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Lee MMY, Masri A, Nassif ME, Barriales-Villa R, Abraham TP, Claggett BL, Coats CJ, Gimeno JR, Kulac IJ, Landsteiner I, Ma C, Maron MS, Olivotto I, Owens AT, Solomon SD, Veselka J, Jacoby DL, Heitner SB, Kupfer S, Malik FI, Meng L, Wohltman A, Lewis GD. Aficamten and Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test Performance: A Substudy of the SEQUOIA-HCM Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Cardiol 2024:2823098. [PMID: 39230885 PMCID: PMC11375526 DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2024.2781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Importance Impaired exercise capacity is a cardinal manifestation of obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). The Phase 3 Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Aficamten Compared to Placebo in Adults With Symptomatic Obstructive HCM (SEQUOIA-HCM) is a pivotal study characterizing the treatment effect of aficamten, a next-in-class cardiac myosin inhibitor, on a comprehensive set of exercise performance and clinical measures. Objective To evaluate the effect of aficamten on exercise performance using cardiopulmonary exercise testing with a novel integrated measure of maximal and submaximal exercise performance and evaluate other exercise measures and clinical correlates. Design, Setting, and Participants This was a prespecified analysis from SEQUOIA-HCM, a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Patients were recruited from 101 sites in 14 countries (North America, Europe, Israel, and China). Individuals with symptomatic obstructive HCM with objective exertional intolerance (peak oxygen uptake [pVO2] ≤90% predicted) were included in the analysis. Data were analyzed from January to March 2024. Interventions Randomized 1:1 to aficamten (5-20 mg daily) or matching placebo for 24 weeks. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was change from baseline to week 24 in integrated exercise performance, defined as the 2-component z score of pVO2 and ventilatory efficiency throughout exercise (minute ventilation [VE]/carbon dioxide output [VCO2] slope). Response rates for achieving clinically meaningful thresholds for change in pVO2 and correlations with clinical measures of treatment effect (health status, echocardiographic/cardiac biomarkers) were also assessed. Results Among 282 randomized patients (mean [SD] age, 59.1 [12.9] years; 115 female [40.8%], 167 male [59.2%]), 263 (93.3%) had core laboratory-validated exercise testing at baseline and week 24. Integrated composite exercise performance improved in the aficamten group (mean [SD] z score, 0.17 [0.51]) from baseline to week 24, whereas the placebo group deteriorated (mean [SD] z score, -0.19 [0.45]), yielding a placebo-corrected improvement of 0.35 (95% CI, 0.25-0.46; P <.001). Further, aficamten treatment demonstrated significant improvements in total workload, circulatory power, exercise duration, heart rate reserve, peak heart rate, ventilatory efficiency, ventilatory power, and anaerobic threshold (all P <.001). In the aficamten group, large improvements (≥3.0 mL/kg per minute) in pVO2 were more common than large reductions (32% and 2%, respectively) compared with placebo (16% and 11%, respectively). Improvements in both components of the primary outcome, pVO2 and VE/VCO2 slope throughout exercise, were significantly correlated with improvements in symptom burden and hemodynamics (all P <.05). Conclusions and Relevance This prespecified analysis of the SEQUOIA-HCM randomized clinical trial found that aficamten treatment improved a broad range of exercise performance measures. These findings offer valuable insight into the therapeutic effects of aficamten. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05186818.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Y Lee
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Ahmad Masri
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Michael E Nassif
- University of Missouri Kansas City Healthcare Institute for Innovations in Quality and Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, Missouri
| | | | | | - Brian L Claggett
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Caroline J Coats
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Juan Ramón Gimeno
- Cardiac Department, University Hospital Virgen Arrixaca, CIBERCV, ERN Guard-Heart, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ian J Kulac
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Isabela Landsteiner
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Changsheng Ma
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Martin S Maron
- Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington, Massachusetts
| | - Iacopo Olivotto
- Meyer Children's Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Florence, Italy
| | - Anjali T Owens
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Scott D Solomon
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | - Stuart Kupfer
- Cytokinetics, Incorporated, South San Francisco, California
| | - Fady I Malik
- Cytokinetics, Incorporated, South San Francisco, California
| | - Lisa Meng
- Cytokinetics, Incorporated, South San Francisco, California
| | - Amy Wohltman
- Cytokinetics, Incorporated, South San Francisco, California
| | - Gregory D Lewis
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
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Eiswirth C, Gilliland YE. Reflections on community experience with Mavacamten. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2024:S0033-0620(24)00114-2. [PMID: 39153535 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2024.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Clement Eiswirth
- Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure Program & Coronary Critical Care, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, John Ochsner Heart & Vascular Institute, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, LA 70121, United States of America.
| | - Yvonne E Gilliland
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, John Ochsner Heart & Vascular Institute, Ochsner Medical Center, Ochsner Clinical School-The University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70121, United States of America.
