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de Paula JJ, Romanelli LC, de Faria RCV, Proietti AB, Malloy-Diniz LF, Romano-Silva MA, de Miranda DM, Nicolato R. Cognitive impairment in the HTLV-1 infection: a comparative study associated with functional performance. J Neurovirol 2021; 27:849-856. [PMID: 32955704 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-020-00905-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type-I (HTLV-1) infection courses with a myelopathy, the tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). In a case-control study, we compared the neuropsychological profile and functional characteristics in two case HTLV-1-infected groups (asymptomatic and with HAM/TSP) with a control group negative for HTLV-1. Subjects were paired for age, sex, and educational features. The case group differed from control group in neuropsychological measures such as in episodic memory recall, executive functions, and fine motor dexterity measure. Individuals with HAM/TSP have more depressive symptoms and worst performance in activities of daily living (ADL) presenting a less functionality. In multivariate models, the fine motor performance, the executive functioning, the recognition memory, and the depressive symptoms explained part of the variance in functionality. Those findings may contribute to understand of everyday life impairments and limitations of HTLV-1-infected population and to organize the rehabilitation. Once more, based in neuropsychological and functional data, we can reaffirm that HTLV-1 is never a benign condition, but sometimes it is only in a stage coursing with less symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Jardim de Paula
- Centro de Tecnologia em Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | | | - Renata Caetano Vieira de Faria
- Centro de Tecnologia em Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Leandro Fernandes Malloy-Diniz
- Centro de Tecnologia em Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Departamento de Saúde Mental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Romano-Silva
- Centro de Tecnologia em Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Departamento de Saúde Mental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Debora Marques de Miranda
- Centro de Tecnologia em Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Departamento de Pediatria Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Nicolato
- Centro de Tecnologia em Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Departamento de Saúde Mental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Anyanwu NCJ, Ella EE, Ohwofasa A, Aminu M. Re-emergence of human T-lymphotropic viruses in West Africa. Braz J Infect Dis 2018; 22:224-234. [PMID: 29879426 PMCID: PMC9425667 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLV) are Deltaretroviruses that infect millions of individuals worldwide via the same transmission routes as HIV. With the aim of exposing the possible re-emergence of HTLV in West Africa since discovery, a systematic review was carried out, focusing on the distribution of the virus types and significance of frequent indeterminate reports, while highlighting the need for mandatory routine blood screening. Capturing relevant data from discovery till date, sources searched were Google Scholar, CrossRef, NCBI (PubMed), MEDLINE, Research Gate, Mendeley, abstracts of Conferences and Proceedings, organization websites and reference lists of selected papers. A total of 2626 references were initially retrieved using search terms: Worldwide prevalence of HTLV, HTLV in Africa, HTLV in West Africa, HTLV subtypes, HTLV 3 and 4 in Africa, HTLV of African origin, HTLV seroindeterminate results, Spread of HTLV. These references were rigorously trimmed down to 76. Although evidence shows that HTLV is still endemic in the region, West Africa lacks recent epidemiological prevalence data. Thorough investigations are needed to ascertain the true cause of indeterminate Western Blot results. It is imperative that routine screening for HTLVs be mandated in West African health care facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nneoma Confidence JeanStephanie Anyanwu
- Ahmadu Bello University, Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Zaria, Nigeria; COMSATS University, Department of Biosciences, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Elijah Ekah Ella
- Ahmadu Bello University, Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Aghogho Ohwofasa
- COMSATS University, Department of Biosciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Maryam Aminu
- Ahmadu Bello University, Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Zaria, Nigeria
