The Early Burden of Disability in Individuals With Mood and Other Common Mental Disorders in Ontario, Canada

Neurocognitive correlates of metabolic dysregulation in individuals with mood disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Individuals with mood disorders are predisposed to metabolic dysfunction, while those with metabolic dysregulation such as diabetes and obesity experience more severe depressive symptoms. Both metabolic dysfunction and mood disorders are independently associated with cognitive deficits. Therefore, given their close association, this study aimed to explore the association between metabolic dysfunction in individuals with mood disorders in relation to cognitive outcomes. A comprehensive search comprised of these three domains was carried out; a random-effects meta-analysis pooling mean cognitive outcomes was conducted (PROSPERO ID: CRD42022295765). Sixty-three studies were included in this review; 26 were synthesized in a quantitative meta-analysis. Comorbid metabolic dysregulation was associated with significantly lower global cognition among individuals with mood disorders. These trends were significant within each mood disorder subgroup, including major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and self-report depression/depressive symptoms. Type 2 diabetes was associated with the lowest cognitive performance in individuals with mood disorders, followed by peripheral insulin resistance, body mass index ⩾25 kg/m2, and metabolic syndrome. Significant reduction in scores was also observed among individual cognitive domains (in descending order) of working memory, attention, executive function, processing speed, verbal memory, and visual memory. These findings demonstrate the detrimental effects of comorbid metabolic dysfunction in individuals with mood disorders. Further research is required to understand the underlying mechanisms connecting mood disorders, metabolism, and cognition.

Digital Tools to Facilitate the Detection and Treatment of Bipolar Disorder: Key Developments and Future Directions

Bipolar disorder (BD) impacts over 40 million people around the world, often manifesting in early adulthood and substantially impacting the quality of life and functioning of individuals. Although early interventions are associated with a better prognosis, the early detection of BD is challenging given the high degree of similarity with other psychiatric conditions, including major depressive disorder, which corroborates the high rates of misdiagnosis. Further, BD has a chronic, relapsing course, and the majority of patients will go on to experience mood relapses despite pharmacological treatment. Digital technologies present promising results to augment early detection of symptoms and enhance BD treatment. In this editorial, we will discuss current findings on the use of digital technologies in the field of BD, while debating the challenges associated with their implementation in clinical practice and the future directions.

Comorbid substance use disorder, major depression, and associated disability in a nationally representative sample

BACKGROUND

Major depressive disorders (MDD) and substance use disorders (SUDs) are commonly linked to disability, but there is a lack of research on the risk of disability among individuals who have both SUDs and MD in the general population. This study aimed to investigate the associated risk of disability in people with comorbid SUDs- specifically cannabis use disorder, alcohol use disorder, other drug (except cannabis) use disorder, and a major depressive episode using a nationally representative sample.

METHODS

The 2012 Canadian Community Health Survey- Mental Health (CCHS-MH) data were analyzed using multilevel logistic regression models. The survey included a nationally representative sample of Canadians aged 15 years and older (n = 25,113) residing in the ten Canadian provinces from January to December 2012. The diagnoses of major depressive episodes (MDE) and the SUDs were derived from the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria using a modified WHO-CIDI instrument, while disability was assessed using the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Score (WHODAS) 2.0.

RESULTS

The strongest predictor of disability was found to be comorbidity. Individuals diagnosed with both a SUD and MDE were 4 to 9 times more likely to experience disability, depending on the substance used, compared to those without either diagnosis.

LIMITATIONS

The study's cross-sectional design limits causal inferences.

CONCLUSIONS

Our research discovered that individuals who have both SUD and MDE are at a significantly higher risk of experiencing disability. This highlights the importance of integrating mental health and addiction services to mitigate the risk of disability and improve overall treatment outcomes.