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Abood Z, Jan MF, Ashraf M, Kroboth S, Sanders H, Schweitzer M, Misicka A, Ollerman E, Jahangir A, Galazka P, Tajik AJ. Mavacamten in real-life practice: Initial experience at a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy centre. ESC Heart Fail 2024. [PMID: 39137157 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.14882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS In clinical trials, mavacamten reduced left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) and improved symptoms in patients with symptomatic obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (oHCM). We aimed to share our real-world experience with the efficacy and safety of mavacamten in this patient population. METHODS AND RESULTS This retrospective, single-centre study included patients with symptomatic oHCM from March 2023 to November 2023. Inclusion criteria were oHCM, age >18 years, significant LVOTO (gradient >50 mmHg at rest or with Valsalva), New York Heart Association (NYHA) class ≥II despite maximally tolerated medical therapy, and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) >55%. Patients were evaluated by echocardiography, NYHA class, electrocardiography and Holter monitor on each monthly visit for 3 months. A total of 31 patients were included in this study. The mean (SD) age was 58 (16.5) years, and 14 (45%) were female. Mean provoked left ventricular outflow tract gradient (LVOTG) reduced by -49.4 mmHg (P < 0.001) at 4 weeks, -59.2 mmHg (P < 0.001) at 8 weeks, and -60.8 mmHg (P < 0.001) at 12 weeks. Twenty-six of the 31 patients (83.8%) achieved an LVOTG ≤30 mmHg at Week 12. No major side effects were reported. Sixty-seven percent experienced ≥2 NYHA class improvements, LVEF remained above 55% and no dose titration was made. CONCLUSIONS Our real-world experience aligns with established mavacamten trial outcomes. Continuous vigilance and longitudinal investigations are needed to further assess potential long-term impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaid Abood
- Aurora Cardiovascular and Thoracic Services, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Muhammad Fuad Jan
- Aurora Cardiovascular and Thoracic Services, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Milwaukee Clinical Campus, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Muddasir Ashraf
- Aurora Cardiovascular and Thoracic Services, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Milwaukee Clinical Campus, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Stacie Kroboth
- Academic Affairs, Cardiovascular Research, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Heather Sanders
- Aurora Cardiovascular and Thoracic Services, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - McKenzie Schweitzer
- Aurora Cardiovascular and Thoracic Services, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Amanda Misicka
- Aurora Cardiovascular and Thoracic Services, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Emily Ollerman
- Aurora Cardiovascular and Thoracic Services, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Arshad Jahangir
- Aurora Cardiovascular and Thoracic Services, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Milwaukee Clinical Campus, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Patrycja Galazka
- Aurora Cardiovascular and Thoracic Services, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Milwaukee Clinical Campus, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Abdul Jamil Tajik
- Aurora Cardiovascular and Thoracic Services, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Milwaukee Clinical Campus, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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da Silva Menezes A, Sanches MR, de Oliveira Filho E, de Oliveira EJR, Oliveira VMR, Moraes VRY. Radiofrequency ablation in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: An updated comprehensive review and meta-analysis. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2024. [PMID: 39031814 DOI: 10.1002/ccd.31125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) has emerged as a therapeutic option for surgical myectomy and alcohol septal ablation (ASA) in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM), but its efficacy remains unclear. AIM Due to limited research on RFCA for HCM, there is an ongoing attempt to assess its efficacy and safety. METHODS PubMed, Embase, and Scopus were systematically searched for studies assessing the efficacy outcomes for patients with HOCM who underwent RFCA. Mean differences (MDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed using a random-effects model and heterogeneity was assessed using I2 statistics. RESULTS We included 11 studies comprising 470 patients, of whom 34.6% were female. The mean patient age ranged from 43.7 to 60.7 years. During the follow-up after RFCA, there was a significant decrease in the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) gradient at rest (MD -60.25 mmHg; 95% CI [-70.53;-59.14 mmHg]; p < 0.01) and during stimulation (MD -83.56 mmHg; 95% CI [-100.36;-66.76 mmHg]; p < 0.01). Moreover, RFCA reduced interventricular septum (IVS) thickness (MD -3.61 mm; 95% CI [-5.64; -1.59 mm]; p = 0.01) and New York Heart Association (NYHA) class (MD -1.46; 95% CI [-1.69; -1.24]; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS In patients with HOCM, RFCA was associated with an improved NYHA class, reduced IVS thickness, and decreased LVOT gradient at rest and with stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio da Silva Menezes