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Mauclère P, Afonso PV, Meertens L, Plancoulaine S, Calattini S, Froment A, Van Beveren M, de Thé G, Quintana-Murci L, Mahieux R, Gessain A. HTLV-2B strains, similar to those found in several Amerindian tribes, are endemic in central African Bakola Pygmies. J Infect Dis 2011; 203:1316-23. [PMID: 21459818 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence and origin of endemic foci of human T-lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV2) infection in Africa remain a matter of debate. METHODS To better appreciate such determinants, we performed a survey of 1918 inhabitants from Cameroon forest areas, including 1051 Bakola Pygmies and 867 Bantus. RESULTS The overall HTLV-1/2 seroprevalence was 4% (49 cases of HTLV-1 and 27 cases of HTLV-2 infection). Both infections were mainly restricted to the Bakola Pygmies, with surprisingly no HTLV-2 infections in the Bantu population. Both HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 seroprevalences increased with age. There was evidence of ongoing HTLV-2 transmission in this population. Lymphoid T cell lines producing HTLV-2 were established. HTLV-2 long terminal repeat sequences (672 base pairs) obtained from 7 infected Bakola were highly similar to each other (<1% nucleotide divergence), as well as to Amerindian HTLV-2B strains. Analyses on a complete sequence (8954 base pairs) confirmed that it was a typical HTLV-2 subtype B strain. Along with molecular clock analysis, these data strongly suggest that HTLV-2 has been endemic in the Bakola Pygmy population for a long time. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates clearly an HTLV-2 endemicity with ongoing transmission in an African population. Furthermore, it give insights into central questions regarding the origins and evolution rate of HTLV-2 and the migrations of infected populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Mauclère
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut National de la Santéet de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
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Multiple retroviral infection by HTLV type 1, 2, 3 and simian foamy virus in a family of Pygmies from Cameroon. Virology 2010; 410:48-55. [PMID: 21087785 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the origins and modes of transmission of HTLV-3 and to search for other retroviral infections (HTLV-1, HTLV-2, foamy viruses), we studied the family of a HTLV-3-infected individual (Pyl43), from Cameroon. Thirty-five persons were included. All adult men were still actively hunting nonhuman primates (NHP). All women were also butchering and cutting-up animals. Five persons reported a bite by an NHP. While HTLV-3 infection was only found in Pyl43, HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infections were found, respectively, in 5 and 9 persons with one being co-infected by both retroviruses. Phylogenetic analysis suggested intra-familial transmission of HTLV-1 subtypes B and D and HTLV-2. One man was infected by a chimpanzee foamy virus, acquired probably 45 years ago, through a bite. Acquisition of retroviral infections still occurs in central Africa involving to various extent not only intra-familial transmission for HTLV-1/HTLV-2 but also direct interspecies transmission from NHP for foamy virus and possibly for HTLV-1 and HTLV-3.
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New insights into prevalence, genetic diversity, and proviral load of human T-cell leukemia virus types 1 and 2 in pregnant women in Gabon in equatorial central Africa. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46:3607-14. [PMID: 18845819 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01249-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is highly endemic in areas of central Africa; mother-to-child transmission and sexual transmission are considered to be the predominant routes. To determine the prevalence and subtypes of HTLV-1/2 in pregnant women in Gabon, we conducted an epidemiological survey in the five main cities of the country. In 907 samples, the HTLV-1 seroprevalence was 2.1%, which is lower than that previously reported. Only one case of HTLV-2 infection was found. The HTLV-1 seroprevalence increased with age and differed between regions (P </= 0.05), with the highest prevalence (5%) in the southeastern region. A wide range of HTLV-1 proviral loads was observed among the infected women. The level of the proviral load was correlated with a high HTLV-1 antibody titer (P </= 0.02). Sequencing of HTLV-1 env and long terminal repeat fragments showed that all but one strain belonged to the central African subtype B; the outlier was of cosmopolitan subtype A. The new strains of subtype B exhibited wide genetic diversity, but there was no evidence of clustering of specific genomes within geographical regions of the country. Some strains were closely related to simian T-cell leukemia virus type 1 strains of great apes, suggesting that in these areas some HTLV-1 strains could arise from relatively recent interspecies transmission. The sole HTLV-2 strain belonged to subtype B. In this study we showed that the prevalence of HTLV-1 in the southeast is one of the highest in the world for pregnant women.
