1
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Yang S, Wu J, Shi Y, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Chen Q. Development of the Blood-Brain Barrier in Ducks. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2022; 28:1-11. [PMID: 35234114 DOI: 10.1017/s143192762200006x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an important internal barrier. Herein, the electron microscope examination of duck BBB was performed during the brain development. Meanwhile, the genes/proteins of tight junctions (TJs) including zonula occludens-1, occludin, and claudin-5 in the duck brain were detected by Q-PCR and immunohistochemistry. The results showed the density of capillaries in the brain gradually increased during the embryonic period. The generation of the BBB and the specialization of its components occurred mainly in the embryonic stage. During this period, the endothelial cells (ECs) became thinner and pinocytic vesicles decreased; the TJs between EC membranes became longer and more electron-dense; the basement membrane surrounding ECs and pericytes gradually thickened; and the astrocyte foot processes appeared to wrap around the vessels. By the day of hatching (P1), the whole set of duck BBB structures was completely assembled and gradually improved in the subsequent growth process. Interestingly, compared with the cerebrum and cerebellum, the maturity level of the midbrain BBB was earlier seen during the embryonic stage. The expression of TJs increased during the embryonic period and remained stable by post-hatching. The study systematically investigated the histochemical and ultrastructural features of duck BBB during development and explored the corresponding relationship between structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province210095, China
| | - Jingxian Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province210095, China
| | - Yonghong Shi
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province210095, China
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Shanghai200241, China
| | - Yufei Huang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province210095, China
| | - Yafei Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province210095, China
| | - Qiusheng Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province210095, China
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2
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Wang S, Ma Q, Qian L, Zhao M, Wang Z, Shi L. Encoding Model for Continuous Motion-sensitive Neurons in the Intermediate and Deep Layers of the Pigeon Optic Tectum. Neuroscience 2022; 484:1-15. [PMID: 34999198 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The intermediate and deep layers of the optic tectum (OT) contain neurons that are sensitive to small continuously moving targets. The sensitivity of these neurons to continuously moving targets suggests directed energy accumulation in the dendrite field of these neurons. Considering that the activation of a single dendrite can induce somatic spikes in vitro, we suggest the mechanism underlying the sequential probability activation of soma. The simulation model of these neurons constructed in combination with the above assumptions qualitatively reproduces the response characteristics of neurons to multi-sized stimuli and continuous sensitivity stimuli observed in physiological experiments. We used the characteristics of continuous motion-sensitive neurons that prefer long-lasting motion and single dendrite activation to induce somatic spikes as the entry point to construct the neuron encoding model. This model will enhance our understanding of the information-processing mechanism of the OT area of bird neurons in perceiving weak targets, and has important theoretical and practical significance for the construction of new brain-like algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songwei Wang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Quangong Ma
- School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Longlong Qian
- School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengyu Zhao
- School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhizhong Wang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li Shi
- School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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3
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Niu X, Huang S, Yang S, Wang Z, Li Z, Shi L. Comparison of pop-out responses to luminance and motion contrasting stimuli of tectal neurons in pigeons. Brain Res 2020; 1747:147068. [PMID: 32827547 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of visual saliency has been widely studied in the primary visual cortex and the superior colliculus (SC) in mammals. There are fewer studies on the pop-out response to motion direction contrasting stimuli taken in the optic tectum (OT, homologous to mammalian SC), and these are mainly of owls and fish. To our knowledge the influence of spatial luminance has not been reported. In this study, we have recorded multi-units in pigeon OT and analyzed the tectal response to spatial luminance contrasting, motion direction contrasting, and contrasting stimuli from both feature dimensions. The comparison results showed that 1) the tectal response would pop-out in either motion direction or spatial luminance contrasting conditions. 2) The modulation from motion direction contrasting was independent of the temporal luminance variation of the visual stimuli. 3) When both spatial luminance and motion direction were salient, the response of tectal neurons was modulated more intensely by motion direction than by spatial luminance. The phenomenon was consistent with the innate instinct of avians in their natural environment. This study will help to deepen the understanding of mechanisms involved in bottom-up visual information processing and selective attention in the avian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Niu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interface Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, ZhengZhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; College of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Shuman Huang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interface Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, ZhengZhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shangfei Yang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interface Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, ZhengZhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhizhong Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interface Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, ZhengZhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhihui Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interface Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, ZhengZhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Li Shi
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interface Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, ZhengZhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100000, China.
