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The Role of Number of Copies, Structure, Behavior and Copy Number Variations (CNV) of the Y Chromosome in Male Infertility. Genes (Basel) 2019; 11:genes11010040. [PMID: 31905733 PMCID: PMC7016774 DOI: 10.3390/genes11010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines infertility as the inability of a sexually active, non-contracepting couple to achieve spontaneous pregnancy within one year. Statistics show that the two sexes are equally at risk. Several causes may be responsible for male infertility; however, in 30–40% of cases a diagnosis of idiopathic male infertility is made in men with normal urogenital anatomy, no history of familial fertility-related diseases and a normal panel of values as for endocrine, genetic and biochemical markers. Idiopathic male infertility may be the result of gene/environment interactions, genetic and epigenetic abnormalities. Numerical and structural anomalies of the Y chromosome represent a minor yet significant proportion and are the topic discussed in this review. We searched the PubMed database and major search engines for reports about Y-linked male infertility. We present cases of Y-linked male infertility in terms of (i) anomalies of the Y chromosome structure/number; (ii) Y chromosome misbehavior in a normal genetic background; (iii) Y chromosome copy number variations (CNVs). We discuss possible explanations of male infertility caused by mutations, lower or higher number of copies of otherwise wild type, Y-linked sequences. Despite Y chromosome structural anomalies are not a major cause of male infertility, in case of negative results and of normal DNA sequencing of the ascertained genes causing infertility and mapping on this chromosome, we recommend an analysis of the karyotype integrity in all cases of idiopathic fertility impairment, with an emphasis on the structure and number of this chromosome.
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Pristyazhnyuk IE, Menzorov AG. Ring chromosomes: from formation to clinical potential. PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:439-449. [PMID: 28894962 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1165-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ring chromosomes (RCs) are circular DNA molecules, which occur rarely in eukaryotic nuclear genomes. Lilian Vaughan Morgan first described them in the fruit fly. Human embryos very seldom have RCs, about 1:50,000. Carriers of RCs may have varying degrees of symptoms, from healthy phenotype to serious pathologies in physical and intellectual development. Many authors describe common symptoms of RC presence: short stature and some developmental delay that could be described as a "ring chromosome syndrome." As a rule, RCs arise de novo through the end-joining of two DNA double-strand breaks, telomere-subtelomere junction, or inv dup del rearrangement in both meiosis and mitosis. There are family cases of RC inheritance. The presence of RCs causes numerous secondary chromosome rearrangements in vivo and in vitro. RCs can change their size, become lost, or increase their copy number and cause additional deletions, duplication, and translocations, affecting both RCs and other chromosomes. In this review, we examine RC inheritance, instability, mechanisms of formation, and potential clinical applications of artificially created RCs for large-scale chromosome rearrangement treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna E Pristyazhnyuk
- Sector of Genomic Mechanisms of Ontogenesis, Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090.
| | - Aleksei G Menzorov
- Sector of Cell Collections, Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090
- Natural Sciences Department, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia, 634050
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Molecular analysis of ring y chromosome in a 10-year-old boy with mixed gonadal dysgenesis and growth hormone deficiency. Balkan J Med Genet 2011; 14:71-6. [PMID: 24052714 PMCID: PMC3776702 DOI: 10.2478/v10034-011-0049-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ring Y chromosome is a very rare chromosomal aberration. The published mixed gonadal dysgenesis (MGD) patients with a ring Y chromosome are short in stature, but are not growth hormone (GH) deficient. We present the molecular cytogenetic and molecular characterization of ring Y chromosome mosaicism in a 10-year-old boy with MGD whose short stature could be explained by the high percentage of cells monosomic for the X-chromosome, but also by the presence of severe GH deficiency. The ring Y chromosome in our patient is a de novo structural aberration. The father's karyotype was normal.
