Longitudinal evaluation of cervical length and shear wave elastography in women with spontaneous preterm birth

OBJECTIVES

To compare longitudinal changes in cervical length (CL) and mean cervical shear wave elastography (CSWE) scores between women with singleton and twin pregnancies who experience spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB) and those who have term births (TB).

METHODS

This was a prospective longitudinal study of 1264 unselected women with singleton (n=1143) and twin (n=121) pregnancy attending a dedicated research clinic for screening of sPTB at 4 timepoints during pregnancy including 11-15+6 (visit 1), 16-20+6 (visit 2), 21-24+6 (visit 3) and 28-32+6 (visit 4) weeks of gestation. At each visit, a transvaginal ultrasound scan was conducted to measure the CL and the CSWE scores from six regions of interest (ROI) (inner, middle, and external parts of anterior and posterior lips) in the cervix. The mean of CSWE scores from the six ROIs were calculated for data analysis. Log10 transformation was applied to make the data Gaussian prior to statistical analysis. A multilevel mixed-effects analysis was performed to compare CL and CSWE longitudinally between sPTB and TB groups.

RESULTS

A total of 57 (4.99%) singleton pregnancies and 33 (27.27%) twin pregnancies were complicated with sPTB. Women with sPTB had shorter CL across gestation when controlling for history of cervical surgery, number of fetuses, gestational age at cervical assessment (GA), and the interaction between GA and sPTB. CL in the sPTB group was significantly lower than that of the TB group at 21-24+6 weeks (p=0.039) and 28-32+6 weeks (p<0.001). Twin pregnancies had significantly longer CL throughout pregnancy, compared to singleton pregnancies (coefficient=0.01864, p<0.001). Furthermore, after adjusting for maternal age, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), and GA, CSWE scores in sPTB group were significantly lower in the sPTB group across gestation, compared to the TB group (1.28265 vs 1.32832; p=0.013). However, in the individual visit analysis, CSWE scores in the sPTB group were significantly lower than that of the TB group only at 11-15+6 weeks (p=0.013). There was no difference in CSWE scores between singleton and twin pregnancies throughout pregnancy (coefficient=-0.00128, p=0.937).

CONCLUSION

Women with sPTB have shorter CL and softer cervix across gestation when compared to those with TB. In the individual visit analysis, the reduction in CL in the sPTB group occurs from late second trimester onwards, while the reduction in cervical stiffness in the sPTB group is observed primarily in the first trimester. Additionally, our study has found that CL is significantly shorter in singleton pregnancies compared to twin pregnancies, while cervical stiffness does not differ between the two types of pregnancy. Our findings indicate that the cervix tends to undergo a softening process prior to shortening in the sPTB cases This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Impact of prolonged use of adjuvant tocolytics after cervical cerclage on late abortion and premature delivery

We evaluated the impact of cervical cerclage combined with one or more uterine contraction inhibitors in persistent inhibition of uterine contraction for the treatment of late abortion and premature delivery. This retrospective case series study analysed the medical data of 58 patients who underwent cervical cerclage for cervical insufficiency and simultaneously received one or more uterine contraction inhibitors (indomethacin, ritodrine, and atosiban) and magnesium sulphate at the Zibo Maternal and Child Health Hospital between January 2019 and December 2020.Patients are normal pregnancy who received cervical cerclage without complications. The rate of successful treatment was 74.14% (43/58). The prolonged gestation duration was 16.42 ± 7.84 weeks, and the average delivery gestational age was 35.91 ± 5.16 weeks. The longest duration of treatment with a uterine contraction inhibitor or inhibitors in combination or with magnesium sulphate alone was 15.34 ± 13.16 days, and nine cases developed adverse reactions. Persistent uterine contraction inhibition after cervical cerclage could prolong pregnancy and improve pregnancy outcomes.Impact statementWhat is already known on this subject? A crucial reason for treatment failure of cervical cerclage is that uterine contraction was not effectively inhibited.What do the results of this study add? Persistent inhibition of uterine contraction after cervical cerclage prolonged pregnancy duration, increased gestational age at delivery, and improved pregnancy outcomes.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? This study may provide a clinical basis for prolonging gestational age, preventing late abortion and premature delivery, and improving the survival rate and quality of life of premature infants.

[Subglottic cysts in infants: a report of 3 cases and literature review]

Subglottic cyst is a rare cause of laryngeal tinnitus in infants and young children, and only a few cases have been reported at home and abroad. In this paper, we report the clinical characteristics and treatment experience of three cases of subglottic cysts in Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. All the 3 childrem were prematurechildren, with a history of tracheal intubation, and the main symptoms were coughing and wheezing.Electronic nasopharyngolaryngoscopy revealed spherical neoplasm under the glottis. Neck computed tomography （CT） showed a slightly hypodense shadow with poorly defined borders, and no significant enhancement was observed after enhancement. Under the self-retaining laryngoscope, the new organisms were clamped and nibbled, and the cyst wall was cauterized by low temperature plasma. There was no recurrence in postoperative follow-up.

Hepatoblastoma with neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: Two case reports

We report two children with hepatoblastoma (HB) with a history of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Case 1 was diagnosed with HB at 5 months of age. Liver enlargement was found during the NEC operation at 3 months of age and then was clinically diagnosed by imaging. After six chemotherapy courses, a partial hepatectomy was performed. Three months after ceasing the chemotherapy, a chest computed tomography scan suggested that distant metastasis of the tumor should be considered, and the lesion was removed. However, 9 months after the operation, alpha-fetoprotein concentrations were increased, and abdominal imaging showed a recurrence of the tumor in situ, resulting in a hepatectomy. Case 2 was diagnosed with NEC shortly after birth and underwent an intestinal resection and anastomosis 1 month later. He was diagnosed with HB at 3 years of age. Hepatectomy was performed after five courses of chemotherapy. Chemotherapy was stopped after 10 courses, and alpha-fetoprotein concentrations were normal. At present, both children have survived and are in a healthy condition. Physicians should be aware of the possibility of HB and a history of NEC in children. Premature birth and low birth weight are common factors leading to the pathogenesis of HB and NEC. The association between these two diseases requires further study.

Factors affecting the early establishment of neonatal intestinal flora and its intervention measures

In recent years, it has become evident that early-life intestinal flora plays a pivotal role in determining human health. Consequently, it is imperative to explore the establishment of neonatal intestinal flora and its influencing factors. Early neonatal intestinal flora is influenced by a multitude of factors, including maternal and infant-related factors, as well as external environment. This review summarizes the colonization mechanism of intestinal flora in the early life of newborns and discussed their influence on the establishment of neonatal intestinal flora, taking into account factors such as delivery mode, gestational age and feeding mode. Additionally, this review delves into the natural or artificial reconstruction of intestinal flora colonization defects in infants born via cesarean section and premature infants, with the goal of establishing a theoretical foundation for preventing and treating issues related to neonatal intestinal flora colonization and associated diseases.

Retrospective Analysis of Neonatal Surgery at Tottori University over the Past Ten Years

Background

In recent years, the number of neonatal surgeries has been on the rise despite the decline in the number of births, and we examined the actual trends and problems at Tottori University Hospital located in the Sanin region.

Methods

Medical records were retrospectively searched for patients who underwent major surgery during the neonatal period (within 30 days of age) at the Tottori University Hospital over the past 10 years (Jan. 2011 to Dec. 2020).

Results

Sixty-five cases were included. Early birth infants (< 37 gestational weeks) comprised 15 cases (23%) and low birth weight (< 2500 g) infants involved 27 cases (42%). In the latter half (2016-2020), early birth and low birth weight infants were significantly less than in the first half (2011-2015). The common diseases were anorectal malformation (14 cases), esophageal atresia (10), duodenal atresia (10), and diaphragmatic hernia (9). Prenatal diagnosis was obtained in 26 cases (40%), with high diagnostic rate obtained in duodenal atresia (100%), abdominal wall defect (100%), ileal atresia (75%), meconium peritonitis (67%), and diaphragmatic hernia (67%). Fifty-five cases (85%) were operated on within 7 days of age. Other major malformations were associated in 23 cases (35%). There were 6 deaths (9%), of which 3 cases were low birth weight infants with gastrointestinal perforation, 2 cases with severe chromosomal abnormalities (esophageal atresia, omphalocele), and 1 case with diaphragmatic hernia with severe pulmonary hypertension. Home medical care has been required with gastrostomy tube in 2 cases.