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4
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Fernández M, Morales C, Durán E, Fernández‐Colleman S, Sentis E, Mpodozis J, Karten HJ, Marín GJ. Parallel organization of the avian sensorimotor arcopallium: Tectofugal visual pathway in the pigeon (
Columba livia
). J Comp Neurol 2019; 528:597-623. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Máximo Fernández
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Cristian Morales
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Ernesto Durán
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de Chile Santiago Chile
| | | | - Elisa Sentis
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Jorge Mpodozis
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Harvey J. Karten
- Department of Neurosciences, School of MedicineUniversity of California San Diego California
| | - Gonzalo J. Marín
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de Chile Santiago Chile
- Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad Finis Terrae Santiago Chile
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5
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Fernández M, Ahumada‐Galleguillos P, Sentis E, Marín G, Mpodozis J. Intratelencephalic projections of the avian visual dorsal ventricular ridge: Laminarly segregated, reciprocally and topographically organized. J Comp Neurol 2019; 528:321-359. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Máximo Fernández
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Patricio Ahumada‐Galleguillos
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Elisa Sentis
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Gonzalo Marín
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile
- Facultad de Medicina Universidad Finis Terrae Santiago Chile
| | - Jorge Mpodozis
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile
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6
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Deichler A, Carrasco D, Gonzalez-Cabrera C, Letelier JC, Marín G, Mpodozis J. The nucleus pretectalis principalis: A pretectal structure hidden in the mammalian thalamus. J Comp Neurol 2018; 527:372-391. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Deichler
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Chile; Ñuñoa Chile
| | - Denisse Carrasco
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Chile; Ñuñoa Chile
| | - Cristian Gonzalez-Cabrera
- Departamento de Anatomía, Escuela de Medicina; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Juan C. Letelier
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Chile; Ñuñoa Chile
| | - Gonzalo Marín
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Chile; Ñuñoa Chile
- Facultad de Medicina; Universidad Finis Terrae; Santiago Chile
| | - Jorge Mpodozis
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Chile; Ñuñoa Chile
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7
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Abstract
Comparative studies have greatly contributed to our understanding of the organization and function of visual pathways of the brain, including that of humans. This comparative approach is a particularly useful tactic for studying the pulvinar nucleus, an enigmatic structure which comprises the largest territory of the human thalamus. This review focuses on the regions of the mouse pulvinar that receive input from the superior colliculus, and highlights similarities of the tectorecipient pulvinar identified across species. Open questions are discussed, as well as the potential contributions of the mouse model for endeavors to elucidate the function of the pulvinar nucleus.
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8
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Lischka K, Ladel S, Luksch H, Weigel S. Expression patterns of ion channels and structural proteins in a multimodal cell type of the avian optic tectum. J Comp Neurol 2017; 526:412-424. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Simone Ladel
- Chair of Zoology; Technical University of Munich; Freising Germany
| | - Harald Luksch
- Chair of Zoology; Technical University of Munich; Freising Germany
| | - Stefan Weigel
- Chair of Zoology; Technical University of Munich; Freising Germany
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9
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Baldwin MKL, Balaram P, Kaas JH. The evolution and functions of nuclei of the visual pulvinar in primates. J Comp Neurol 2017; 525:3207-3226. [PMID: 28653446 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we outline the history of our current understanding of the organization of the pulvinar complex of mammals. We include more recent evidence from our own studies of both New and Old World monkeys, prosimian galagos, and close relatives of primates, including tree shrews and rodents. Based on cumulative evidence, we provide insights into the possible evolution of the visual pulvinar complex, as well as the possible co-evolution of the inferior pulvinar nuclei and temporal cortical visual areas within the MT complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K L Baldwin
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.,Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Pooja Balaram
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.,Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jon H Kaas
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
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10
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Stacho M, Letzner S, Theiss C, Manns M, Güntürkün O. A GABAergic tecto-tegmento-tectal pathway in pigeons. J Comp Neurol 2016; 524:2886-913. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Stacho
