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Brothers TD, Walley AY, Rivers-Bowerman H, McLeod M, Genge L. Grayken lessons: between a rock and a hard place? A 37-year-old man with acute liver injury while enrolled in a managed alcohol program for severe alcohol use disorder. Addict Sci Clin Pract 2023; 18:14. [PMID: 36879279 PMCID: PMC9988200 DOI: 10.1186/s13722-023-00370-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Managed alcohol programs aim to reduce health and social harms associated with severe alcohol use disorder. Here, we describe a young man with severe alcohol use disorder enrolled in a managed alcohol program, who was admitted to hospital with acute liver injury. Fearing that alcohol was contributing, the inpatient care team discontinued the managed alcohol dose in hospital. He was ultimately diagnosed with cephalexin-induced liver injury. After consideration of risks, benefits, and alternative options, the patient and care team jointly decided to restart managed alcohol after hospital discharge. With this case, we describe managed alcohol programs and summarize the emerging evidence-base, including eligibility criteria and outcome measures; we explore clinical and ethical dilemmas in caring for patients with liver disease within managed alcohol programs; and we emphasize principles of harm reduction and patient-centered care when establishing treatment plans for patients with severe alcohol use disorder and unstable housing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Brothers
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada. .,Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, UCL Collaborative Centre for Inclusion Health, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Alexander Y Walley
- Grayken Center for Addiction, Clinical Addiction Research and Education (CARE) Unit, Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Helen Rivers-Bowerman
- Mobile Outreach Street Health (MOSH), North End Community Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Magnus McLeod
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Leah Genge
- Mobile Outreach Street Health (MOSH), North End Community Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Family Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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2
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MacKillop J, Agabio R, Feldstein Ewing SW, Heilig M, Kelly JF, Leggio L, Lingford-Hughes A, Palmer AA, Parry CD, Ray L, Rehm J. Hazardous drinking and alcohol use disorders. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2022; 8:80. [PMID: 36550121 PMCID: PMC10284465 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-022-00406-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol is one of the most widely consumed psychoactive drugs globally. Hazardous drinking, defined by quantity and frequency of consumption, is associated with acute and chronic morbidity. Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) are psychiatric syndromes characterized by impaired control over drinking and other symptoms. Contemporary aetiological perspectives on AUDs apply a biopsychosocial framework that emphasizes the interplay of genetics, neurobiology, psychology, and an individual's social and societal context. There is strong evidence that AUDs are genetically influenced, but with a complex polygenic architecture. Likewise, there is robust evidence for environmental influences, such as adverse childhood exposures and maladaptive developmental trajectories. Well-established biological and psychological determinants of AUDs include neuroadaptive changes following persistent use, differences in brain structure and function, and motivational determinants including overvaluation of alcohol reinforcement, acute effects of environmental triggers and stress, elevations in multiple facets of impulsivity, and lack of alternative reinforcers. Social factors include bidirectional roles of social networks and sociocultural influences, such as public health control strategies and social determinants of health. An array of evidence-based approaches for reducing alcohol harms are available, including screening, pharmacotherapies, psychological interventions and policy strategies, but are substantially underused. Priorities for the field include translating advances in basic biobehavioural research into novel clinical applications and, in turn, promoting widespread implementation of evidence-based clinical approaches in practice and health-care systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- James MacKillop
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University & St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
- Homewood Research Institute, Guelph, ON, Canada.
| | - Roberta Agabio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sarah W Feldstein Ewing
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Centre for Alcohol and Drug Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Markus Heilig
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - John F Kelly
- Recovery Research Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anne Lingford-Hughes
- Division of Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Central North West London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Abraham A Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry & Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Charles D Parry
- Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Lara Ray
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation; & Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (UofT), Toronto, Canada
- WHO European Region Collaborating Centre at Public Health Institute of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
- Technische Universität Dresden, Klinische Psychologie & Psychotherapie, Dresden, Germany
- Department of International Health Projects, Institute for Leadership and Health Management, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Zentrum für Interdisziplinäre Suchtforschung der Universität Hamburg (ZIS), Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Brothers TD, Fraser J, MacAdam E, Morgan B, Francheville J, Nidumolu A, Cheung C, Hickcox S, Saunders D, O'Donnell T, Genge L, Webster D. Implementation and evaluation of a novel, unofficial, trainee-organized hospital addiction medicine consultation service. Subst Abus 2020; 42:433-437. [PMID: 33332248 DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2020.1856291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate a novel, unofficial, trainee-organized, hospital addiction medicine consultation service (AMCS), we aimed to assess whether it was (1) acceptable to hospital providers and patients, (2) feasible to organize and deliver, and (3) impacted patient care. Methods: We performed a retrospective descriptive study of all AMCS consultations over the first 16 months. We determined acceptability via the number of referrals received from admitting services, and the proportion of referred patients who consented to consultation. We evaluated feasibility via continuation/growth of the service over time, and the proportion of referrals successfully completed before hospital discharge. As most referrals related to opioid use disorder, we determined impact through the proportion of eligible patients offered and initiated on opioid agonist therapy (OAT) in hospital, and the proportion of patients who filled their outpatient prescription or attended their first visit with their outpatient OAT prescriber. Results: The unofficial AMCS grew to involve six hospital-based residents and five supervising community-based addiction physicians. The service received 59 referrals, primarily related to injection opioid use, for 50 unique patients from 12 different admitting services. 90% of patients were seen before discharge, and 98% agreed to addiction medicine consultation. Among 34 patients with active moderate-severe opioid use disorder who were not already on OAT, 82% initiated OAT in hospital and 89% of these patients continued after discharge. Conclusions: Established in response to identified gaps in patient care and learning opportunities, a novel, unofficial, trainee-organized AMCS was acceptable, feasible, and positively impacted patient care over the first 16 months. This trainee-organized, unofficial AMCS could be used as a model for other hospitals that do not yet have an official AMCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Brothers
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - John Fraser
- Mobile Outreach Street Health, North End Community Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Emily MacAdam
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Brendan Morgan
- Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management & Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Aditya Nidumolu
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Christopher Cheung
- Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management & Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Samuel Hickcox
- Mental Health and Addictions, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - David Saunders
- Direction 180, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,The Open Door Clinic, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Tiffany O'Donnell
- Hospitalist Medicine Unit, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Family Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Leah Genge
- Mobile Outreach Street Health, North End Community Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Direction 180, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Family Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Duncan Webster
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
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Sechi GP, Sechi MM. Challenges in Prediction and Diagnosis of Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome and Wernicke Encephalopathy. JAMA Intern Med 2020; 180:1716. [PMID: 32897362 DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.3558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gian Pietro Sechi
- Unit of Clinical Neurology, Department of Clinical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - M Margherita Sechi
- Unit of Clinical Neurology, Department of Clinical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Brothers TD, Bach P. Challenges in Prediction and Diagnosis of Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome and Wernicke Encephalopathy-Reply. JAMA Intern Med 2020; 180:1716-1717. [PMID: 32897304 DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.3561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Brothers
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Paxton Bach
- Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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