- Internal Medicine Department, Medicine Faculty, Federal University of Goiás, Goiás, Brazil
- Clinical Medicine Department, Medical and Life School, Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Murilo R Sanches
- Internal Medicine Department, Medicine Faculty, Federal University of Goiás, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Elias J R de Oliveira
- Internal Medicine Department, Medicine Faculty, Federal University of Goiás, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Vinicius M R Oliveira
- Internal Medicine Department, Medicine Faculty, Federal University of Goiás, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Vitor R Y Moraes
- Clinical Medicine Department, Medical School, Evangelical University of Goiás, Goiás, Brazil
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Beghini A, Sammartino AM, Papp Z, von Haehling S, Biegus J, Ponikowski P, Adamo M, Falco L, Lombardi CM, Pagnesi M, Savarese G, Metra M, Tomasoni D. 2024 update in heart failure. ESC Heart Fail 2024. [PMID: 38806171 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.14857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
In the last years, major progress has occurred in heart failure (HF) management. The 2023 ESC focused update of the 2021 HF guidelines introduced new key recommendations based on the results of the last years of science. First, two drugs, sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and finerenone, a novel nonsteroidal, selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA), are recommended for the prevention of HF in patients with diabetic chronic kidney disease (CKD). Second, SGLT2 inhibitors are now recommended for the treatment of HF across the entire left ventricular ejection fraction spectrum. The benefits of quadruple therapy in patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) are well established. Its rapid and early up-titration along with a close follow-up with frequent clinical and laboratory re-assessment after an episode of acute HF (the so-called 'high-intensity care' strategy) was associated with better outcomes in the STRONG-HF trial. Patients experiencing an episode of worsening HF might require a fifth drug, vericiguat. In the STEP-HFpEF-DM and STEP-HFpEF trials, semaglutide 2.4 mg once weekly administered for 1 year decreased body weight and significantly improved quality of life and the 6 min walk distance in obese patients with HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) with or without a history of diabetes. Further data on safety and efficacy, including also hard endpoints, are needed to support the addition of acetazolamide or hydrochlorothiazide to a standard diuretic regimen in patients hospitalized due to acute HF. In the meantime, PUSH-AHF supported the use of natriuresis-guided diuretic therapy. Further options and most recent evidence for the treatment of HF, including specific drugs for cardiomyopathies (i.e., mavacamten in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and tafamidis in transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis), device therapies, cardiac contractility modulation and percutaneous treatment of valvulopathies, with the recent finding from the TRILUMINATE Pivotal trial, are also reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Beghini
- Institute of Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonio Maria Sammartino
- Institute of Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Zoltán Papp
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Stephan von Haehling
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan Biegus
- Institute of Heart Diseases, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Piotr Ponikowski
- Institute of Heart Diseases, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marianna Adamo
- Institute of Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luigi Falco
- Heart Failure Unit, Department of Cardiology, AORN dei Colli-Monaldi Hospital Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Mario Lombardi
- Institute of Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Matteo Pagnesi
- Institute of Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Savarese
- Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Heart and Vascular and Neuro Theme, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marco Metra
- Institute of Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniela Tomasoni
- Institute of Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Gaballa A, Jadam S, Desai MY. Promising therapies for adults with symptomatic obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: 2023 and beyond. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2024; 25:915-924. [PMID: 38813944 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2024.2362902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a heterogeneous genetic heart disease with an estimated prevalence in the general population of 0.2% to 0.6%. Clinically, HCM can range from no symptoms to severe symptoms such as heart failure or sudden cardiac death. Currently, the management of HCM involves lifestyle modifications, familial screening, genetic counseling, pharmacotherapy to manage symptoms, sudden cardiac death risk assessment, septal reduction therapy, and heart transplantation for specific patients. Multicenter randomized controlled trials have only recently explored the potential of cardiac myosin inhibitors (CMIs) such as mavacamten as a directed pharmacological approach for managing HCM. AREAS COVERED We will assess the existing medical treatments for HCM: beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, disopyramide, and different CMIs. We will also discuss future HCM pharmacotherapy guidelines and underline this patient population's unfulfilled needs. EXPERT OPINION Mavacamten is the first-in-class CMI approved by the FDA to target HCM pathophysiology specifically. Mavacamten should be incorporated into the standard therapy for oHCM in case of symptom persistence despite using maximally tolerated beta blockers and/or calcium channel blockers. Potential drug-drug interactions should be assessed before initiating this drug. More studies are needed on the use of CMIs in patients with kidney and/or liver failure and pregnant/breastfeeding patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Gaballa
- Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Shada Jadam
- Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Milind Y Desai
- Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Haraf R, Habib H, Masri A. The Revolution of Cardiac Myosin Inhibitors in Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Can J Cardiol 2024; 40:800-819. [PMID: 38280487 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2024.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common genetic cardiomyopathy worldwide and causes significant morbidity and mortality. For decades, medical treatment options have been limited and untargeted, with frequent need for invasive interventions not readily accessible to many HCM patients. More recently, our understanding of the genetic basis and pathophysiologic mechanism of HCM has grown significantly, leading to the discovery of a new class of medications, cardiac myosin inhibitors (CMIs), that shift myosin into the super-relaxed state to counteract the hypercontractility in HCM. Subsequent clinical trials have proven the mechanism and efficacy of CMIs in humans with obstructive HCM, and additional trials are under way in patients with nonobstructive HCM. With favourable results in the completed clinical trials and ongoing research on the horizon, CMIs represent a bright new era in the targeted management of HCM. This review is focused on the discovery of CMIs, provides a summary of the results of clinical trials to date, provides clinicians with a roadmap for implementing CMIs into practice, and identifies gaps in our current understanding as well as areas of ongoing investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Haraf
- The Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Hany Habib
- The Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Ahmad Masri
- The Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
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Voinescu OR, Ionac A, Sosdean R, Ionac I, Ana LS, Kundnani NR, Morariu S, Puiu M, Chirita-Emandi A. Genotype-Phenotype Insights of Inherited Cardiomyopathies-A Review. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:543. [PMID: 38674189 PMCID: PMC11052121 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60040543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Background: Cardiomyopathies (CMs) represent a heterogeneous group of primary myocardial diseases characterized by structural and functional abnormalities. They represent one of the leading causes of cardiac transplantations and cardiac death in young individuals. Clinically they vary from asymptomatic to symptomatic heart failure, with a high risk of sudden cardiac death due to malignant arrhythmias. With the increasing availability of genetic testing, a significant number of affected people are found to have an underlying genetic etiology. However, the awareness of the benefits of incorporating genetic test results into the care of these patients is relatively low. Aim: The focus of this review is to summarize the current basis of genetic CMs, including the most encountered genes associated with the main types of cardiomyopathies: hypertrophic, dilated, restrictive arrhythmogenic, and non-compaction. Materials and Methods: For this narrative review, we performed a search of multiple electronic databases, to select and evaluate relevant manuscripts. Results: Advances in genetic diagnosis led to better diagnosis precision and prognosis prediction, especially with regard to the risk of developing arrhythmias in certain subtypes of cardiomyopathies. Conclusions: Implementing the genomic information to benefit future patient care, better risk stratification and management, promises a better future for genotype-based treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Raluca Voinescu
- Department of Cardiology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Adina Ionac
- Department of Cardiology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Research Centre of Timisoara Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases, Gheorghe Adam Street 13A, 300310 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Raluca Sosdean
- Department of Cardiology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Research Centre of Timisoara Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases, Gheorghe Adam Street 13A, 300310 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ioana Ionac
- Department of Cardiology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Luca Silvia Ana