- Department of Biopsychology, Faculty of Psychology, Institute of Cogntive Neuroscience; Ruhr-University Bochum; 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Sara Letzner
- Department of Biopsychology, Faculty of Psychology, Institute of Cogntive Neuroscience; Ruhr-University Bochum; 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Carsten Theiss
- Department of Cytology, Faculty of Medicine; Ruhr-University Bochum; 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Martina Manns
- Department of Biopsychology, Faculty of Psychology, Institute of Cogntive Neuroscience; Ruhr-University Bochum; 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Onur Güntürkün
- Department of Biopsychology, Faculty of Psychology, Institute of Cogntive Neuroscience; Ruhr-University Bochum; 44801 Bochum Germany
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11
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Verhaal J, Luksch H. Neuronal responses to motion and apparent motion in the optic tectum of chickens. Brain Res 2016; 1635:190-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Atoji Y. Gene expression of ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits in the tectofugal pathway of the pigeon. Neuroscience 2016; 316:367-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Abstract
The ability to detect motion is crucial for the survival of animals. In the avian optic tectum, motion-sensitive output neurons in the stratum griseum centrale have large dendritic fields and receive direct retinal input at their distal dendrites (bottlebrush endings). It has been hypothesized that the activation of each ending elicits a burst in the neuron. Thus, an object moving across the receptive field would lead to a fixed number of bursts, independent of movement speed. However, experimental confirmation of this hypothesis is still missing. We measured the response of tectal neurons to moving stimuli in vivo and found that in 'fast-bursting' units (~500 Hz within burst), the number of bursts was independent of stimulus speed. These results indicate that the number of bursts might indeed be related to the sequential activation of the bottlebrush endings by visual stimuli.
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14
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Belekhova MG, Chudinova TV, Rio JP, Tostivint H, Vesselkin NP, Kenigfest NB. Distribution of calcium-binding proteins in the pigeon visual thalamic centers and related pretectal and mesencephalic nuclei. Phylogenetic and functional determinants. Brain Res 2016; 1631:165-93. [PMID: 26638835 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multichannel processing of environmental information constitutes a fundamental basis of functioning of sensory systems in the vertebrate brain. Two distinct parallel visual systems - the tectofugal and thalamofugal exist in all amniotes. The vertebrate central nervous system contains high concentrations of intracellular calcium-binding proteins (CaBPrs) and each of them has a restricted expression pattern in different brain regions and specific neuronal subpopulations. This study aimed at describing the patterns of distribution of parvalbumin (PV) and calbindin (CB) in the visual thalamic and mesencephalic centers of the pigeon (Columba livia). We used a combination of immunohistochemistry and double labeling immunofluorescent technique. Structures studied included the thalamic relay centers involved in the tectofugal (nucleus rotundus, Rot) and thalamofugal (nucleus geniculatus lateralis, pars dorsalis, GLd) visual pathways as well as pretectal, mesencephalic, isthmic and thalamic structures inducing the driver and/or modulatory action to the visual processing. We showed that neither of these proteins was unique to the Rot or GLd. The Rot contained i) numerous PV-immunoreactive (ir) neurons and a dense neuropil, and ii) a few CB-ir neurons mostly located in the anterior dorsal part and associated with a light neuropil. These latter neurons partially overlapped with the former and some of them colocalized both proteins. The distinct subnuclei of the GLd were also characterized by different patterns of distribution of CaBPrs. Some (nucleus dorsolateralis anterior, pars magnocellularis, DLAmc; pars lateralis, DLL; pars rostrolateralis, DLAlr; nucleus lateralis anterior thalami, LA) contained both CB- and PV-ir neurons in different proportions with a predominance of the former in the DLAmc and DLL. The nucleus lateralis dorsalis of nuclei optici principalis thalami only contained PV-ir neurons and a neuropil similar to the interstitial pretectal/thalamic nuclei of the tectothalamic tract, nucleus pretectalis and thalamic reticular nucleus. The overlapping distribution of PV and CB immunoreactivity was typical for the pretectal nucleus lentiformis mesencephali and the nucleus ectomamillaris as well as for the visual isthmic nuclei. The findings are discussed in the light of the contributive role of the phylogenetic and functional factors determining the circuits׳ specificity of the different CaBPr types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita G Belekhova
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neuronal Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 44, Thorez Avenue, 194223 Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Tatiana V Chudinova
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neuronal Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 44, Thorez Avenue, 194223 Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Jean-Paul Rio
- CRICM UPMC/INSERM UMR_S975/CNRS UMR 7225, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47, Bd de l׳Hôpital, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France.
