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Gras M, Heide S, Keren B, Valence S, Garel C, Whalen S, Jansen AC, Keymolen K, Stouffs K, Jennesson M, Poirsier C, Lesca G, Depienne C, Nava C, Rastetter A, Curie A, Cuisset L, Des Portes V, Milh M, Charles P, Mignot C, Héron D. Further characterisation of ARX-related disorders in females due to inherited or de novo variants. J Med Genet 2024; 61:103-108. [PMID: 37879892 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2023-109203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
The Aristaless-related homeobox (ARX) gene is located on the X chromosome and encodes a transcription factor that is essential for brain development. While the clinical spectrum of ARX-related disorders is well described in males, from X linked lissencephaly with abnormal genitalia syndrome to syndromic and non-syndromic intellectual disability (ID), its phenotypic delineation in females is incomplete. Carrier females in ARX families are usually asymptomatic, but ID has been reported in some of them, as well as in others with de novo variants. In this study, we collected the clinical and molecular data of 10 unpublished female patients with de novo ARX pathogenic variants and reviewed the data of 63 females from the literature with either de novo variants (n=10), inherited variants (n=33) or variants of unknown inheritance (n=20). Altogether, the clinical spectrum of females with heterozygous pathogenic ARX variants is broad: 42.5% are asymptomatic, 16.4% have isolated agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) or mild symptoms (learning disabilities, autism spectrum disorder, drug-responsive epilepsy) without ID, whereas 41% present with a severe phenotype (ie, ID or developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE)). The ID/DEE phenotype was significantly more prevalent in females carrying de novo variants (75%, n=15/20) versus in those carrying inherited variants (27.3%, n=9/33). ACC was observed in 66.7% (n=24/36) of females who underwent a brain MRI. By refining the clinical spectrum of females carrying ARX pathogenic variants, we show that ID is a frequent sign in females with this X linked condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Gras
- Department of Clinical Genetics, APHP Sorbonne Université, University Hospital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Solveig Heide
- Department of Clinical Genetics, APHP Sorbonne Université, University Hospital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Reference Center for Rare Diseases « Intellectual disabilities of rare causes » Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares, University Hospital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Doctoral College, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Boris Keren
- Department of Clinical Genetics, APHP Sorbonne Université, University Hospital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Valence
- Unit of Pediatric Neurology, APHP Sorbonne Université, Armand-Trousseau Hospital, Paris, France
- Reference Center for Rare Diseases « Intellectual disabilites of rare causes » Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares, Armand-Trousseau Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Garel
- Unit of Pediatric Radiology, APHP Sorbonne Université, Armand-Trousseau Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Sandra Whalen
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Reference Center for Rare Diseases « Developmental disorders and syndromes », APHP Sorbonne Université, Armand-Trousseau Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Anna C Jansen
- Neurogenetics Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kathelijn Keymolen
- Clinical Sciences, Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Centre for Medical Genetics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussels), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Katrien Stouffs
- Clinical Sciences, Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Centre for Medical Genetics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussels), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mélanie Jennesson
- Pediatrics Unit, University Hospital of Reims, American Memorial Hospital, Reims, France
| | - Céline Poirsier
- UF génétique clinique, Pôle Femme-Parents-Enfants, CHU Reims, Reims, France
| | - Gaetan Lesca
- Department of Genetics, Referral Center for Developmental Anomalies and Malformative Syndromes, Centre-est HCL, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Christel Depienne
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | | | - Aurore Curie
- Reference Centre for Rare Diseases « Intellectual disabilities of rare causes », Civil Hospices of Lyon, Lyon, France
- University Lyon 1 Faculty of Medicine Lyon-Est, Lyon, France
| | - Laurence Cuisset
- APHP Centre Université Paris Cité, Service de Médecine Génomique des Maladies de Système et d'Organe, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Des Portes
- Reference Centre for Rare Diseases « Intellectual disabilities of rare causes », Civil Hospices of Lyon, Lyon, France
- University Lyon 1 Faculty of Medicine Lyon-Est, Lyon, France
| | - Mathieu Milh
- Department of Neurology Pediatrics, AP-HM, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Perrine Charles
- Department of Clinical Genetics, APHP Sorbonne Université, University Hospital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Reference Center for Rare Diseases « Intellectual disabilities of rare causes » Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares, University Hospital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Mignot
- Department of Clinical Genetics, APHP Sorbonne Université, University Hospital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Reference Center for Rare Diseases « Intellectual disabilities of rare causes » Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares, University Hospital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Héron
