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Lewis J, Patel M, Lee WC. How Do Plastic Surgery Program's Websites Feature Diversity and Inclusion Elements? An Analysis of 89 Integrated Plastic Surgery Programs' Websites. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 2024; 81:1229-1238. [PMID: 39003170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2024.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Plastic surgery residency programs leverage their websites as platforms for promoting their commitment to diversity and inclusion to potential candidates. Medical students who are seeking residency positions, including individuals from underrepresented backgrounds, place significant importance on the alignment of program culture and diversity. The authors assessed how these programs showcased diversity and inclusion efforts on their websites. METHODS The authors analyzed 89 plastic surgery integrated residency program websites for the presence of 12 elements, (1) nondiscrimination, (2) diversity and inclusion statement, (3) community resources, (4) extended resident biographies, (5) faculty biographies, (6) faculty photos, (7) resident photos, (8) additional financial resources for trainees, (9) wellness, (10) mental health resources, (11) health disparities/community engagement, and (12) presence of a diversity council. Additionally, we examined the presence of these 12 elements by geographic region (West, Midwest, South, and Northeast). Our analyzed use chi-squared, t-tests, and Mann-Whitney U; significance level was p = 0.005. The independent plastic surgery programs were excluded, considering their websites were combined with the integrated-residency programs. RESULTS We reviewed 89 websites from February 9, 2024 until February 24, 2024 and on average had 6.32 ± 1.1 diversity and inclusion elements. Resident photos (n = 84, 94.4%), community resources (n = 55, 61.8%), faculty photos (n = 63, 70.8%), and additional financial resources for trainees (n = 56, 62.9%) were the most common. The least common diversity and inclusion elements were diversity councils (n = 12, 13.5%), wellness resources (n = 36, 40.4%), and diversity and inclusion statements (n = 42, 47.2%). The primary analysis revealed that programs with higher number of incoming positions (3 or more) (5.2 ± 1.8) had a significantly higher diversity and inclusion scores when compared to programs with lower number of incoming positions (3.6 ± 2.1) (p = 0.002). Furthermore, based on the geographic regions from the U.S. Census, there was no significant difference between geographic regions. CONCLUSIONS Characterizing the number of program websites and quantifying the number of diversity elements on each site provide an opportunity for more residency programs to further commit to diversity and inclusion. Displaying different diversity and inclusive initiatives on program websites may attract more diverse applicants, particularly individuals from underrepresented populations in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Lewis
- John Sealy School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.
| | - Manav Patel
- John Sealy School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Wei-Chen Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch John Sealy Hospital, Galveston, Texas
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Imms K, Anika M, Al-Shaikhli SA, Ali M, Montesino B, Khan S, Akhouri S, Toonkel RL. Examining the Role of Gender and Ethnic Concordance in Medical Student Specialty Selection. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDUCATOR 2024; 34:847-855. [PMID: 39099862 PMCID: PMC11296992 DOI: 10.1007/s40670-024-02044-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Representation of female and minority physicians varies across specialties and may influence career selection by medical students. To investigate the effect of demographic concordance between medical students and clinical role models on specialty selection, we conducted a survey of graduating medical students to assess the perceived importance and influence of third-year clerkship experiences with demographically concordant preceptors on their choice of specialty for post-graduate training. Methods An 11-question survey was shared nationally through AAMC Organizational Student Representatives to medical students in the Class of 2023. Information gathered included demographics; specialty of choice; extent of exposure to preceptors of the same gender, race, or ethnicity during clinical clerkships; and perceived importance and influence of those interactions (Likert 1-5, Low-High) on specialty selection. Results A total of 84 students responded. Female students ascribed more importance to gender concordance with preceptors on the third-year clerkship most associated with their specialty of choice than males [3.4 (SD 1.2) vs. 1.3 (SD 0.8) respectively, p < 0.0001] and greater influence to gender concordance on final specialty selection [2.37 (SD 1.1) vs. 1.31 (SD 0.8) respectively, p < 0.0001]. Non-Caucasians ascribed more importance to race/ethnicity concordance than Caucasians [2.8 (SD 1.4) vs. 1.2 (SD 0.5) respectively, p < 0.0001] and greater influence to race/ethnicity concordance on final specialty selection [2.0 (SD 1.3) vs. 1.1 (SD 0.4) respectively, p < 0.0001]. Caucasian females ascribed the greatest importance to gender concordance (p < 0.001), non-Caucasian females ascribed the greatest influence of gender concordance (p < 0.001), and non-Caucasian females ascribed both the greatest importance (p < 0.001) and influence (p < 0.001) to race/ethnicity concordance. Conclusions We found that gender and race/ethnicity concordance between students and clinical preceptors during third year clerkships is perceived as especially important and influential in specialty selection by minority and female medical students. These findings highlight the importance of diversity in gender and race/ethnicity representation by preceptors on clinical clerkships. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40670-024-02044-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Imms
- Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, 11200 SW 8th St AHC2, Miami, FL 33199 USA
| | - Maisha Anika
- Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, 11200 SW 8th St AHC2, Miami, FL 33199 USA
| | - Seema Azim Al-Shaikhli
- Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, 11200 SW 8th St AHC2, Miami, FL 33199 USA
| | - Maryam Ali
- Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, 11200 SW 8th St AHC2, Miami, FL 33199 USA
| | - Brittany Montesino
- Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, 11200 SW 8th St AHC2, Miami, FL 33199 USA
| | - Samara Khan
- Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, 11200 SW 8th St AHC2, Miami, FL 33199 USA
| | - Shweta Akhouri
- Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, 11200 SW 8th St AHC2, Miami, FL 33199 USA
| | - Rebecca L. Toonkel
- Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, 11200 SW 8th St AHC2, Miami, FL 33199 USA
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Desai S, Russel SM, Berk G, Kimple A. LGBTQIA+ Outness in Otolaryngology Residency Applications. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 2024; 81:620-624. [PMID: 38553371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2024.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, and asexual/aromantic (LGBTQIA+) providers improve health outcomes of sexual and gender minority (SGM) patients, which demonstrates the importance of understanding the state of LGBTQIA+ representation at all levels of medical training. The U.S. does not systematically collect sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) data from applicants, trainees, and attending physicians, prompting us to wonder whether SGM representation in surgical fields, such as otolaryngology, is adequate. Personal statements submitted to an otolaryngology program from 2019 to 2021 were searched for LGBTQIA+ terms, and those containing LGBTQIA+ terms underwent full text review to determine whether applicants identified themselves as LGBTQIA+. Across these 2 application cycles, the sampled residency program received 928 applications. Only 2 applicants of 928 (0.2%) self-disclosed their LGBTQIA+ identities in their personal statements. These results signify a scarcity of SGM diversity in otolaryngology and warrant deeper exploration into factors preventing residency applicants from self-disclosure of LGBTQIA+ identities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Desai
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sarah M Russel
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
| | - Garrett Berk
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Adam Kimple