| | - Hérve Tostivint
- CNRS UMR 7221, MNHN USM 0501, Département Régulations, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 7, rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Nikolai P Vesselkin
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neuronal Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 44, Thorez Avenue, 194223 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; Department of Medicine, The State University of Saint-Petersburg, 7-9, Universitetskaya nab., 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Natalia B Kenigfest
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neuronal Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 44, Thorez Avenue, 194223 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; CNRS UMR 7221, MNHN USM 0501, Département Régulations, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 7, rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France.
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15
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Watanabe Y, Yaginuma H. Tangential cell migration during layer formation of chick optic tectum. Dev Growth Differ 2015; 57:539-43. [PMID: 26419493 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The laminated structure of the optic tectum is formed by radial and tangential cell migration during development. Studies of developing chick optic tectum have revealed two streams of tangential cell migration in the middle and superficial layers, which have distinctive origins, migratory paths, modes of migration, and destinations. We will review the process of the two types of tangential migrations, in order to elucidate their roles in the formation of the optic tectum layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Watanabe
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Embryology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yaginuma
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Embryology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
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16
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Wild JM, Gaede AH. Second tectofugal pathway in a songbird (Taeniopygia guttata) revisited: Tectal and lateral pontine projections to the posterior thalamus, thence to the intermediate nidopallium. J Comp Neurol 2015; 524:963-85. [PMID: 26287809 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Birds are almost always said to have two visual pathways from the retina to the telencephalon: thalamofugal terminating in the Wulst, and tectofugal terminating in the entopallium. Often ignored is a second tectofugal pathway that terminates in the nidopallium medial to and separate from the entopallium (e.g., Gamlin and Cohen [1986] J Comp Neurol 250:296-310). Using standard tract-tracing and electroanatomical techniques, we extend earlier evidence of a second tectofugal pathway in songbirds (Wild [1994] J Comp Neurol 349:512-535), by showing that visual projections to nucleus uvaeformis (Uva) of the posterior thalamus in zebra finches extend farther rostrally than to Uva, as generally recognized in the context of the song control system. Projections to "rUva" resulted from injections of biotinylated dextran amine into the lateral pontine nucleus (PL), and led to extensive retrograde labeling of tectal neurons, predominantly in layer 13. Injections in rUva also resulted in extensive retrograde labeling of predominantly layer 13 tectal neurons, retrograde labeling of PL neurons, and anterograde labeling of PL. It thus appears that some tectal neurons could project to rUva and PL via branched axons. Ascending projections of rUva terminated throughout a visually responsive region of the intermediate nidopallium (NI) lying between the nucleus interface medially and the entopallium laterally. Lastly, as shown by Clarke in pigeons ([1977] J Comp Neurol 174:535-552), we found that PL projects to caudal cerebellar folia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Martin Wild
- Department of Anatomy with Radiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrea H Gaede
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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17
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González-Cabrera C, Garrido-Charad F, Mpodozis J, Bolam JP, Marín GJ. Axon terminals from the nucleus isthmi pars parvocellularis control the ascending retinotectofugal output through direct synaptic contact with tectal ganglion cell dendrites. J Comp Neurol 2015. [PMID: 26224333 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The optic tectum in birds and its homologue the superior colliculus in mammals both send major bilateral, nontopographic projections to the nucleus rotundus and caudal pulvinar, respectively. These projections originate from widefield tectal ganglion cells (TGCs) located in layer 13 in the avian tectum and in the lower superficial layers in the mammalian colliculus. The TGCs characteristically have monostratified arrays of brush-like dendritic terminations and respond mostly to bidimensional motion or looming features. In birds, this TGC-mediated tectofugal output is controlled by feedback signals from the nucleus isthmi pars parvocellularis (Ipc). The Ipc neurons display topographically organized axons that densely ramify in restricted columnar terminal fields overlapping various neural elements that could mediate this tectofugal control, including the retinal terminals and the TGC dendrites themselves. Whether the Ipc axons make synaptic contact with these or other tectal neural elements remains undetermined. We double labeled Ipc axons and their presumptive postsynaptic targets in the tectum of chickens (Gallus gallus) with neural tracers and performed an ultrastructural analysis. We found that the Ipc terminal boutons form glomerulus-like structures in the superficial and intermediate tectal layers, establishing asymmetric synapses with several dendritic profiles. In these glomeruli, at least two of the postsynaptic dendrites originated from TGCs. We also found synaptic contacts between retinal terminals and TGC dendrites. These findings suggest that, in birds, Ipc axons control the ascending tectal outflow of retinal signals through direct synaptic contacts with the TGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian González-Cabrera
