and pain) were observed in the participants; however, all inoculation-related events were non-severe and non-serious, and the participants recovered during the 28-day observation period. The findings of this study suggest that inoculation with LC16 is an effective post-exposure prophylaxis in individuals who had close contact with patients with mpox. Further large-scale studies are warranted to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Tomita
- Centre for Clinical Sciences, National Centre for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junko Terada-Hirashima
- Centre for Clinical Sciences, National Centre for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukari Uemura
- Centre for Clinical Sciences, National Centre for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Shimizu
- Centre for Clinical Sciences, National Centre for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruka Iwasaki
- Disease Control and Prevention Centre, National Centre for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rina Yano
- Centre for Clinical Sciences, National Centre for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Suzuki
- Disease Control and Prevention Centre, National Centre for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sho Saito
- Disease Control and Prevention Centre, National Centre for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobumasa Okumura
- Disease Control and Prevention Centre, National Centre for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Sugiura
- Centre for Clinical Sciences, National Centre for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Ohmagari
- Disease Control and Prevention Centre, National Centre for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mugen Ujiie
- Disease Control and Prevention Centre, National Centre for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The risk of nosocomial transmission of mpox during the 2022 global outbreak is not well described. We evaluated reports of exposures to healthcare personnel (HCP) and patients in healthcare settings and risk of transmission. RECENT FINDINGS Reported nosocomial transmission of mpox has been rare and associated primarily with sharps injuries and breaches in transmission-based precautions. SUMMARY Currently recommended infection control practices, including the use of standard and transmission-based precautions in the care of patients with known or suspected mpox are highly effective. Diagnostic sampling should not involve the use of needles or other sharp instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimon C Zachary
- Regional Emerging Special Pathogens Treatment Center
- Infection Control Unit
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital
- Harvard Medical School
| | - Lisa L Philpotts
- Treadwell Library, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Erica S Shenoy
- Regional Emerging Special Pathogens Treatment Center
- Infection Control Unit
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital
- Harvard Medical School
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17
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Deng L, Lopez LK, Glover C, Cashman P, Reynolds R, Macartney K, Wood N. Short-term Adverse Events Following Immunization With Modified Vaccinia Ankara-Bavarian Nordic (MVA-BN) Vaccine for Mpox. JAMA 2023; 329:2091-2094. [PMID: 37145654 PMCID: PMC10282881 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.7683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This study uses data collected by Australia’s vaccine safety surveillance system to examine the adverse event profile of the modified vaccinia Ankara–Bavarian Nordic vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Deng
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Laura K. Lopez
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Catherine Glover
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Patrick Cashman
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Renee Reynolds
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kristine Macartney
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicholas Wood
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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18
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Giacomelli A, Cossu MV, Pozza G, Moschese D. Potential Misleading Interpretation of Molecular Methods in Mpox Infection Control. J Clin Microbiol 2023; 61:e0015023. [PMID: 37098947 PMCID: PMC10204625 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00150-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Giacomelli
- III Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Cossu
- I Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Pozza
- III Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Moschese
- I Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
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19
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Swed S, Alibrahim H, Bohsas H, Jawish N, Rais MA, Nasif MN, Hafez W, Sawaf B, Abdelrahman A, Fathey S, Atef Ismail Ahmed Ibrahim I, Almashaqbeh SHA, Yousef Aljawarneh RM, Rakab A, EL-Shafei EHH, Hurlemann R, Elsayed MEG. A multinational cross-sectional study on the awareness and concerns of healthcare providers toward monkeypox and the promotion of the monkeypox vaccination. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1153136. [PMID: 37228716 PMCID: PMC10203626 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1153136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to explore potential healthcare workers' (HCWs) concerns about the monkeypox virus in order to create practical solutions to manage this disease. Methods Online cross-sectional research was conducted in 11 Arabic countries (Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Syria, Libya, Algeria, Tunisia, Iraq, Palestine, Jordan, and Sudan) from 2 August 2022 to 28 December 2022. Results Approximately 82% of respondents felt the need to acquire further information. The acceptability of the vaccine against monkeypox has been indicated by more than half of the participants (54.5%). Furthermore, we state that 45% of the participants are knowledgeable about the monkeypox virus, and 53.1% of the participants have never been affected with COVID-19 before are more worried about COVID-19 than about monkeypox. Participants diagnosed with COVID-19 were 0.63 times less likely to worry about monkeypox than those who were not diagnosed with COVID-19. A greater willingness to get the monkeypox vaccination was seen among the age group 21-30 years (42.4%) compared to the other age groups. Conclusion Most healthcare professionals have a moderate knowledge of the monkeypox virus. Furthermore, they demonstrated a low willingness to get the vaccination against the monkeypox virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarya Swed
- Faculty of Medicine, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria
| | | | | | - Nagham Jawish
- Damascus University Faculty of Medicine, Damascus, Syria
| | | | | | - Wael Hafez
- New Medical Centre (NMC) Royal Hospital, Khalifa City, United Arab Emirates
- Medical Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, The National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Bisher Sawaf
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmed Abdelrahman
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | | | | | | | - Amine Rakab
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Ar-Rayyan, Qatar
| | | | - Rene Hurlemann
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Research Center Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Mohamed E. G. Elsayed
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy III, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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20
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Jarrell L, Perryman K. Mpox (monkeypox): Diagnosis, prevention, and management in adults. Nurse Pract 2023; 48:13-20. [PMID: 36975744 DOI: 10.1097/01.npr.0000000000000025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Mpox (formerly "monkeypox") is a viral zoonosis that presents similarly to smallpox but is less contagious and causes less severe disease. Mpox may be transmitted from infected animals to humans through direct contact or a scratch or bite. Human-to-human transmission occurs through direct contact, respiratory droplets, and fomites. Two vaccines, JYNNEOS® and ACAM2000®, are currently available for postexposure prophylaxis as well as for prevention in certain populations at high risk for mpox. Most cases of mpox are self-limited; however, tecovirimat, brincidofovir, and cidofovir are available as treatments for at-risk populations.
