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Kusumoto FM, Bittl JA, Creager MA, Dauerman HL, Lala A, McDermott MM, Turco JV, Taqueti VR, Fuster V. Challenges and Controversies in Peer Review: JACC Review Topic of the Week. J Am Coll Cardiol 2023; 82:2054-2062. [PMID: 37968021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
The process of peer review has been the gold standard for evaluating medical science, but significant pressures from the recent COVID-19 pandemic, new methods of communication, larger amounts of research, and an evolving publication landscape have placed significant pressures on this system. A task force convened by the American College of Cardiology identified the 5 most significant controversies associated with the current peer-review process: the effect of preprints, reviewer blinding, reviewer selection, reviewer incentivization, and publication of peer reviewer comments. Although specific solutions to these issues will vary, regardless of how scientific communication evolves, peer review must remain an essential process for ensuring scientific integrity, timely dissemination of information, and better patient care. In medicine, the peer-review process is crucial because harm can occur if poor-quality data or incorrect conclusions are published. With the dramatic increase in scientific publications and new methods of communication, high-quality peer review is more important now than ever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred M Kusumoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.
| | - John A Bittl
- Scientific Publications Committee, American College of Cardiology, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mark A Creager
- Heart and Vascular Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Harold L Dauerman
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Anuradha Lala
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mary M McDermott
- Northwestern University's Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Viviany R Taqueti
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Valentin Fuster
- Mount Sinai Heart, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
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Zannad F, Crea F, Keaney J, Spencer S, Hill JA, Pfeffer MA, Pocock S, Raderschadt E, Ross JS, Sacks CA, Van Spall HGC, Winslow R, Jessup M. Rapid, accurate publication and dissemination of clinical trial results: benefits and challenges. Eur Heart J 2023; 44:4220-4229. [PMID: 37165687 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Large-scale clinical trials are essential in cardiology and require rapid, accurate publication, and dissemination. Whereas conference presentations, press releases, and social media disseminate information quickly and often receive considerable coverage by mainstream and healthcare media, they lack detail, may emphasize selected data, and can be open to misinterpretation. Preprint servers speed access to research manuscripts while awaiting acceptance for publication by a journal, but these articles are not formally peer-reviewed and sometimes overstate the findings. Publication of trial results in a major journal is very demanding but the use of existing checklists can help accelerate the process. In case of rejection, procedures such as easing formatting requirements and possibly carrying over peer-review to other journals could speed resubmission. Secondary publications can help maximize benefits from clinical trials; publications of secondary endpoints and subgroup analyses further define treatment effects and the patient populations most likely to benefit. These rely on data access, and although data sharing is becoming more common, many challenges remain. Beyond publication in medical journals, there is a need for wider knowledge dissemination to maximize impact on clinical practice. This might be facilitated through plain language summary publications. Social media, websites, mainstream news outlets, and other publications, although not peer-reviewed, are important sources of medical information for both the public and for clinicians. This underscores the importance of ensuring that the information is understandable, accessible, balanced, and trustworthy. This report is based on discussions held on December 2021, at the 18th Global Cardiovascular Clinical Trialists meeting, involving a panel of editors of some of the top medical journals, as well as members of the lay press, industry, and clinical trialists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiez Zannad
- Université de Lorraine, INSERM, CIC 1439, Institut Lorrain du Coeur et des Vaisseaux, CHU 54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Filippo Crea
- Department of Cardiovascular and Pneumological Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - John Keaney
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Joseph A Hill
- Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Marc A Pfeffer
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stuart Pocock
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Emma Raderschadt
- Global Medical Affairs, Boehringer Ingelheim, Siegburg, 55218, Germany
| | - Joseph S Ross
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, 06510, USA
| | | | - Harriette G C Van Spall
- Department of Medicine, and Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University; Population Health Research Institute; Research Institute of St. Joseph's, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