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Florencia Garrido-Charad
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Jorge Mpodozis
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile
| | - J Paul Bolam
- Medical Research Council Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 2JA, United Kingdom
| | - Gonzalo J Marín
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Finis Terrae, Providencia, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile
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18
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Bayguinov PO, Ghitani N, Jackson MB, Basso MA. A hard-wired priority map in the superior colliculus shaped by asymmetric inhibitory circuitry. J Neurophysiol 2015; 114:662-76. [PMID: 25995346 PMCID: PMC4512250 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00144.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian superior colliculus (SC) is a laminar midbrain structure that translates visual signals into commands to shift the focus of attention and gaze. The SC plays an integral role in selecting targets and ultimately generating rapid eye movements to those targets. In all mammals studied to date, neurons in the SC are arranged topographically such that the location of visual stimuli and the endpoints of orienting movements form organized maps in superficial and deeper layers, respectively. The organization of these maps is thought to underlie attentional priority by assessing which regions of the visual field contain behaviorally relevant information. Using voltage imaging and patch-clamp recordings in parasagittal SC slices from the rat, we found the synaptic circuitry of the visuosensory map in the SC imposes a strong bias. Voltage imaging of responses to electrical stimulation revealed more spread in the caudal direction than the rostral direction. Pharmacological experiments demonstrated that this asymmetry arises from GABAA receptor activation rostral to the site of stimulation. Patch-clamp recordings confirmed this rostrally directed inhibitory circuit and showed that it is contained within the visuosensory layers of the SC. Stimulation of two sites showed that initial stimulation of a caudal site can take priority over subsequent stimulation of a rostral site. Taken together, our data indicate that the circuitry of the visuosensory SC is hard-wired to give higher priority to more peripheral targets, and this property is conferred by a uniquely structured, dedicated inhibitory circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter O Bayguinov
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Nima Ghitani
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Meyer B Jackson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Michele A Basso
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, The Brain Research Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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19
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Ahumada-Galleguillos P, Fernández M, Marin GJ, Letelier JC, Mpodozis J. Anatomical organization of the visual dorsal ventricular ridge in the chick (Gallus gallus): Layers and columns in the avian pallium. J Comp Neurol 2015; 523:2618-36. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Ahumada-Galleguillos
- Departamento de Biologia; Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute; Anatomy and Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Máximo Fernández
- Departamento de Biologia; Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Gonzalo J. Marin
- Departamento de Biologia; Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
- Facultad de Medicina; Universidad Finis Terrae; Santiago Chile
| | - Juan C. Letelier
- Departamento de Biologia; Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Jorge Mpodozis
- Departamento de Biologia; Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
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20
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González-Cabrera C, Garrido-Charad F, Roth A, Marín GJ. The isthmic nuclei providing parallel feedback connections to the avian tectum have different neurochemical identities: Expression of glutamatergic and cholinergic markers in the chick (Gallus gallus). J Comp Neurol 2015; 523:1341-58. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alejandro Roth
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Gonzalo J. Marín
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile; Santiago Chile
- Faculty of Medicine, University Finis Terrae; Santiago Chile
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21