Functional Alterations in Patients with Bipolar Disorder and Their Unaffected First-Degree Relatives: Insight from Genetic, Epidemiological, and Neuroimaging Data

Bipolar disorder (BD) profoundly affects cognitive and psychosocial functioning, leading to a significant illness burden on patients and their families. Genetic factors are predominant in the onset of bipolar disorder and functional impairments. This disorder exhibits a strong family aggregation, with heritability estimates reaching up to 80%. Individuals with BD often experience impaired functioning, especially in significant areas such as physical performance, sleep, cognition, interpersonal interactions, socioeconomic status, family and marital relationships, work and school performance, well-being, and life expectancy. However, patients with different subtypes exhibit significant heterogeneity in social functioning, cognition, and creativity levels. There are notable differences in psychosocial and cognitive function in their unaffected first-degree relatives (UFR) who do not suffer but may carry susceptibility genes compared to healthy control (HC) without a family history. The observations indicate common genetic structures between BD patients and their UFR, which results in varying degrees of functional abnormalities. Therefore, this article mainly provides evidence on cognition, creativity, and psychosocial functioning in patients with BD and their UFR to provide a more comprehensive understanding of this critical topic in the field of BD. By integrating various findings, including clinical data and neuroimaging studies, our article aims to provide insights and valuable information for a deeper exploration of the pathogenesis of BD and the development of more targeted therapeutic strategies in the future.

Incidence and risk factors for anxiety disorders in young adults: A population-based prospective cohort study

Anxiety disorders are among the most common psychiatric disorders in the general population. Our objective was to describe the cumulative incidence and risk factors of anxiety disorders, including obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), in a follow-up of young adults over a five-year period. This is a prospective cohort conducted in two waves. The first took place from 2007 to 2009, in which 1,560 young adults aged between 18 and 24 years were evaluated using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Subjects were invited to participate in the second wave, which wave took place from 2012 to 2014, where 1,244 young adults were evaluated using the MINI-Plus. Our findings showed a cumulative incidence of 10.9% for any anxiety disorder, 6.5% for generalized anxiety disorder, 6.0% for agoraphobia, 2.0% for OCD, 1.6% for panic disorder, 1.1% for social anxiety and 0.7% for PTSD. Being female and having had a depressive episode were risk factors to develop any anxiety disorder. We observed a high cumulative incidence of anxiety disorders in a population-based sample of young adults. Our data highlights the importance of the early identification of these disorders as this could lead to early illness detection, early illness management and a reduced burden of disease.

Suboptimal dietary quality is associated with mental symptoms among adults aged 40 years and over in China: A population-based cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

The previous studies an association between dietary patterns and psychiatric symptoms. However, few studies have examined the association of quality of dietary patterns and anxiety, depressive symptoms in the Chinese population.

METHODS

Between 2017 and 2019, a population-based, cross-sectional survey was carried out in China. Uniformed questionnaires collected the demographic characteristics and food data. The dietary quality of the adults was evaluated using the revised Diet Balance Index 2016 (DBI-16). We measured anxiety and depression symptoms using the the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)-7 and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9.

RESULTS

A total of 73,737 participants were recruited during the survey period. 17.6 % and 13.7 % of residents suffer from anxiety and depression symptoms, respectively. The DBI-16 indicates that participants with anxiety or depression symptoms had higher scores of low bound score (LBS, refers to inadequate food intake) and dietary quality distance (DQD, refers to unbalanced food intake) than those without anxiety or depression. The logistic regression models showed that high levels of LBS and DQD problems were more strongly associated with anxiety (LBS:OR = 1.20, DQD:OR = 1.30) and depressive symptoms (LBS:OR = 1.21, DQD:OR = 1.44). On the contrary, higher bound score (HBS, refers to excessive food intake) was significantly negatively correlated with symptoms of anxiety and depression. Moreover, each increase in the food group was associated with 4 % lower odds of anxiety and 6 % lower odds of depression symptoms.

LIMITATIONS

Cross-sectional design and self-reporting of psychological symptoms and dietary information limit the generalizability of the results.