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Renner JDP, Laurino JP, Menna-Barreto M, Schmitt VM. Molecular evidence of HTLV-II subtype B among an urban population living in South Brazil. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2006; 22:301-6. [PMID: 16623631 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2006.22.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T cell lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV-II) is a deltaretrovirus endemic in Indian populations living in Central and South America, among Pygmies tribes from Central Africa, and epidemic among injecting drug users (IDUs) in the United States, Europe, Southeast Asia, and South America. To date only the HTLV-IIa subtype has been demonstrated among Brazilians (Amazon basin Indians, blood donors, and IDUs). We analyzed HTLV-II isolates from 12 individuals living in the urban area of Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil, identified as seropositive for HTLVI/II in a blood donation. The HTLV-II long terminal repeat (LTR) region was sequenced and compared with nucleotide sequences of isolates HTLV-IIa (Mo), HTLV-IIb (NRA) prototypes. Phylogenetic analysis of the LTR region demonstrated that seven new isolates clustered together with American Indians HTLV-IIb isolates, and five new HTLV-IIa isolates clustered within the HTLV-IIa Brazilian subgroup, named the HTLV-IIc subtype. Both HTLV-IIa and IIb seem to be endemic in the urban area of Porto Alegre, South of Brazil, and could have reached this region via the Amazon basin and the Pacific Coast ancient human migratory pathways. To our knowledge this is the first study demonstrating the presence of HTLV-IIb among the urban population in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Dagmar Pollo Renner
- Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Ishak R, Vallinoto AC, Azevedo VN, Lewis M, Hall WW, Guimarães Ishak MO. Molecular evidence of mother-to-child transmission of HTLV-IIc in the Kararao Village (Kayapo) in the Amazon region of Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2001; 34:519-25. [PMID: 11813057 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822001000600004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood samples from native Indians in the Kararao village (Kayapo), were analysed using serological and molecular methods to characterize infection and analyse transmission of HTLV-II. Specific reactivity was observed in 3/26 individuals, of which two samples were from a mother and child. RFLP analysis of the pX and env regions confirmed HTLV-II infection. Nucleotide sequence of the 5' LTR segment and phylogenetic analysis showed a high similarity (98%) between the three samples and prototype HTLV-IIa (Mot), and confirmed the occurrence of the HTLV-IIc subtype. There was a high genetic similarity (99.9%) between the mother and child samples and the only difference was a deletion of two nucleotides (TC) in the mother sequence. Previous epidemiological studies among native Indians from Brazil have provided evidence of intrafamilial and vertical transmission of HTLV-IIc. The present study now provides molecular evidence of mother-to-child transmission of HTLV-IIc, a mechanism that is in large part responsible for the endemicity of HTLV in these relatively closed populations. Although the actual route of transmission is unknown, breast feeding would appear to be most likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil.
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8
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Kazanji M, Benoit B, Meddeb M, Meertens L, Marty C, Gessain A, Talarmin A. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of a human T cell leukemia virus type 2 strain from French Guiana. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2001; 17:563-8. [PMID: 11350670 DOI: 10.1089/08892220151126689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive studies have been carried out on native Amerindian populations living in French Guiana in an attempt to detect human T cell leukemia virus type 2 (HTLV-2). However, the first strain of this virus identified in this region was not detected in these populations, but in a Brazilian woman of Amerindian origin. Comparative analyses of the nucleotide sequences of 589 bp of the gp21 env gene and of 625 bp of the long terminal repeat (LTR) showed that this new HTLV-2 strain (HTLV-2 GUY) was of subtype A. Sequence comparison and phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that HTLV-2 GUY was closely related to a group of distinct variants of HTLV-2 subtype A strains originating mostly from Brazilian inhabitants and formerly called HTLV-2 subtype C. As there is a high level of immigration from Brazil in French Guiana, we carried out a seroepidemiological study of 175 Brazilians, mostly women (obtained from a serum databank) and 72 female Brazilian prostitutes living in French Guiana to determine whether HTLV-2 is likely to become an emerging infection in this area. No HTLV-2 infection was detected, indicating that this virus is unlikely to become prevalent in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kazanji
- Laboratoire de Rétrovirologie, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, 97306 Cayenne, French Guiana.