- Department of Clinical Genetics, APHP Sorbonne Université, University Hospital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Reference Center for Rare Diseases « Intellectual disabilities of rare causes » Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares, University Hospital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Wu Y, Zhang H, Liu X, Shi Z, Li H, Wang Z, Jie X, Huang S, Zhang F, Li J, Zhang K, Gao X. Mutations of ARX and non-syndromic intellectual disability in Chinese population. Genes Genomics 2018; 41:125-131. [PMID: 30255221 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-018-0745-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mutations of Aristaless-related homeobox (ARX) gene were looked as the third cause of non-syndromic intellectual disability (NSID), while the boundary between true disease-causing mutations and non-disease-causing variants within this gene remains elusive. To investigate the relationship between ARX mutations and NSID, a panel comprising six reported causal mutations of the ARX was detected in 369 sporadic NSID patients and 550 random participants in Chinese. Two mutations, c.428_451 dup and p.G286S, may be disease-causing mutations for NSID, while p.Q163R and p.P353L showed a great predictive value in female NSID diagnosis with significant associations (X2 = 19.60, p = 9.54e-6 for p.Q163R; X2 = 25.70, p = 4.00e-07 for p.P353L), carriers of these mutations had an increased risk of NSID of more than fourfold. Detection of this panel also predicted significant associations between genetic variants of the ARX gene and NSID (p = 3.73e-4). The present study emphasized the higher genetic burden of the ARX gene on NSID in the Chinese population, molecular analysis of this gene should be considered for patients presenting NSID of unknown etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Institute of Population and Health, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Xiaofen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Institute of Population and Health, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Zhangyan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Institute of Population and Health, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Hongling Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Institute of Population and Health, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Zhibin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Institute of Population and Health, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Xiaoyong Jie
- Xi'an Cangning Psychiatric Hospital, Xi'an, 710114, China
| | - Shaoping Huang
- The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Fuchang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Institute of Population and Health, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.,College of Public Management, Institute of Application Psychology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Junlin Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Institute of Population and Health, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Kejin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Institute of Population and Health, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| | - Xiaocai Gao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Institute of Population and Health, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China. .,College of Public Management, Institute of Application Psychology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China.
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Nascimento RMP, Otto PA, de Brouwer APM, Vianna-Morgante AM. UBE2A, which encodes a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, is mutated in a novel X-linked mental retardation syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2006; 79:549-55. [PMID: 16909393 PMCID: PMC1559544 DOI: 10.1086/507047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2006] [Accepted: 06/12/2006] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a mutation of UBE2A/HR6A, which encodes a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2), a member of the ubiquitin proteasome pathway, as the cause of a novel X-linked mental retardation (XLMR) syndrome that affects three males in a two-generation family. A single-nucleotide substitution, c.382C-->T in UBE2A, led to a premature UAG stop codon (Q128X). As a consequence, the predicted polypeptide lacks the 25 C-terminal amino acid residues. The importance of this terminal sequence for UBE2 function is inferred by its conservation in vertebrates and in Drosophila. UBE2A mutations do not appear to significantly contribute to XLMR, since no UBE2A mutations were identified in 15 families with nonsyndromic and 4 families with syndromic idiopathic XLMR previously mapped to intervals encompassing this gene. This is the first description of a mutation in a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme gene as the cause of a human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaella M P Nascimento
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 11461, 05422-970 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Partington MW, Turner G, Boyle J, Gécz J. Three new families with X-linked mental retardation caused by the 428-451dup(24bp) mutation in ARX. Clin Genet 2005; 66:39-45. [PMID: 15200506 DOI: 10.1111/j.0009-9163.2004.00268.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Three families with X-linked mental retardation caused by a 24 base-pair duplication in ARX[428-451dup(24 bp)] are reported. The clinical features in these and six other published families are reviewed. In general, the clinical picture is variable. Mental retardation ranges from mild to severe. Infantile spasms (West syndrome) occurred in 12.5% and other less severe forms of seizures in 37.5%. Characteristic dystonic movements of the hands were seen in 63% and dysarthria in 54%. The focal dystonia, in association with mental retardation, may prove to be diagnostic of this mutation.