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21
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Ruiz-Pacheco JA, Castillo-Díaz LA, Arreola-Torres R, Fonseca-Coronado S, Gómez-Navarro B. Diabetes mellitus: Lessons from COVID-19 for monkeypox infection. Prim Care Diabetes 2023; 17:113-118. [PMID: 36737358 PMCID: PMC9884624 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcd.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is known to be linked to malfunctioning antiviral defense; however, its association with the severity of monkeypox is poorly understood. In this review, we discuss key immunological mechanisms in the antiviral response affected by poor glucose control that could impact the susceptibility and severity of monkeypox infection, leading to a heightened emphasis on the use of the available antidiabetic drugs. METHODS We searched PubMed and Google scholar for articles published from January 1985 to August 2022. No criteria for publication data were set, and all articles in English were included. RESULTS Currently, there are no studies about the risk or consequences of monkeypox infection in the diabetic population. A high incidence of diabetes is reported in countries such as China, India, Pakistan, EUA, Indonesia, Brazil, Mexico, Bangladesh, Japan, and Egypt, where unfortunately imported cases of monkeypox have been reported and the infection continues to spread. CONCLUSIONS High incidence of diabetes together with the cessation of smallpox vaccination has left large numbers of the human population unprotected against monkeypox. The best option for the population remains confined to the prevention of infection as well as the use of hypoglycemic agents that have also been shown to improve immune mechanisms associated with viral protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Ruiz-Pacheco
- Investigador por México-CONACYT, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Occidente, IMSS, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
| | - L A Castillo-Díaz
- Departamento de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, México
| | - R Arreola-Torres
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, IMSS, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - S Fonseca-Coronado
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Estado de México, México
| | - B Gómez-Navarro
- Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, IMSS, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
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22
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Majee S, Jana S, Kar TK. Dynamical analysis of monkeypox transmission incorporating optimal vaccination and treatment with cost-effectiveness. Chaos 2023; 33:043103. [PMID: 37097947 DOI: 10.1063/5.0139157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing monkeypox outbreak that began in the UK has currently spread to every continent. Here, we use ordinary differential equations to build a nine-compartmental mathematical model to examine the dynamics of monkeypox transmission. The basic reproduction number for both humans ( R 0 h) and animals ( R 0 a) is obtained using the next-generation matrix technique. Depending on the values of R 0 h and R 0 a, we discovered that there are three equilibria. The current study also looks at the stability of all equilibria. We discovered that the model experiences transcritical bifurcation at R 0 a = 1 for any value of R 0 h and at R 0 h = 1 for R 0 a < 1. This is the first study that, to the best of our knowledge, has constructed and solved an optimal monkeypox control strategy while taking vaccination and treatment controls into consideration. The infected averted ratio and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio were calculated to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of all viable control methods. Using the sensitivity index technique, the parameters used in the formulation of R 0 h and R 0 a are scaled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvankar Majee
- Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah 711103, India
| | - Soovoojeet Jana
- Department of Mathematics, Ramsaday College, Amta, 711401 Howrah, West Bengal, India
| | - T K Kar
- Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah 711103, India
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23
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Salcedo RM, Madariaga MG. Monkeypox (hMPXV Infection): A Practical Review. Am J Med 2023; 136:234-243. [PMID: 36495937 PMCID: PMC9729686 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2022.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Monkeypox, a neglected disease previously confined to Africa, is causing a worldwide outbreak affecting predominantly males who have sex with males, especially those who are infected with HIV. The clinical presentation during the current outbreak differs from endemic cases. Treatment with tecovirimat and other antivirals is available. Immunization may be used as preexposure and postexposure prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel G Madariaga
- Physician Manager, Infectious Disease Associates of Naples, Naples, Fla.