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9
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Salemi M, Vandamme AM, Desmyter J, Casoli C, Bertazzoni U. The origin and evolution of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV-II) and the relationship with its replication strategy. Gene 1999; 234:11-21. [PMID: 10393234 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(99)00169-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this review, the origin and evolution of the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV-II) are discussed, with particular emphasis on its high genomic stability. In particular, it appears that the virus originated in the African continent and has been infecting human populations for several thousands of years. The very low divergence accumulated on average between different viral strains during such a long period could be explained by considering that in infected individuals the viral amplification could be due mainly to the clonal expansion of the infected cells, via cellular mitosis, rather than to reverse transcription. HTLV-II was introduced into the American continent during one or more migrations of HTLV-II-infected Asian populations over the Bering land bridge, some 15,000-35,000 years ago. Finally, during the last few decades, HTLV-II has been transmitted from native Amerindians to injecting drug users (IDUs). It might be speculated that at least two separate introductions of HTLV-II in European IDUs from US IDUs have occurred, due to the practice of needle-sharing among IDUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Salemi
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KULeuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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10
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Slattery JP, Franchini G, Gessain A. Genomic Evolution, Patterns of Global Dissemination, and Interspecies Transmission of Human and Simian T-cell Leukemia/Lymphotropic Viruses. Genome Res 1999. [DOI: 10.1101/gr.9.6.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Using both env and long terminal repeat (LTR) sequences, with maximal representation of genetic diversity within primate strains, we revise and expand the unique evolutionary history of human and simian T-cell leukemia/lymphotropic viruses (HTLV/STLV). Based on the robust application of three different phylogenetic algorithms of minimum evolution–neighbor joining, maximum parsimony, and maximum likelihood, we address overall levels of genetic diversity, specific rates of mutation within and between different regions of the viral genome, relatedness among viral strains from geographically diverse regions, and estimation of the pattern of divergence of the virus into extant lineages. Despite broad genomic similarities, type I and type II viruses do not share concordant evolutionary histories. HTLV-I/STLV-I are united through distinct phylogeographic patterns, infection of 20 primate species, multiple episodes of interspecies transmission, and exhibition of a range in levels of genetic divergence. In contrast, type II viruses are isolated from only two species (Homo sapiens and Pan paniscus) and are paradoxically endemic to both Amerindian tribes of the New World and human Pygmy villagers in Africa. Furthermore, HTLV-II is spreading rapidly through new host populations of intravenous drug users. Despite such clearly disparate host populations, the resultant HTLV-II/STLV-II phylogeny exhibits little phylogeographic concordance and indicates low levels of transcontinental genetic differentiation. Together, these patterns generate a model of HTLV/STLV emergence marked by an ancient ancestry, differential rates of divergence, and continued global expansion.