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Frints SGM, Froyen G, Marynen P, Willekens D, Legius E, Fryns JP. Re-evaluation of MRX36 family after discovery of an ARX gene mutation reveals mild neurological features of Partington syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2002; 112:427-8. [PMID: 12376949 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Alagille syndrome (AGS; OMIM 118450) is a complex dominantly inherited multisystem disorder involving the liver, heart, eyes, facies, skeleton, and other systems. Criteria for the clinical diagnosis have been established as the presence of bile duct paucity on liver biopsy in association with three of five major clinical findings (cholestasis, butterfly vertebrae, posterior embryotoxon, congenital heart disease, and facial features). Jagged1 has been identified as the AGS disease gene. Jagged1 is a large gene, with no mutational hot spots, making molecular testing difficult at this time. Other clinical features would prove helpful in establishing the diagnosis in the absence of molecular confirmation. Supernumerary digital flexion creases have been identified in 16/46 (35%) of AGS probands examined through the Alagille Syndrome Diagnostic Center at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Although digital abnormalities have been noted in AGS in the past, including short distal phalanges and fifth finger clinodactyly, digital crease abnormalities have never before been reported. Supernumerary digital creases have been reported in less than 1% of the general population. The presence of extra and missing digital creases in individuals with normal joint anatomy, their occurrence in several syndromes, and mouse in situ expression studies indicate that genetic factors contribute to digital crease formation. However, these factors are poorly understood. Hypotheses regarding the origin of flexion creases are discussed. The identification of supernumerary digital creases in one-third of AGS probands provides another diagnostic aid and allows for speculation of the role of Jagged1 in the molecular development of digital crease patterns.
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Dessay S, Moizard MP, Gilardi JL, Opitz JM, Middleton-Price H, Pembrey M, Moraine C, Briault S. FG syndrome: linkage analysis in two families supporting a new gene localization at Xp22.3 [FGS3]. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2002; 112:6-11. [PMID: 12239712 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
FG syndrome (OMIM 305450) is an X-linked condition comprising mental retardation, congenital hypotonia, constipation or anal malformations, and a distinctive appearance with disproportionately large head, tall and broad forehead, cowlicks and telecanthus. In a first linkage analysis carried out on 10 families, we demonstrated heterogeneity and assigned one gene [FGS1] to region Xq12-q21.31 [Briault et al., 1997: Am J Med Genet 73:87-90] corroborated by Graham et al. [1998: Am J Med Genet 80:145-156]. Heterogeneity was supported by the study of one family with apparent FG syndrome co-segregating with an inversion of X chromosome [inv(X)(q11q28)] ([FGS2], OMIM 300321) [Briault et al., 1999: Am J Med Genet 86:112-114 and Briault et al., 2000: Am J Med Genet 95:178-181]. We present the results of a new linkage analysis carried out on two families with FG syndrome. The two earlier known loci for FG syndrome, FGS1 and FGS2 (Xq11 or Xq28) were excluded by multipoint analysis of both families. Linkage was found, however, with locus DXS1060 suggesting that a third FG locus might be located at Xp22.3. In this region, two potential candidate genes, VCX-A and PRKX, were excluded by sequence analysis of the coding region in patients of the two reported FG families. The search for new candidate genes is in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Dessay
- Service de Génétique, CHU Bretonneau, Tours, France.