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Hauc SC, Rivera JC, Pondugula N, Febre-Alemañy DA, Jayaraj C, Goss JA, Butler PD. A 10-year analysis of the racial distribution of authors in plastic surgery research and the impact of minority mentorship. Am J Surg 2024:S0002-9610(24)00232-0. [PMID: 38658268 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2024.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluates the racial distribution in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (PRS) publication authorship and illustrates the impact underrepresented in medicine (URiM) mentorship has on increasing diverse trainee contributions to the PRS peer-reviewed literature. METHODS Articles published in the seven highest-impact PRS peer-reviewed journals within the last 10 years (2012-2022) were reviewed and analyzed for first and senior authors' race and ethnicity, publication year, and citation count. RESULTS A total of 23,549 publications were identified of which 8250 were from the US-based institutions. A random sampling of 778 publications (∼10 %) were scrutinized for first and senior author race and ethnicity. Across all journals, 64.5 % of senior authors were White, 29.9 % Asian, 4.6 % Hispanic, and 1.0 % Black. First authors were 59.5 % White, 32.8 % Asian, 5.2 % Hispanic, and 2.6 % Black (p=<0.0001). The presence of a URiM senior author increased the likelihood of a URiM first author 7-fold (p=<0.0001); 95 % CI [3.5-14.0]). There was no statistically significant difference in the total citation count relative to author race or ethnicity. The Aesthetic Surgery Journal had the greatest proportion of White senior authors (73.6 %), while Microsurgery had the highest percentage of URiM senior authors (8.7 %). CONCLUSIONS URiM authorship of PRS publications is limited and mentorship is essential to improve underrepresented perspectives in the PRS peer-reviewed literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha C Hauc
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jean Carlo Rivera
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nishita Pondugula
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David A Febre-Alemañy
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Christina Jayaraj
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jeremy A Goss
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Paris D Butler
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Pino B, Velu PS, Levi JR. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Otolaryngology Applicants and Residents: Recruiting a Diverse Workforce. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 2024; 81:543-550. [PMID: 38383238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2023.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to examine the racial and ethnic representation of otolaryngology applicants and residents and determine if there have been any improvements in recruiting a diverse workforce over the past several years. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted on self-reported race and ethnicity data of otolaryngology applicants to United States residency programs from 2016 to 2022 from the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) and residents from 2011 to 2022 from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). The changes in proportions of applicants and residents by race and ethnicity separately was compared as well as the proportion of applicants to residents. Descriptive analyses and chi-square tests were used to compare proportions of groups by race and ethnicity. RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference in the proportion of applicants by race or ethnicity from 2016-2017 to 2021-2022. There was a decrease in the proportion of White residents from 58.1% to 54.5% from 2011-2012 to 2018-2019. There were higher proportions of White residents than applicants and lower proportions of Black residents than applicants in the two cycles analyzed. In the most recent cycle analyzed, the proportion of Hispanic or Latino residents was higher than the proportion of Hispanic or Latino applicants. CONCLUSION While there may be improvements to increase representation of otolaryngology applicants and residents, there continues to be inequalities and a lack of diversity. Further initiatives are needed to ensure diversity in the field improves moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Pino
- Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Preetha S Velu
- Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jessica R Levi
- Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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Hofkamp MP, Saddawi-Konefka D, Teeter EG, Guldan FG, Kakazu C, Maggard B, Nasr N, Parra M, Rajagopal A, Ural K, Shaver C, Wolpaw J. Identification, Characterization, and Ranking of Candidate Metrics for Selection to Anesthesiology Residency: An Iterative Survey of Program Directors. THE JOURNAL OF EDUCATION IN PERIOPERATIVE MEDICINE : JEPM 2024; 26:E724. [PMID: 38846920 PMCID: PMC11150991 DOI: 10.46374/volxxvi_issue2_hofkamp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Background The primary aim of this study was to identify and stratify candidate metrics used by anesthesiology residency program directors (PDs) to develop their residency rank lists through the National Resident Matching Program. Methods Sixteen PDs comprised the participants, selected for diversity in geography and program size. We used a 3-round iterative survey to identify and stratify candidate metrics. In the first round, participants listed metrics they planned to use to evaluate candidates. In the second round, metrics from the first round were ranked by importance, and criteria were solicited to define an exceptional, strong, average, marginal, and uncompetitive candidate for each metric. In the third round, aggregated results were presented and participants refined their rankings. Results Of the 16 PDs selected, 15 participated in the first and second survey rounds, and 10 in the third. Eighteen candidate metrics were indicated by 8 or more PDs for residency selection. All 10 PDs from the final round identified passing Step 1 of the United States Medical Licensing Exam (USMLE) and the absence of "red flags" like a failed rotation as key selection metrics, both averaging an importance score of 4.9 out of 5. Other metrics identified by all PDs included clerkship evaluation comments, USMLE Step 2 scores, class rank, letters of recommendation, personal statement, and program and geographical signals. Conclusions The study reveals key metrics anesthesiology residency PDs use for candidate ranking, which may offer candidates insights into their competitiveness for anesthesiology residency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Hofkamp
- Michael P. Hofkamp is Director of Undergraduate Medical Education in the Department of Anesthesiology, Baylor Scott & White Medical Center-Temple, Temple, TX. Daniel Saddawi-Konefka is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Emily G. Teeter is a Core Residency Associate Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC. George Guldan III is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC. Clinton Kakazu is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA. Brittany Maggard is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY. Ned Nasr is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, Chicago, IL. Michelle Parra is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA. Arvind Rajagopal is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL. Kelly Ural is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, LA. Courtney Shaver is a Biostatistician in the Biostatistics Core, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Temple, TX. Jed Wolpaw is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Daniel Saddawi-Konefka
- Michael P. Hofkamp is Director of Undergraduate Medical Education in the Department of Anesthesiology, Baylor Scott & White Medical Center-Temple, Temple, TX. Daniel Saddawi-Konefka is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Emily G. Teeter is a Core Residency Associate Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC. George Guldan III is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC. Clinton Kakazu is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA. Brittany Maggard is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY. Ned Nasr is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, Chicago, IL. Michelle Parra is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA. Arvind Rajagopal is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL. Kelly Ural is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, LA. Courtney Shaver is a Biostatistician in the Biostatistics Core, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Temple, TX. Jed Wolpaw is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Emily G. Teeter