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11
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Biglione M, Vidan O, Mahieux R, de Colombo M, de los Angeles de Basualdo M, Bonnet M, Pankow G, De Efron MA, Zorrilla A, Tekaia F, Murphy E, de Thé G, Gessain A. Seroepidemiological and molecular studies of human T cell lymphotropic virus type II, subtype b, in isolated groups of Mataco and Toba Indians of northern Argentina. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1999; 15:407-17. [PMID: 10195750 DOI: 10.1089/088922299311150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied plasma samples from 2082 Mataco Indians living in 22 different communities in the western part of Formosa Province, northern Argentina. Samples were screened for HTLV-I/II antibodies by particle agglutination assay. All positive or borderline samples were then tested by an immunofluorescence assay (IFA) on C19 HTLV-II-producing cells. Western blot was used for confirmation of all IFA-positive plasma samples. The crude HTLV-II seroprevalence was 3.0% (62 of 2051), and 0.9% (5 of 588) in children less than 10 years old. The latter result suggests ongoing mother-to-child transmission, probably by breast feeding. There was a marked increase in HTLV-II seroprevalence with age (0.9%, 0-10 years; 1.6%, 11-20 years; 4.4%, 21-30 years; 3.4%, 31-40 years; 7.2%, 41-50 years; 5.7%, >50 years) in both male (p = 0.002) and female subjects (p = 0.00002). None of the 80 non-Indian inhabitants tested was HTLV-I/II seropositive. In a second study, among 105 Toba Indians from a village (Primavera) of the eastern part of this region, 23 were HTLV-II seropositive with a seroprevalence of 59% in those more than 40 years old. From seven of the Indians from Primavera, three others from neighboring regions (including two Tobas and one Pilaga), and one intravenous drug user (IVDU) from Rosario, DNA was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and the gp21 transmembrane-encoding gene (590 bp) was amplified by PCR, cloned, and sequenced. LTR sequences were also obtained from the Pilaga, the IVDU, and one Toba. Molecular and phylogenetic analyses revealed that the Indians were all infected with closely related HTLV-II molecular strains belonging to the b subtype, while the IVDU was infected with an HTLV-II subtype a variant. Such data help to make a phylogenetic atlas of HTLV-II among Amerindian tribes and are crucial to gain new insights into the origin and modes of dissemination of this human retrovirus in the Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Biglione
- Unité d'Epidémiologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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12
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Bertherat E, Makuwa M, Renaut A, Nabias R, Georges-Courbot MC. HIV-1, HTLV-I, and HTLV-II in a semiurban population in East Gabon. JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL RETROVIROLOGY ASSOCIATION 1998; 19:430-2. [PMID: 9833756 DOI: 10.1097/00042560-199812010-00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Vandamme AM, Salemi M, Van Brussel M, Liu HF, Van Laethem K, Van Ranst M, Michels L, Desmyter J, Goubau P. African origin of human T-lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-2) supported by a potential new HTLV-2d subtype in Congolese Bambuti Efe Pygmies. J Virol 1998; 72:4327-40. [PMID: 9557723 PMCID: PMC109663 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.5.4327-4340.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We identified a potential new subtype within human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-2), HTLV-2d, present in members of an isolated Efe Bambuti Pygmy tribe. Two of 23 Efe Pygmies were HTLV-2 seropositive, with HTLV-2 Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay reactivities. From one of them the entire genome of the HTLV-2 strain Efe2 could be amplified and sequenced. In all gene regions analyzed, this strain was the most divergent HTLV-2 strain, differing by 2.4% (tax/rex) to 10.7% (long terminal repeat) from both subtypes HTLV-2a and HTLV-2b, yet major functional elements are conserved. The similarity between the HTLV-2 Efe2 Gag and Env proteins and the corresponding HTLV-2a and -2b proteins is consistent with the observed serological reactivity. In the proximal pX region, one of the two alternative splice acceptor sites is abolished in HTLV-2 Efe2. Another interesting feature of this potential new subtype is that it has a Tax protein of 344 amino acids (aa), which is intermediate in length between the HTLV-2a Tax protein (331 aa) and the HTLV-2b and -2c Tax proteins (356 aa) and similar to the simian T-cell lymphotropic virus type 2 (STLV-2) PP1664 Tax protein. Together these two findings suggest a different phenotype for the HTLV-2 Efe2 strain. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed that the Pygmy Efe2 strain potentially belonged to a new and quite divergent subtype, HTLV-2d. When the STLV-2 bonobo viruses PP1664 and PanP were used as an outgroup, it was clear that the Pygmy HTLV-2 Efe2 strain had the longest independent evolution and that HTLV-2 evolution is consistent with an African origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Vandamme
- Rega Institute for Medical Research and University Hospitals, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium.