Conclusion

Neonatal surgery at Tottori University has been well performed as required with acceptable results along with the progression of other perinatal care. However, further investigation for improvements in premature delivery or organ hypoplasia may be required.

Association of serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and placental growth factor in early threatened abortion and premature delivery: A case‑control study

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and placental growth factor (PlGF) serve key roles in the regulation of vascular development, revascularization and vasopermeability in the endometrium, decidua and trophoblasts. Furthermore, both VEGF and PlGF are modulators of embryonic vascular development. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the serum levels of VEGF and PlGF in female patients with early threatened abortion (TA) who experienced preterm delivery. The present case-control study included 130 pregnant patients with or without TA that were admitted to The Maternal and Childcare Hospital of Nantong University from January 2019 to January 2022. Patients were divided into two groups: i) Group A, which included 55 patients diagnosed with TA with slight vaginal bleeding and closed cervical internal os within the first 6-12 weeks of pregnancy; and ii) group B, which included 75 patients with healthy asymptomatic pregnancy. Blood samples were obtained from all patients and VEGF and PlGF levels were examined prior to treatment, and the chi-squared, Student's t-test and two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's post hoc analysis were used to analyze statistical differences between the two patient groups. Results of the present study demonstrated that patients with TA had significantly lower levels of VEGF and PlGF, compared with the controls. In patients with or without TA, the levels of serum PlGF in the preterm delivery group were significantly decreased compared with patients that did not experience preterm delivery. However, there was no significant difference in the levels of VEGF between patients with or without preterm delivery. In addition, lower levels of PlGF, compared with those in patients without TA, may be associated with an increased risk of preterm delivery in patients without early TA.

Disrupted Balance of the Oxidant-Antioxidant System in the Pathophysiology of Female Reproduction: Oxidative Stress and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes

The significance of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of male reproductive processes has been closely studied in the last two decades. Recently, it has become clear that oxidative stress can lead to numerous pathological conditions during female reproductive processes as well, contributing to the development of endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome and various forms of infertility. During pregnancy, physiological generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) occurs in association with several developmental processes including oocyte maturation and implantation. An overproduction of ROS can lead to disturbances in fetal development and increases the risk for missed abortion, intrauterine growth restriction, pre-eclampsia, premature delivery and gestational diabetes. Our review focuses on the etiological role of the disrupted oxidant-antioxidant system during human gestation as it relates to adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Obstetric involvement in mitochondrial disorders: A review

This is the first review about obstetric involvement in mitochondrial disorders (MIDs). The purpose of the review was to discuss recent advances and knowledge about the type and frequency of obstetric complications in MIDs. A narrative review for preferred reporting items was performed in MEDLINE, Current Contents, EMBASE, Web of Science, Web of Knowledge, LILACS, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar. The author searched for studies examining obstetric complications in patients with a definite MID. Obstetric complications described in MIDs include eclampsia, preeclampsia, intra uterine growth retardation, polyhydramnion, oligoamnion, decreased fetal movements, premature delivery, stillbirth, blow weakness, dystocia, breech presentation, retained placenta, postnatal hemorrhage, low birth weight, and early postnatal death. The most common of these complications are polyhydramnion, stillbirth, premature delivery, and low birth weight. The data show that some obstetric complications are more common in MIDs than in healthy females. MIDs can be associated with various obstetric complications. Some of these complications are more common in pregnant females with MID compared with healthy pregnant females. Obstetricians should be aware of MIDs and should know that pregnant females with a MID have an increased risk of developing complications during pregnancy or delivery.

Pregnancy, delivery and neonatal outcomes among women with diabetic retinopathy

OBJECTIVES

Diabetic retinopathy is a common microvascular complication of diabetes. Despite that, there are few studies in the literature to address pregnancy, delivery, or neonatal outcomes among women with diabetic retinopathy.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective study using the Health Care Cost and Utilization Project-Nationwide Inpatient Sample Database over 11 years from 2004 to 2014. A delivery cohort was created using ICD-9 codes. ICD-9 code 250 or 249 was used to extract the cases of maternal diabetic retinopathy. A multivariant logistic regression model was used to adjust for statistically significant variables (p-value ≤ .05).

RESULTS

There were a total of 9,096,788 deliveries during the study period. Of those, 86 615 pregnant women were found to have Diabetes Mellites (DM). Diabetic retinopathy was present in 1233 of the patients with DM. Diabetic retinopathy increased the likelihood of developing pregnancy-induced HTN (p < .0001), Preeclampsia (p < .0001), and Preeclampsia and eclampsia superimposed on preexisting HTN (p < .0001). In addition, in women with DM, the presence of diabetic retinopathy increased the risk of Preterm delivery (p = .002), cesarean section (p < .0001), requiring transfusion (p < .0001), and undergoing hysterectomy (p = .001), and were less likely to have a spontaneous vaginal delivery (p < .0001). However, the presence of diabetic retinopathy in women with DM did not increase the risk of the fetus being small at delivery, having intrauterine fetal demise, or congenital anomalies.

CONCLUSION

Women with diabetic retinopathy should be counseled about their increased risk of pregnancy-induced HTN, preeclampsia, premature delivery, cesarean section, transfusion, and hysterectomy.

Monkeypox and pregnancy

In May 2022, the World Health Organization reported an emerging global outbreak of monkeypox virus infection. Clinical manifestations of monkeypox allow us to quickly suspect the disease. Until now, no pregnant women infected with this virus have been reported; however, because of its speed of spread worldwide, it is possible that we will soon observe such cases. Thus, it is necessary for obstetrician-gynecologists to know the disease, its clinical manifestations, and the experiences reported in the few previous cases in pregnant women.

Defensins: defenders of human reproductive health

BACKGROUND

Reproductive tract infection is an important factor leading to male and female infertility. Among female infertility factors, microbial and viral infections are the main factors affecting female reproductive health and causing tubal infertility, ectopic tubal pregnancy and premature delivery. Among male infertility factors, 13-15% of male infertility is related to infection. Defensins are cationic antibacterial and antiviral peptides, classified into α-defensins, β-defensins and θ-defensins. Humans only have α-defensins and β-defensins. Apart from their direct antimicrobial functions, defensins have an immunomodulatory function and are involved in many physiological processes. Studies have shown that defensins are widely distributed in the female reproductive tract (FRT) and male reproductive tract (MRT), playing a dual role of host defence and fertility protection. However, to our knowledge, the distribution, regulation and function of defensins in the reproductive tract and their relation to reproduction have not been reviewed.

OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE

This review summarizes the expression, distribution and regulation of defensins in the reproductive tracts to reveal the updated research on the dual role of defensins in host defence and the protection of fertility.

SEARCH METHODS

A systematic search was conducted in PubMed using the related keywords through April 2022. Related data from original researches and reviews were integrated to comprehensively review the current findings and understanding of defensins in the human reproductive system. Meanwhile, female and male transcriptome data in the GEO database were screened to analyze defensins in the human reproductive tracts.