- Michael P. Hofkamp is Director of Undergraduate Medical Education in the Department of Anesthesiology, Baylor Scott & White Medical Center-Temple, Temple, TX. Daniel Saddawi-Konefka is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Emily G. Teeter is a Core Residency Associate Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC. George Guldan III is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC. Clinton Kakazu is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA. Brittany Maggard is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY. Ned Nasr is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, Chicago, IL. Michelle Parra is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA. Arvind Rajagopal is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL. Kelly Ural is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, LA. Courtney Shaver is a Biostatistician in the Biostatistics Core, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Temple, TX. Jed Wolpaw is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Fasa George Guldan
- Michael P. Hofkamp is Director of Undergraduate Medical Education in the Department of Anesthesiology, Baylor Scott & White Medical Center-Temple, Temple, TX. Daniel Saddawi-Konefka is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Emily G. Teeter is a Core Residency Associate Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC. George Guldan III is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC. Clinton Kakazu is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA. Brittany Maggard is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY. Ned Nasr is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, Chicago, IL. Michelle Parra is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA. Arvind Rajagopal is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL. Kelly Ural is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, LA. Courtney Shaver is a Biostatistician in the Biostatistics Core, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Temple, TX. Jed Wolpaw is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Clinton Kakazu
- Michael P. Hofkamp is Director of Undergraduate Medical Education in the Department of Anesthesiology, Baylor Scott & White Medical Center-Temple, Temple, TX. Daniel Saddawi-Konefka is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Emily G. Teeter is a Core Residency Associate Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC. George Guldan III is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC. Clinton Kakazu is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA. Brittany Maggard is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY. Ned Nasr is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, Chicago, IL. Michelle Parra is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA. Arvind Rajagopal is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL. Kelly Ural is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, LA. Courtney Shaver is a Biostatistician in the Biostatistics Core, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Temple, TX. Jed Wolpaw is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Brittany Maggard
- Michael P. Hofkamp is Director of Undergraduate Medical Education in the Department of Anesthesiology, Baylor Scott & White Medical Center-Temple, Temple, TX. Daniel Saddawi-Konefka is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Emily G. Teeter is a Core Residency Associate Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC. George Guldan III is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC. Clinton Kakazu is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA. Brittany Maggard is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY. Ned Nasr is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, Chicago, IL. Michelle Parra is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA. Arvind Rajagopal is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL. Kelly Ural is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, LA. Courtney Shaver is a Biostatistician in the Biostatistics Core, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Temple, TX. Jed Wolpaw is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ned Nasr
- Michael P. Hofkamp is Director of Undergraduate Medical Education in the Department of Anesthesiology, Baylor Scott & White Medical Center-Temple, Temple, TX. Daniel Saddawi-Konefka is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Emily G. Teeter is a Core Residency Associate Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC. George Guldan III is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC. Clinton Kakazu is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA. Brittany Maggard is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY. Ned Nasr is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, Chicago, IL. Michelle Parra is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA. Arvind Rajagopal is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL. Kelly Ural is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, LA. Courtney Shaver is a Biostatistician in the Biostatistics Core, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Temple, TX. Jed Wolpaw is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Michelle Parra
- Michael P. Hofkamp is Director of Undergraduate Medical Education in the Department of Anesthesiology, Baylor Scott & White Medical Center-Temple, Temple, TX. Daniel Saddawi-Konefka is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Emily G. Teeter is a Core Residency Associate Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC. George Guldan III is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC. Clinton Kakazu is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA. Brittany Maggard is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY. Ned Nasr is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, Chicago, IL. Michelle Parra is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA. Arvind Rajagopal is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL. Kelly Ural is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, LA. Courtney Shaver is a Biostatistician in the Biostatistics Core, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Temple, TX. Jed Wolpaw is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Arvind Rajagopal
- Michael P. Hofkamp is Director of Undergraduate Medical Education in the Department of Anesthesiology, Baylor Scott & White Medical Center-Temple, Temple, TX. Daniel Saddawi-Konefka is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Emily G. Teeter is a Core Residency Associate Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC. George Guldan III is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC. Clinton Kakazu is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA. Brittany Maggard is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY. Ned Nasr is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, Chicago, IL. Michelle Parra is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA. Arvind Rajagopal is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL. Kelly Ural is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, LA. Courtney Shaver is a Biostatistician in the Biostatistics Core, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Temple, TX. Jed Wolpaw is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kelly Ural
- Michael P. Hofkamp is Director of Undergraduate Medical Education in the Department of Anesthesiology, Baylor Scott & White Medical Center-Temple, Temple, TX. Daniel Saddawi-Konefka is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Emily G. Teeter is a Core Residency Associate Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC. George Guldan III is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC. Clinton Kakazu is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA. Brittany Maggard is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY. Ned Nasr is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, Chicago, IL. Michelle Parra is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA. Arvind Rajagopal is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL. Kelly Ural is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, LA. Courtney Shaver is a Biostatistician in the Biostatistics Core, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Temple, TX. Jed Wolpaw is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Courtney Shaver