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Sodré CP, Guilherme RS, Meloni VFA, Brunoni D, Juliano Y, Andrade JAD, Belangero SIN, Christofolini DM, Kulikowski LD, Melaragno MI. Ring chromosome instability evaluation in six patients with autosomal rings. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2010; 9:134-43. [PMID: 20198569 DOI: 10.4238/vol9-1gmr707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Ring chromosomes are often associated with abnormal phenotypes due to loss of genomic material and also because of ring instability at mitosis after sister chromatid exchange events. We investigated ring chromosome instability in six patients with ring chromosomes 4, 14, 15, and 18 by examining 48- and 72-h lymphocyte cultures at the first, second and subsequent cell divisions after bromodeoxyuridine incorporation. Although most cells from all patients showed only one monocentric ring chromosome, ring chromosome loss and secondary aberrations were observed both in 48- and 72-h lymphocyte cultures and in metaphase cells of the different cell generations. We found no clear-cut correlation between ring size and ring instability; we also did not find differences between apparently complete rings and rings with genetic material loss. The cytogenetic findings revealed secondary aberrations in all ring chromosome patients. We concluded that cells with ring chromosome instability can multiply and survive in vivo, and that they can influence the patient's phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Sodré
- Departamento de Morfologia e Genética da Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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DesGroseilliers M, Fortin F, Lafrenière AM, Brochu P, Lemyre E, Lemieux N. Dynamic increase of a 45,X cell line in a patient with multicentric ring Y chromosomes. Cytogenet Genome Res 2006; 115:90-3. [PMID: 16974088 DOI: 10.1159/000094805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2005] [Accepted: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Because ring Y chromosomes are unstable during cell division most reported patients are mosaics, usually including a 45,X cell line. The phenotype varies from normal males or females with streak gonads to sexual ambiguities. We present here the case of a 23-year-old man who was referred at 11 years for growth delay. The GTG-banded karyotypes of lymphocytes revealed two cell lines: 46,X,dic r(Y) seen in 76% of the metaphases analyzed and 45,X (24%). Karyotypes and FISH were performed eight years later with the following probes: DYZ3 (Y centromere), SRY (sex-region of the Y), DYZ1 (Yq heterochromatin), CEPX/Y (X centromere and Yq heterochromatin), TelVysion Xp/Yp, Xq/Yq (X and Y subtelomeres), pan-telomeric, cosmid clones LLycos130G04 and LLycos37C09 (PARII), and BAC clone RP11-5C5 (Yq11.223). The results showed an increase in the 45,X cell line (60%) and a reduction in the 46,X,dic r(Y) cell line (36.4%). The use of Yq probes showed that the ring Y chromosome was dicentric. In addition, other ring Y structures were observed. The breakpoints occurred in proximal Yp11.32 or in Yp11.31 distal to SRY and in Yq12 distal to the PARII region. Therefore, most of the Y remained intact and all genes, with the exception of those in PARI, are present in double dosage in the dic r(Y). The level of mosaicism was important in defining the phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- M DesGroseilliers
- Département de Pathologie et Biologie Cellulaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Bertini V, Canale D, Bicocchi MP, Simi P, Valetto A. Mosaic ring Y chromosome in two normal healthy men with azoospermia. Fertil Steril 2005; 84:1744. [PMID: 16359976 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2005] [Revised: 06/13/2005] [Accepted: 06/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To better define by molecular and cytogenetic techniques ring Y chromosomes detected in 2 infertile men. DESIGN Case report. SETTING Molecular genetics/cytogenetics unit in a university hospital. PATIENT(S) Two infertile men with azoospermia, presenting a normal male phenotype with complete masculinization. INTERVENTION(S) Karyotype and genetic counseling. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Metaphases were studied by standard G- and Q-banding; fluorescent in situ hybridization and PCR were performed to analyze specific Y chromosome regions. RESULT(S) Chromosomal analysis detected a mosaicism with a Y chromosome ring cell line in 92% (patient 1) and 95% (patient 2) of the metaphases, coexisting with a 45,X cell line in the remaining metaphases. In patient 1, PCR analysis showed the presence of AZFa region and a partial deletion of AZFb region; AZFc region was deleted. In patient 2 all three AZF regions were deleted. CONCLUSION(S) A 45,X/46,X,r(Y) mosaicism can be detected not only in patients with Ullrich-Turner syndrome and in patients with various degrees of genital ambiguity but also in men presenting a normal phenotype. Their azoospermia can be explained by partial or total deletion of AZF regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Bertini
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
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Vogt PH. AZF deletions and Y chromosomal haplogroups: history and update based on sequence. Hum Reprod Update 2005; 11:319-36. [PMID: 15890785 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmi017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AZF deletions are genomic deletions in the euchromatic part of the long arm of the human Y chromosome (Yq11) associated with azoospermia or severe oligozoospermia. Consequently, it can be assumed that these deletions remove Y chromosomal genes required for spermatogenesis. However, these 'classical' or 'complete' AZF deletions, AZFa, AZFb and AZFc, represent only a subset of rearrangements in Yq11. With the benefit of the Y chromosome sequence, more rearrangements (deletions, duplications, inversions) inside and outside the classical AZF deletion intervals have been elucidated and intra-chromosomal non-allelic homologous recombinations (NAHRs) of repetitive sequence blocks have been identified as their major cause. These include duplications in AZFa, AZFb and AZFc and the partial AZFb and AZFc deletions of which some were summarized under the pseudonym 'gr/gr' deletions. At least some of these rearrangements are associated with distinct Y chromosomal haplogroups and are present with similar frequencies in fertile and infertile men. This suggests a functional redundancy of the AZFb/AZFc multi-copy genes. Alternatively, the functional contribution(s) of these genes to human spermatogenesis might be different in men of different Y haplogroups. That raises the question whether, the frequency of Y haplogroups with different AZF gene contents in distinct human populations leads to a male fertility status that varies between populations or whether, the presence of the multiple Y haplogroups implies a balancing selection via genomic deletion/amplification mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Vogt