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Rizk AA, Arza RA, Jella TK, Cwalina TB, Sanghvi PA, Hadad MJ, Pumo TJ, Kamath AF. Characterization and Reach of Orthopaedic Research Posted to Preprint Servers: Are We "Undercooking" Our Science? Clin Orthop Relat Res 2023; 481:1491-1500. [PMID: 36897188 PMCID: PMC10344576 DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000002621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although biomedical preprint servers have grown rapidly over the past several years, the harm to patient health and safety remains a major concern among several scientific communities. Despite previous studies examining the role of preprints during the Coronavirus-19 pandemic, there is limited information characterizing their impact on scientific communication in orthopaedic surgery. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES (1) What are the characteristics (subspecialty, study design, geographic origin, and proportion of publications) of orthopaedic articles on three preprint servers? (2) What are the citation counts, abstract views, tweets, and Altmetric score per preprinted article and per corresponding publication? METHODS Three of the largest preprint servers (medRxiv, bioRxiv, and Research Square) with a focus on biomedical topics were queried for all preprinted articles published between July 26, 2014, and September 1, 2021, using the following search terms: "orthopaedic," "orthopedic," "bone," "cartilage," "ligament," "tendon," "fracture," "dislocation," "hand," "wrist," "elbow," "shoulder," "spine," "spinal," "hip," "knee," "ankle," and "foot." Full-text articles in English related to orthopaedic surgery were included, while nonclinical studies, animal studies, duplicate studies, editorials, abstracts from conferences, and commentaries were excluded. A total of 1471 unique preprints were included and further characterized in terms of the orthopaedic subspecialty, study design, date posted, and geographic factors. Citation counts, abstract views, tweets, and Altmetric scores were collected for each preprinted article and the corresponding publication of that preprint in an accepting journal. We ascertained whether a preprinted article was published by searching title keywords and the corresponding author in three peer-reviewed article databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, and Dimensions) and confirming that the study design and research question matched. RESULTS The number of orthopaedic preprints increased from four in 2017 to 838 in 2020. The most common orthopaedic subspecialties represented were spine, knee, and hip. From 2017 to 2020, the cumulative counts of preprinted article citations, abstract views, and Altmetric scores increased. A corresponding publication was identified in 52% (762 of 1471) of preprints. As would be expected, because preprinting is a form of redundant publication, published articles that are also preprinted saw greater abstract views, citations, and Altmetric scores on a per-article basis. CONCLUSION Although preprints remain an extremely small proportion of all orthopaedic research, our findings suggest that nonpeer-reviewed, preprinted orthopaedic articles are being increasingly disseminated. These preprinted articles have a smaller academic and public footprint than their published counterparts, but they still reach a substantial audience through infrequent and superficial online interactions, which are far from equivalent to the engagement facilitated by peer review. Furthermore, the sequence of preprint posting and journal submission, acceptance, and publication is unclear based on the information available on these preprint servers. Thus, it is difficult to determine whether the metrics of preprinted articles are attributable to preprinting, and studies such as the present analysis will tend to overestimate the apparent impact of preprinting. Despite the potential for preprint servers to function as a venue for thoughtful feedback on research ideas, the available metrics data for these preprinted articles do not demonstrate the meaningful engagement that is achieved by peer review in terms of the frequency or depth of audience feedback. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Our findings highlight the need for safeguards to regulate research dissemination through preprint media, which has never been shown to benefit patients and should not be considered as evidence by clinicians. Clinician-scientists and researchers have the most important responsibility of protecting patients from the harm of potentially inaccurate biomedical science and therefore must prioritize patient needs first by uncovering scientific truths through the evidence-based processes of peer review, not preprinting. We recommend all journals publishing clinical research adopt the same policy as Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research® , The Bone & Joint Journal, The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, and the Journal of Orthopaedic Research , removing any papers posted to preprint servers from consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam A. Rizk
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ramón A. Arza
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Tarun K. Jella
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Thomas B. Cwalina
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Parshva A. Sanghvi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Matthew J. Hadad
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Thomas J. Pumo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Atul F. Kamath
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Teixeira da Silva JA. Do peer-reviewed papers with a preprint version have an unfair metrics advantage? J Food Sci 2023; 88:2738-2739. [PMID: 37452712 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
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5
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Ide K, Nakayama JI. Researchers support preprints and open access publishing, but with reservations: A questionnaire survey of MBSJ members. Genes Cells 2023; 28:333-337. [PMID: 36876468 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.13015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1990s, journals have become increasingly online and open access. In fact, about 50% of articles published in 2021 were open access. The use of preprints (i.e., non-peer-reviewed articles) has also increased. However, there is limited awareness of these concepts among academics. Therefore, we conducted a questionnaire-based survey among members of the Molecular Biology Society of Japan. The survey was conducted between September 2022 and October 2022, with 633 respondents, 500 of whom (79.0%) were faculty members. In total, 478 (76.6%) respondents had published articles as open access, and 571 (91.5%) wanted to publish their articles in open access. Although 540 (86.5%) respondents knew about preprints, only 183 (33.9%) had posted preprints before. In the open-ended section of the questionnaire survey, several comments were made about the cost burdens associated with open access and the difficulty of how academic preprints are handled. Although open access is widespread, and recognition of preprints is increasing, some issues remain that need to be addressed. Academic and institutional support, and transformative agreement may help reduce the cost burden. Guidelines for handling preprints in academia are also important for responding to changes in the research environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Ide