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Fukami M, Kirsch S, Schiller S, Richter A, Benes V, Franco B, Muroya K, Rao E, Merker S, Niesler B, Ballabio A, Ansorge W, Ogata T, Rappold GA. A member of a gene family on Xp22.3, VCX-A, is deleted in patients with X-linked nonspecific mental retardation. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 67:563-73. [PMID: 10903929 PMCID: PMC1287516 DOI: 10.1086/303047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2000] [Accepted: 06/23/2000] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked nonspecific mental retardation (MRX) has a frequency of 0.15% in the male population and is caused by defects in several different genes on the human X chromosome. Genotype-phenotype correlations in male patients with a partial nullisomy of the X chromosome have suggested that at least one locus involved in MRX is on Xp22.3. Previous deletion mapping has shown that this gene resides between markers DXS1060 and DXS1139, a region encompassing approximately 1.5 Mb of DNA. Analyzing the DNA of 15 males with Xp deletions, we were able to narrow this MRX critical interval to approximately 15 kb of DNA. Only one gene, VCX-A (variably charged, X chromosome mRNA on CRI-S232A), was shown to reside in this interval. Because of a variable number of tandem 30-bp repeats in the VCX-A gene, the size of the predicted protein is 186-226 amino acids. VCX-A belongs to a gene family containing at least four nearly identical paralogues on Xp22.3 (VCX-A, -B, -B1, and -C) and two on Yq11.2 (VCY-D, VCY-E), suggesting that the X and Y copies were created by duplication events. We have found that VCX-A is retained in all patients with normal intelligence and is deleted in all patients with mental retardation. There is no correlation between the presence or absence of VCX-B1, -B, and VCX-C and mental status in our patients. These results suggest that VCX-A is sufficient to maintain normal mental development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Fukami
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Milan; and Department of Pediatrics, Keio University, Tokyo
| | - Stefan Kirsch
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Milan; and Department of Pediatrics, Keio University, Tokyo
| | - Simone Schiller
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Milan; and Department of Pediatrics, Keio University, Tokyo
| | - Alexandra Richter
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Milan; and Department of Pediatrics, Keio University, Tokyo
| | - Vladimir Benes
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Milan; and Department of Pediatrics, Keio University, Tokyo
| | - Brunella Franco
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Milan; and Department of Pediatrics, Keio University, Tokyo
| | - Koji Muroya
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Milan; and Department of Pediatrics, Keio University, Tokyo
| | - Ercole Rao
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Milan; and Department of Pediatrics, Keio University, Tokyo
| | - Sabine Merker
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Milan; and Department of Pediatrics, Keio University, Tokyo
| | - Beate Niesler
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Milan; and Department of Pediatrics, Keio University, Tokyo
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Milan; and Department of Pediatrics, Keio University, Tokyo
| | - Wilhelm Ansorge
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Milan; and Department of Pediatrics, Keio University, Tokyo
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Milan; and Department of Pediatrics, Keio University, Tokyo
| | - Gudrun A. Rappold
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Milan; and Department of Pediatrics, Keio University, Tokyo
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des Portes V, Beldjord C, Chelly J, Hamel B, Kremer H, Smits A, van Bokhoven H, Ropers HH, Claes S, Fryns JP, Ronce N, Gendrot C, Toutain A, Raynaud M, Moraine C. X-linked nonspecific mental retardation (MRX) linkage studies in 25 unrelated families: the European XLMR consortium. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1999; 85:263-5. [PMID: 10398240 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19990730)85:3<263::aid-ajmg15>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jemaa LB, des Portes V, Zemni R, Mrad R, Maazoul F, Beldjord C, Chaabouni H, Chelly J. Refined 2.7 centimorgan locus in Xp21.3-22.1 for a nonspecific X-linked mental retardation gene (MRX54). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1999; 85:276-82. [PMID: 10398243 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19990730)85:3<276::aid-ajmg18>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nonspecific X-linked mental retardation (MRX) is a heterogeneous condition in which mental retardation (MR) appears to be the only consistent manifestation. A large genetic interval of assignment obtained on individual families by linkage analysis, genetic, heterogeneity, and phenotypic variability usually are major obstacles to fine-map and identify the related disease genes. Here we report on a large Tunisian family (MRX54) with an MRX condition. X-linked recessive inheritance is strongly suggested by the segregation of MR through seven unaffected carrier females to 14 affected males in two generations. Two-point linkage analysis demonstrated significant linkage between the disorder and several markers in Xp21.3-22.1 (maximum LOD score Zmax = 3.56, recombination fraction 0 = 0 at DXS1202), which was confirmed by multipoint linkage analyses. Recombinant events observed with the flanking markers DXS989 and DXS1218 delineate a refined locus of approximately 2.7 cM in accordance with the physical distance between these two markers. The small interval of assignment observed in this family overlaps not only with nine large MRX loci previously reported in Xp21.3-22.1 but also with two inherited microdeletions in Xp21.3-22.1 involved in nonspecific MR. Although the involvement of several genes located in the Xp21.3-22.1 region cannot be ruled out, data reported in this study could be used as a starting point for the search of such gene(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Jemaa
- Service des Maladies congénitales et héréditaires, Hôpital Charles Nicolle, Tunis, Tunisie
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Carrié A, Nepotes V, Billuart P, Beldjord C, Bienvenu T, Chelly J, Bruls T, Heilig R, Weissenbach J, Jun L, Marynen P. Construction of a highly annotated cosmid contig spanning 550Kb within the X-linked nonspecific mental retardation candidate region at Xp21.3-22.1. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1999; 85:252-4. [PMID: 10398238 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19990730)85:3<252::aid-ajmg13>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Carpenter NJ, Brown WT, Qu Y, Keenan KL. Regional localization of a nonspecific X-linked mental retardation gene (MRX59) to Xp21.2-p22.2. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1999; 85:266-70. [PMID: 10398241 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19990730)85:3<266::aid-ajmg16>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Linkage analysis was performed on a four-generation family with nonspecific mental retardation (MRX59). The five affected males, ranging in age from 2 years to 52 years, have a normal facial appearance and mild to severe mental impairment. Four obligate carriers are physically normal and not retarded. A maximum LOD score of 2.41 at straight theta = 0.00 was observed with the microsatellite markers, DMD45 in Xp21.2, DXS989 in Xp22.1, and DXS207 in Xp22.2. Recombinations were detected within the dystrophin gene (DMD) in one of the affected males and between DXS207 and DXS987 in Xp22.2 in one of the carriers. These recombinants define the proximal and distal boundaries of a candidate gene region. Genetic localization of this familial condition made prenatal diagnosis informative for one of the obligate carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Carpenter
- Department of X-Linked Molecular Genetics, H.A. Chapman Institute of Medical Genetics, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74135, USA
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13
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Bruyere H, Lewis S, Wood S, MacLeod PJ, Langlois S. Confirmation of linkage in X-linked infantile spasms (West syndrome) and refinement of the disease locus to Xp21.3-Xp22.1. Clin Genet 1999; 55:173-81. [PMID: 10334471 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0004.1999.550305.