CONCLUSION

The dietary quality of adults aged 40 years and over in China is suboptimal, with excessive and inadequate food intake simultaneously. Dietary imbalance, and low dietary diversity may be related to anxiety and depressive symptoms.

Lifestyle interventions for bipolar disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis

This review and meta-analysis aimed to describe the existing literature on interventions for bipolar disorder (BD) targeting the 6 pillars of Lifestyle Psychiatry: diet, physical activity (PA), substance use (SU), sleep, stress management, and social relationships (SR). Randomized Controlled Trials that examined the efficacy of lifestyle interventions targeting improvement in depressive/(hypo)manic symptom severity, lifestyle patterns, functioning, quality of life, and/or circadian rhythms were included. The systematic review included 18 studies, while the meta-analysis included studies targeting the same lifestyle domains and outcomes. Sleep (n = 10), PA (n = 9), and diet (n = 8) were the most targeted domains, while SU, SM and SR were least targeted (n = 4 each). Combined diet and PA interventions led to significant improvements in depressive symptoms (SMD: -0.46; 95%CI: -0.88, -0.04; p = 0.03), and functioning (SMD: -0.47; 95%CI: -0.89, -0.05; p = 0.03). Sleep interventions also led to significant improvements in depressive symptoms (SMD: -0.80; 95%CI: -1.21, -0.39; p < 0.01). Future research should focus on developing more multidimensional lifestyle interventions for a potentially greater impact on clinical and functional outcomes of BD.

How do perceptions of Covid-19 risk impact pregnancy-related health decisions? A convergent parallel mixed-methods study protocol

INTRODUCTION

Pregnant people have a higher risk of severe COVID-19 disease. They have been disproportionately impacted by COVID-19 infection control policies, which exacerbated conditions resulting in intimate partner violence, healthcare access, and mental health distress. This project examines the impact of accumulated individual health decisions and describes how perinatal care and health outcomes changed during the COVID-19 pandemic.

OBJECTIVES

Quantitative strand: Describe differences between 2019, 2021, and 2022 birth groups related to maternal vaccination, perinatal care, and mental health care. Examine the differential impacts on racialized and low-income pregnant people.Qualitative strand: Understand how pregnant people's perceptions of COVID-19 risk influenced their decision-making about vaccination, perinatal care, social support, and mental health.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

This is a Canadian convergent parallel mixed-methods study. The quantitative strand uses a retrospective cohort design to assess birth group differences in rates of Tdap and COVID-19 vaccination, gestational diabetes screening, length of post-partum hospital stay, and onset of depression, anxiety, and adjustment disorder, using administrative data from ICES, formerly the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Ontario) and PopulationData BC (PopData) (British Columbia). Differences by socioeconomic and ethnocultural status will also be examined. The qualitative strand employs qualitative description to interview people who gave birth between May 2020- December 2021 about their COVID-19 risk perception and health decision-making process. Data integration will occur during design and interpretation.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

This study received ethical approval from McMaster University and the University of British Columbia. Findings will be disseminated via manuscripts, presentations, and patient-facing infographics.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov registration number: NCT05663762.

Health behaviours of patients with affective disorders: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Severe mental disorders, including affective disorders (AD), are associated with high rates of physical illnesses that lead to premature patient death. Excess somatic comorbidity may be partially explained by lifestyle factors. This study aimed to investigate the health behaviours (HBs) of patients with AD in comparison to the HBs of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and healthy controls (HCs) and to examine associations among HBs and sociodemographic and clinical factors, subjective quality of life and health status, and health locus of control.

METHODS

The sample consisted of 108 patients with AD, including 60 with bipolar disorder (BP) and 48 with unipolar disorder (UAD). Analyses included comparisons with a subgroup of AD individuals, patients with T2D and HCs matched in age and sex. The Health Behaviour Inventory was used to evaluate the overall levels of HBs and 4 HB categories. To identify independent determinants of health behaviours, a multivariate linear regression analysis was performed with factors identified as significant in bivariate analyses.