- Division of Scientific Information and Public Policy, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Research Center on Ethical, Legal and Social Issues, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Research Unit for Data Application, National Institute of Science and Technology Policy (NISTEP), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Nakayama
- Division of Chromatin Regulation, National Institute for Basic Biology, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Aichi, Japan.,Research Ethics Committee, The Molecular Biology Society of Japan (MBSJ), Tokyo, Japan
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Alfonso F, Crea F. Preprints: a game changer in scientific publications? Eur Heart J 2023; 44:171-173. [PMID: 36420647 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Alfonso
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, CIBER-CV, C/Diego de León 62, Spain
| | - Filippo Crea
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A, Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
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7
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Perlis RH, Kendall-Taylor J, Hart K, Ganguli I, Berlin JA, Bradley SM, Haneuse S, Inouye SK, Jacobs EA, Morris A, Ogedegbe O, Perencevich E, Shulman LN, Trueger NS, Fihn SD, Rivara FP, Flanagin A. Peer Review in a General Medical Research Journal Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2253296. [PMID: 36705922 PMCID: PMC10851144 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.53296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Although peer review is an important component of publication for new research, the viability of this process has been questioned, particularly with the added stressors of the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective To characterize rates of peer reviewer acceptance of invitations to review manuscripts, reviewer turnaround times, and editor-assessed quality of reviews before and after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic at a large, open-access general medical journal. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective, pre-post cohort study examined all research manuscripts submitted to JAMA Network Open between January 1, 2019, and June 29, 2021, either directly or via transfer from other JAMA Network journals, for which at least 1 peer review of manuscript content was solicited. Measures were compared between the period before the World Health Organization declaration of a COVID-19 pandemic on March 11, 2020 (14.3 months), and the period during the pandemic (15.6 months) among all reviewed manuscripts and between pandemic-period manuscripts that did or did not address COVID-19. Main Outcomes and Measures For each reviewed manuscript, the number of invitations sent to reviewers, proportions of reviewers accepting invitations, time in days to return reviews, and editor-assessed quality ratings of reviews were determined. Results In total, the journal sought review for 5013 manuscripts, including 4295 Original Investigations (85.7%) and 718 Research Letters (14.3%); 1860 manuscripts were submitted during the prepandemic period and 3153 during the pandemic period. Comparing the prepandemic with the pandemic period, the mean (SD) number of reviews rated as high quality (very good or excellent) per manuscript increased slightly from 1.3 (0.7) to 1.5 (0.7) (P < .001), and the mean (SD) time for reviewers to return reviews was modestly shorter (from 15.8 [7.6] days to 14.4 [7.0] days; P < .001), a difference that persisted in linear regression models accounting for manuscript type, study design, and whether the manuscript addressed COVID-19. Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study, the speed and editor-reported quality of peer reviews in an open-access general medical journal improved modestly during the initial year of the pandemic. Additional study will be necessary to understand how the pandemic has affected reviewer burden and fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy H Perlis
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | | | - Kamber Hart
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ishani Ganguli
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Steven M Bradley
- Minneapolis Heart Institute, Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Sharon K Inouye
- Hebrew SeniorLife and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Arden Morris
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | | | | | | | - N Seth Trueger
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- JAMA Network Open , Chicago, Illinois
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Ross-Hellauer T, Klebel T, Bannach-Brown A, Horbach SP, Jabeen H, Manola N, Metodiev T, Papageorgiou H, Reczko M, Sansone SA, Schneider J, Tijdink J, Vergoulis T. TIER2: enhancing Trust, Integrity and Efficiency in Research through next-level Reproducibility. RESEARCH IDEAS AND OUTCOMES 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/rio.8.e98457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lack of reproducibility of research results has become a major theme in recent years. As we emerge from the COVID-19 pandemic, economic pressures and exposed consequences of lack of societal trust in science make addressing reproducibility of urgent importance. TIER2 is a new international project funded by the European Commission under their Horizon Europe programme. Covering three broad research areas (social, life and computer sciences) and two cross-disciplinary stakeholder groups (research publishers and funders) to systematically investigate reproducibility across contexts, TIER2 will significantly boost knowledge on reproducibility, create tools, engage communities, implement interventions and policy across different contexts to increase re-use and overall quality of research results in the European Research Area and global R&I, and consequently increase trust, integrity and efficiency in research.