OUTCOMES

Two transcriptome databases from the GEO database (GSE7307 and GSE150852) combined with existing researches reveal the expression levels and role of the defensins in the reproductive tracts. In the FRT, a high expression level of α-defensin is found, and the expression levels of defensins in the vulva and vagina are higher than those in other organs. The expression of defensins in the endometrium varies with menstrual cycle stages and with microbial invasion. Defensins also participate in the local immune response to regulate the risk of spontaneous preterm birth. In the MRT, a high expression level of β-defensins is also found. It is mainly highly expressed in the epididymal caput and corpus, indicating that defensins play an important role in sperm maturation. The expression of defensins in the MRT varies with androgen levels, age and the status of microbial invasion. They protect the male reproductive system from bacterial infections by neutralizing lipopolysaccharide and downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, animal and clinical studies have shown that defensins play an important role in sperm maturation, motility and fertilization.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS

As a broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptide without drug resistance, defensin has great potential for developing new natural antimicrobial treatments for reproductive tract infections. However, increasing evidence has shown that defensins can not only inhibit microbial invasion but can also promote the invasion and adhesion of some microorganisms in certain biological environments, such as human immunodeficiency virus. Therefore, the safety of defensins as reproductive tract anti-infective drugs needs more in-depth research. In addition, the modulatory role of defensins in fertility requires more in-depth research since the current conclusions are based on small-size samples. At present, scientists have made many attempts at the clinical transformation of defensins. However, defensins have problems such as poor stability, low bioavailability and difficulties in their synthesis. Therefore, the production of safe, effective and low-cost drugs remains a challenge.

The Association between the Burden of PM2.5-Related Neonatal Preterm Birth and Socio-Demographic Index from 1990 to 2019: A Global Burden Study

BACKGROUND

Preterm birth (PTB) leads to short-term and long-term adverse effects on newborns. Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) was positively related to PTB. However, the global annual average PM_2.5 was three times than the recommended value in 1998-2014. Socio-demographic index (SDI) is a new indicator that comprehensively reflects the overall development level of a country, partly because of "the epidemiological transition". Among other countries with higher and similar SDI levels, policy makers have the opportunity to learn from their successful experiences and avoid their mistakes by identifying whether their burdens of disease are higher or lower than the expected. However, it is unclear about the trends of the burden of PM_2.5-related preterm birth in different countries and different levels of SDI regions. Additionally, the relationship between the SDI and the burden in 1990-2019 is also unclear.

METHODS

This was a retrospective study based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD2019) database from 1990 to 2019. The burden of PM_2.5-related PTB was measured by the age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), age-standardized disability-adjusted life years rate (ASDR), mortality rate, and the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). The annual percentage changes (APCs) and the average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) were used to reflect the trends over the past 30 years, which were calculated using a joinpoint model. The relationships between the ASMR, ASDR, and SDI were calculated using a Gaussian process regression.

FINDINGS

In 2019, the entire burden of PM_2.5-related PTB was relatively high, where the ASMR and the ASDR were 0.76 and 67.71, increasing by 7.04% and 7.12%, respectively. It mainly concentrated on early neonates, boys, and on low-middle SDI regions. The increase in the burden of PM_2.5-related PTB in low and low-middle SDI regions is slightly higher than the decrease in other SDI regions. In 2019, the burden varied greatly among different levels of SDI regions where ASMRs varied from 0.13 in high SDI regions to 1.19 in low-middle regions. The relationship between the expected value of the burden of PM_2.5-related PTB and SDI presented an inverted U-shape, and it reached the maximum when SDI is around 0.50. The burdens in four regions (South Asia, North Africa and the Middle East, western sub-Saharan Africa, and southern sub-Saharan Africa) were much higher than the mean value. Boys bore more burden that girls. The sex ratio (boys:girls) of the burden showed a dramatically increasing trend in low SDI regions and a decreasing trend in middle SDI regions and high-middle SDI regions. These differences reflect the huge inequality among regions, countries, ages, and sex in the burden of PM_2.5-related PTB.

CONCLUSION

The overall burden of PM_2.5-related PTB in 2019 was relatively high, mainly concentrated on early neonates, boys, and on low-middle SDI regions. It showed an increasing trend in low-middle and low SDI regions. The association between the burden and the SDI presented an inverted U-shape. It is very necessary to promulgate policies to prevent and control air pollution in countries with large and increasing exposure to PM_2.5 pollution because it does not need action at an individual level. Focusing on public educational interventions, public and professional policies, and improving accessibility of prenatal care are other feasible ways for low and low-middle SDI countries. Policy makers should also appropriately allocate medical resources to boys and early newborns.

Maternal infection with COVID-19 and increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes: a meta-analysis

Background: The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has become worldwide, posing particularly severe challenges. Pregnancy brings changes that might make individuals more vulnerable to this viral infection. To date, the impact of COVID-19 infection on pregnancy outcomes remains controversial.Method: We performed a meta-analysis to address the impact of COVID-19 infection on pregnancy outcomes. We searched the PubMed and China National Knowledge infrastructure (CNKI) databases for related articles. The odds ratio (OR) corresponding to the 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was used to define the impact of INFECTION and severity of COVID-19 on pregnancy outcomes. The statistical heterogeneity among studies was batched with the Q-test and I² statistics.Results: We collected 38 studies including 127,805 pregnancy women. Our meta-analysis revealed that pregnant women with COVID-19 have been linked to an increased risk of premature birth (OR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.41-1.96), stillbirth (OR = 1.98, 95% CI = 1.22-3.21), pre-eclampsia (OR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.18-1.80), and PROM (OR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.07-1.81).Conclusions: Our meta-analysis showed that infection with COVID-19 increases the risk of preterm birth, stillbirth, pre-eclampsia, and PROM. Screening and early care for pregnant women to intervene with COVID-19 is important, given the increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Influence of pemphigoid gestationis on pregnancy outcome: A case report and review of the literature

Pemphigoid gestationis is considered to be a rare pregnancy exclusive bullous disease, which modifies the course of the pregnancy, with difficulties in the management of the pruritus and skin lesions as well as a possible change in the neonatal outcome. Differential diagnosis of skin lesions and pruritus in pregnancy is challenging, and complementary investigations such as skin biopsy or laboratory tests are indispensable. The correct diagnosis and proper treatment could change the natural course of a pregnancy at risk and could improve maternal and fetal morbidity. We present the case of a patient with pemfigoid gestationis with the aim to highlight: i) the management of this pregnancy-associated skin disorder which transfers this pregnancy into a category of high obstetrical risk pregnancy; ii) the particularities of the course of the pregnancy; and iii) the importance in the differential diagnosis of pregnancy dermatoses. The particularity of this case of pemphigoid gestationis was the acute fetal distress in the absence of intrauterine growth restriction that is frequently found in this pathology, and the management of a rare pregnancy skin condition that currently has no standard treatment.

Systematic review and meta-analysis on influence of human papillomavirus infection during pregnancy on premature rupture of membranes and premature delivery

BACKGROUND

The increasing infection rate of human papillomavirus (HPV) has resulted in various complex pregnancy-related complications in recent years. HPV can directly pass through the placenta to cause intrauterine infection, leading to premature delivery or the premature rupture of membranes (PROM).

METHODS

English databases were searched for randomized control trials (RCTs) on HPV infection and premature delivery and PROM, including PubMed, Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register. The search time was from inception to March 1st 2021, with human papillomavirus, rupture, pregnancy, preterm birth, viral infection, and pregnancy complications as search terms. RevMan5.3 provided by the Cochrane Collaboration was used to perform bias risk assessment.

RESULTS

A total of 7 studies were identified, involving 45,603 patients, including 22,799 cases in the control group, and 22,799 cases in an HPV infection group. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were used to express the results. HPV infection increased the probability of premature delivery (OR =1.81, 95% CI: 1.25-2.62, Z=3.16, P=0.002) and PROM (OR =1.74, 95% CI: 1.45-2.10, Z=5.84, P<0.00001). The P values were all less than 0.05, and the difference was statistically significant.

DISCUSSION

A total of 7 articles were included in this meta-analysis. HPV infection affects the physiology of pregnant women and may lead to PROM and premature delivery.

The association between obstructive sleep apnea and the risk of poor delivery events in women: A population-based nested case-control study

Purpose

To investigate the risk of poor delivery events (PDEs; premature delivery, abortion, and stillbirth) in female subjects with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

Methods

The study identified 8346 female subjects with PDEs as cases between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2015 from the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2005 in Taiwan. A total of 33,384 controls were also identified based on frequency matching for age and year of index date. Diagnoses of OSA and PDEs were determined according to the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision. The risk of PDEs in female subjects with OSA was estimated with conditional logistic regression analyses.