RESULTS

Most AD patients had a low level of HBs (40%), followed by moderate (35%) and high levels (25%), and there were no significant differences in HBs between the BP and UAD groups. Compared with the T2D and HC groups, the AD group had a significantly lower level of overall HBs and lower levels of HBs in one of the categories. Independent predictors of overall HBs were quality of life (β = 0.28, p < 0.001), age (β = 0.27, p = 0.002), and depressive symptoms (β = 0.23, p = 0.008). A total of 30% of the variance in HBs was explained.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings emphasise the need for a systematic assessment of single and multiple health behaviours to provide better care for patients with AD and reduce the potential adverse effects of an unhealthy lifestyle.

Association between childhood maltreatment and social functioning in individuals with affective disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

Childhood maltreatment has been linked to impairments in social functioning and social cognition in adults with affective disorders. However, conclusions have been limited by inconsistent findings across different maltreatment subtypes and social domains. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to quantify associations between childhood maltreatment (overall and subtypes - physical, emotional and/or sexual abuse, and/or physical and/or emotional neglect) and different domains of social functioning and social cognition in adults with affective disorders (bipolar disorder or major depressive disorder). We also examined effect moderators and mediators of these associations.

METHODS

A systematic search was performed on 12.12.2022 which identified 29 studies included in qualitative synthesis (n = 3022 individuals with affective disorders), of which 27 (n = 2957) were pooled in meta-analyses. Across studies, five social functioning and five social cognition domains were examined, of which four domains of social functioning and two domains of social cognition had sufficient data for meta-analysis (PROSPERO CRD42022288976).

RESULTS

Social functioning: childhood maltreatment was associated with lower global social functioning (r = -0.11 to -0.20), poorer interpersonal relations (r = -0.18 to -0.33), and with aggressive behaviour (r = 0.20-0.29) but was unrelated to vocational functioning. Emotional abuse and emotional neglect showed the largest magnitudes of effect. Social cognition: there was no meta-analytic evidence of associations between maltreatment and social cognition domains. Exploratory moderation analyses did not identify any consistent moderators. Narrative synthesis identified attachment style as possible moderator, and sensory patterns, anxiety, and depressive symptoms as possible mediators between childhood maltreatment and social outcomes. Overall, the available evidence was limited, particularly in relation to social cognition.

CONCLUSIONS

Adults with affective disorders are at risk of social functioning difficulties after childhood maltreatment exposure, an effect observed across multiple maltreatment subtypes, social functioning domains, and diagnoses. Addressing social functioning problems may benefit maltreated adults with both bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder.

Atypical antipsychotic-induced mania: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

The possibility of atypical antipsychotics (AA) to induce manic symptoms has been raised by several articles. The objective of this study was to describe whether exposure to AA may induce mania in mood disorders.

METHODS

We performed a systematic review following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis guidelines. The systematic search encompassed all relevant studies published until April 4th, 2022. A meta-analysis testing whether treatment emergent mania (TEM) is more frequent with the use of AA compared with placebo was performed.

RESULTS

A total of 52 studies were included in the systematic review. We found 24 case reports or case series describing 40 manic/hypomanic episodes allegedly induced by AA. Twenty-one placebo-controlled trials were included in a meta-analysis including 4823 individuals treated with AA and 3252 individuals receiving placebo. Our meta-analysis showed that the use of AA protects against the development of TEM (OR: 0.68 [95 % CI: 0.52-0.89], p = 0.005).

LIMITATIONS

AA-induced mania/hypomania was not the primary outcome in any of the observational or interventional studies. TEM was not homogeneously defined across studies. In most case reports it was not possible to establish causality between the use of AA and the development of manic symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS

TEM is more frequent with placebo than with AA, which suggests that AA exposure does not represent a relevant risk for TEM. Mania/hypomania induced by an AA seems to be rare events, since anecdotal evidence from case reports and case series were not observed in observational prospective and interventional studies.