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24
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Sanz-Muñoz I, Sánchez-dePrada L, Sánchez-Martínez J, Rojo-Rello S, Domínguez-Gil M, Hernán-García C, Fernández-Espinilla V, de Lejarazu-Leonardo RO, Castrodeza-Sanz J, Eiros JM. Possible Mpox Protection from Smallpox Vaccine-Generated Antibodies among Older Adults. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:656-658. [PMID: 36732061 PMCID: PMC9973709 DOI: 10.3201/eid2903.221231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Smallpox vaccination may confer cross-protection to mpox. We evaluated vaccinia virus antibodies in 162 persons ≥50 years of age in Spain; 68.5% had detectable antibodies. Highest coverage (78%) was among persons 71-80 years of age. Low antibody levels in 31.5% of this population indicates that addressing their vaccination should be a priority.
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25
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Zong Y, Kamoi K, Zhang J, Yang M, Ohno-Matsui K. Mpox (Monkeypox) and the Eye: Ocular Manifestation, Diagnosis, Treatment and Vaccination. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030616. [PMID: 36992325 PMCID: PMC10054449 DOI: 10.3390/v15030616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, the world is at the tipping point of the outbreak of mpox. The World Health Organization has declared the current mpox outbreak a ‘public health emergency of international concern’. Mpox has been shown to be associated with several ocular manifestations. Given the current state of the mpox outbreak, healthcare providers, particularly ophthalmologists, need to be aware of these ophthalmic symptoms and how to manage them. In this review, we highlight current knowledge on the ocular symptoms of mpox virus (MPXV) infections and how to detect them. In addition, we summarize the treatment strategies for these ocular manifestations of MPXV infections and outline the relationship between vaccination and the ocular symptoms of mpox.
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26
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Wolfe MK, Yu AT, Duong D, Rane MS, Hughes B, Chan-Herur V, Donnelly M, Chai S, White BJ, Vugia DJ, Boehm AB. Use of Wastewater for Mpox Outbreak Surveillance in California. N Engl J Med 2023; 388:570-572. [PMID: 36652340 DOI: 10.1056/nejmc2213882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shua Chai
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Duc J Vugia
- California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA
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27
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Sah R, Paul D, Mohanty A, Shah A, Mohanasundaram AS, Padhi BK. Monkeypox (Mpox) vaccines and their side effects: the other side of the coin. Int J Surg 2023; 109:215-217. [PMID: 36799858 PMCID: PMC10389550 DOI: 10.1097/js9.0000000000000142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit Sah
- Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu
- Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra
| | | | | | - Abhishek Shah
- B.P. Koriala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | | | - Bijay K. Padhi
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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28
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Noyce RS, Westfall LW, Fogarty S, Gilbert K, Mpanju O, Stillwell H, Esparza J, Daugherty B, Koide F, Evans DH, Lederman S. Single Dose of Recombinant Chimeric Horsepox Virus (TNX-801) Vaccination Protects Macaques from Lethal Monkeypox Challenge. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020356. [PMID: 36851570 PMCID: PMC9965234 DOI: 10.3390/v15020356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing global Monkeypox outbreak that started in the spring of 2022 has reinforced the importance of protecting the population using live virus vaccines based on the vaccinia virus (VACV). Smallpox also remains a biothreat and although some U.S. military personnel are immunized with VACV, safety concerns limit its use in other vulnerable groups. Consequently, there is a need for an effective and safer, single dose, live replicating vaccine against both viruses. One potential approach is to use the horsepox virus (HPXV) as a vaccine. Contemporary VACV shares a common ancestor with HPXV, which from the time of Edward Jenner and through the 19th century, was extensively used to vaccinate against smallpox. However, it is unknown if early HPXV-based vaccines exhibited different safety and efficacy profiles compared to modern VACV. A deeper understanding of HPXV as a vaccine platform may allow the construction of safer and more effective vaccines against the poxvirus family. In a proof-of-concept study, we vaccinated cynomolgus macaques with TNX-801, a recombinant chimeric horsepox virus (rcHPXV), and showed that the vaccine elicited protective immune responses against a lethal challenge with monkeypox virus (MPXV), strain Zaire. The vaccine was well tolerated and protected animals from the development of lesions and severe disease. These encouraging data support the further development of TNX-801.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S. Noyce
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - José Esparza
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | | | | | - David H. Evans
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Seth Lederman
- Tonix Pharmaceuticals, Dartmouth, MA 02748, USA
- Correspondence:
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Chitwood MH, Kwon J, Savinkina A, Walker J, Bilinski A, Gonsalves G. Estimated Testing, Tracing, and Vaccination Targets for Containment of the US Mpox Outbreak. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2250984. [PMID: 36637825 PMCID: PMC9857202 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.50984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This decision analytic model estimates the levels of community testing, contract tracing, and vaccination required to reduce the effective reproduction number of the mpox virus among the high-risk group of men who have sex with men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie H. Chitwood
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
- Public Health Modeling Unit, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jiye Kwon
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
- Public Health Modeling Unit, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Alexandra Savinkina
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
- Public Health Modeling Unit, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jo Walker
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
- Public Health Modeling Unit, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Alyssa Bilinski
- Department of Health Services, Policy, and Practice, Brown School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Biostatistics, Brown School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Gregg Gonsalves
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
- Public Health Modeling Unit, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
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Shafaati M, Zandi M. Human monkeypox (hMPXV) re-emergence: Host immunity status and current vaccines landscape. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28251. [PMID: 36271768 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Monkeypox virus is a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus and the Poxviridae family. Orthopoxviruses are among the most intricate animal viruses. The pathogenicity of human monkeypox infection has been emphasized in response to its recent emergence in non-endemic countries and the threat of bioterrorism. It is always necessary to take appropriate precautions in exposure to emerging or re-emerging infections. Here, we focus on the current state of the human monkeypox infection outbreak, research & development of immune responses, and clinical interventions to prevent and treat the human monkeypox virus and other human poxviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Shafaati
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
- Occupational Sleep Research, Baharloo Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Zandi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Ray SK, Mukherjee S. Human Monkeypox Virus: Current State of Knowledge and Implications for the Imminent Days. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2023; 23:e270423216283. [PMID: 37102477 DOI: 10.2174/1871526523666230427144755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Monkeypox, a zoonotic orthopoxvirus, unintentionally infects humans and causes a condition resembling smallpox with noticeably reduced fatality. Despite the name monkeypox, the virus did not originate in monkeys. The virus has been linked to several rodents and small mammals, but the real source of monkeypox is still unknown. It was first noticed in macaque monkeys; hence it is named monkeypox. Although monkeypox transmission from person to person is extremely uncommon, it is frequently linked to respiratory droplets or close contact with mucocutaneous lesions of an infected person. This virus is indigenous to western and central Africa, with outbreaks in the Western Hemisphere linked to the exotic pet trade and international travel, making it clinically significant. The immunization against vaccinia virus provided coincidental immunity to monkeypox, but the eradication of smallpox and the consequent lack of vaccination campaigns allowed monkeypox to become clinically relevant. Even though the smallpox vaccine offers protection against the monkeypox virus, the incidence is increasing because of newly non-immunized generations. There is currently no designated treatment for infected individuals; however, supportive treatments are used to relieve symptoms. In extremely severe cases, medications such as tecovirimat may be effective and are used in Europe. Because there are no precise recommendations for symptom alleviation, many treatments are on trial. Smallpox immunizations like JYNNEOS and ACAM2000 are also used as prophylactic measures in the case of the monkeypox virus. This article describes the assessment and treatment of monkeypox infections in humans and emphasizes the need for a multidisciplinary team to treat patients with this condition and prevent disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Kumar Ray
- Independent Researcher, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462020, India
| | - Sukhes Mukherjee
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462020, India
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Meister TL, Tao R, Brüggemann Y, Todt D, Steinmann J, Timm J, Drexler I, Steinmann E. Efficient Inactivation of Monkeypox Virus by World Health Organization‒Recommended Hand Rub Formulations and Alcohols. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:189-192. [PMID: 36394568 PMCID: PMC9796202 DOI: 10.3201/eid2901.221429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing nonzoonotic human monkeypox virus (MPXV) infections urge reevaluation of inactivation strategies. We demonstrate efficient inactivation of MPXV by 2 World Health Organization‒recommended alcohol-based hand rub solutions. When compared with other (re)emerging enveloped viruses, MPXV displayed the greatest stability. Our results support rigorous adherence to use of alcohol-based disinfectants.