- Michael P. Hofkamp is Director of Undergraduate Medical Education in the Department of Anesthesiology, Baylor Scott & White Medical Center-Temple, Temple, TX. Daniel Saddawi-Konefka is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Emily G. Teeter is a Core Residency Associate Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC. George Guldan III is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC. Clinton Kakazu is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA. Brittany Maggard is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY. Ned Nasr is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, Chicago, IL. Michelle Parra is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA. Arvind Rajagopal is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL. Kelly Ural is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, LA. Courtney Shaver is a Biostatistician in the Biostatistics Core, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Temple, TX. Jed Wolpaw is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jed Wolpaw
- Michael P. Hofkamp is Director of Undergraduate Medical Education in the Department of Anesthesiology, Baylor Scott & White Medical Center-Temple, Temple, TX. Daniel Saddawi-Konefka is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Emily G. Teeter is a Core Residency Associate Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC. George Guldan III is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC. Clinton Kakazu is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA. Brittany Maggard is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY. Ned Nasr is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, Chicago, IL. Michelle Parra is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA. Arvind Rajagopal is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL. Kelly Ural is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, LA. Courtney Shaver is a Biostatistician in the Biostatistics Core, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Temple, TX. Jed Wolpaw is a Core Residency Program Director in the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Pujari A, Johnson F, Little MT, Forsh DA, Okike K. Racial/Ethnic and Gender Diversity of Orthopaedic Journal Editorial Boards. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2024; 106:460-465. [PMID: 37713501 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.23.00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the current era of evidence-based medicine, scientific publications play a crucial role in guiding patient care. While the lack of diversity among orthopaedic surgeons has been well documented, little is known about the diversity of orthopaedic journal editorial boards. The purpose of this study was to assess the racial/ethnic and gender diversity of U.S. orthopaedic journal editorial boards. METHODS The editorial boards of 13 orthopaedic journals were examined, including 10 subspecialty and 3 general orthopaedic journals. Race/ethnicity and gender were determined for each editorial board member. The representation observed on orthopaedic journal editorial boards was compared with representation at other phases of the orthopaedic pipeline, as well as within the various subspecialty fields of orthopaedics. Logistic regression and t tests were used to evaluate these comparisons. RESULTS We identified 876 editorial board members of the 13 journals; 14.0% were Asian, 1.9% were Black, 1.9% were Hispanic, 2.4% were multiracial/other, and 79.7% were White. Racial/ethnic representation was similar across the subspecialty fields of orthopaedics (p > 0.05). The representation of women on orthopaedic editorial boards was 7.9%, with differences in gender diversity observed across subspecialty fields (p < 0.05). Among journals in the subspecialty fields of spine and trauma, female editorial board representation was lower than expected, even after taking into account the representation of women in these subspecialty fields (2.0% versus 9.0% [p = 0.002] and 3.8% versus 10.0% [p = 0.03], respectively). CONCLUSIONS In this study of 13 subspecialty and general orthopaedic journals, the representation of racial/ethnic minorities and women on editorial boards was similar to their representation in academic orthopaedics. However, these values remain low in comparison with the population of patients treated by orthopaedic surgeons. Given the importance of scientific publications in the current era of evidence-based medicine, orthopaedic journals should continue working to diversify the membership of their editorial boards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Pujari
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | | | | | - David A Forsh
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Kanu Okike
- Hawaii Permanente Medical Group, Honolulu, Hawaii
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8
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Rehman M, Nanni A, Suresh S, Saleh I, Dalal S, Firoz M, Patel M, Georges B, Rehman AS, Kooner KS. Exploring Underrepresentation: The Role of Diversity Statements in Ophthalmology Residency Programs. Cureus 2024; 16:e56569. [PMID: 38646330 PMCID: PMC11031127 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.56569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The underrepresentation of underrepresented minorities (URMs) in the medical field, particularly in ophthalmology, poses a critical challenge to achieving diversity and equity. While URMs constitute 19% of medical school attendees, their presence is markedly lower in ophthalmology residency programs and among practicing ophthalmologists. This study seeks to investigate the prevalence of diversity statements on ophthalmology residency program websites and their role in the underrepresentation of URMs within the field. METHODS This observational, cross-sectional study analyzed the websites of 126 ophthalmology residency programs listed on the San Francisco (SF) Match website. Diversity statements were categorized based on their inclusion of specific underrepresented groups (race or ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, and disability) and analyzed for correlation with program characteristics. Descriptive statistics and Chi-squared tests were utilized to assess the prevalence of diversity statements and their association with program size, ranking, geographical location, and institutional nature. RESULTS Of the 126 programs analyzed, 21 (16.7%) had diversity statements specific to the ophthalmology residency program, and 115 (91.3%) featured institutional-level diversity statements. Race or ethnicity was the most commonly addressed category in diversity statements (75.3%), followed by gender (65.9%), sexual orientation (61.1%), and disability (53.2%). Statistical analyses revealed no significant correlation between program size and the presence of diversity statements. However, higher-ranked programs were more likely to mention sexual orientation and disability. Significant differences were observed at the institutional level, with public institutions more likely to include specific diversity categories. CONCLUSION The study highlights a significant disparity in the presence and focus of diversity statements across ophthalmology residency programs. Despite a high prevalence of institutional-level diversity statements, program-specific initiatives are lacking, particularly in addressing disability inclusion. The findings suggest a need for a more comprehensive and targeted effort to address underrepresentation in ophthalmology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahad Rehman
- Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Amber Nanni
- Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Sruthi Suresh
- Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Ibrahim Saleh
- Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Sujata Dalal
- Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Masuma Firoz
- Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Monica Patel
- Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Brandon Georges
- Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Ahmed S Rehman
- Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Karanjit S Kooner
- Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
- Ophthalmology, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, USA
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9
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Rodarte P, Garavito J, Medina Pérez G, Farias M, Hernandez VH. Strategies to Increase the Spanish-Speaking Workforce in Orthopaedic Surgery within the United States. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2024; 106:258-261. [PMID: 37669501 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.23.00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Language-concordant care improves patient satisfaction. Given the increase in Spanish-speaking persons requiring orthopaedic care in the United States, it is essential to increase the Spanish-speaking workforce in orthopaedic surgery. We have proposed strategies to improve the proportion of Spanish-speaking orthopaedic surgeons in the U.S. through early exposure to orthopaedic surgery, by creating collaborative advancement and mentorship opportunities, by endorsing Spanish-language immersion opportunities, and by increasing workforce diversity awareness. Furthermore, we have suggested a strategy to better equip non-Spanish-speaking orthopaedic surgeons while caring for Spanish-speaking patients. Together, the suggested strategies offer a variety of approaches that can have a direct, tangible impact on optimizing orthopaedic care while enhancing patient-physician communication in the Spanish language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Rodarte