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14
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Suzuki Y, Gojobori T. The origin and evolution of human T-cell lymphotropic virus types I and II. Virus Genes 1998; 16:69-84. [PMID: 9562892 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007953826869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Studies on human T-cell lymphotropic virus types I (HTLV-I) and II (HTLV-II) are briefly reviewed from the viewpoint of molecular evolution, with special reference to the evolutionary rate and evolutionary relationships among these viruses. In particular, it appears that, in contrast to the low level of variability of HTLV-I among different isolates, individual isolates form quasispecies structures. Elucidating the mechanisms connecting these two phenomena will be one of the future problems in the study of the molecular evolution of HTLV-I and HTLV-II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Suzuki
- Center for Information Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
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15
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Murphy EL, Mahieux R, de Thé G, Tekaia F, Ameti D, Horton J, Gessain A. Molecular epidemiology of HTLV-II among United States blood donors and intravenous drug users: an age-cohort effect for HTLV-II RFLP type aO. Virology 1998; 242:425-34. [PMID: 9514966 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1997.9009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Molecular subtyping was used to investigate the epidemiology of human T-lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV-II) in the United States. Nested polymerase chain reaction of the HTLV-II long terminal repeat region followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was performed on HTLV-II seropositive subjects including 97 U.S. blood donors without major risk factors for HTLV-II infection, 53 injection drug users (IDU), and 10 American Indian blood donors. Three new HTLV-II RFLP types were confirmed with DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. HTLV-II RFLP type aO (Switzer classification) was associated with older age [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.06 per year of age, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02-1.09] and with Black (OR 5.24, 95% CI 1.90-14.47) and White (OR 4.43, 95% CI 1.67-11.75) race/ethnicity. These data are consistent with an age-cohort effect for HTLV-II RFLP type aO among older White and Black IDU and blood donors. This finding could be explained by an epidemic of non-aO HTLV-II RFLP types among younger persons of Hispanic and other race/ethnicity, superimposed upon endemic HTLV-II RFLP type aO among older Black and White persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Murphy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco 94143, USA.
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Kazanji M, Ibrahim F, Fiette L, Bomford R, De Thé G. Role of the genetic background of rats in infection by HTLV-I and HTLV-II and in the development of associated diseases. Int J Cancer 1997; 73:131-6. [PMID: 9334820 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19970926)73:1<131::aid-ijc20>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Three aspects of the rat model of HTLV-I/II infection were investigated. (i) The efficacy of HTLV-I-transformed rat cell lines in infecting different strains of rats: WKY and Lewis HTLV-I-transformed cell lines were injected into adult WKY, Lewis and Brown Norway rats, representing syngeneic and allogeneic combinations. The HTLV-I provirus was not detected in peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from these rats 18 weeks after inoculation, showing that HTLV-I-transformed rat cells are not suitable for virus challenge in vaccination experiments. Rats inoculated with Lewis HTLV-I-transformed cells produced an antibody response to HTLV-I, which was higher in allogeneic (WKY and Brown Norway) than in syngeneic rats. (ii) The susceptibility of rats to HTLV-II infection: After human HTLV-II-producing cells (MO) were injected into adult WKY rats, the HTLV-II provirus was detected in PBMC 12 weeks later. Sequencing of a portion of this provirus confirmed its identity with the HTLV-II from MO cells. (iii) The role of MHC haplotype in susceptibility to neurological disease in rats inoculated as newborns with HTLV-I: The hypothesis that the RT-Ik haplotype confers susceptibility was tested by inoculating newborn OKA (RT-Ik), WKY (RT-Il), Lewis (RT-Il) and Fischer 344 (RT-I lvl) rats with human HTLV-I-producing cells (MT-2). Eighteen months later, only the WKY rats showed histological abnormality of the spinal cord, without clinical paralysis. Fischer 344 rats developed cutaneous tumors and OKA rats mammary tumors. The HTLV-I provirus was not detected in these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kazanji