Findings

The mean age of the 41,730 female subjects was 35.53 years. The overall incidence rate of PDEs was 506.22 per 100,000 person‐years for subjects with OSA, which was significantly higher than that for the controls (501.95 per 100,000 person‐years). The risk of PDEs was higher in subjects with OSA than in controls (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.19; 95% confidence interval [CI] [95% CI]: 1.08–1.43), including for premature delivery (AOR = 1.20; 95% CI: 1.16–1.50), and abortion (AOR = 1.19; 95% CI: 1.09–1.47). OSA showed no relation to stillbirth (AOR = 1.04; 95% CI: 0.99–1.31). The findings indicate that the longer a subject has been experiencing OSA, the higher the probability of PDEs.

Conclusions

The risk of PDEs associated with OSA was found in this study. In particular, the longer a subject has OSA, the higher the likelihood of PDEs, exhibiting a dose–response effect.

Clinical relevance

To effectively promote maternal health in clinical practice, health providers need to recognize OSA as a risk factor associated with negative pregnancy outcomes. Furthermore, OSA symptoms should be assessed and managed in all pregnant women to enable more comprehensive maternal care.

Advances in the role of silence information regulator family in pathological pregnancy

Aberrant maternal inflammation and oxidative stress are the two main mechanisms of pathological pregnancy. The silence information regulator (sirtuin) family is a highly conserved family of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent deacylases. By regulating the post-translational modification of proteins, sirtuin is involved in various biological processes including oxidative stress and inflammation. Nowadays, emerging evidence indicates that sirtuin may be closely related to the occurrence and development of pathological pregnancy. The down-regulation of sirtuin can cause spontaneous preterm delivery by promoting uterine contraction and rupture of fetal membranes, cause gestational diabetes mellitus through promoting oxidative stress and affecting the activity of key enzymes in glucose metabolism, cause preeclampsia by reducing the proliferation and invasion ability of trophoblasts, cause intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy by promoting the production of bile acids and T helper 1 cell (Th1) cytokines, and cause intrauterine growth restriction through inducing mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, the expression and activation of sirtuin can be modulated through dietary interventions, thus sirtuin is expected to become a new target for the prevention and treatment of pregnancy complications. This article reviews the role of the sirtuin family in the occurrence and development of pathological pregnancy and its influence on the development of the offspring.

TBX2, a Novel Regulator of Labour

Background and Objectives: Therapeutic interventions targeting molecular factors involved in the transition from uterine quiescence to overt labour are not substantially reducing the rate of spontaneous preterm labour. The identification of novel rational therapeutic targets are essential to prevent the most common cause of neonatal mortality. Based on our previous work showing that Tbx2 (T-Box transcription factor 2) is a putative upstream regulator preceding progesterone withdrawal in mouse myometrium, we now investigate the role of TBX2 in human myometrium. Materials and Methods: RNA microarray analysis of (A) preterm human myometrium samples and (B) myometrial cells overexpressing TBX2 in vitro, combined with subsequent analysis of the two publicly available datasets of (C) Chan et al. and (D) Sharp et al. The effect of TBX2 overexpression on cytokines/chemokines secreted to the myometrium cell culture medium were determined by Luminex assay. Results: Analysis shows that overexpression of TBX2 in myometrial cells results in downregulation of TNFα- and interferon signalling. This downregulation is consistent with the decreased expression of cytokines and chemokines of which a subset has been previously associated with the inflammatory pathways relevant for human labour. In contrast, CXCL5 (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 5), CCL21 and IL-6 (Interleukin 6), previously reported in relation to parturition, do not seem to be under TBX2 control. The combined bioinformatical analysis of the four mRNA datasets identifies a subset of upstream regulators common to both preterm and term labour under control of TBX2. Surprisingly, TBX2 mRNA levels are increased in preterm contractile myometrium. Conclusions: We identified a subset of upstream regulators common to both preterm and term labour that are activated in labour and repressed by TBX2. The increased TBX2 mRNA expression in myometrium collected during a preterm caesarean section while in spontaneous preterm labour compared to tissue harvested during iatrogenic preterm delivery does not fit the bioinformatical model. We can only explain this by speculating that the in vivo activity of TBX2 in human myometrium depends not only on the TBX2 expression levels but also on levels of the accessory proteins necessary for TBX2 activity.

Pre-Term Delivery and Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease in Women

BACKGROUND

Women who deliver pre-term have been reported to have increased future risks of cardiometabolic disorders. However, their long-term risks of ischemic heart disease (IHD) and whether such risks are due to shared familial factors are unclear. A better understanding of these risks may help improve long-term clinical follow-up and interventions to prevent IHD in women.

OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this study was to determine the long-term risks of IHD in women by pregnancy duration.

METHODS

A national cohort study was conducted of all 2,189,190 women with a singleton delivery in Sweden from 1973 to 2015, who were followed up for IHD through the end of 2015. Cox regression was used to compute adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) for IHD associated with pregnancy duration, and cosibling analyses assessed the influence of shared familial (genetic and/or environmental) factors.

RESULTS

In 47.5 million person-years of follow-up, 49,955 (2.3%) women were diagnosed with IHD. In the 10 years following delivery, the aHR for IHD associated with pre-term delivery (<37 weeks) was 2.47 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.16 to 2.82), and further stratified was 4.04 (95% CI: 2.69 to 6.08) for extremely pre-term (22 to 27 weeks), 2.62 (95% CI: 2.09 to 3.29) for very pre-term (28 to 33 weeks), 2.30 (95% CI: 1.97 to 2.70) for late pre-term (34 to 36 weeks), and 1.47 (95% CI: 1.30 to 1.65) for early-term (37 to 38 weeks), compared with full-term (39 to 41 weeks). These risks declined but remained significantly elevated after additional follow-up (pre-term vs. full-term, 10 to 19 years: aHR: 1.86; 95% CI: 1.73 to 1.99; 20 to 29 years: aHR: 1.52; 95% CI: 1.45 to 1.59; 30 to 43 years: aHR: 1.38; 95% CI: 1.32 to 1.45). These findings did not appear attributable to shared genetic or environmental factors within families. Additional pre-term deliveries were associated with further increases in risk.

CONCLUSIONS

In this large national cohort, pre-term delivery was a strong independent risk factor for IHD. This association waned over time but remained substantially elevated up to 40 years later. Pre-term delivery should be recognized as a risk factor for IHD in women across the life course.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Is Associated With Preterm Delivery Independent of Vaginal Microbiota in Pregnant African Women

BACKGROUND

During pregnancy, the vaginal microbiota is relatively stable. However, African women have more diverse vaginal microbiota than their European counterparts, in addition to high human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence and risk of adverse birth outcomes. Although HIV is associated with alterations in vaginal microbiota and inflammation in nonpregnant women, these relationships are underexplored in pregnant women.

METHODS

In this study, we characterize the vaginal microbiota and immune factors in pregnant African women who were HIV-uninfected (n = 314) versus HIV-infected (n = 42). Mucosal samples were collected once at the enrollment visit (between 15 and 35 weeks of gestation) and women were followed until delivery.

RESULTS

Vaginal microbial communities of pregnant women with HIV were significantly more diverse than women without HIV (P = .004), with community structure also differing by HIV status (P = .002, R2 = 0.02). Human immunodeficiency virus infection was also associated with increased risk of preterm birth (PTB) (31% versus 15.3%; P = .066). In a multivariate analysis, HIV infection was independently associated with diverse vaginal community state type (CST)-IVA (P = .005) and CST-IVB (P = .018) as well as PTB (P = .049). No association between HIV status and cytokine concentrations was found.

CONCLUSIONS

Longitudinal studies with accurate gestational age assessment would be important to confirm these relationships.