- The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Jorge Garavito
- The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | | | - Michael Farias
- The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Victor H Hernandez
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Miami/Jackson Health Systems, Miami, Florida
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Lin S, Pandit S, Tritsch T, Levy A, Shoja MM. What Goes In, Must Come Out: Generative Artificial Intelligence Does Not Present Algorithmic Bias Across Race and Gender in Medical Residency Specialties. Cureus 2024; 16:e54448. [PMID: 38510858 PMCID: PMC10951939 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.54448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Artificial Intelligence (AI) has made significant inroads into various domains, including medicine, raising concerns about algorithmic bias. This study investigates the presence of biases in generative AI programs, with a specific focus on gender and racial representations across 19 medical residency specialties. Methodology This comparative study utilized DALL-E2 to generate faces representing 19 distinct residency training specialties, as identified by the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC), which were then compared to the AAMC's residency specialty breakdown with respect to race and gender. Results Our findings reveal an alignment between OpenAI's DALL-E2's predictions and the current demographic landscape of medical residents, suggesting an absence of algorithmic bias in this AI model. Conclusion This revelation gives rise to important ethical considerations. While AI excels at pattern recognition, it inherits and mirrors the biases present in its training data. To combat AI bias, addressing real-world disparities is imperative. Initiatives to promote inclusivity and diversity within medicine are commendable and contribute to reshaping medical education. This study underscores the need for ongoing efforts to dismantle barriers and foster inclusivity in historically male-dominated medical fields, particularly for underrepresented populations. Ultimately, our findings underscore the crucial role of real-world data quality in mitigating AI bias. As AI continues to shape healthcare and education, the pursuit of equitable, unbiased AI applications should remain at the forefront of these transformative endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Lin
- Department of Medical Education, Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, USA
| | - Saket Pandit
- Department of Medical Education, Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, USA
| | - Tara Tritsch
- Department of Medical Education, Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, USA
| | - Arkene Levy
- Department of Medical Education, Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, USA
| | - Mohammadali M Shoja
- Department of Medical Education, Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, USA
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Edwards MA. Diversity in the Cardiothoracic Surgery Workforce: What I Can Do. Thorac Surg Clin 2024; 34:89-97. [PMID: 37953057 DOI: 10.1016/j.thorsurg.2023.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Within the cardiothoracic surgery workforce, there are significant gaps in the numbers of women and underrepresented in medicine minorities, but some progress has been made in gender diversity at the resident level. Individual surgeons play an important role in combatting discrimination and harassment, while also promoting women and minorities through mentorship and sponsorship. More importantly, a multifaceted and structured approach is needed to increase diversity at the institutional level with strategies to create a culture of inclusion, working to retain underrepresented minority and female surgeons, and eliminating bias in the recruitment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Edwards
- Cardiovascular & Thoracic Surgery, Trinity Medical Group Ann Arbor, 5325 Elliott Drive, Suite 102, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, USA.
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12
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Pugazenthi S, Fabiano AS, Barpujari A, Vessell M, Reddy V, Adogwa O, Swartz KR. Sociodemographics Impact Competitiveness in the Neurosurgical Match: Survey Results. World Neurosurg 2024; 182:e308-e318. [PMID: 38008166 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2023.11.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neurosurgical match involves selecting future neurosurgeons who will comprise the future national workforce, based on a competitive ranking process of applicants. We aimed to identify which sociodemographic and academic factors influence competitiveness and rank position in the match. METHODS A Council of State Neurosurgical Societies (CSNS) survey was distributed to current U.S. neurosurgical residents. The primary outcome measure was self-reported rank position of matched program. Variables included sociodemographic and academic metrics. Fisher exact, logistic regression, and t tests were performed. RESULTS Among the 72 respondents, median United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 score was 248, 34.7% were Alpha Omega Alpha inductees, 77.8% completed 1-3 sub-internship rotations, median number of publications was 5, and 13.9% had a Ph.D. Sociodemographic analysis demonstrated that 69.4% were male and 30.6% were female. Applicants with a home neurosurgery program or of female gender had statistically significantly higher odds of matching into a top 3 program on their rank list (odds ratio = 9 and odds ratio = 6, respectively). Female applicants exhibited similar mean, but less variance, compared with male respondents for United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 scores and number of publications. Respondents with a top 3 program match were more likely to agree that the home program supported their pursuance of neurosurgery. CONCLUSIONS Two sociodemographic factors were independently associated with high match rank: presence of home neurosurgery program and female gender. Female respondents reported consistently strong academic metrics (similar mean, but less variance, compared with male respondents).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangami Pugazenthi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Alexander S Fabiano
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Awinita Barpujari
- Department of Neurosurgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Meena Vessell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Vamsi Reddy
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Owoicho Adogwa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Karin R Swartz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
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Kindler R, Kahn J, Uddin A, Petersen KH. Underrepresented Applicants Post-USMLE Pass/Fail: A National Survey of Competitive Residency Directors. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL EDUCATION AND CURRICULAR DEVELOPMENT 2024; 11:23821205241254161. [PMID: 38827029 PMCID: PMC11141208 DOI: 10.1177/23821205241254161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Objective To report the selection criteria important to residency program directors (PDs) and whether they believe pass/fail scoring will impact underrepresented in medicine (URM), International Medical Graduate (IMG), or osteopathic (DO) residency applicants after the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) changed Step 1 score reporting to pass/fail in January 2022. Methods A Qualtrics survey was sent between August 2022 and January 2023 to 1141 US PDs from specialties with traditionally low residency selection rates: dermatology, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, orthopedic surgery, neurosurgery, interventional radiology, diagnostic radiology, radiation oncology, thoracic surgery, vascular surgery, plastic surgery, and urology. Contact information was obtained from AMA, FRIEDA, or program websites. Results We received 433 responses (38%). When asked to anticipate the difficulty student groups will face matching into their specialty, PDs reported: for URM, 24.0% increased, 46.0% unchanged, and 30.0% decreased; for DO, 49.19% increased, 44.58% unchanged, and 6.23% decreased and for IMG, 56.35% increased, 39.72% unchanged, and 3.93% decreased. When asked to rank the most important selection factors, the top two responses were Step 2 CK score and away rotation participation at their site. Conclusion PDs overwhelmingly believed residency selection difficulty would either increase or remain unchanged for DO (93.77%) and IMG (96.07%). In contrast, 76.0% reported difficulty for URM students would either decrease or remain unchanged. PDs ranked Step 2 CK score and away rotation participation as the most important selection factors. Despite PDs' belief that the Step 1 pass/fail scoring system may mitigate one barrier for URM students, emphasis on Step 2 CK and away rotations place additional barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Kindler