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Hardwicke TE, Salholz-Hillel M, Malički M, Szűcs D, Bendixen T, Ioannidis JPA. Statistical guidance to authors at top-ranked journals across scientific disciplines. AM STAT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00031305.2022.2143897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom E. Hardwicke
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam.
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne.
| | - Maia Salholz-Hillel
- QUEST Center for Responsible Research, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin.
| | - Mario Malički
- Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford University.
| | - Dénes Szűcs
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge.
| | | | - John P. A. Ioannidis
- Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford University.
- Meta-Research Innovation Center Berlin (METRIC-B), QUEST Center for Transforming Biomedical Research, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin.
- Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Population Health, Biomedical Data Science, and Statistics, Stanford University
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10
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Should preprints and peer-reviewed papers be assigned equal status? J Visc Surg 2022; 159:444-445. [PMID: 36115796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviscsurg.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Schneider J, Woods ND, Proescholdt R. Reducing the Inadvertent Spread of Retracted Science: recommendations from the RISRS report. Res Integr Peer Rev 2022; 7:6. [PMID: 36123607 PMCID: PMC9483880 DOI: 10.1186/s41073-022-00125-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retraction is a mechanism for alerting readers to unreliable material and other problems in the published scientific and scholarly record. Retracted publications generally remain visible and searchable, but the intention of retraction is to mark them as "removed" from the citable record of scholarship. However, in practice, some retracted articles continue to be treated by researchers and the public as valid content as they are often unaware of the retraction. Research over the past decade has identified a number of factors contributing to the unintentional spread of retracted research. The goal of the Reducing the Inadvertent Spread of Retracted Science: Shaping a Research and Implementation Agenda (RISRS) project was to develop an actionable agenda for reducing the inadvertent spread of retracted science. This included identifying how retraction status could be more thoroughly disseminated, and determining what actions are feasible and relevant for particular stakeholders who play a role in the distribution of knowledge. METHODS These recommendations were developed as part of a year-long process that included a scoping review of empirical literature and successive rounds of stakeholder consultation, culminating in a three-part online workshop that brought together a diverse body of 65 stakeholders in October-November 2020 to engage in collaborative problem solving and dialogue. Stakeholders held roles such as publishers, editors, researchers, librarians, standards developers, funding program officers, and technologists and worked for institutions such as universities, governmental agencies, funding organizations, publishing houses, libraries, standards organizations, and technology providers. Workshop discussions were seeded by materials derived from stakeholder interviews (N = 47) and short original discussion pieces contributed by stakeholders. The online workshop resulted in a set of recommendations to address the complexities of retracted research throughout the scholarly communications ecosystem. RESULTS The RISRS recommendations are: (1) Develop a systematic cross-industry approach to ensure the public availability of consistent, standardized, interoperable, and timely information about retractions; (2) Recommend a taxonomy of retraction categories/classifications and corresponding retraction metadata that can be adopted by all stakeholders; (3) Develop best practices for coordinating the retraction process to enable timely, fair, unbiased outcomes; and (4) Educate stakeholders about pre- and post-publication stewardship, including retraction and correction of the scholarly record. CONCLUSIONS Our stakeholder engagement study led to 4 recommendations to address inadvertent citation of retracted research, and formation of a working group to develop the Communication of Retractions, Removals, and Expressions of Concern (CORREC) Recommended Practice. Further work will be needed to determine how well retractions are currently documented, how retraction of code and datasets impacts related publications, and to identify if retraction metadata (fails to) propagate. Outcomes of all this work should lead to ensuring retracted papers are never cited without awareness of the retraction, and that, in public fora outside of science, retracted papers are not treated as valid scientific outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi Schneider
- School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 501 E. Daniel Street, MC-493, Champaign, IL, 61820-6211, USA.