A Novel Nomogram for Predicting the Risk of Premature Delivery Based on the Thyroid Function in Pregnant Women

BACKGROUND

Maternal thyroid dysfunction and autoantibodies were associated with preterm delivery. However, recommendations for cutoff values of thyroperoxidase antibody (TPOAb) positivity and thyroid-stimulating homone (TSH) associated with premature delivery are lacking.

OBJECTIVE

To identify the pregnancy-specific cutoff values for TPOAb positivity and TSH associated with preterm delivery. To develop a nomogram for the risk prediction of premature delivery based on maternal thyroid function in singleton pregnant women without pre-pregnancy complications.

METHODS

This study included data from the International Peace Maternity and Child Care Health Hospital (IPMCH) in Shanghai, China, between January 2013 and December 2016. Added data between September 2019 and November 2019 as the test cohort. Youden's index calculated the pregnancy-specific cutoff values for TPOAb positivity and TSH concentration. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis were used to screen the risk factors of premature delivery. The nomogram was developed according to the regression coefficient of relevant variables. Discrimination and calibration of the model were assessed using the C-index, Hosmer-Lemeshow test, calibration curve and decision curve analysis.

RESULTS

45,467 pregnant women were divided into the training and validation cohorts according to the ratio of 7: 3. The testing cohort included 727 participants. The pregnancy-specific cutoff values associated with the risk of premature delivery during the first trimester were 5.14 IU/mL for TPOAb positivity and 1.33 mU/L for TSH concentration. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that maternal age, history of premature delivery, elevated TSH concentration and TPOAb positivity in the early pregnancy, preeclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus were risk factors of premature delivery. The C-index was 0.62 of the nomogram. Hosmer-Lemeshow test showed that the Chi-square value was 2.64 (P = 0.955 > 0.05). Decision curve analysis showed a positive net benefit. The calibration curves of three cohorts were shown to be in good agreement.

CONCLUSIONS

We identified the pregnancy-specific cutoff values for TPOAb positivity and TSH concentration associated with preterm delivery in singleton pregnant women without pre-pregnancy complications. We developed a nomogram to predict the occurrence of premature delivery based on thyroid function and other risk factors as a clinical decision-making tool.

Universal screening for thyroid disease SHOULD NOT be recommended before and during pregnancy

Thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy is strongly associated with adverse maternal and foetal outcomes. The effects of treatment are less clear. There is ongoing discussion on whom to treat, when to treat and whether treatment is beneficial. Although universal screening for thyroid disease during pregnancy increases diagnosis and treatment of thyroid dysfunction, there is currently insufficient evidence demonstrating a positive effect of screening on maternal and foetal outcomes. We therefore, at present, recommend against universal screening for thyroid disease before and during pregnancy.

Maternal exposure to benzene and toluene and preterm birth. A longitudinal study

BACKGROUND

Exposure to air pollutants has several effects on human health, including during pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE

To identify whether exposure to benzene and toluene among pregnant women contributes to preterm delivery.

DESIGN AND SETTING

Longitudinal study using data on newborns from mothers living in São José dos Campos (SP) in 2016, who had been exposed to benzene and toluene.

METHODS

A logistic regression model with three hierarchical levels was constructed using maternal variables relating to newborns, and using benzene and toluene concentrations in quartiles. Occurrences of cesarean births, twins or malformations were excluded. Maternal exposure windows of 5, 10, 15, 30, 60 and 90 days prior to delivery were considered.

RESULTS

Out of the 9,562 live births, 3,671 newborns were included and 343 newborns were born at less than 37 weeks of gestation (9.3%). The average birth weight was 3,167.2 g. Exposure to benzene and toluene was significantly associated (P = 0.04) with preterm delivery in the five-day window. There was no association in any of the other exposure windows.

CONCLUSIONS

It was possible to identify that maternal exposure to benzene and toluene has an acute effect on preterm delivery.

Procedure related risk of premature delivery and fetal growth reduction following amniocentesis, transcervical and transabdominal chorionic villus sampling: a retrospective study

Background The aim of this study was to compare transabdominal and transcervical chorionic villus sampling (CVS) as well as amniocentesis (AC) with respect to their rates of premature delivery and fetal growth restriction. Methods We retrospectively evaluated the mentioned procedures of invasive prenatal testing performed in a single center between 2001 and 2016. Seven hundred and ninety-nine cases of AC and 719 cases of CVS were included, of which 400 were performed transvaginally. Only singleton pregnancies with a normal karyotype and delivery after 24 + 0 weeks of gestation were included. Fetal growth restriction was defined as birth weight below the 10th percentile. Premature delivery was defined as delivery before 37 + 0 weeks of gestation. Data were compared to a control group without an invasive procedure. Results The frequency of premature delivery was 8.5% after transabdominal CVS, 6.3% after transcervical CVS and 10.5% after AC as compared to 10.8% in the control group. The frequency of fetal growth restriction was 8.2% after transabdominal CVS 6.8% after transcervical CVS and 8.4% after AC as compared to 9.7% in the control group. Conclusion Our study supports that the three different methods of invasive prenatal testing do not lead to a higher risk of either premature delivery or fetal growth restriction when compared to controls. We found no difference in risk profile among the three techniques.

Effects of Premature Delivery and Birth Weight on Eruption Pattern of Primary Dentition among Beijing Children

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the effect of premature delivery and birth weight (BW) on primary tooth eruption.

METHODS

A total of 2,230 children aged 3 to 36 months from urban and rural areas in Beijing, China, were classified for analysis by gestational age at delivery (89 preterm and 2,141 full term) and BW (low, normal and high). The tooth eruption status of these children was examined and recorded every 3 months.

RESULTS

The timing of first primary tooth eruption was significantly delayed in preterm infants (8.4 months versus 7.3 months for full term; P < 0.05). Furthermore, the number of teeth was significantly less for the preterm and low-BW groups at 12 to 18 and 24 to 30 months, but the number of teeth caught up with normal-BW children by 30 to 36 months. In contrast, the time of first tooth eruption of high-BW children was earlier, while the erupted teeth at each month range was more than the normal-BW group. This research also demonstrated a negative correlation (r = -0.202; P = 0.009) between the time of first primary tooth eruption and BW as well as a positive correlation between the number of erupted teeth and BW.

CONCLUSION

Premature delivery and BW were the influencing factors for the timing of primary tooth eruption in children from Beijing, China. Recommendations for feeding habits and oral healthcare implementation may vary according to different primary tooth eruption status among individuals.

Incidence and outcomes of eclampsia: a single-center 30-year study

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to determine the incidence of eclampsia at Erciyes University Hospital which is a tertiary referral center situated at central Anatolia. Additionally, we investigated eclampsia-associated maternal and perinatal outcomes for the 30-year study period.

METHODS

A retrospective review was performed for all women who were diagnosed with eclampsia and admitted to the Erciyes University Medical School, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology from January 1985 to December 2015. Improvement in management gained over time was determined by comparing the results of the years 2005-2015 with data which were already published from years 1985-1999 and 2000-2004.

RESULTS

Eclampsia prevalence was 289/46,928 (% 0.61). Maternal age at the time of diagnosis did not differ statistically; however, gestational age at diagnosis and birth weight decreased significantly throughout the years (p < 0.005). The perinatal mortality rate showed a slight decrease throughout the years (p = 0.238). Maternal mortality rate also decreased throughout the years; it was 1.7% in 2005-2009 and 0 % in 2010-2015 (p = 0.246).

CONCLUSION

The prevalence of eclampsia cases has decreased over the years. Maternal mortality attributed to eclampsia has also declined. The early diagnosis and treatment of eclampsia have resulted in the increase of premature deliveries. The perinatal mortality rate showed a slight decrease throughout the years (p = 0.238); however, it is not at a desirable rate compared to developed countries.