- New York Medical College, School of Medicine, Valhalla, NY, USA
- Class of 2025 (MS3), New York Medical College, School of Medicine, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Julia Kahn
- New York Medical College, School of Medicine, Valhalla, NY, USA
- Class of 2025 (MS3), New York Medical College, School of Medicine, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Anaz Uddin
- New York Medical College, School of Medicine, Valhalla, NY, USA
- Class of 2025 (MS3), New York Medical College, School of Medicine, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Kristina H Petersen
- New York Medical College, School of Medicine, Valhalla, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, School of Medicine, Valhalla, NY, USA
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Mulder L, Wouters A, Akwiwu EU, Koster AS, Peerdeman SM, Salih M, Kusurkar RA. Mapping the roots of specialist disparities-Authors' reply. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. EUROPE 2024; 36:100815. [PMID: 38178843 PMCID: PMC10765040 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2023.100815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Lianne Mulder
- Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Research in Education, De Boelelaan 1118, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- LEARN! Research Institute for Learning and Education, Faculty of Psychology and Education, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anouk Wouters
- Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Research in Education, De Boelelaan 1118, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- LEARN! Research Institute for Learning and Education, Faculty of Psychology and Education, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eddymurphy U. Akwiwu
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam Public Health, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andries S. Koster
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, David de Wied Building, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Saskia M. Peerdeman
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurosurgery, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Faculty of Medicine, Teaching and Learning Centre, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Quality of Care, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mahdi Salih
- Erasmus MC, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rashmi A. Kusurkar
- Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Research in Education, De Boelelaan 1118, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- LEARN! Research Institute for Learning and Education, Faculty of Psychology and Education, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Quality of Care, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Persad-Paisley EM, Uriarte SA, Kuruvilla AS, Menville JE, Baranwal N, Francalancia SC, Lou MY, Zeyl VG, Rivera Perla KM, Rao V, Kalliainen LK. Examining Racial and Gender Diversity in the Plastic Surgery Pipeline: Where is the Leak? PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2024; 12:e5552. [PMID: 38274104 PMCID: PMC10810573 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000005552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Background There is limited information about minority representation throughout the plastic and reconstructive surgery (PRS) pipeline. The aim of this study was to examine trends in representation among minorities at different stages of the PRS training pathway, starting with potential candidates in high school through practicing physicians. Methods The PRS pipeline was defined as high school; college; medical school applicants, matriculants, and graduates; PRS residency applicants, matriculants, and active residents; and PRS practicing physicians. Racial data for each stage were obtained from the US Census and Association of American Medical Colleges. The proportion of races at each stage were divided by their US population counterpart proportions to produce representation quotients (RQs). Medians and interquartile ranges (IQRs) are reported. Mann-Whitney U tests compared RQ values within identities between successive stages. Results Black students had high representation in high school (RQ = 1.26 [IQR: 1.21-1.29]) but had significant, stepwise decreases in representation in subsequent stages. A similar trend was observed for Hispanic individuals, who had their highest representation in high school (1.43 [1.37-1.50]), followed by significant decreases in RQ at nearly every subsequent stage up to and including practicing physicians (0.30 [0.28-0.31). Asian individuals were overrepresented at every stage (high school RQ: 1.01 [1.00-1.03]; practicing physician RQ: 2.30 [2.27-2.32]). White individuals were underrepresented before residency but had an RQ that approximated 1 in subsequent stages. Conclusions Racial minorities experienced decreases in representation at each successive stage in the PRS pipeline following high school. Ongoing diversity efforts should focus on premedical recruitment and professional support for minority students.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah A. Uriarte
- From The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, R.I
| | - Annet S. Kuruvilla
- From The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, R.I
| | - Jesse E. Menville
- From The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, R.I
| | - Navya Baranwal
- From The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, R.I
| | | | - Mary Y. Lou
- From The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, R.I
| | - Victoria G. Zeyl
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn
| | | | - Vinay Rao
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Loree K. Kalliainen
- Division of Plastic Surgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, R.I
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Wang SS, Dibble EH, Gibbs IC, Rubin E, Parikh JR. The 2021 ACR/Radiology Business Management Association Workforce Survey: Diversity in Radiology. J Am Coll Radiol 2023; 20:1269-1276. [PMID: 37543155 PMCID: PMC10838371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacr.2023.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
The landscape of the radiology workforce is changing, especially in the diversity of the demographics of practicing radiologists across subspecialties, practice types, and leadership positions in both academic and nonacademic settings. The 2021 ACR/Radiology Business Management Association Workforce Survey examines these facets in detail and contributes to our understanding of the current state of diversity in the radiology workforce and potential barriers to change. The results suggest opportunities and future directions for improving diversity, equity, and inclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry S Wang
- Senior Associate Consultant, Divisions of Abdominal Imaging and Ultrasound, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
| | - Elizabeth H Dibble
- Rhode Island Medical Imaging and Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Iris C Gibbs
- Department of Radiation Oncology-Radiation Therapy, Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford, California; Council Chair, Board of Directors, American Society of Radiation Oncology
| | - Eric Rubin
- Southeast Radiology, Upland, Pennsylvania
| | - Jay R Parikh
- Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; First Vice President, Texas Radiological Society