Biological rhythms disruption mediates the association between mother's diagnosis of bipolar disorder and offspring's emotional/behavioral problems

OBJECTIVE

The current study assesses whether the association between diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder (BD) in mothers and emotional and behavioral problems (EBP) in their offspring is mediated by a disruption in the offspring's biological rhythms.

METHODS

A probabilistic sample of 492 public school children (ages 7-8, 48 % female) were assessed for biological rhythms disruption and EBP using the Biological Rhythms Interview for Assessment in Neuropsychiatry for Kids and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, respectively. Mothers' mental health (BD = 64) was evaluated using a standardized clinical interview. A mediation analysis was conducted to assess the effect of the mother's diagnosis of BD on the EBP of their offspring in relation to the offspring's biological rhythms disruptions.

RESULTS

When compared to offspring of mothers without BD, offspring of mothers with BD showed greater difficulty in maintaining biological rhythms and higher prevalence of EBP. Using the presence of EBP as the outcome, 75 % of the effect of mother's BD diagnosis was mediated by offspring's biological rhythms disruption.

CONCLUSIONS

Biological rhythms disruption in children fully mediates the effect of the mother's diagnosis of BD on the child's EBP. These data encourage the development of further studies to find effective strategies to prevent and treat biological rhythms disruption in offspring of mothers with BD.

Triggers for acute mood episodes in bipolar disorder: A systematic review

OBJECTIVES

To identify triggers of acute mood episodes in bipolar disorder (BD).

METHODS

We performed a systematic review in the following databases: Pubmed, Embase, and PsycInfo following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis guidelines. The systematic search encompassed all relevant studies published until May 23rd, 2022.

RESULTS

A total of 108 studies (case reports/case series, interventional, prospective and retrospective studies) were included in the systematic review. While several decompensation triggers were identified, pharmacotherapy was the one with the largest body of evidence, particularly the use of antidepressants as triggers of manic/hypomanic episodes. Other identified triggers for mania were brain stimulation, energy drinks, acetyl-l-carnitine, St. John's wort, seasonal changes, hormonal changes and viral infections. There is a relative paucity of evidence concerning triggers for depressive relapses in BD, with possible triggers including fasting, decreased sleep and stressful life events.

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first systematic review about triggers/precipitants of relapse in BD. Despite the importance of identification and management of potential triggers for BD decompensation, there is a lack of large observational studies addressing this topic, with most of the included studies being case reports/case series. Notwithstanding these limitations, antidepressant use is the trigger with the strongest evidence for manic relapse. More studies are needed to identify and manage triggers for relapse in BD.

Hope and resilience among patients affected by unipolar and bipolar depression

BACKGROUND

Mood disorders, including unipolar and bipolar depression, are disabling mental conditions and patients' full-functional recovery may be challenging. Hope and Resilience are relevant factors in the framework of personal recovery and it is of interest to explore their association with the severity of depressive illness and other variables, including suicidality.

METHODS

in this cross-sectional study, 69 patients affected by unipolar (n = 31) and bipolar depression (n = 38) have been recruited and information about their sociodemographics, clinical characteristics were collected as well as the following assessment has been performed: BPRS (Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale); HAMD ( Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression); MADRS (Montgomery Asberg Depression rating scale); HADS (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale); SSI (Scale for Suicide Ideation); Synder (The Adult Hope Scale); CD-Risk (The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale).

RESULTS

patients affected by bipolar depression reported significantly higher level of psychopathological issues (BPRS) as well as higher scores of depressive and anxious symptoms (MADRS and HADS), suicidality (SSI). Also, bipolar depression patients reported lower levels of hope (Synder) and resilience (CD-Risk), with hope and resilience levels positively correlated each other, and inversely correlated to psychopathology and psychopathology, depressive and suicidal symptoms, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

these findings suggested that bipolar depression is characterized by higher clinical severity and lower levels of hope and resilience. Specific psycho-educational and psychotherapeutic interventions should be promoted to increase levels of hope and resilience in mood disorders, especially in bipolar depression.