- Department of Cardiology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases, Gheorghe Adam Street 13A, 300310 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Nilima Rajpal Kundnani
- Department of Cardiology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Research Centre of Timisoara Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Stelian Morariu
- General Medicine Faculty, “Vasile Goldis” West University, 473223 Arad, Romania
| | - Maria Puiu
- Department of Microscopic Morphology, Genetics Discipline, Center of Genomic Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Regional Center of Medical Genetics Timiș, Clinical Emergency Hospital for Children “Louis Țurcanu”, Iosif Nemoianu Street N°2, 300011 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Adela Chirita-Emandi
- Department of Microscopic Morphology, Genetics Discipline, Center of Genomic Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Regional Center of Medical Genetics Timiș, Clinical Emergency Hospital for Children “Louis Țurcanu”, Iosif Nemoianu Street N°2, 300011 Timisoara, Romania
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Steen H, Montenbruck M, Kallifatidis A, André F, Frey N, Kelle S, Korosoglou G. Multi-parametric non-contrast cardiac magnetic resonance for the differentiation between cardiac amyloidosis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Clin Res Cardiol 2024; 113:469-480. [PMID: 38095711 DOI: 10.1007/s00392-023-02348-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the ability of fast strain-encoded (SENC) cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) derived myocardial strain and native T1 mapping to discriminate between hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and cardiac amyloidosis. METHODS Ninety nine patients (57 with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and 42 with cardiac amyloidosis) were systematically analysed. LV-ejection fraction, LV-mass index, septal wall thickness and native T1 mapping values were assessed. In addition, global circumferential and longitudinal strain and segmental circumferential and longitudinal strain in basal, mid-ventricular, and apical segments were calculated. A ratio was built by dividing native T1 values by basal segmental strain (T1-to-basal segmental strain ratio). RESULTS Myocardial strain was equally distributed in apical and basal segments in HCM patients, whereas an apical sparing with less impaired apical strain was noticed in cardiac amyloidosis (apical-to-basal-ratio of 1.01 ± 0.23 versus 1.20 ± 0.28, p < 0.001). T1 values were significantly higher in amyloidosis compared to HCM patients (1170.7 ± 66.4 ms versus 1078.3 ± 57.4ms, p < 0.001). The T1-to-basal segmental strain ratio exhibited high accuracy for the differentiation between the two clinical entities (Sensitivity = 85%, Specificity = 77%, AUC = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.81-0.95, p < 0.001). Multivariable analysis showed that age and the T1-to-basal-strain-ratio were the most robust factors for the differentiation between HCM and cardiac amyloidosis. CONCLUSION The T1-to-basal-segmental strain ratio, combining information from segmental circumferential and longitudinal strain and native T1 mapping aids the differentiation between HCM and cardiac amyloidosis with high accuracy and within a fast CMR protocol, obviating the need for contrast agent administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Steen
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Florian André
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Norbert Frey
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kelle
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Grigorios Korosoglou
- Departments of Cardiology, Vascular Medicine and Pneumology, GRN Hospital Weinheim, Roentgenstrasse 1, 69469, Weinheim, Germany.
- Weinheim Imaging Center, GRN Hospital Weinheim, Hector Foundation, Weinheim, Germany.
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10
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Hutt E, Desai MY. Medical Treatment Strategies for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 2024; 212S:S33-S41. [PMID: 38368034 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2023.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a heterogeneous genetic heart disease inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern with an estimated prevalence of 0.6% in the general population. Clinical manifestations of HCM vary considerably, with symptoms ranging from none or mild exercise intolerance to severe lifestyle-limiting symptoms, advanced heart failure, and sudden cardiac death. Current management options for HCM include lifestyle modifications, familial screening with genetic counseling, pharmacotherapy for symptom control, sudden cardiac death risk stratification with or without defibrillator implantation, septal reduction therapy, and, in some cases, heart transplantation. Only recently have strongly targeted medical therapies for HCM, such as myosin inhibitors, been studied in multicenter randomized controlled trials. In this report, we review the currently available medical treatments for HCM and the future directions of HCM pharmacotherapy, and we highlight important unmet needs in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Hutt
- The Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Milind Y Desai
- The Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio.