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Wu X, Khunte M, Bajaj S, Prajapati P, Payabvash S, Wintermark M, Gandhi D, Malhotra A. Diversity in Radiology Residents Relative to Other Specialties- Trends Over the Past Decade. Acad Radiol 2023; 30:2736-2740. [PMID: 37748955 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2023.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to assess diversity among radiology residents relative to other specialties and compare it with historical trends. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Graduate Medical Education results from 2010-2011 to 2020-2021 were accessed for demographic information for major medical specialties (number of residents > 500 as of the 2020-2021 report). Subspecialties and fellowship programs were not included in this analysis. The racial and ethnicity breakdowns were extracted, including Black, White/Caucasian, Asian, Hispanic, and others. The changes in racial and ethnicity composition of residents in radiology was compared to other specialties using the Chi Squared test using a significance level of p < 0.05. RESULTS In 2020-2021, radiology ranked ninth in total resident enrollment among the 21 largest ACGME training programs, unchanged when compared to 2010-2011. Amongst all specialties, Radiology ranked 10th for Black and 9th for Hispanic representation in 2020-2021.The percentage of Black residents increased from 3.07% in 2010-2011 to 3.83% in 2020-2021. The percentage of Hispanic Radiology residents increased from 4.83% to 7.35%, constituting the third largest increase amongst all specialties. CONCLUSION The representation of Blacks and Hispanics in Radiology has improved relative to other medical specialties in the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wu
- Department of Radiology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Mihir Khunte
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Suryansh Bajaj
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Priyanka Prajapati
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Seyedmehdi Payabvash
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Max Wintermark
- Department of Neuroradiology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Dheeraj Gandhi
- Interventional Neuroradiology, Nuclear Medicine, Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ajay Malhotra
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
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LaPorte ZL, Cherian NJ, Eberlin CT, Dean MC, Torabian KA, Dowley KS, Martin SD. Operative management of rotator cuff tears: identifying disparities in access on a national level. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2023; 32:2276-2285. [PMID: 37245619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to identify nationwide disparities in the rates of operative management of rotator cuff tears based on race, ethnicity, insurance type, and socioeconomic status. METHODS Patients diagnosed with a full or partial rotator cuff tear from 2006 to 2014 were identified in the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project's National Inpatient Sample database using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision diagnosis codes. Bivariate analysis using chi-square tests and adjusted, multivariable logistic regression models were used to evaluate differences in the rates of operative vs. nonoperative management for rotator cuff tears. RESULTS This study included 46,167 patients. When compared with white patients, adjusted analysis showed that minority race and ethnicity were associated with lower rates of operative management for Black (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 0.31, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.29-0.33; P < .001), Hispanic (AOR: 0.49, 95% CI: 0.45-0.52; P < .001), Asian or Pacific Islander (AOR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.61-0.84; P < .001), and Native American patients (AOR: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.50-0.86; P = .002). In comparison to privately insured patients, our analysis also found that self-payers (AOR: 0.08, 95% CI: 0.07-0.10; P < .001), Medicare beneficiaries (AOR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.72-0.81; P < .001), and Medicaid beneficiaries (AOR: 0.33, 95% CI: 0.30-0.36; P < .001) had lower odds of receiving surgical intervention. Additionally, relative to those in the bottom income quartile, patients in all other quartiles experienced nominally higher rates of operative repair; these differences were statistically significant for the second quartile (AOR: 1.09, 95% CI: 1.03-1.16; P = .004). CONCLUSION There are significant nationwide disparities in the likelihood of receiving operative management for rotator cuff tear patients of differing race/ethnicity, payer status, and socioeconomic status. Further investigation is needed to fully understand and address causes of these discrepancies to optimize care pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary L LaPorte
- Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nathan J Cherian
- Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Christopher T Eberlin
- Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael C Dean
- Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kaveh A Torabian
- Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kieran S Dowley
- Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott D Martin
- Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA, USA
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Blomgren A, Rodríguez JE. Student Identity and Geography Matter for Specialty Choice in Family Medicine. Fam Med 2023; 55:637-638. [PMID: 37725778 PMCID: PMC10622127 DOI: 10.22454/fammed.2023.176237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Blomgren
- Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine, University of UtahUT, Salt Lake City
| | - José E. Rodríguez
- Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine, University of UtahUT, Salt Lake City
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Walk CT, Lantz R. Updates on Diversity Among Cardiology-Related Fellowships. Cureus 2023; 15:e47111. [PMID: 38021936 PMCID: PMC10646983 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.47111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the United States (US) medical system, diversity in healthcare is a growing concern although studies have shown improved patient outcomes when healthcare teams are diverse. We were interested in cardiology-related fellowships from internal medicine and surgical specialties to understand how females, osteopaths (DOs), and non-US graduates were represented compared to males, allopathic medical doctors (MD), and US-graduated peers. We obtained data about accredited cardiology fellowship programs from the Fellowship and Residency Electronic Interactive Database Access System (FRIEDA™) for 2022-2023 and determined statistical significance for male/female, DO/MD, and US/non-US graduate status by reviewing program sites. Statistical analysis utilized SAS Studio 3.8, version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC) and Wilson score for confidence intervals. Cardiology-related fellowships from internal medicine and surgery backgrounds showed generalized marked disparities (p<0.001) with only a couple of exceptions. For Interventional Cardiology, non-US graduates were well represented (p=0.3775), and for Heart Failure & Transplant Cardiology, females were represented equally (p=0.0863). For all other specialties and values, females, DOs, and non-US graduates were underrepresented. Despite conversations about diversity, underrepresentation persists. We encourage further steps to address barriers preventing underrepresented groups from advancing to their full potential in leadership and careers. Increasing diversity promotes competence, empathy, communication, and inclusive patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey T Walk
- Surgery, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, USA
| | - Rebekah Lantz
- Internal Medicine, Miami Valley Hospital, Dayton, USA