| | - Nathan D Woods
- School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 501 E. Daniel Street, MC-493, Champaign, IL, 61820-6211, USA
- University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Randi Proescholdt
- School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 501 E. Daniel Street, MC-493, Champaign, IL, 61820-6211, USA
- Menlo College, Atherton, CA, USA
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12
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Roguljić M, Šimunović D, Poklepović Peričić T, Viđak M, Utrobičić A, Marušić M, Marušić A. Publishing Identifiable Patient Photographs in Scientific Journals: Scoping Review of Policies and Practices. J Med Internet Res 2022; 24:e37594. [PMID: 36044262 PMCID: PMC9475410 DOI: 10.2196/37594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Publishing identifiable patient data in scientific journals may jeopardize patient privacy and confidentiality if best ethical practices are not followed. Current journal practices show considerable diversity in the publication of identifiable patient photographs, and different stakeholders may have different opinions of and practices in publishing patient photographs. OBJECTIVE This scoping review aimed to identify existing evidence and map knowledge gaps in medical research on the policies and practices of publishing identifiable photographs in scientific articles. METHODS We performed a comprehensive search of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CINAHL with Full Text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Ovid MEDLINE, and Scopus. The Open Science Framework, PROSPERO, BASE, Google Scholar, OpenGrey, ClinicalTrials.gov, the Campbell Collaboration Library, and Science.gov were also searched. RESULTS After screening the initial 15,949 titles and abstracts, 98 (0.61%) publications were assessed for eligibility at the full-text level, and 30 (0.19%) publications were included in this review. The studies were published between 1994 and 2020; most had a cross-sectional design and were published in journals covering different medical disciplines. We identified 3 main topics. The first included ethical aspects of the use of facial photographs in publications. In different clinical settings, the consent process was not conducted properly, and health professionals did not recognize the importance of obtaining written patient consent for taking and using patient medical photographs. They often considered verbal consent sufficient or even used the photographs without consent. The second topic included studies that investigated the practices and use of medical photography in publishing. Both patients and doctors asked for confidential storage and maintenance of medical photographs. Patients preferred to be photographed by their physicians using an institutional camera and preferred nonidentifiable medical photographs not only for publication but also in general. Conventional methods of deidentification of facial photographs concealing the eye area were recognized as unsuccessful in protecting patient privacy. The third topic emerged from studies investigating medical photography in journal articles. These studies showed great diversity in publishing practices regarding consent for publication of medical photographs. Journal policies regarding the consent process and consent forms were insufficient, and existing ethical professional guidelines were not fully implemented in actual practices. Patients' photographs from open-access medical journals were found on public web-based platforms. CONCLUSIONS This scoping review showed a diversity of practices in publishing identifiable patient photographs and an unsatisfactory level of knowledge of this issue among different stakeholders despite existing standards. Emerging issues include the availability of patients' photographs from open-access journals or preprints in the digital environment. There is a need to improve standards and processes to obtain proper consent to fully protect the privacy of patients in published articles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Roguljić
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | | | - Tina Poklepović Peričić
- Department of Prosthodontics, Study of Dental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Split Library, Split, Croatia
- Department of Research in Biomedicine and Health, Center for Evidence-based Medicine, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Marin Viđak
- Department of Research in Biomedicine and Health, Center for Evidence-based Medicine, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | | | - Matko Marušić
- Department of Research in Biomedicine and Health, Center for Evidence-based Medicine, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Ana Marušić
- Department of Research in Biomedicine and Health, Center for Evidence-based Medicine, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