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11
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Zalivina I, Barwari T, Yin X, Langley SR, Barallobre-Barreiro J, Wakimoto H, Zampetaki A, Mayr M, Avkiran M, Eminaga S. Inhibition of miR-199a-3p in a murine hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) model attenuates fibrotic remodeling. JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR CARDIOLOGY PLUS 2023; 6:100056. [PMID: 38143961 PMCID: PMC10739604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmccpl.2023.100056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Background Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder, characterized by cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, cardiomyocyte disarray and fibrosis, which has a prevalence of ∼1: 200-500 and predisposes individuals to heart failure and sudden death. The mechanisms through which diverse HCM-causing mutations cause cardiac dysfunction remain mostly unknown and their identification may reveal new therapeutic avenues. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as critical regulators of gene expression and disease phenotype in various pathologies. We explored whether miRNAs could play a role in HCM pathogenesis and offer potential therapeutic targets. Methods and results Using high-throughput miRNA expression profiling and qPCR analysis in two distinct mouse models of HCM, we found that miR-199a-3p expression levels are upregulated in mutant mice compared to age- and treatment-matched wild-type mice. We also found that miR-199a-3p expression is enriched in cardiac non-myocytes compared to cardiomyocytes. When we expressed miR-199a-3p mimic in cultured murine primary cardiac fibroblasts and analyzed the conditioned media by proteomics, we found that several extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins (e.g., TSP2, FBLN3, COL11A1, LYOX) were differentially secreted (data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD042904). We confirmed our proteomics findings by qPCR analysis of selected mRNAs and demonstrated that miR-199a-3p mimic expression in cardiac fibroblasts drives upregulation of ECM gene expression, including Tsp2, Fbln3, Pcoc1, Col1a1 and Col3a1. To examine the role of miR-199a-3p in vivo, we inhibited its function using lock-nucleic acid (LNA)-based inhibitors (antimiR-199a-3p) in an HCM mouse model. Our results revealed that progression of cardiac fibrosis is attenuated when miR-199a-3p function is inhibited in mild-to-moderate HCM. Finally, guided by computational target prediction algorithms, we identified mRNAs Cd151 and Itga3 as direct targets of miR-199a-3p and have shown that miR-199a-3p mimic expression negatively regulates AKT activation in cardiac fibroblasts. Conclusions Altogether, our results suggest that miR-199a-3p may contribute to cardiac fibrosis in HCM through its actions in cardiac fibroblasts. Thus, inhibition of miR-199a-3p in mild-to-moderate HCM may offer therapeutic benefit in combination with complementary approaches that target the primary defect in cardiac myocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Zalivina
- King's College London, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London, United Kingdom
| | - Temo Barwari
- King's College London, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaoke Yin
- King's College London, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah R. Langley
- King's College London, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London, United Kingdom
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | | | - Hiroko Wakimoto
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anna Zampetaki
- King's College London, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Mayr
- King's College London, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London, United Kingdom
| | - Metin Avkiran
- King's College London, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London, United Kingdom
| | - Seda Eminaga
- King's College London, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Braunwald E, Saberi S, Abraham TP, Elliott PM, Olivotto I. Mavacamten: a first-in-class myosin inhibitor for obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J 2023; 44:4622-4633. [PMID: 37804245 PMCID: PMC10659958 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mavacamten is a first-in-class, targeted, cardiac-specific myosin inhibitor approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of adults with symptomatic New York Heart Association Classes II and III obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (oHCM). Mavacamten was developed to target the hyper-contractile phenotype, which plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of the disease. In Phase 2 and 3 clinical trials, mavacamten was well tolerated, reduced left ventricular outflow tract gradients, improved exercise capacity and symptoms, and was associated with improvements in other clinically relevant parameters, such as patient-reported outcomes and circulating biomarkers. In addition, treatment with mavacamten was associated with evidence of favourable cardiac remodelling in multi-modality imaging studies. Mavacamten substantially reduced guideline eligibility for septal reduction therapy candidates with oHCM and drug-refractory symptoms. In this article, the available efficacy and safety data from completed and ongoing clinical studies of mavacamten in patients with symptomatic oHCM are reviewed. Longer term extension studies may help address questions related to the positioning of mavacamten in current oHCM management algorithms, interactions with background therapy, as well as the potential for disease modification beyond symptomatic relief of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Braunwald
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, TIMI Study Group, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sara Saberi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Theodore P Abraham
- UCSF HCM Center of Excellence, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Perry M Elliott
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Iacopo Olivotto
- Meyer Children’s Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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13
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Desai MY, Owens A, Wang A. Medical therapies for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Current state of the art. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2023; 80:32-37. [PMID: 37619712 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2023.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is predominantly an autosomal dominant genetic heart disease with an estimated prevalence of 1 in 200 to 1 in 500 in the general population. Clinical manifestations of HCM vary from asymptomatic state to mild functional intolerance to advanced heart failure, angina, and sudden cardiac death (SCD). Current management options for symptomatic HCM include lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy for symptom control and arrhythmia management, SCD risk stratification with or without defibrillator implantation, septal reduction therapy and, in some cases, heart transplantation. Until recently, none of the pharmacotherapies for management of HCM had been studied in multicenter randomized controlled trials. Mavacamten, a cardiac myosin inhibitor, is the first drug studied in this fashion and the first-in-class Food and Drug Administration approved medication that specifically targets the pathophysiology of HCM. We will review the currently available medical treatments for HCM and assess future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milind Y Desai
- From the Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America.