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Rosa Salva O, Mayer U, Vallortigara G. Roots of a social brain: Developmental models of emerging animacy-detection mechanisms. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 50:150-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Vega-Zuniga T, Mpodozis J, Karten HJ, Marín G, Hain S, Luksch H. Morphology, projection pattern, and neurochemical identity of Cajal's "centrifugal neurons": the cells of origin of the tectoventrogeniculate pathway in pigeon (Columba livia) and chicken (Gallus gallus). J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:2377-96. [PMID: 24435811 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The nucleus geniculatus lateralis pars ventralis (GLv) is a prominent retinal target in all amniotes. In birds, it is in receipt of a dense and topographically organized retinal projection. The GLv is also the target of substantial and topographically organized projections from the optic tectum and the visual wulst (hyperpallium). Tectal and retinal afferents terminate homotopically within the external GLv-neuropil. Efferents from the GLv follow a descending course through the tegmentum and can be traced into the medial pontine nucleus. At present, the cells of origin of the Tecto-GLv projection are only partially described. Here we characterized the laminar location, morphology, projection pattern, and neurochemical identity of these cells by means of neural tracer injections and intracellular fillings in slice preparations and extracellular tracer injections in vivo. The Tecto-GLv projection arises from a distinct subset of layer 10 bipolar neurons, whose apical dendrites show a complex transverse arborization at the level of layer 7. Axons of these bipolar cells arise from the apical dendrites and follow a course through the optic tract to finally form very fine and restricted terminal endings inside the GLv-neuropil. Double-label experiments showed that these bipolar cells were choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-immunoreactive. Our results strongly suggest that Tecto-GLv neurons form a pathway by which integrated tectal activity rapidly feeds back to the GLv and exerts a focal cholinergic modulation of incoming retinal inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Vega-Zuniga
- Lehrstuhl für Zoologie, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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23
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Krabichler Q, Vega-Zuniga T, Morales C, Luksch H, Marín GJ. The visual system of a Palaeognathous bird: Visual field, retinal topography and retino-central connections in the Chilean Tinamou (Nothoprocta perdicaria). J Comp Neurol 2014; 523:226-50. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Quirin Krabichler
- Chair of Zoology, Technische Universität München; Freising-Weihenstephan Germany
| | - Tomas Vega-Zuniga
- Chair of Zoology, Technische Universität München; Freising-Weihenstephan Germany
| | - Cristian Morales
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología y Biología del Conocer; Departamento de Biología; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Chile; Santiago de Chile Chile
| | - Harald Luksch
- Chair of Zoology, Technische Universität München; Freising-Weihenstephan Germany
| | - Gonzalo J. Marín
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología y Biología del Conocer; Departamento de Biología; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Chile; Santiago de Chile Chile
- Facultad de Medicina; Universidad Finis Terrae; Santiago de Chile Chile
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24
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Li L, Zhang W, Chai X, Zhang Q, Xie J, Chen S, Zhao S. Neuronal maturation and laminar formation in the chicken optic tectum are accompanied by the transition of phosphorylated cofilin from cytoplasm to nucleus. Gene Expr Patterns 2014; 16:75-85. [PMID: 25290739 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Laminar formation in the chicken optic tectum requires processes that coordinate proliferation, migration and differentiation of neurons, in which the dynamics of actin filaments are crucial. Cofilin plays pivotal roles in regulating actin arrangement via its phosphorylation on Ser3. Given poor studies on the profile of phosphorylated cofilin (p-cofilin) in the developing tectum, we investigated its expression pattern. As determined by immunofluorescence histochemistry and western blotting, p-cofilin could be detected in most tectal layers except for the neural epithelium. In addition, we found p-cofilin was expressed both in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. During development, the expression of the cytoplasmic p-cofilin was decreasing and the nuclear p-cofilin was gradually increasing, but the total level of p-cofilin was down regulated. Double-labeling experiments revealed that the nuclear p-cofilin could be labeled in mature neurons but undetected in immature neurons. Furthermore, the number of cells co-stained with nuclear p-cofilin and NeuN was up-regulated during lamination and 60% cells were detected to be mature neurons that can express nuclear p-cofilin just at the first appearance of completed laminae. Our results demonstrate that the maturation of neurons is accompanied by this cytoplasm-to-nucleus transition of p-cofilin, and the nuclear p-cofilin can work effectively as a marker in the laminar formation of the chicken optic tectum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuejun Chai
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiongfang Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Shulin Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Shanting Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China.