Impact of Maternal Nutrition and Perinatal Factors on Breast Milk Composition after Premature Delivery

(1) Background: Premature infants require mothers’ milk fortification to meet nutrition needs, but breast milk composition may be variable, leading to the risk of inadequate nutrition. We aimed at determining the factors influencing mothers’ milk macronutrients. (2) Methods: Milk samples were analyzed for the first five weeks after premature delivery by infrared spectroscopy. Mothers’ nutritional intake data were obtained during standardized interviews with dieticians, and then analyzed with reference software. (3) Results: The composition of 367 milk samples from 81 mothers was (median (range) g/100 mL): carbohydrates 6.8 (4.4–7.3), lipids 3.4 (1.3–6.4), proteins 1.3 (0.1–3.1). There was a relationship between milk composition and mothers’ carbohydrates intake only (r = 0.164; p < 0.01). Postnatal age was correlated with milk proteins (r = −0.505; p < 0.001) and carbohydrates (r = +0.202, p < 0.001). Multiple linear regression analyses showed (coefficient) a relationship between milk proteins r = 0.547 and postnatal age (−0.028), carbohydrate intake (+0.449), and the absence of maturation (−0.066); associations were also found among milk lipids r = 0.295, carbohydrate intake (+1.279), and smoking (−0.557). Finally, there was a relationship among the concentration of milk carbohydrates r = 0.266, postnatal age (+0.012), and smoking (−0.167). (4) Conclusions: The variability of mothers’ milk composition is differentially associated for each macronutrient with maternal carbohydrate intake, antenatal steroids, smoking, and postnatal age. Improvement in milk composition could be achieved by the modification of these related factors.

Acquired hemophilia A presenting as progressive intra-abdominal hemorrhage, muscle hemorrhage and hemothorax postpartum: A case report and literature review

Acquired hemophilia A (AHA) is a rare antibody-mediated condition in which autoantibodies form against a coagulation factor, most commonly factor VIII (FVIII), causing severe coagulopathy. Here the present report presents a case of AHA in a 35-year-old postpartum woman with continuous polyserous bloody effusions who was admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Hangzhou, China) in October 2017 without a history of trauma, anticoagulation treatment or coagulopathy. At presentation, the patient's hemoglobin level was low (70 g/l; normal range: 115–150 g/l) g/l, blood pressure was 89/58 mmHg (normal range, 90–140/60–90 mmHg), and activated partial thromboplastin time was 68.4 sec (normal range: 25.0–36.0 sec), with a normal international normalized ratio (0.94; normal range, 0.8–1.2). The reaction time in thrombography was prolonged (35.8 min; normal range: 5–10 min), coagulation FVIII had markedly decreased activity (12.6%; normal range, 60–150%), and FVIII inhibitor had a high titer [7.4 Bethesda units (BU)/ml; normal range, 0–0.6 BU/ml]. Notably, the patient's autoantibody level was markedly higher than normal (1:320; normal range: <1:100). The patient was successfully treated with bleeding control, eradication of FVIII inhibitor, and treatment of the underlying disease. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of AHA with polyserous bloody effusions in a patient with an autoimmune disorder during the postpartum period. Reports of such rare cases will aid the characterization of disease pathogenesis, which may in turn lead to the recognition and timely treatment of this rare disorder.

[The Effect of Medical Social Characteristics and Style of Life of Mothers on Premature Delivery Risks in the Arctic Region of the Russian Federation]

The article presents the analysis of distribution of medical social characteristics and determinants of style of life of mothers in the groups with premature and urgent/delayed deliveries registered in the Register of deliveries of the Arkhangelsk oblast from 01.01.12 to 31.12.14 (n = 43 327). As compared with the group of urgent/delayed deliveries in the group of premature deliveries (n = 2458 or 5.8% of total number of deliveries), the analysis revealed a large percentage mothers characterizing by non-working, single or without marriage registration, smoking, alcohol abusing, lately registered with their pregnancy, lower education level, aged 35 and older, surplus body mass/obesity. The regression analysis generating odds ratio adjusted to all analyzed characteristics, established statistically reliable increasing of risk of premature delivery in primipara and secundipara females older than 35 years and also having the mentioned risk factors except absence of employment of mother. The established risk factors of premature delivery are to be considered in planning activities on their prevention at the individual level.

Vitamin B3 Nicotinamide: A Promising Candidate for Treating Preeclampsia and Improving Fetal Growth

Up to 8% of pregnant women suffer from preeclampsia (PE), a deadly disease characterized by high blood pressure (BP), blood vessel damage, called endotheliosis (vascular endothelial swelling with narrowing of capillary lumen), and high levels of protein in the urine. PE is often associated with premature delivery, which is a risk factor of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases among the offspring. Accordingly, establishing drug treatments of PE is in immediate needs. Currently, many of anti-hypertensive drugs cause malformation of the fetuses and are contraindicated for pregnant women. Anti-hypertensive drugs that are allowed to be used for treating pregnant women could lower BP of the mothers and reduce the risk of maternal death due to cardiovascular diseases such as cerebral hemorrhage. However, these anti-hypertensives do not improve endotheliosis and proteinuria. In fact, they reduce blood supply to the placentae and fetuses, which could lead to fetal growth restriction (FGR) and fetal and neonatal death. Until now, the only treatment for preeclamptic women has been delivery of the baby and placenta. Using three mechanistically different mouse models of PE, we have found that vitamin B₃ nicotinamide (Nam) is the first safe drug that alleviates PE, and that Nam also alleviates or prevents miscarriage, prolongs pregnancy period, and improves the growth of the fetuses in mice with PE. Importantly, Nam has been used for pregnant and nursing women who have difficulty in taking sufficient meal. Nam could help treat or prevent PE and FGR associated with PE, if the treatment works in humans.

Premature fetal tissues are possible source of valuable mesenchymal stem cells

OBJECTIVES

Comparison of the ability to inhibit alloactivated lymphocytes proliferation of human Wharton Jelly (WJ) and amniotic membrane (AM) mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from preterm and term pregnancies.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Term-WJ-MSCs (n = 5) and Preterm-WJ-MSCs (n = 1) were obtained from tissue explants by adherent method. Term-AM-MSCs (n = 5) and Preterm-AM-MSCs (n = 1) were obtained by tripsin and collagenase digestion method. Term and Preterm MSCs phenotype was confirmed in vitro by flow cytometry. To evaluate the potential of fetal and adult MSCs to diminish immunological response mixed lymphocytes reaction (MLR) has been performed.

RESULTS

Term and Preterm cells were positively identified as MSCs by the expression of CD73 and CD90 and CD105 with simultaneous absence of CD11b, CD14, CD19, CD34, CD45 and HLA-DR. The mean inhibition of allostimulated lymphocytes after addition of fetal derived MSCs amounted 64.8% for term AM-MSCs and 42.1% for term WJ-MSCs (for both populations the effect was statistically significant, p < 0.01). The addition of preterm-MSCs to MLR resulted in reduction of stimulated lymphocytes proliferation by 64.9% for AM-MSCs and 86.1% for WJ-MSCs.

CONCLUSIONS

Presented results suggest that preterm fetal tissues contain MSCs which posses similar immunosuppressive capacity as those from term pregnancies. In the future MSCs from the umbilical cord and amnion can be potentially used to prevent immuno-dependent injuries in premature newborns.

Comparing the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes of Chinese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome with and without antiandrogenic pretreatment

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the prevalence of adverse pregnancy outcomes in healthy Chinese women and to investigate whether these outcomes could be decreased in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) by ethinylestradiol/cyproterone acetate (EE/CPA) pretreatment.

DESIGN

Retrospective study.

SETTING

Medical university.

PATIENT(S)

Six thousand healthy women (group A) were selected from 24,566 pregnant women by randomized sampling. Four hundred forty-eight patients with PCOS without EE/CPA pretreatment were assigned to group B, and 222 patients with PCOS with 3 months of pretreatment to group C. All patients with PCOS had biochemical and/or clinical hyperandrogenism and conceived within 3 monthly ovulation inductions using clomiphene.

INTERVENTION(S)

None.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), premature delivery (PD), and neonatal birth weight.