Long-term disability in common mental disorders in Chinese community: evidence from a five-year follow-up study

BACKGROUND

Common mental disorders are general term for mental disorders with high disability rates and significant social burden. The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of long-term disability associated with common mental disorders and to interpret the relationship between common mental disorders and long-term disability.

METHODS

Participants in the 2013 China Mental Health Survey were followed up by telephone between April and June 2018. This study evaluated long-term disability over a five-year period using the World Health Organization's Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0. Poisson regression was used to analyze the relationship between common mental disorders and long-term disability.

RESULTS

A total of 6269 patients were followed up by telephone. In patients with common mental disorders, the prevalence of disability ranged from 7.62% to 43.94%. The long-term disabilities were significantly associated with dysthymic disorder (DD, RR:2.40; 95% CI:1.87-3.03), major depressive disorder (MDD, RR:1.63; 95% CI:1.34-1.98), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD, RR:1.95; 95% CI:1.15-3.09), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD, RR:1.68; 95% CI:1.24-2.22) and alcohol use disorder (AUD, RR: 1.42; 95% CI:0.99-1.96).

CONCLUSIONS

In China, common mental disorders raise the risk of long-term disability, and there is a critical need for monitoring patients with DD, MDD, GAD, OCD, and AUD. For improved quality of life and reduced disability levels, more resources need to be dedicated to mental health in the future.

Network properties of intracortical myelin associated with psychosocial functioning in bipolar I disorder

OBJECTIVE

Psychosocial functioning in bipolar disorder (BD) persists even during euthymia and has repeatedly been associated with illness progression and cognitive function. Its neurobiological correlates remain largely unexplored. Using a structural covariance approach, we explored whole cortex intracortical myelin (ICM) and psychosocial functioning in 39 BD type I and 58 matched controls.

METHOD

T₁ -weighted images (3T) optimized for ICM measurement were analyzed using a surface-based approach. The ICM signal was sampled at cortical mid-depth using the MarsAtlas parcellation, and psychosocial functioning was measured via the Functioning Assessment Short Test (FAST). Following construction of structural covariance matrices, graph theoretical measures were calculated for each subject. Within BD and HC groups separately, correlations between network measures and FAST were explored. After accounting for multiple comparisons, significant correlations were tested formally using rank-based regressions accounting for sex differences.

RESULTS

In BD only, psychosocial functioning was associated with global efficiency (β = -0.312, p_corr  = 0.03), local efficiency in the right rostral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (β = 0.545, p_corr  = 0.001) and clustering coefficient in this region (β = 0.497, p_corr  = 0.0002) as well as in the right ventromedial prefrontal cortex (β = 0.428, p_corr  = 0.002). All results excepting global efficiency remained significant after accounting for severity of depressive symptoms. In contrast, no significant associations between functioning and network measures were observed in the HC group.

CONCLUSION

These results uncovered a novel brain-behaviour relationship between intracortical myelin signal changes and psychosocial functioning in BD.

The impact of substance use disorder comorbidity on cognition of individuals with bipolar disorder: A systematic review

The aim of this study is to describe whether Bipolar Disorder (BD) with Substance Use Disorder (SUD) comorbidity is associated with an increased cognitive impairment as compared to BD without SUD comorbidity. This is a systematic review. The literature search was conducted in three databases: PubMed, PsycINFO and Embase. A total of 2032 studies were screened after removing duplicates. 29 articles were included for full text screening, and a total of 14 articles were included in the systematic review. Multiple cognitive domains were assessed, including verbal, spatial and visual memory, and psychomotor and executive functioning. Over half the articles (64.3%, n=9) identified cognitive impairments in individuals with BD+SUD comorbidity as compared to individuals with BD without SUD comorbidity. In addition, individuals with the comorbidity exhibited more severe impairments on tests of executive functioning, and greater impairments in verbal and visual memory. The studies included in this systematic review reinforce that individual with comorbidity of BD and SUD have increased cognitive impairment as compared to individuals with BD without SUD comorbidity. Executive functioning was the most impaired cognitive domain found across the studies included in this review. Intervention strategies focused on executive functioning would be beneficial for this specific population.