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Gujjar P, Chaudhay R, Verma I, Bansal N, Gupta S, Bansal S. Recent Advances in the Prevention and Management of Monkeypox Viral Infection in Humans. Curr Drug Targets 2023; 24:1032-1045. [PMID: 37842888 DOI: 10.2174/0113894501258154231008194028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There have been several neglected infectious pathogens that have reemerged in the last few decades, including the monkeypox virus, a virus from the orthopoxviral genus that causes monkeypox and is transmitted between animals and humans. The human monkeypox outbreak has spread to several different countries. Because of the outbreak's unusually high case count and lack of connections to endemic nations, there are concerns that the monkeypox transmission pattern may have changed. OBJECTIVE The current study aimed to provide recent advancements in the prevention and management of the monkeypox virus in humans. METHODOLOGY We have highlighted recent advancements in the prevention and management of the monkeypox virus in humans in this work. RESULTS For the treatment and prevention of monkeypox, new medications and vaccinations are being used, and more study is needed to understand the epidemiology, biology, and ecology of the virus in endemic regions and stop future global outbreaks. Vaccines available in the market for the treatment of viruses are JYNEOS and ACAM2000. Some of the antiviral drugs, such as tecovirimat, brincidofovir, cidofovir, trifluridine, and vaccinia immune globulin, are used for the treatment of the monkeypox virus. Some of the vaccines, such as NIOCH-14, Cidofovir, CMX-001, and ST-246, are currently in clinical trials. CONCLUSION We have, herein, covered features of monkeypox viral biology that are important for risk assessment and getting ready for an outbreak of the monkeypox virus, with a focus on recent advances in knowledge of the virus's host range, evolutionary potential, and potential targets for neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Gujjar
- Department of Pharmacology, M. M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, 133206, India
| | - Rishabh Chaudhay
- Department of Pharmacology, M. M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, 133206, India
| | - Inderjeet Verma
- Department of Pharmacology, M. M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, 133206, India
| | - Nitin Bansal
- Department of Pharmacy, Chaudhary Bansilal University, Bhiwani, India
| | - Sumeet Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, M. M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, 133206, India
| | - Seema Bansal
- Department of Pharmacology, M. M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, 133206, India
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Farrar JL, Lewis NM, Houck K, Canning M, Fothergill A, Payne AB, Cohen AL, Vance J, Brassil B, Youngkin E, Glenn B, Mangla A, Kupferman N, Saunders K, Meza C, Nims D, Soliva S, Blouse B, Henderson T, Banerjee E, White B, Birn R, Stadelman AM, Abrego M, McLafferty M, Eberhart MG, Pietrowski M, De León SM, Creegan E, Diedhiou A, Wiedeman C, Murray-Thompson J, McCarty E, Marcinkevage J, Kocharian A, Torrone EA, Ray LC, Payne DC. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Mpox in Persons Who Had Previously Received 1 Dose of JYNNEOS Vaccine and in Unvaccinated Persons - 29 U.S. Jurisdictions, May 22-September 3, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022; 71:1610-1615. [PMID: 36580416 PMCID: PMC9812445 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm715152a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
As of November 14, 2022, monkeypox (mpox) cases had been reported from more than 110 countries, including 29,133 cases in the United States.* Among U.S. cases to date, 95% have occurred among males (1). After the first confirmed U.S. mpox case on May 17, 2022, limited supplies of JYNNEOS vaccine (Modified Vaccinia Ankara vaccine, Bavarian Nordic) were made available to jurisdictions for persons exposed to mpox. JYNNEOS vaccine was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2019 as a 2-dose series (0.5 mL per dose, administered subcutaneously) to prevent smallpox and mpox disease.† On August 9, 2022, FDA issued an emergency use authorization to allow administration of JYNNEOS vaccine by intradermal injection (0.1 mL per dose) (2). A previous report on U.S. mpox cases during July 31-September 3, 2022, suggested that 1 dose of vaccine offers some protection against mpox (3). This report describes demographic and clinical characteristics of cases occurring ≥14 days after receipt of 1 dose of JYNNEOS vaccine and compares them with characteristics of cases among unvaccinated persons with mpox and with the vaccine-eligible vaccinated population in participating jurisdictions. During May 22-September 3, 2022, among 14,504 mpox cases reported from 29 participating U.S. jurisdictions,§ 6,605 (45.5%) had available vaccination information and were included in the analysis. Among included cases, 276 (4.2%) were among persons who had received 1 dose of vaccine ≥14 days before illness onset. Mpox cases that occurred in these vaccinated persons were associated with lower percentage of hospitalization (2.1% versus 7.5%), fever, headache, malaise, myalgia, and chills, compared with cases in unvaccinated persons. Although 1 dose of JYNNEOS vaccine offers some protection from disease, mpox infection can occur after receipt of 1 dose, and the duration of protection conferred by 1 dose is unknown. Providers and public health officials should therefore encourage persons at risk for acquiring mpox to complete the 2-dose vaccination series and provide guidance and education regarding nonvaccine-related prevention strategies (4).