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Perera SD, Muleta AD, Vlasschaert C, Hegele RA. Preprint servers in lipidology: current status and future role. Curr Opin Lipidol 2022; 33:120-125. [PMID: 34699388 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Preprinting, or the sharing of non-peer reviewed, unpublished scholarly manuscripts, has exploded in all fields of science and medicine over the past 5 years. We searched the literature and evaluated the posting and uptake of preprint publications in the field of lipidology in bioRxiv and medRxiv servers. We also contacted the editorial offices of 20 journals that publish original research in lipidology to gauge their policies on preprints. RECENT FINDINGS All 20 journals contacted indicated that they accepted preprints. As of 31 May 2021, 473 and 231 preprints in lipidology had been submitted to bioRxiv and medRxiv, respectively. About half of all lipidology preprints were related to cardiovascular, cardiometabolic, and/or metabolic diseases (CVMD) and their risk factors, but at least 12 other disease categories were also represented. 16.9% and 1.08% of medRxiv and bioRxiv preprints, respectively, were related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SUMMARY All identified journals accept lipidology themed preprints for submission, removing any barriers authors may have had regarding preprinting. Based on growing experience with preprinting, this trend should encourage increased community feedback and facilitate higher quality lipidology research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehan D Perera
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London
| | - Ayana D Muleta
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London
| | | | - Robert A Hegele
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London
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Abstract
The risk of accidental or deliberate misuse of biological research is increasing as biotechnology advances. As open science becomes widespread, we must consider its impact on those risks and develop solutions that ensure security while facilitating scientific progress. Here, we examine the interaction between open science practices and biosecurity and biosafety to identify risks and opportunities for risk mitigation. Increasing the availability of computational tools, datasets, and protocols could increase risks from research with misuse potential. For instance, in the context of viral engineering, open code, data, and materials may increase the risk of release of enhanced pathogens. For this dangerous subset of research, both open science and biosecurity goals may be achieved by using access-controlled repositories or application programming interfaces. While preprints accelerate dissemination of findings, their increased use could challenge strategies for risk mitigation at the publication stage. This highlights the importance of oversight earlier in the research lifecycle. Preregistration of research, a practice promoted by the open science community, provides an opportunity for achieving biosecurity risk assessment at the conception of research. Open science and biosecurity experts have an important role to play in enabling responsible research with maximal societal benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Andrew Smith
- Botnar Research Centre and Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jonas B. Sandbrink
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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15
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Policies of biomedical preprint servers on conflicts of interest, authorship, and research integrity lacked important details. J Clin Epidemiol 2022; 146:47-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Leonard MB, Pursley DM, Robinson LA, Abman SH, Davis JM. The importance of trustworthiness: lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic. Pediatr Res 2022; 91:482-485. [PMID: 34853429 PMCID: PMC8635282 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01866-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary B. Leonard
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - DeWayne M. Pursley
- grid.239395.70000 0000 9011 8547Department of Neonatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA USA
| | - Lisa A. Robinson
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Paediatrics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Steven H. Abman
- grid.413957.d0000 0001 0690 7621Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Colorado, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Jonathan M. Davis
- grid.67033.310000 0000 8934 4045Department of Pediatrics and the Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA USA
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17
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Chaleplioglou A, Koulouris A. Preprint paper platforms in the academic scholarly communication environment. JOURNAL OF LIBRARIANSHIP AND INFORMATION SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/09610006211058908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Academic scholarly communication is the predominant business of researchers, scientists, and scholars. It is the core element of promoting scientific thought, investigation, and building up solid knowledge. The development of preprint platform web interfaces, server repositories of electronic scholarly papers submitted by their authors and openly available to the scientific community proposed a new form of academic communication. The distribution of a preprint of a scientific manuscript allows the authors to claim the priority of discovery, in a manner similar to the conference proceedings output, but also creates an anteriority that prevents protection by a patent application. Herein, we review the scope and the role of preprint papers platforms in academia, we explore individual cases, arXiv, SSRN, OSF Preprints, HAL, bioRxiv, EconStor, RePEc, PhilArchive, Research Square, viXra, Cryptology ePrint Archive, Preprints.org, ChinaXiv, medRxiv, JMIR Preprints, Authorea, ChemRxiv, engrXiv, e-LiS, SciELO, PsyArXiv, F1000 Research, and Zenodo, and discuss their significance in promoting scientific discovery, the potential risks of scientific integrity, as well as the policies of data distribution and intellectual property rights, the plus and minus, for the stakeholders, authors, institutions, states, scientific journals, scientific community, and the public. In this review we explore the scope and policies of the existing preprint papers platforms in different academic research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artemis Chaleplioglou