| | - Anjali Owens
- From the Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Andrew Wang
- From the Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
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14
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Ma W, del Rio CL, Qi L, Prodanovic M, Mijailovich S, Zambataro C, Gong H, Shimkunas R, Gollapudi S, Nag S, Irving TC. Myosin in autoinhibited off state(s), stabilized by mavacamten, can be recruited via inotropic effectors. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.10.536292. [PMID: 37090664 PMCID: PMC10120679 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.10.536292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Mavacamten is a novel, FDA-approved, small molecule therapeutic designed to regulate cardiac function by selectively but reversibly inhibiting the enzymatic activity of myosin. It shifts myosin towards ordered off states close to the thick filament backbone. It remains unresolved whether mavacamten permanently sequesters these myosin heads in the off state(s) or whether these heads can be recruited in response to physiological stimuli when required to boost cardiac output. We show that cardiac myosins stabilized in these off state(s) by mavacamten are recruitable by Ca2+, increased heart rate, stretch, and β-adrenergic (β-AR) stimulation, all known physiological inotropic effectors. At the molecular level, we show that, in presence of mavacamten, Ca2+ increases myosin ATPase activity by shifting myosin heads from the reserve super-relaxed (SRX) state to the active disordered relaxed (DRX) state. At the myofilament level, both Ca2+ and passive lengthening can shift ordered off myosin heads from positions close to the thick filament backbone to disordered on states closer to the thin filaments in the presence of mavacamten. In isolated rat cardiomyocytes, increased stimulation rates enhanced shortening fraction in mavacamten-treated cells. This observation was confirmed in vivo in telemetered rats, where left-ventricular dP/dtmax, an index of inotropy, increased with heart rate in mavacamten treated animals. Finally, we show that β-AR stimulation in vivo increases left-ventricular function and stroke volume in the setting of mavacamten. Our data demonstrate that the mavacamten-promoted off states of myosin in the thick filament are activable, at least partially, thus leading to preservation of cardiac reserve mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikang Ma
- BioCAT, Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Carlos L. del Rio
- Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Brisbane, CA 94005
| | - Lin Qi
- Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Momcilo Prodanovic
- Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- FilamenTech, Inc., Newtown, MA 02458, USA
| | | | | | - Henry Gong
- Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rafael Shimkunas
- Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Brisbane, CA 94005
| | - Sampath Gollapudi
- Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Brisbane, CA 94005
| | - Suman Nag
- Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Brisbane, CA 94005
| | - Thomas C. Irving
- BioCAT, Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
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15
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Burban A, Pucyło S, Sikora A, Opolski G, Grabowski M, Kołodzińska A. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy versus Storage Diseases with Myocardial Involvement. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13239. [PMID: 37686045 PMCID: PMC10488064 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the main causes of heart failure is cardiomyopathies. Among them, the most common is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), characterized by thickening of the left ventricular muscle. This article focuses on HCM and other cardiomyopathies with myocardial hypertrophy, including Fabry disease, Pompe disease, and Danon disease. The genetics and pathogenesis of these diseases are described, as well as current and experimental treatment options, such as pharmacological intervention and the potential of gene therapies. Although genetic approaches are promising and have the potential to become the best treatments for these diseases, further research is needed to evaluate their efficacy and safety. This article describes current knowledge and advances in the treatment of the aforementioned cardiomyopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Burban
- First Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland; (A.B.); (S.P.); (A.S.); (G.O.); (M.G.)
- Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, 81 Żwirki i Wigury Street, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Szymon Pucyło
- First Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland; (A.B.); (S.P.); (A.S.); (G.O.); (M.G.)
| | - Aleksandra Sikora
- First Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland; (A.B.); (S.P.); (A.S.); (G.O.); (M.G.)
| | - Grzegorz Opolski
- First Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland; (A.B.); (S.P.); (A.S.); (G.O.); (M.G.)
| | - Marcin Grabowski
- First Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland; (A.B.); (S.P.); (A.S.); (G.O.); (M.G.)
| | - Agnieszka Kołodzińska
- First Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland; (A.B.); (S.P.); (A.S.); (G.O.); (M.G.)
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16
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van der Stouwe JG, Schmied CM, Niederseer D. Assessment of Oxygen Pulse in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. JAMA Cardiol 2023; 8:795-796. [PMID: 37405753 DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2023.1886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Gerrit van der Stouwe
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian M Schmied
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Niederseer
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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17
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Wheeler MT, Chen YM, Myers J. Assessment of Oxygen Pulse in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy-Reply. JAMA Cardiol 2023; 8:796-797. [PMID: 37405726 DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2023.1889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Wheeler
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | | | - Jonathan Myers
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
- Stanford University, Stanford, California
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18
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Mikic L, Ristic A, Markovic Nikolic N, Tesic M, Jakovljevic DG, Arena R, Allison TG, Popovic D. The Role of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1296. [PMID: 37512108 PMCID: PMC10386322 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59071296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
This review emphasizes the importance of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in patients diagnosed with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). In contrast to standard exercise testing and stress echoes, which are limited due to the ECG changes and wall motion abnormalities that characterize this condition, CPET allows for the assessment of the complex pathophysiology and severity of the disease, its mechanisms of functional limitation, and its risk stratification. It is useful tool to evaluate the risk for sudden cardiac death and select patients for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), cardiac transplantation, or mechanical circulatory support, especially when symptomatology and functional status are uncertain. It may help in differentiating HCM from other forms of cardiac hypertrophy, such as athletes' heart. Finally, it is used to guide and monitor therapy as well as for exercise prescription. It may be considered every 2 years in clinically stable patients or every year in patients with worsening symptoms. Although performed only in specialized centers, CPET combined with echocardiography (i.e., CPET imaging) and invasive CPET are more informative and provide a better assessment of cardiac functional status, left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, and diastolic dysfunction during exercise in patients with HCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidija Mikic
- Division of Cardiology, Clinical and Hospital Center Zvezdara, 11120 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Arsen Ristic
- Division of Cardiology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Natasa Markovic Nikolic
- Division of Cardiology, Clinical and Hospital Center Zvezdara, 11120 Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milorad Tesic
- Division of Cardiology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Djordje G Jakovljevic
- Institute for Health and Wellbeing (CSELS), Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 2DS, UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Ross Arena
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Thomas G Allison
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Dejana Popovic
- Division of Cardiology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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19
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Ostrominski JW, Guo R, Elliott PM, Ho CY. Cardiac Myosin Inhibitors for Managing Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: JACC: Heart Failure State-of-the-Art Review. JACC. HEART FAILURE 2023; 11:735-748. [PMID: 37407153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2023.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is frequently caused by pathogenic variants in genes encoding sarcomere proteins and is characterized by left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, hypercontractility, and-in many cases-left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction. Despite standard management, obstructive HCM (oHCM) can still cause substantial morbidity, highlighting the critical need for more effective disease-specific therapeutic approaches. Over the past decade, improved understanding of the molecular pathobiology of HCM has culminated in development of cardiac myosin inhibitors (CMIs), a novel drug class that in recent randomized clinical trials has been shown to decrease LVOT obstruction, improve exercise capacity, and ameliorate symptom burden in patients with oHCM. Although promising, areas of uncertainty remain, including the long-term safety and efficacy of CMIs and whether they have the potential to modify progression of disease. Herein, we review key milestones in the clinical development of CMIs, contextualize CMIs with established oHCM therapies, and discuss future challenges and opportunities for the use of CMIs across the HCM spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Ostrominski
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ruby Guo
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Perry M Elliott
- Centre for Heart Muscle Disease, Institute of Cardiological Sciences, University College London and St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn Y Ho
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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