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Thy M, Peiffer-Smadja N, Mailhe M, Kramer L, Ferré VM, Houhou N, Tarhini H, Bertin C, Beaumont AL, Garé M, Le Pluart D, Perrineau S, Rahi M, Deconinck L, Phung B, Mollo B, Cortier M, Cresta M, De La Porte Des Vaux C, Joly V, Lariven S, Rioux C, Somarriba C, Lescure FX, Charpentier C, Yazdanpanah Y, Ghosn J. Breakthrough Infections after Postexposure Vaccination against Mpox. N Engl J Med 2022; 387:2477-2479. [PMID: 36477495 DOI: 10.1056/nejmc2211944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mayda Rahi
- Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | - Bao Phung
- Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, Paris, France
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Payne AB, Ray LC, Cole MM, Canning M, Houck K, Shah HJ, Farrar JL, Lewis NM, Fothergill A, White EB, Feldstein LR, Roper LE, Lee F, Kriss JL, Sims E, Spicknall IH, Nakazawa Y, Gundlapalli AV, Shimabukuro T, Cohen AL, Honein MA, Mermin J, Payne DC. Reduced Risk for Mpox After Receipt of 1 or 2 Doses of JYNNEOS Vaccine Compared with Risk Among Unvaccinated Persons - 43 U.S. Jurisdictions, July 31-October 1, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022; 71:1560-1564. [PMID: 36480479 PMCID: PMC9762900 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7149a5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As of October 28, 2022, a total of 28,244* monkeypox (mpox) cases have been reported in the United States during an outbreak that has disproportionately affected gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) (1). JYNNEOS vaccine (Modified Vaccinia Ankara vaccine, Bavarian Nordic), administered subcutaneously as a 2-dose (0.5 mL per dose) series (with doses administered 4 weeks apart), was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2019 to prevent smallpox and mpox disease (2); an FDA Emergency Use Authorization issued on August 9, 2022, authorized intradermal administration of 0.1 mL per dose, increasing the number of persons who could be vaccinated with the available vaccine supply† (3). A previous comparison of mpox incidence during July 31-September 3, 2022, among unvaccinated, but vaccine-eligible men aged 18-49 years and those who had received ≥1 JYNNEOS vaccine dose in 32 U.S. jurisdictions, found that incidence among unvaccinated persons was 14 times that among vaccinated persons (95% CI = 5.0-41.0) (4). During September 4-October 1, 2022, a total of 205,504 persons received JYNNEOS vaccine dose 2 in the United States.§ To further examine mpox incidence among persons who were unvaccinated and those who had received either 1 or 2 JYNNEOS doses, investigators analyzed data on 9,544 reported mpox cases among men¶ aged 18-49 years during July 31-October 1, 2022, from 43 U.S. jurisdictions,** by vaccination status. During this study period, mpox incidence (cases per 100,000 population at risk) among unvaccinated persons was 7.4 (95% CI = 6.0-9.1) times that among persons who received only 1 dose of JYNNEOS vaccine ≥14 days earlier and 9.6 (95% CI = 6.9-13.2) times that among persons who received dose 2 ≥14 days earlier. The observed distribution of subcutaneous and intradermal routes of administration of dose 1 among vaccinated persons with mpox was not different from the expected distribution. This report provides additional data suggesting JYNNEOS vaccine provides protection against mpox, irrespective of whether the vaccine is administered intradermally or subcutaneously. The degree and durability of such protection remains unclear. Persons eligible for mpox vaccination should receive the complete 2-dose series to optimize strength of protection†† (5).
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Duffy J, Marquez P, Moro P, Weintraub E, Yu Y, Boersma P, Donahue JG, Glanz JM, Goddard K, Hambidge SJ, Lewin B, Lewis N, Rouse D, Shimabukuro T. Safety Monitoring of JYNNEOS Vaccine During the 2022 Mpox Outbreak - United States, May 22-October 21, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022; 71:1555-1559. [PMID: 36480476 PMCID: PMC9762898 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7149a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
JYNNEOS (Modified Vaccinia Ankara vaccine, Bavarian Nordic) is recommended in the United States for persons exposed to or at high risk for exposure to Monkeypox virus during the 2022 monkeypox (mpox) outbreak (1). JYNNEOS is a live, nonreplicating viral vaccine licensed for the prevention of smallpox and mpox in adults aged ≥18 years, administered as a 0.5-mL 2-dose series given 28 days apart by subcutaneous injection (2). On August 9, 2022, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for administration of 0.1 mL doses by intradermal injection for adults aged ≥18 years as a strategy to increase vaccine supply, and administration of 0.5 mL doses subcutaneously for persons aged <18 years (3). During May 22-October 21, 2022, a total of 987,294 JYNNEOS vaccine doses were administered in the United States. CDC has monitored JYNNEOS vaccine safety using the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) and the Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD) for vaccine recipients of all ages, and through single-patient emergency Investigational New Drug (EIND) procedures for persons aged <18 years vaccinated before August 9, 2022. The most common adverse health events reported to VAERS for adults were nonserious and included injection site reactions, which was consistent with the prelicensure studies. Adverse health events were reported at similar rates for doses received by intradermal and subcutaneous administration. Serious adverse events were rare in adults, and no serious adverse events have been identified among persons aged <18 years. Overall, postlicensure and postauthorization surveillance to date support JYNNEOS vaccine safety.