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25
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Gutiérrez-Ibáñez C, Iwaniuk AN, Moore BA, Fernández-Juricic E, Corfield JR, Krilow JM, Kolominsky J, Wylie DR. Mosaic and concerted evolution in the visual system of birds. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90102. [PMID: 24621573 PMCID: PMC3951201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Two main models have been proposed to explain how the relative size of neural structures varies through evolution. In the mosaic evolution model, individual brain structures vary in size independently of each other, whereas in the concerted evolution model developmental constraints result in different parts of the brain varying in size in a coordinated manner. Several studies have shown variation of the relative size of individual nuclei in the vertebrate brain, but it is currently not known if nuclei belonging to the same functional pathway vary independently of each other or in a concerted manner. The visual system of birds offers an ideal opportunity to specifically test which of the two models apply to an entire sensory pathway. Here, we examine the relative size of 9 different visual nuclei across 98 species of birds. This includes data on interspecific variation in the cytoarchitecture and relative size of the isthmal nuclei, which has not been previously reported. We also use a combination of statistical analyses, phylogenetically corrected principal component analysis and evolutionary rates of change on the absolute and relative size of the nine nuclei, to test if visual nuclei evolved in a concerted or mosaic manner. Our results strongly indicate a combination of mosaic and concerted evolution (in the relative size of nine nuclei) within the avian visual system. Specifically, the relative size of the isthmal nuclei and parts of the tectofugal pathway covary across species in a concerted fashion, whereas the relative volume of the other visual nuclei measured vary independently of one another, such as that predicted by the mosaic model. Our results suggest the covariation of different neural structures depends not only on the functional connectivity of each nucleus, but also on the diversity of afferents and efferents of each nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew N. Iwaniuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Bret A. Moore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Esteban Fernández-Juricic
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jeremy R. Corfield
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Justin M. Krilow
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Canada
| | | | - Douglas R. Wylie
- Centre for Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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26
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Hu M, Takayanagi M, Naito J. Morphological properties of tectal neurons that project to the nucleus geniculatus lateralis, pars ventralis (GLv) and the surrounding ventral thalamus in chicks. Tissue Cell 2014; 46:103-11. [PMID: 24411713 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Layer 10 neurons of the chick tectum were morphologically investigated. The layer 10 neurons displayed heterogeneous immunoreactivities to calcium-binding proteins (CaBPs). Calbindin (CB)-immunoreactive (ir) neurons had pyramidal or round somata, primarily found in layers 5, 9, and 13. Parvalbumin (PV)-ir neurons were of various shapes with small to large somata (109.7±48.6μm(2)) that were located mainly in layers 4 and 10. Calretinin (CR)-ir neurons had small to middle-sized somata (79.3±9.7μm(2)) located primarily in layers 10 and 13, and most of them were similar to typical radial cells in size and shape. Two distinct types of neurons that projected to the nucleus geniculatus lateralis, pars ventralis (GLv) and ventral thalamus were demonstrated in layer 10. Type 1 cells had small to middle-sized somata (74.3±33μm(2)), and each cell had a single apical dendrite that ramified into bush-like branches in layer 7. These cells corresponded to CR-ir neurons and radial cells in size and shape. Type 2 cells had larger somata (124.7±52.6μm(2)), and their shapes were pyramidal, polygonal, or oval. They had multiple obliquely ascending dendrites that ramified into bush-like branches in layer 7. These cells often appeared similar to PV-ir neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hu
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Teikyo University of Science, Uenohara 2525, Yamanashi 409-0193, Japan; College of Animal Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China.
| | - M Takayanagi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Ohmori-Nishi 5-21-16, Ohta-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan.
| | - J Naito
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Teikyo University of Science, Uenohara 2525, Yamanashi 409-0193, Japan.