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The syndrome of infantile spasms, hypsarrhythmia, and mental retardation (West syndrome) is a classical form of epilepsy, occurring in early infancy, which is etiologically heterogeneous. In rare families, West syndrome is an X-linked recessive condition, mapped to Xp11.4-Xpter (MIM 308350). We have identified a multi-generation family from Western Canada with this rare syndrome of infantile spasms, seen exclusively in male offspring from asymptomatic mothers, thereby confirming segregation as an X-linked recessive trait. Using highly polymorphic microsatellite CA-repeat probes evenly distributed over the entire X chromosome, linkage to markers DXS7110, DXS989, DXS1202, and DXS7106 was confirmed, with a maximum LOD score of 3.97 at a theta of 0.0. The identification of key recombinants refined the disease-containing interval between markers DXS1226 and the adrenal hypoplasia locus (AHC). This now maps the X-linked infantile spasms gene locus to chromosome Xp21.3-Xp22.1 and refines the interval containing the candidate gene to 7.0 cM. Furthermore, this interval overlaps several loci previously linked with either syndromic or non-syndromic X-linked mental retardation (XLMR), including one recognized locus implicated in neuroaxonal processing (radixin, RDXP2). Collectively, these studies lend strong support for the presence of one or more genes intrinsic to brain development and function, occurring within the critical interval defined between Xp21.3-Xp22.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bruyere
- Department of Medical Genetics, Children's and Women's Health Center of British Columbia and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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des Portes V, Carrié A, Billuart P, Kieffer V, Bienvenu T, Vinet MC, Beldjord C, Kahn A, Ponsot G, Chelly J, Moutard ML. Inherited microdeletion in Xp21.3-22.1 involved in non-specific mental retardation. Clin Genet 1998; 53:136-41. [PMID: 9611075 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1998.tb02661.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
X-linked mental retardation (XLMR) is a genetically and clinically heterogeneous common disorder. A cumulative frequency of about 1/600 male births was estimated by different authors, including the fragile X syndrome, which affects 1/4000 males. Given this very high cumulative frequency, identification of genes and molecular mechanisms involved in other XLMRs, represents a challenging task of considerable medical importance. In this report we describe clinical and molecular investigations in the family of a mentally retarded boy for whom a microdeletion in Xp21.3-22.1 was detected within the frame of a previously reported systematic search for deletion using STS-PCR screening. Thorough clinical investigation of the sibling showed that two affected brothers exhibit a moderate non-specific mental retardation without any additional neurological impairment, statural growth deficiency or characteristic dysmorphy. Molecular analysis revealed that the microdeletion observed in this family is an inherited defect which cosegregates with mental retardation as an X-linked recessive condition, since both non-deleted boys and transmitting mother are normal. These results and the inherited microdeletion detected within the same region associated with non-specific MR, reported by Raeymaekers et al., suggest that Xp21.3 MR locus is prone to deletions. Therefore, search for microdeletions in the eight families assigned by linkage analysis to this region might allow a better definition of the critical region and an identification of the gene involved in this X-linked mental retardation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V des Portes
- INSERM U129-ICGM, Faculté de Médecine Cochin, Paris, France
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Abstract
A current list of all known forms of X-linked mental retardation (XLMR) and a slightly revised classification are presented. The number of known disorders has not increased because 6 disorders have been combined based on new molecular data or on clinical grounds and only 6 newly described XLMR disorders have been reported. Of the current 105 XLMR disorders, 34 have been mapped, and 18 disorders and 1 nonspecific XLMR (FRAXE) have been cloned. The number of families with nonspecific XLMR with a LOD score of > or = 2.0 has more than doubled, with 42 (including FRAXE) now being known. a summary of the localization of presumed nonspecific mental retardation (MR) genes from well-studied X-chromosomal translocations and deletions is also included. Only 10-12 nonoverlapping loci are required to explain all localizations of nonspecific MR from both approaches. These new trends mark the beginning of a significantly improved understanding of the role of genes on the X chromosome in producing MR. Continued close collaboration between clinical and molecular investigators will be required to complete the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Lubs
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Tromsø, Norway
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