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Wu Hupat E. [From Smallpox eradication to Monkeypox emergence in the decade of Virus]. Andes Pediatr 2022; 93:794-798. [PMID: 37906795 DOI: 10.32641/andespediatr.v93i6.4546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elba Wu Hupat
- Facultad de Medicina Occidente, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Abstract
In May 2022, a global outbreak of monkeypox was identified in Europe and North America in individuals most of whom had no history of travel from monkeypox-endemic countries. This article provides an overview of monkeypox disease prevention guidance and treatment options available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy Borton
- Dorothy Borton is an independent infection prevention consultant based in Philadelphia, Pa., and a member of the Nursing2022 editorial board
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40
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Augsburger IB, Galanthay GK, Tarosky JH, Rychtář J, Taylor D. Voluntary vaccination may not stop monkeypox outbreak: A game-theoretic model. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010970. [PMID: 36516113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox (MPX) is a viral zoonotic disease that was endemic to Central and West Africa. However, during the first half of 2022, MPX spread to almost 60 countries all over the world. Smallpox vaccines are about 85% effective in preventing MPX infections. Our objective is to determine whether the vaccines should be mandated or whether voluntary use of the vaccine could be enough to stop the MPX outbreak. We incorporate a standard SVEIR compartmental model of MPX transmission into a game-theoretical framework. We study a vaccination game in which individuals decide whether or not to vaccinate by assessing their benefits and costs. We solve the game for Nash equilibria, i.e., the vaccination rates the individuals would likely adopt without any outside intervention. We show that, without vaccination, MPX can become endemic in previously non-endemic regions, including the United States. We also show that to "not vaccinate" is often an optimal solution from the individual's perspective. Moreover, we demonstrate that, for some parameter values, there are multiple equilibria of the vaccination game, and they exhibit a backward bifurcation. Thus, without centrally mandated minimal vaccination rates, the population could easily revert to no vaccination scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian B Augsburger
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Grace K Galanthay
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jacob H Tarosky
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jan Rychtář
- Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Dewey Taylor
- Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
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Evans A, AlShurman BA, Sehar H, Butt ZA. Monkeypox: A Mini-Review on the Globally Emerging Orthopoxvirus. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:15684. [PMID: 36497758 PMCID: PMC9737955 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Monkeypox is a zoonotic infectious disease belonging to the orthopoxvirus family that has predominantly occurred in West and Central Africa since it was initially discovered in 1958. In May 2022, a global outbreak of monkeypox began to occur on an international scale, with case numbers still rising as this review is being written. This mini review sought to analyze the existing literature on monkeypox published from 2017 onward to provide epidemiological context to current outbreaks. PubMed and Google Scholar databases were used to gather both peer-reviewed and grey literature on the routes of transmission, case definitions, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, management, prevention, vaccination, and epidemiology of monkeypox. Epidemiological studies indicate that the age of onset of monkeypox has increased over time. Antivirals, such as Tecovirimat and Brincidofovir, are recommended to manage confirmed cases of monkeypox. Although mass vaccination is not currently recommended, the smallpox vaccine can be used as a preventative measure for at-risk groups, such as men who have sex with men and frontline healthcare workers. Further peer-reviewed research addressing animal reservoirs and sexual transmission dynamics is needed.