- University of West Attica, Greece
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Greece
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- K Slim
- Digestive Surgery Department, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - M Selvy
- Surgery Department, Centre Hospitalier de Béziers, Bézier, France
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19
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Leopold SS. Editorial: Can Journals, as Trusted Intermediaries, Cut Through the Signal-to-Noise Problem in Medical Publishing? Clin Orthop Relat Res 2021; 479:1409-1412. [PMID: 34106902 PMCID: PMC8208405 DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000001845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seth S Leopold
- Editor-in-Chief, Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research® , Philadelphia, PA, USA
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20
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Baždarić K, Vrkić I, Arh E, Mavrinac M, Gligora Marković M, Bilić-Zulle L, Stojanovski J, Malički M. Attitudes and practices of open data, preprinting, and peer-review-A cross sectional study on Croatian scientists. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244529. [PMID: 34153041 PMCID: PMC8216536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Attitudes towards open peer review, open data and use of preprints influence scientists’ engagement with those practices. Yet there is a lack of validated questionnaires that measure these attitudes. The goal of our study was to construct and validate such a questionnaire and use it to assess attitudes of Croatian scientists. We first developed a 21-item questionnaire called Attitudes towards Open data sharing, preprinting, and peer-review (ATOPP), which had a reliable four-factor structure, and measured attitudes towards open data, preprint servers, open peer-review and open peer-review in small scientific communities. We then used the ATOPP to explore attitudes of Croatian scientists (n = 541) towards these topics, and to assess the association of their attitudes with their open science practices and demographic information. Overall, Croatian scientists’ attitudes towards these topics were generally neutral, with a median (Md) score of 3.3 out of max 5 on the scale score. We also found no gender (P = 0.995) or field differences (P = 0.523) in their attitudes. However, attitudes of scientist who previously engaged in open peer-review or preprinting were higher than of scientists that did not (Md 3.5 vs. 3.3, P<0.001, and Md 3.6 vs 3.3, P<0.001, respectively). Further research is needed to determine optimal ways of increasing scientists’ attitudes and their open science practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenija Baždarić
- Department of Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- * E-mail:
| | - Iva Vrkić
- Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Evgenia Arh
- Library, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Martina Mavrinac
- Department of Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Maja Gligora Marković
- Department of Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Lidija Bilić-Zulle
- Department of Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Jadranka Stojanovski
- Department of Information Sciences, University of Zadar, Zadar, Croatia
- Centre for Scientific Information, The Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mario Malički
- Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
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21
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Malički M, Costello J, Alperin JP, Maggio LA. Analysis of single comments left for bioRxiv preprints till September 2019. Biochem Med (Zagreb) 2021; 31:020201. [PMID: 33927548 PMCID: PMC8047782 DOI: 10.11613/bm.2021.020201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While early commenting on studies is seen as one of the advantages of preprints, the type of such comments, and the people who post them, have not been systematically explored. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analysed comments posted between 21 May 2015 and 9 September 2019 for 1983 bioRxiv preprints that received only one comment on the bioRxiv website. The comment types were classified by three coders independently, with all differences resolved by consensus. RESULTS Our analysis showed that 69% of comments were posted by non-authors (N = 1366), and 31% by the preprints' authors themselves (N = 617). Twelve percent of non-author comments (N = 168) were full review reports traditionally found during journal review, while the rest most commonly contained praises (N = 577, 42%), suggestions (N = 399, 29%), or criticisms (N = 226, 17%). Authors' comments most commonly contained publication status updates (N = 354, 57%), additional study information (N = 158, 26%), or solicited feedback for the preprints (N = 65, 11%). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that comments posted for bioRxiv preprints may have potential benefits for both the public and the scholarly community. Further research is needed to measure the direct impact of these comments on comments made by journal peer reviewers, subsequent preprint versions or journal publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Malički
- Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford University, San Francisco, USA
| | - Joseph Costello
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Juan Pablo Alperin