A Possible Antidepressive Effect of Dietary Interventions: Emergent Findings and Research Challenges

Purpose

Despite recent advancements in the treatment of depression, the prevalence of affected individuals continues to grow. The development of new strategies has been required and emerging evidence has linked a possible antidepressant effect with dietary interventions. In this review, we discuss recent findings about the possible antidepressant effect of dietary interventions with an emphasis on the results of randomized controlled trials.

Recent findings

A high consumption of refined sugars and saturated fat and a low dietary content of fruits and vegetables has been associated with the development of depression. There is evidence supporting a small to moderate beneficial effect of a Mediterranean-type diet in depression. In addition, new dietary protocols are being studied for their use as possible interventions, such as the ketogenic diet, Nordic diet, and plant-based diet.

Summary

Lifestyle interventions surrounding diet and nutrition are a relatively affordable way to enhance response to treatment and to be employed as an adjunct in mental health care. Most studies, however, are limited by the difficulty in controlling for the placebo effect. Mediterranean-style diets seem to be the most promising as an adjunctive treatment for mood disorders. Larger randomized controlled trials that could assess predictors of response to dietary interventions are needed to establish a clear positive effect of diet and guide clinical care and nutritional recommendations concerning mental health care.

Functional and cognitive impairment in the first episode of depression: A systematic review

OBJECTIVES

To describe the cognitive and functional impairment in individuals with the first episode of major depressive disorder (MDD) as compared to controls and individuals with recurrent MDD. Also to describe the functional and cognitive trajectory after the first episode of MDD.

METHODS

A total of 52 studies were included in our systematic review. 32 studies compared the cognitive performance between first episode of depression (FED) and controls, 11 studies compared the cognitive performance between recurrent depression (RD) and FED, 10 compared global functioning between RD and FED, four studies assessed cognition in FED over time, and two studies assessed global functioning in FED over time.

RESULTS

The majority of studies (n = 22/32, 68.8%) found that FED subjects performed significantly worse than controls on cognitive tests, with processing speed (n = 12) and executive/working memory (n = 11) being the most commonly impaired domains. Seven out of 11 studies (63.6%) found that RD performed significantly worse than FED, with verbal learning and memory being the most commonly impaired domain (n = 4). Most studies (n = 7/10, 70%) did not find a significant difference in global functioning between RD and FED. In three of four longitudinal studies assessing cognition, subgroup analyses were used instead of directly assessing cognition in FED over time while the remaining study found significant cognitive declines over time in FED when compared to controls. The two longitudinal studies assessing functional trajectory found that functioning significantly improved over time, possibly due to the improvement of depressive symptoms.

CONCLUSION

There is strong evidence that cognitive impairment is present during the first episode of depression, and individuals with multiple episodes display greater cognitive impairment than individuals with a single episode. Future studies aimed at identifying predictors of cognitive and functional impairment after the first episode of depression are needed to describe the functional and cognitive trajectory of individuals with the first episode of MDD over time.

Brain age in mood and psychotic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate whether accelerated brain aging occurs in individuals with mood or psychotic disorders.

METHODS

A systematic review following PRISMA guidelines was conducted. A meta-analysis was then performed to assess neuroimaging-derived brain age gap in three independent groups: (1) schizophrenia and first-episode psychosis, (2) major depressive disorder, and (3) bipolar disorder.

RESULTS

A total of 18 papers were included. The random-effects model meta-analysis showed a significantly increased neuroimaging-derived brain age gap relative to age-matched controls for the three major psychiatric disorders, with schizophrenia (3.08; 95%CI [2.32; 3.85]; p < 0.01) presenting the largest effect, followed by bipolar disorder (1.93; [0.53; 3.34]; p < 0.01) and major depressive disorder (1.12; [0.41; 1.83]; p < 0.01). The brain age gap was larger in older compared to younger individuals.