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Mahase E. Monkeypox: Single dose of smallpox vaccine offers 78% protection, UKHSA reports. BMJ 2022; 379:o2829. [PMID: 36418027 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.o2829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
This study uses electronic medical record data to describe monkeypox infections after a single dose of Modified Vaccinia Ankara-Bavarian Nordic vaccine, a live, nonreplicating vaccine indicated for prevention of smallpox and monkeypox infection in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Golden
- From the Center for AIDS and STD (M.R.G.), the Alliance for Pandemic Preparedness (J.N.W.), the Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine (M.R.G., J.N.W.), and the Department of Global Health (J.N.W.), University of Washington, Public Health - Seattle and King County (M.R.G.), and the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center (J.N.W.) - all in Seattle
| | - Judith N Wasserheit
- From the Center for AIDS and STD (M.R.G.), the Alliance for Pandemic Preparedness (J.N.W.), the Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine (M.R.G., J.N.W.), and the Department of Global Health (J.N.W.), University of Washington, Public Health - Seattle and King County (M.R.G.), and the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center (J.N.W.) - all in Seattle
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Kuehn BM. Single Monkeypox Vaccine Dose Provides Some Protection. JAMA 2022; 328:1801. [PMID: 36346407 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2022.18452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Barton T, Oladokun R. Monkeypox: How Globalization, Host Immunity, and Viral Evolution Create a New Pathogen. Pediatr Ann 2022; 51:e431-e435. [PMID: 36343176 DOI: 10.3928/19382359-20220913-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Monkeypox is an Orthopoxvirus, endemic to West Africa and the Congo Basin. It causes an illness characterized by fever, myalgias, lymphadenopathy, and a disseminated vesicular rash. Although similar to smallpox, monkeypox is typically milder, with a lower mortality rate. Endemicity in Africa was previously reduced owing to cross-protection from smallpox vaccine but has been increasing since cessation of universal vaccination. Sporadic cases have been imported to the United States (US), with a few secondary cases. A large global outbreak in 2022 has demonstrated changing epidemiology and increased person-to-person transmission. In May 2022, a returned traveler in Massachusetts presented with monkeypox. As of October 7, 2022, 71,096 cases had been reported in 107 countries, and 26,577 of those were in the US. Most cases have been in younger people without previous smallpox vaccination and in men who have sex with men, a previously unrecognized mode of transmission. [Pediatr Ann. 2022;51(11):e431-e435.].
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Carvajal A, Vigil-De Gracia P. Monkeypox and pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM 2022; 4:100746. [PMID: 36084787 PMCID: PMC9534159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2022.100746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In May 2022, the World Health Organization reported an emerging global outbreak of monkeypox virus infection. Clinical manifestations of monkeypox allow us to quickly suspect the disease. Until now, no pregnant women infected with this virus have been reported; however, because of its speed of spread worldwide, it is possible that we will soon observe such cases. Thus, it is necessary for obstetrician-gynecologists to know the disease, its clinical manifestations, and the experiences reported in the few previous cases in pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carvajal
- Infectología, Hospital Universitario de Caracas, Caracas, Venezuela (Dr Carvajal)
| | - Paulino Vigil-De Gracia
- Obstetricia, Complejo Hospitalario Doctor Arnulfo Arias Madrid, Caja de Seguro Social, Sistema Nacional de Investigación, Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT), Panama City, Panama (Dr Vigil-De Gracia).
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Silva-Júnior EFD. The 2022 Monkeypox outbreak: How the medicinal chemistry could help us? Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 73:117036. [PMID: 36183614 PMCID: PMC9534107 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.117036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edeildo Ferreira da Silva-Júnior
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, AC. Simões campus, 57072-970 Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil.
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Singer RB, Johnson AK, Zemlak JL, Shensa A, Singer RM, Costales C, Chiu K, Stamps J. Monkeypox Prevention and Protecting Sex Workers: A Call to Action. Arch Sex Behav 2022; 51:3659-3662. [PMID: 36169775 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-022-02428-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Randi Beth Singer
- Department of Human Development Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 S. Damen Ave., MC 802, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Amy K Johnson
- The Potocsnak Family Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Ariel Shensa
- Department of Health Administration and Public Health, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rebecca M Singer
- Population Health Nursing Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Nursing, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Cocoa Costales
- CLEARS-HIV & CDPH Data Enclave, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kathleen Chiu
- New York City Department of Health, Sexual Health Clinic, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jahari Stamps
- Southside Health Advocacy Resource Partnership, Chicago, IL, USA
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Kwong J, McNabb KC, Voss JG, Bergman A, McGee K, Farley J. Monkeypox Virus Outbreak 2022: Key Epidemiologic, Clinical, Diagnostic, and Prevention Considerations. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2022; 33:657-667. [PMID: 37099022 PMCID: PMC10309138 DOI: 10.1097/jnc.0000000000000365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Monkeypox is a zoonotic infection that manifests as dermatologic lesions that may be painful or pruritic and can appear on the face, trunk, extremities, genitals, and mucosal surfaces. In 2022, cases of monkeypox increased exponentially and it was declared a public health emergency by the World Health Organization and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Unlike previous monkeypox outbreaks, the current situation has disproportionately affected men who have sex with men and seems to be associated with lower mortality. Options for treatment and prevention are limited. The distribution and availability of vaccines and antivirals has posed challenges for patients, clinicians, and public health systems. Early recognition and management of persons with monkeypox is critical in controlling the spread of this infection. This article reviews key features of monkeypox and highlights current recommendations for clinical management, prevention, and considerations for persons with HIV. Implications for public health and nursing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joachim G. Voss
- Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Alanna Bergman
- Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kara McGee
- Duke University School of Nursing, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jason Farley
- Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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