RESULT(S)

The prevalence of GDM, PIH, and PD was higher in group B than in groups A and C (A vs. B vs. C: GDM, 21.2% vs. 35.0% vs. 22.5%; PIH, 6.5% vs. 14.1% vs. 7.7%; PD, 5.4% vs. 8.6% vs. 6.8%). No significant difference was found in neonatal birth weight. After adjusting for age, pregestational body mass index, education level, and employment status, PCOS without pretreatment increased the risk of GDM (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.666; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.340-2.072), PIH (aOR = 1.487; 95% CI, 1.093-2.023), and PD (aOR = 1.522; 95% CI 1.051-2.205), compared with healthy women. No increased risk was found in group C.

CONCLUSION(S)

In our highly selected study population, patients with PCOS are more likely to develop GDM, PIH, and PD. Pretreatment with EE/CPA was associated with a lower risk of GDM, PIH, and PD.

Proteomic Profiling of the Blood Serum for Prediction of Premature Delivery

Mass-spectrometric profiling of the serum in women at weeks 16-17 of gestation was carried out in order to detect proteomic predictors of preterm delivery. Changes in the production of 25 proteins (down-regulation for 13 proteins and up-regulation for 12 proteins) were detected in the sera of women whose pregnancies eventuated in premature deliveries. Among them, proteins with various regulatory functions were distinguished: antioxidant enzymes, chaperons, cytoskeleton proteins, cell adhesion molecules, and proteins involved in angiogenesis, proteolysis, transcription, inflammation processes, binding and transportation of various ligands. These results indicated the formation of proteomic imbalance as early as during trimester II, this eventually leading to premature delivery. The detected serum proteins were suggested as markers for early prediction of premature delivery.

[Neuroprotective effect of Nogo-66 receptor silencing in preterm rats with brain injury caused by intrauterine infection]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effect of Nogo-66 receptor (NgR) silencing with specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) on brain injury repair in preterm rats with brain injury caused by intrauterine infection and related mechanism of action.

METHODS

The pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats (with a gestational age of 15 days) were selected, and premature delivery was induced by RU486 or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The preterm rats delivered by those treated with RU486 were selected as the control group. The preterm rats with brain injury caused by intrauterine infection induced by LPS were divided into model, empty vector, and NgR-siRNA groups, with 36 rats in each group. The rats in the control and model groups were given routine feeding only, and those in the empty vector and NgR-siRNA groups were given an injection of lentiviral empty vector or NgR-siRNA lentivirus via the lateral ventricle on postnatal day 1 (P1) and then fed routinely. On P3, P7, and P14, 8 rats in each group were randomly selected and sacrificed to harvest the brain tissue. RT-PCR was used to measure the mRNA expression of NgR. Western blot was used to to measure the protein expression of active RhoA. The immunofluorescence histochemistry was used to determine the degree of activation of microglial cells and the morphology of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to observe the pathological changes in brain tissue. The behavioral score was evaluated on P30.

RESULTS

On P3, the NgR-siRNA group had significantly lower mRNA expression of NgR and protein expression of active RhoA in brain tissue than the model and empty vector groups (P<0.05). In each group, the mRNA expression of NgR was positively correlated with the protein expression of active RhoA (P<0.05). The results of immunofluorescence histochemistry showed that on P3, the NgR-siRNA group had a significantly reduced fluorescence intensity of the microglial cells labeled with CD11b compared with the model and empty vector groups (P<0.05). The OPCs labeled with O4 antibody in the four groups were mainly presented with tripolar cell morphology. The results of pathological examination showed a normal structure of white matter with clear staining in the periventriclar area in the control group, a loose structure of white matter with disorganized fibers and softening lesions in the model and empty vector groups, and a loose structure of white matter with slightly disorganized fibers, slight gliocyte proliferation, and no significant necrotic lesions in the NgR-siRNA group. As for the behavioral score, compared with the model and empty vector groups, the NgR-siRNA group had a higher score in the suspension test, a longer total activity distance, and greater mean velocity and number of squares crossed, as well as a shorter time of slope test and a shorter time and distance of activity in the central area (P<0.05), while there were no significant differences in these parameters between the NgR-siRNA and control groups (P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

NgR silencing with specific siRNA can effectively silence the expression of NgR in pertem rats with brain injury caused by interauterine infection and has a significant neuroprotective effect in brain injury repair.

[Neuroprotective effect of Nogo-66 receptor silencing in preterm rats with brain injury caused by intrauterine infection]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effect of Nogo-66 receptor (NgR) silencing with specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) on brain injury repair in preterm rats with brain injury caused by intrauterine infection and related mechanism of action.

METHODS

The pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats (with a gestational age of 15 days) were selected, and premature delivery was induced by RU486 or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The preterm rats delivered by those treated with RU486 were selected as the control group. The preterm rats with brain injury caused by intrauterine infection induced by LPS were divided into model, empty vector, and NgR-siRNA groups, with 36 rats in each group. The rats in the control and model groups were given routine feeding only, and those in the empty vector and NgR-siRNA groups were given an injection of lentiviral empty vector or NgR-siRNA lentivirus via the lateral ventricle on postnatal day 1 (P1) and then fed routinely. On P3, P7, and P14, 8 rats in each group were randomly selected and sacrificed to harvest the brain tissue. RT-PCR was used to measure the mRNA expression of NgR. Western blot was used to to measure the protein expression of active RhoA. The immunofluorescence histochemistry was used to determine the degree of activation of microglial cells and the morphology of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to observe the pathological changes in brain tissue. The behavioral score was evaluated on P30.

RESULTS

On P3, the NgR-siRNA group had significantly lower mRNA expression of NgR and protein expression of active RhoA in brain tissue than the model and empty vector groups (P<0.05). In each group, the mRNA expression of NgR was positively correlated with the protein expression of active RhoA (P<0.05). The results of immunofluorescence histochemistry showed that on P3, the NgR-siRNA group had a significantly reduced fluorescence intensity of the microglial cells labeled with CD11b compared with the model and empty vector groups (P<0.05). The OPCs labeled with O4 antibody in the four groups were mainly presented with tripolar cell morphology. The results of pathological examination showed a normal structure of white matter with clear staining in the periventriclar area in the control group, a loose structure of white matter with disorganized fibers and softening lesions in the model and empty vector groups, and a loose structure of white matter with slightly disorganized fibers, slight gliocyte proliferation, and no significant necrotic lesions in the NgR-siRNA group. As for the behavioral score, compared with the model and empty vector groups, the NgR-siRNA group had a higher score in the suspension test, a longer total activity distance, and greater mean velocity and number of squares crossed, as well as a shorter time of slope test and a shorter time and distance of activity in the central area (P<0.05), while there were no significant differences in these parameters between the NgR-siRNA and control groups (P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

NgR silencing with specific siRNA can effectively silence the expression of NgR in pertem rats with brain injury caused by interauterine infection and has a significant neuroprotective effect in brain injury repair.

Oral health knowledge and awareness among pregnant women in India: A systematic review

Pregnancy is a unique period during a woman's life and is characterized by complex physiological changes, which may adversely affect oral health. The present systematic review was conducted to assess knowledge and awareness regarding oral health among pregnant women in India. Relevant cross-sectional observational studies were included in the systematic review to assess the level of knowledge and awareness regarding oral health among pregnant women in India. Seven studies out of 255 were finally included in the present review after conducting both electronic and manual search of scientific databases. Potential biases were reported and appropriate data were extracted by the concerned investigators. Almost 67% of the subjects had good knowledge and awareness regarding oral health in one of the study findings. Knowledge regarding effect of decayed teeth on the appearance of the people was significantly related to the parity status of the subjects (P = 0.024) in other study reports. Very few subjects (17.1% and 37.5%) felt the need for visiting a dentist during pregnancy in two studies. The results of the present review showed that pregnant women had poor knowledge and awareness regarding oral health. Therefore, there is an urgent need for education and motivation of expectant mothers regarding oral health through various health promotion interventions.