- Unité d'Epidémiologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Goubau P, Vandamme AM, Desmyter J. Questions on the evolution of primate T-lymphotropic viruses raised by molecular and epidemiological studies of divergent strains. JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL RETROVIROLOGY ASSOCIATION 1996; 13 Suppl 1:S242-7. [PMID: 8797730 DOI: 10.1097/00042560-199600001-00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In human and simian T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLV and STLV), collectively referred to as primate T-lymphotropic viruses (PTLV), four distinct clades can be distinguished: PTLV-I, PTLV-II, and the newly discovered divergent STLVs isolated from hamadryas baboons and from bonobos (pygmy chimpanzees). The hamadryas STLV is clearly distinct from types I and II, in terms both of sequence divergence and of genomic structure, and would qualify as a separate type, provisionally called PTLV-L. The bonobo STLV is closer to, although clearly distinct from, PTLV-II, at present known only in humans. While PTLV-II, PTLV-L, and the bonobo STLV appear presently to be species specific, PTLV-I has spread during its evolution through repeated interspecies transmissions between primates and is now present in many species of Old World monkeys and apes and in humans. The human subtypes of PTLV-I arose from at least three acquisitions from separate simian reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Goubau
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospitals, Leuven, Belgium
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Gessain A, de Thé G. Geographic and molecular epidemiology of primate T lymphotropic retroviruses: HTLV-I, HTLV-II, STLV-I, STLV-PP, and PTLV-L. Adv Virus Res 1996; 47:377-426. [PMID: 8895837 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60740-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Gessain
- Département du SIDA et des Rétrovirus, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Gessain A, de Thé G. What is the situation of human T cell lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV-II) in Africa? Origin and dissemination of genomic subtypes. JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL RETROVIROLOGY ASSOCIATION 1996; 13 Suppl 1:S228-35. [PMID: 8797728 DOI: 10.1097/00042560-199600001-00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Human T cell lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV-II) and its two genomic subtypes, A and B, which differ by 3 to 6% at the nucleotide level (depending on the gene studied), were until recently considered to be endemic only in certain Indian tribes in the Americas and were therefore considered mainly as a "New World virus." First, the evidence of HTLV-II antibodies and later characterization of isolates from sex workers or individuals living in large West and Central African cities suggested that HTLV-II subtype A could have been imported recently in Africa. However, the findings of HTLV-II infection in two Pygmy populations living in remote areas of Zaire and Cameroon suggest that HTLV-II might have been in Africa for a very long time. Furthermore, the discovery of HTLV-II subtype B virus in some of these Pygmies, but also in other individuals from Zaire and within a family in Gabon for three generations, confirms the hypothesis of a very ancient presence of this HTLV-II subtype B on the African continent Recent data indicate also that there exist in Central Africa specific HTLV-II divergent strains including an HTLV-II B variant strain in Gabon. In the context of recent evidence for interspecies transmission in Central and West Africa of HTLV-I/simian T cell lymphotropic virus type I (STLV-I) strains, leading to the two major HTLV-I African subtypes, we would like to suggest that some STLV-II (closely related to HTLV-II subtype B) still exist or might have existed in Central/East Africa. The recent finding of quite divergent primate T cell lymphotropic viruses (PTLVs) in several Pygmy chimpanzees of Zairian origin (PTLV-PP1664 and STLV-PP) and in wild-caught baboons in Eritrea, Ethiopia (PTLV-L), also supports the complementary hypothesis of a yet to be discovered new HTLV-II-related virus in humans. Careful study of the indeterminate Western blot patterns present in some populations in Central Africa strongly suggests that such an exciting possibility exists, thus opening new avenues of research on both the history of primate retroviruses and that of early human groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gessain
- Département du SIDA et des Rétrovirus, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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