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Leal J, Clifford AL, Anastasio AT, Dymtruk M, Roach RP. Diversity Within the Field of Orthopedic Sports Medicine: A Systematic Review. JBJS Rev 2023; 11:01874474-202310000-00012. [PMID: 37871155 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.rvw.23.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orthopedic surgery is among the least diverse specialties in medicine. This systematic review analyzes gender, racial, and ethnic diversity within orthopedic sports medicine and aims to raise awareness and provide guidance for future strategies that support underrepresented minorities in medicine (URMs) and women in joining the orthopedic sports medicine workforce. We hypothesize that at all tiers of training, there is a lack of gender, racial, and ethnic parity in academic rank, leadership positions, and research productivity. METHODS A search of all published literature in the English language from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Scopus databases, between January 1, 2010, and August 18, 2023, was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Included studies presented demographics regarding diversity within orthopedic sports medicine and provided trends in applicants, attendings, leadership, and/or research. Bias was assessed using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) study checklist. RESULTS Thirteen studies published between 2016 and 2023 with STROBE scores 15.5 to 21.5 (70.5% to 97.7%) met criteria, and pertinent data were extracted. The percent of female orthopedic sports medicine surgeons from 2010 to 2019 increased from 5% (n = 138) to 6% (n = 206) with a compound annual growth rate of 0.2% (r2 = 0.97; p < 0.001). Females and URMs are underrepresented at the highest levels of orthopedic sports medicine leadership including department chair (female: 0% [n = 0]), division chief (female: 4% [n = 4]; URM: 3% [n = 3]), and fellowship director (female: 3.3% [n = 3]; URM: 4.4% [n = 4]). Studies from prominent orthopedic sports medicine journals (American Journal of Sports Medicine, Arthroscopy, Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, and Sports Health) show a 12.1% increase in female involvement in orthopedic sports medicine research from 1972 to 2018; however, this increase captures 59.3% (n = 2,953) females with degrees other than an MD. CONCLUSIONS Although increasingly more females and underrepresented minorities are joining orthopedic sports medicine, the rate of diversification remains slow and current involvement in leadership and research is minimal. Targeted efforts aimed at increasing research opportunities and inspiring interest through mentorship for URMs and females in orthopedics is essential to drive change toward parity. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV. Systematic Review. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Leal
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | | | - Albert T Anastasio
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Michael Dymtruk
- Campbell University: School of Osteopathic Medicine, Lillington, North Carolina
| | - Ryan P Roach
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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Radulovich NP, Burke S, Brown NJ, Jones B, Antongiovanni J, Nanu D, Roll J. The Importance of Research Experience With a Scoreless Step 1: A Student Survey at a Community-Based Medical School. Cureus 2023; 15:e43476. [PMID: 37711915 PMCID: PMC10499365 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE As of January 26, 2022, the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USLME) step 1 exam went from a scored test to pass-fail step 1 (PFS1). The authors were interested in surveying medical students at a community-based medical school to observe their perceptions of the importance of student research given this recent change. METHOD A Qualtrics survey was disseminated to medical students (years 1-4) via school emails. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test to assess Likert scale scores, and narrative comments were grouped as qualitative feedback. Survey dissemination and analysis of data were both conducted at a large community-based medical school. RESULTS The survey sampled 104 students categorized into pre-clerkship (PC) and clerkship (CL) years, with a response rate of 33%. A contradiction was found, as indicated by the higher number (p = 0.047) of clerkship students interested in Primary Care/Family medicine residency compared to pre-clerkship students at 41% and 59%, respectively. Whereas participants who indicated they are interested in pursuing a competitive specialty for residency were 51% of pre-clerkship students over 41% of clerkship students (p = 0.047). Additionally, given the assessment change to pass/fail, students did in fact believe that residencies would now view research as a higher assessed component than before (79% pre-clerkship and 72% clerkship). However, a minority of students said that they increased their research efforts (41% and 47%). Most students supported the research opportunity improvements proposed in our survey. CONCLUSIONS Efforts to make the step 1 exam pass/fail may have alleviated some stress related to performance but may have increased the perception of the importance of other components in a student's residency application. Our survey highlights how medical students at a community-based medical school perceive this change and how it has affected their research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Radulovich
- Ophthalmology, Washington State University Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Spokane, USA
| | - Skyler Burke
- Oncology, Washington State University Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Spokane, USA
| | - Nathan J Brown
- Ophthalmology, Washington State University Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Spokane, USA
| | - Brett Jones
- Medicine, Washington State University Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Spokane, USA
| | - James Antongiovanni
- Medicine, Washington State University Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Spokane, USA
| | - Douglas Nanu
- Medicine, Washington State University Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Spokane, USA
| | - John Roll
- Research, Washington State University Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Spokane, USA
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Stack TJ, Berk GA, Ho TD, Zeatoun A, Kong KA, Chaskes MB, Thorp BD, Ebert CS, DeMason CE, Senior BA, Kimple AJ. Racial and Ethnic Bias in Letters of Recommendation and Personal Statements for Application to Otolaryngology Residency. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 2023; 85:141-149. [PMID: 37040732 PMCID: PMC10871677 DOI: 10.1159/000529795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The persistent lack of racial and ethnic diversity within the field of otolaryngology calls for an analysis of potential bias within the residency application system. Letters of recommendation (LORs) and personal statements (PSs) are the most important subjective application constituents. This subjectivity predisposes these components to implicit bias. In applications to various surgical subspecialties, prior linguistic studies assessing bias in reviews of LOR show race-based differences. Thus far, racial and ethnic linguistic differences in LORs for otolaryngology applicants have not been analyzed in the literature. METHODS LORs and PSs were abstracted from otolaryngology - head and neck surgery applications in the Electronic Residency Application Service for the 2019-20 and 2020-21 application cycles. Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count 2015 was used for quantitative analysis of emotional, cognitive, and structural components of written text. RESULTS Race-pair analysis of the 2019-2021 application cycles revealed higher mean "teaching" scores for LORs for Asian, black, Hispanic, and white applicants when compared to applicants who self-identified as Other. White applicants had lower scores for the terms "research" and "analytic" when compared to Asian and black applicants, respectively. Analysis of PSs revealed greater scores for an "authentic" writing style for white versus Asian applicants. White applicants were found to have higher scores for "tone" compared to black applicants. CONCLUSION Minor racial and ethnic language differences exist in both LORs and PSs. A statistically significant difference was observed among LORs, with the "teaching" term used more frequently for Asian, black, Hispanic, and white applicants compared to self-identified Other individuals. For PSs, statistically significant differences were observed among white applicants, who wrote about themselves using more "authentic" language when compared with Asian applicants and who also had higher scores for "tone" compared to black applicants. Although these differences were statistically significant, the practical impact of the variances is likely small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor J Stack
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Garrett A Berk
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tiffany D Ho
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Abdullah Zeatoun
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Keonho A Kong
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mark B Chaskes
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brian D Thorp
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Charles S Ebert
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christine E DeMason
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brent A Senior
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Adam J Kimple
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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