- Scholarly Communications Lab, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Publishing, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lauren A. Maggio
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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22
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Jones CW, Adams AC, Murphy E, King RP, Saracco B, Stesis KR, Cavanaugh S, Roberts BW, Platts-Mills TF. Delays in reporting and publishing trial results during pandemics: cross sectional analysis of 2009 H1N1, 2014 Ebola, and 2016 Zika clinical trials. BMC Med Res Methodol 2021; 21:120. [PMID: 34103009 PMCID: PMC8185489 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-021-01324-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pandemic events often trigger a surge of clinical trial activity aimed at rapidly evaluating therapeutic or preventative interventions. Ensuring rapid public access to the complete and unbiased trial record is particularly critical for pandemic research given the urgent associated public health needs. The World Health Organization (WHO) established standards requiring posting of results to a registry within 12 months of trial completion and publication in a peer reviewed journal within 24 months of completion, though compliance with these requirements among pandemic trials is unknown. METHODS This cross-sectional analysis characterizes availability of results in trial registries and publications among registered trials performed during the 2009 H1N1 influenza, 2014 Ebola, and 2016 Zika pandemics. We searched trial registries to identify clinical trials testing interventions related to these pandemics, and determined the time elapsed between trial completion and availability of results in the registry. We also performed a comprehensive search of MEDLINE via PubMed, Google Scholar, and EMBASE to identify corresponding peer reviewed publications. The primary outcome was the compliance with either of the WHO's established standards for sharing clinical trial results. Secondary outcomes included compliance with both standards, and assessing the time elapsed between trial completion and public availability of results. RESULTS Three hundred thirty-three trials met eligibility criteria, including 261 H1N1 influenza trials, 60 Ebola trials, and 12 Zika trials. Of these, 139 (42%) either had results available in the trial registry within 12 months of study completion or had results available in a peer-reviewed publication within 24 months. Five trials (2%) met both standards. No results were available in either a registry or publication for 59 trials (18%). Among trials with registered results, a median of 42 months (IQR 16-76 months) elapsed between trial completion and results posting. For published trials, the median elapsed time between completion and publication was 21 months (IQR 9-34 months). Results were available within 24 months of study completion in either the trial registry or a peer reviewed publication for 166 trials (50%). CONCLUSIONS Very few trials performed during prior pandemic events met established standards for the timely public dissemination of trial results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W. Jones
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, One Cooper Plaza, Suite 152, Camden, NJ 08103 USA
| | - Amanda C. Adams
- Medical Library, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ 08103 USA
| | - Elizabeth Murphy
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, One Cooper Plaza, Suite 152, Camden, NJ 08103 USA
| | - Rachel P. King
- Medical Library, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ 08103 USA
| | - Benjamin Saracco
- Medical Library, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ 08103 USA
| | - Karen R. Stesis
- Medical Library, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ 08103 USA
| | - Susan Cavanaugh
- Medical Library, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ 08103 USA
| | - Brian W. Roberts
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, One Cooper Plaza, Suite 152, Camden, NJ 08103 USA
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23
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Using preprints in evidence synthesis: Commentary on experience during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Clin Epidemiol 2021; 138:203-210. [PMID: 34022394 PMCID: PMC8132503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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24
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Jia JL, Hua VJ, Mills DE, Sarin KY. Journal attitudes and outcomes of preprints in dermatology. Br J Dermatol 2021; 185:230-232. [PMID: 33742455 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.20065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J L Jia
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - V J Hua
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - D E Mills
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - K Y Sarin
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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25
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Higgins J, Steiner RD. Author preprint behaviour and
non‐compliance
with journal preprint policies: One biomedical journal's experience. LEARNED PUBLISHING 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/leap.1376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Higgins
- American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics Bethesda Maryland USA
| | - Robert D. Steiner
- Marshfield Clinic Health System Marshfield Wisconsin USA
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Madison Wisconsin USA
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