CONCLUSION

Individuals with mood and psychotic disorders may undergo a process of accelerated brain aging reflected in patterns captured by neuroimaging data. The brain age gap tends to be more pronounced in older individuals, indicating a possible cumulative biological effect of illness burden.

Socioeconomic and substance use changes in emerging adults and their relationship with mood disorders in a population-based cohort

In this report, we aim to assess the interaction of bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder with the evolution of social roles, economic classification, and substance misuse in emerging adults. This is a longitudinal population-based study (n = 231 at baseline), in which participants were reassessed at a mean of 5 years after baseline. A structured clinical interview was used to diagnose the participants with bipolar disorder and major depression; a control group without mood disorders was included. Men with mood disorders were less likely to be married in the beginning of the study and less likely to work in the follow-up. Women with major depression were less likely to study and more likely to be in a lower economic class at the beginning of the study. In comparison, women with bipolar disorder were less likely to live with their parents and more likely to live with their children in the first wave of the study. Substance misuse was more likely in people with mood disorders, especially in men, and women with bipolar disorder had the highest likelihood in the follow-up. Albeit longitudinal analyses were limited by a possibly insufficient sample size and mediating mechanisms for change, such as stigma, were not explored, the study suggests sex-related specificities regarding the change in social roles and substance use in people with mood disorders. Emerging adults, especially those with mood disorders, are in a period of change and instability and at a greater risk for substance use and abuse.

Bipolar disorder and frontotemporal dementia: A systematic review

OBJECTIVES

To detail the biological, clinical and neurocognitive characteristics differentiating bipolar disorder (BD) from frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and to investigate whether BD is a risk factor for FTD.

METHODS

A total of 16 studies were included in this systematic review. Five studies described biological and/or neurocognitive characteristics between patients with BD and FTD, and 11 studies investigated whether BD was a risk factor for FTD.

RESULTS

Individuals with FTD presented higher levels of serum neurofilament light chain, greater grey matter reduction in frontal, parietal and temporal lobes, and increased slow wave oscillations in channels F3, F4, T3, T5, T4 and T6 within an electroencephalogram (EEG), relative to individuals with BD. Patients with FTD presented greater deficits in executive function and theory of mind compared to patients with BD in a euthymic state, and more deficits in verbal fluency compared to patients with BD in a current mood episode. Patients with BD in a current mood episode showed greater impairment in attention, working memory, verbal memory and executive function relative to individuals with FTD. In addition, retrospective studies showed that 10.2%-11.6% of patients with behavioural variant FTD (bvFTD) had a preceding history of BD.

CONCLUSION

Biological and neurocognitive characteristics help to distinguish between BD and FTD, and it may help to reach a more precise diagnosis. In addition, individuals with BD are at higher risk of developing FTD. More studies are needed to identify the predictors of the conversion between BD to FTD.

Risk factors for new-onset bipolar disorder in a community cohort: A five-year follow up study

The aim of this study was to assess the risk factors for new-onset Bipolar Disorder (BD) in a community sample of young adults. This is a prospective cohort study including a population-based sample of young adults aged between 18-24 years. The baseline took place from 2007 to 2009, and 1560 subjects were included. Five years after, 1244 individuals were re-evaluated (79.7% retention). Substance abuse/dependence was assessed using the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST), and mental disorders were assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview 5.0 (MINI) at both waves. The cumulative incidence of BD in five years was 4.6%. There was no significant association between sociodemographic factors and BD incidence. Tobacco, cannabis, cocaine/crack, other substances abuse/dependence increased the relative risk for BD. Depressive, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorders, and the suicide risk increased the relative risk to BD. Depressive episode was the strongest risk factor for BD, followed by other mental disorders and substance abuse/dependence in a probabilistic community sample of young adults. Preventive actions in mental health directed at the non-clinical population are needed for early detection and better management of BD.