The short term fetal cardiovascular effects of corticosteroids used in obstetrics

Background: Corticosteroids are widely used in obstetrics due to their striking effect on perinatal morbidity and mortality of premature neonates. Despite this, relatively few studies have explored short term fetal effects of corticosteroids as measured by ultrasound. Objectives: 1) To present a literature review of short term fetal cardiovascular effects of corticosteroids 2) To describe the protocol of a current observational study (SUPER-A*STEROID) of cardiovascular effects of dexamethasone and betamethasone in the first week after their administration. This trial is nested within the A*STEROID blinded multicentre randomised controlled trial of the two steroid preparations. Findings: Existing data suggest corticosteroids have little effect on the major measured fetal blood vessels when the baseline ultrasound is normal. In the compromised fetus, where the umbilical artery end-diastolic flow is abnormal prior to maternal corticosteroids, flow is temporarily restored in approximately 50% of cases. Whether such changes are beneficial is uncertain. Very little data exist that directly compare the short-term effects of betamethasone and dexamethasone. The SUPER- A*STEROID study described will help provide this information.

MTHFR genetic polymorphism increases the risk of preterm delivery

AIMS

This study aimed to investigate the association between the methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene C677T and A1298C polymorphisms and premature delivery susceptibility.

METHODS

With matched age and gender, 108 premature delivery pregnant women as cases and 108 healthy pregnant women as controls were recruited in this case-control study. The cases and controls had same gestational weeks. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method was adopted to analyze C677T and A1298C polymorphisms of the participants. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) and haplotype analysis were conducted by Haploview software. The differences for frequencies of gene type, allele and haplotypes in cases and controls were tested by chi-square test. The relevant risk of premature delivery was represented by odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs).

RESULTS

TT gene type frequency of C677T polymorphsim was higher in cases than the controls (P=0.004, OR=3.077, 95% CI=1.469-6.447), so was allele T (P=0.002, OR=1.853, 95% CI=1.265-2.716). Whereas, CC gene type of A1298C polymorphism had a lower distribution in cases than the controls (P=0.008, OR=0.095, 95% CI=0.012-0.775), so was allele C (P=0.047, OR=0.610, 95% CI=0.384-0.970). Haplotype analysis and linkage disequilibrium test conducted on the alleles of two polymorphisms in MTHFR gene, we discovered that haplotype T-A had a higher distribution in cases, which indicated that susceptible haplotype T-A was the candidate factor for premature delivery.

CONCLUSIONS

Gene type TT of MTHFR C677T polymorphism might make premature delivery risk rise while gene type CC of A1298C polymorphism might have protective influence on premature delivery.

Low levels of plasma protein S, protein C and coagulation factor XII during early pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcome

It was the study objective to evaluate whether low levels of plasma protein S (PS) activity, free PS, protein C (PC) activity and coagulation factor XII (FXII) during early pregnancy are related to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Peripheral blood samples were obtained at 8-14 gestational weeks (GW) from a consecutive series of 1,220 women. The levels of plasma PS activity, free PS, PC activity, and FXII were measured. Cut-off values were defined as < 1st, < 5th, and < 10th percentiles of values obtained from 933 women whose pregnancies ended in normal deliveries without complications. PS activity of < 10th percentile yielded risks of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) and severe PIH, while free PS level of < 5th percentile yielded a risk of pre-eclampsia. FXII level of < 1st percentile yielded a risk of premature delivery (PD) at < 34 GW. None was associated with PD at < 37 GW, fetal growth restriction or fetal loss. A multivariate analysis demonstrated that PS activity of < 10th percentile (odds ratio 5.9, 95 % confidence interval 1.7-18.1) and body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m² (4.3, 1.1-13.3) were independent risk factors for severe PIH. Similarly, free PS level of < 5th percentile (4.4, 1.0-14.3) and BMI ≥ 25 kg/m² (4.0, 1.3-10.9) were independent risk factors for pre-eclampsia. In conclusion, women with low levels of plasma PS activity and free PS during early pregnancy might have increased risks of PIH, severe PIH or pre-eclampsia. Women with low FXII level might have an increased risk of PD at < 34 GW.

[Management of preterm labor on cervical-uterine incompetence using a pessary cerclage obstetrical]

Nous rapportons le recours efficace à un pessaire dans la prise en charge d'une menace d'accouchement prématuré. Une patiente de 28 ans, G2P1, ayant présenté une fausse-couche tardive à 20 semaines d'aménorrhée (SA) un an auparavant, bénéficiait d'un cerclage cervical à 15 SA. L’échographie endovaginale réalisée à 24 SA (sensation de pesanteur pelvienne) révélait un funnelling majeur et une longueur cervicale à 7 mm. Un pessaire obstétrical permettait la poursuite de la grossesse jusqu'au terme de 36 SA. Ce dispositif semble intéressant chez des patientes présentant une béance cervico-isthmique et chez qui un cerclage cervical s'est révélé inefficace.

Expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha and oligodendrocyte lineage gene-1 in cultured brain slices after oxygen-glucose deprivation

Oligodendrocyte lineage gene-1 expressed in oligodendrocytes may trigger the repair of neuronal myelin impairment, and play a crucial role in myelin repair. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, a transcription factor, is of great significance in premature infants with hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. There is little evidence of direct regulatory effects of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α on oligodendrocyte lineage gene-1. In this study, brain slices of Sprague-Dawley rats were cultured and subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation. Then, slices were transfected with hypoxia-inducible factor 1α or oligodendrocyte lineage gene-1. The expression levels of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and oligodendrocyte lineage gene-1 were significantly up-regulated in rat brains prior to transfection, as detected by immunohistochemical staining. Eight hours after transfection of slices with hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, oligodendrocyte lineage gene-1 expression was upregulated, and reached a peak 24 hours after transfection. Oligodendrocyte lineage gene-1 transfection induced no significant differences in hypoxia-inducible factor 1α levels in rat brain tissues with oxygen-glucose deprivation. These experimental findings indicate that hypoxia-inducible factor 1α can regulate oligodendrocyte lineage gene-1 expression in hypoxic brain tissue, thus repairing the neural impairment.

Level of C - reactive protein as an indicator for prognosis of premature uterine contractions

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

high concentrations of maternal C-reactive protein have been associated with adverse pregnancy outcome, and premature uterine contraction may be predicted by elevated levels of C-reactive protein. This may ultimately be simple and cost-effective enough to introduce as a low-risk screening program.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

an observational case control study was performed from May 1st, 2010 to December 1st, 2010 at Maternity Teaching Hospital-Erbil/ Kurdistan Region/ Iraq. The sample size was (200) cases. Hundred of them were presented with premature uterine contractions at 24(+0)-36(+6) weeks. The other hundred were control group at same gestational ages. The level of C-reactive protein was determined in both groups and both groups were followed till delivery.

RESULTS

(93) out of (100) women with premature uterine contractions had elevated level of C-Reactive protein and 91% delivered prematurely while in the control group only (9) out of (100) women had elevated level of C-reactive protein and only 8% of them delivered preterm. Differences were statistically highly significant.

CONCLUSION

C-reactive protein can be used as a biomarker in prediction of premature delivery when it is associated with premature uterine contractions. As well it can be used as a screening test to detect cases that are at risk of premature delivery.

Anorexia nervosa in pregnancy: a case report and review of the literature

Anorexia nervosa is a complex illness rarely encountered in pregnant women. It is a disorder characterized by markedly decreased food intake accompanied by a distorted body image, resulting in an inability to maintain the body weight within 85% of ideal body weight. We describe a case of a pregnant woman diagnosed with anorexia nervosa at 28 weeks of gestation. Her body mass index was 17 kg/m(2). A live male infant weighing 2,08 kg was delivered prematurely via vaginal delivery at 35 weeks of gestation. Pregnant women with anorexia nervosa may have a higher risk of hypertension, miscarriage, difficult labour, premature delivery and intrauterine growth restriction. Management of pregnancy complicated with anorexia nervosa requires involvement of a multidisciplinary team and hospitalization in severe cases.