- Section of Molecular Genetics & Infertility, Department of Gynecological Endocrinology & Reproductive Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Arnedo N, Nogués C, Bosch M, Templado C. Mitotic and meiotic behaviour of a naturally transmitted ring Y chromosome: reproductive risk evaluation. Hum Reprod 2004; 20:462-8. [PMID: 15528264 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deh598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mitotic and meiotic behaviour of a transmitted ring Y [r(Y)] chromosome from a father to his Klinefelter syndrome (KS) son, and the mechanism of ring formation are analysed herein. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of natural transmission of an r(Y). METHODS AND RESULTS Amplification of X chromosome polymorphisms by PCR showed that the KS was of paternal origin. G-banding and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) studies revealed a similar percentage of mosaicism in father and son by mitotic loss of r(Y). SRY gene and Y marker amplification by PCR, FISH with subtelomeric probes for Xp/Yp and Xq/Yq, and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analyses indicated the intactness of the Y chromosome from SRY to subtelomere Yq. FISH analysis of sperm from the father showed significantly higher frequencies (P<0.005) for diploidy and for 6, 13, 18, 21, 22, XX, XY disomies than those observed in control donors. CONCLUSIONS An r(Y) with low material loss can be naturally transmitted, showing similar mitotic behaviour in the offspring. The presence of an r(Y) chromosome in germinal cells increased the risk of fathering offspring with numerical abnormalities, even for chromosomes not involved in the arrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Arnedo
- Departament de Biologia Cel.lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Gisselsson D, Kristoffersson U, Giwercman A. Ring Y chromosome in an azoospermic male with short stature: additional evidence for a distinct ring Y syndrome in non-mosaic patients? Clin Genet 2004; 64:519-21. [PMID: 14986833 DOI: 10.1046/j.1399-0004.2003.00173.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Dundar M, Lowther G, Acar H, Kurtoglu S, Demiryilmaz F, Kucukaydin M. A case of ambiguous genitalia presenting with a 45,X/46,Xr(Y)(p11.2;q11.23)/47,X,idic(Y)(p11.2),idic(Y)(p11.2) karyotype. ANNALES DE GENETIQUE 2001; 44:5-8. [PMID: 11334610 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-3995(00)01034-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
An infant with ambiguous genitalia was found to have a karyotype 45,X/46,X,r(Y)(p11.2;q11.23)/47,X,idic(Y)(p11.2),idic(Y)(p11.2) using G-banding, C-banding and FISH. Examination of the genitalia revealed a phallus measuring 1.5 cm in length and 0.5 cm wide with perineal orifice. Subtle phenotypic features consistent with Turner syndrome were not present. Genital ultrasonography revealed the presence of an infantile uterus. Endoscopy of the vagina, uterus and cervix appeared normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dundar
- Erciyes University, School of Medicine, Depatment of Medical Genetics, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
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Morava E, Hermann R, Czakó M, Soltész G, Kosztolányi G. Isodicentric Y chromosome in an Ullrich-Turner patient without virilization. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2000; 91:99-101. [PMID: 10748405 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(20000313)91:2<99::aid-ajmg3>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We report on a 17-year-old young woman with Ullrich-Turner syndrome (UTS), who was found to have a karyotype 45,X/46,X,idic(Y)(q11). She had age-appropriate genitalia without virilization in spite of the presence of the Y-derived marker chromosome and SRY locus in 70% of her lymphocytes. Having reviewed the literature, we conclude that a possible explanation for the lack of virilization in these mosaic patients is most likely an uneven distribution of tissue mosaicism (gonadal mosaicism).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Morava
- Department of Medical Genetics and Child Development, University Medical School of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.
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Godoy Assumpção J, Hackel C, Marques-De-Faria AP, Palandi de Mello M. Molecular mapping of an idic(Yp) chromosome in an Ullrich-Turner patient. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2000; 91:95-8. [PMID: 10748404 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(20000313)91:2<95::aid-ajmg2>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We describe a woman with Ullrich-Turner manifestations and a 45,X/46, X,+mar karyotype. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and DNA analysis were carried out in order to determine the origin and structure of the marker. FISH showed that the marker was a Y-derived dicentric chromosome. The breakpoint at Yq11 (interval 6) was mapped using Southern blotting and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). There were no nucleotide alterations in the SRY conserved domain. Histological analysis of the gonads showed an ovarian-like stroma with no signs of testicular tissue. These findings indicate that the patient was a mosaic 45,X/46,X,idic(Yp) whose phenotypic expression, including sex determination, appeared to have had more influence from the 45,X cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Godoy Assumpção
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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