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27
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Belekhova MG, Chudinova TV, Kenigfest NB. Calcium-binding proteins and cytochrome oxidase activity in the turtle optic tectum with special reference to the tectofugal visual pathway. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093013050083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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28
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Decoding synchronized oscillations within the brain: Phase-delayed inhibition provides a robust mechanism for creating a sharp synchrony filter. J Theor Biol 2013; 334:13-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2013.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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29
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Baldwin MKL, Balaram P, Kaas JH. Projections of the superior colliculus to the pulvinar in prosimian galagos (Otolemur garnettii) and VGLUT2 staining of the visual pulvinar. J Comp Neurol 2013; 521:1664-82. [PMID: 23124867 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An understanding of the organization of the pulvinar complex in prosimian primates has been somewhat elusive due to the lack of clear architectonic divisions. In the current study we reveal features of the organization of the pulvinar complex in galagos by examining superior colliculus (SC) projections to this structure and comparing them with staining patterns of the vesicular glutamate transporter, VGLUT2. Cholera toxin subunit β (CTB), Fluoro-ruby (FR), and wheat germ agglutinin conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) were placed in topographically different locations within the SC. Our results showed multiple topographically organized patterns of projections from the SC to several divisions of the pulvinar complex. At least two topographically distributed projections were found within the lateral region of the pulvinar complex, and two less obvious topographical projection patterns were found within the caudomedial region, in zones that stain darkly for VGLUT2. The results, considered in relation to recent observations in tree shrews and squirrels, suggest that parts of the organizational scheme of the pulvinar complex in primates are present in rodents and other mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K L Baldwin
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, USA
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30
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Lever M, Brand-Saberi B, Theiss C. Neurogenesis, gliogenesis and the developing chicken optic tectum: an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analysis. Brain Struct Funct 2013; 219:1009-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-013-0550-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Patel M, Reed M. Stimulus encoding within the barn owl optic tectum using gamma oscillations vs. spike rate: a modeling approach. NETWORK (BRISTOL, ENGLAND) 2013; 24:52-74. [PMID: 23406211 DOI: 10.3109/0954898x.2013.763405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The optic tectum of the barn owl is a multimodal structure with multiple layers, with each layer topographically organized according to spatial receptive field. The response of a site to a stimulus can be measured as either spike rate or local field potential (LFP) gamma (25-90 Hz) power; within superficial layers, spike rate and gamma power spatial tuning curves are narrow and contrast-response functions rise slowly. Within deeper layers, however, spike rate tuning curves broaden and gamma power contrast-response functions sharpen. In this work, we employ a computational model to describe the inputs required to generate these transformations from superficial to deep layers and show that gamma power and spike rate can act as parallel information processing streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mainak Patel
- Department of Mathematics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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32
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Fredes F, Vega-Zuniga T, Karten H, Mpodozis J. Bilateral and ipsilateral ascending tectopulvinar pathways in mammals: a study in the squirrel (Spermophilus beecheyi). J Comp Neurol 2012; 520:1800-18. [PMID: 22120503 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian pulvinar complex is a collection of dorsal thalamic nuclei related to several visual and integrative processes. Previous studies have shown that the superficial layers of the superior colliculus project to multiple divisions of the pulvinar complex. Although most of these works agree about the existence of an ipsilateral tectopulvinar projection arising from the stratum griseum superficialis, some others report a bilateral projection originating from this same tectal layer. We investigated the organization of the tectopulvinar projections in the Californian ground squirrel using cholera toxin B (CTb). We confirmed previous studies showing that the caudal pulvinar of the squirrel receives a massive bilateral projection originating from a specific cell population located in the superficial collicular layers (SGS3, also called the "lower SGS" or "SGSL"). We found that this projection shares striking structural similarities with the tectorotundal pathway of birds and reptiles. Morphology of the collicular cells originating this projection closely corresponds to that of the bottlebrush tectal cells described previously for chickens and squirrels. In addition, we found that the rostral pulvinar receives an exclusively ipsilateral projection from a spatially separate population of collicular cells located at the base of the stratum opticum, deeper than the cells projecting to the caudal pulvinar. These results strongly support, at a structural level, the homology of the pathway originating in the SGS3 collicular cells upon the caudal pulvinar with the tectorotundal pathway of nonmammalian amniotes and contribute to clarifying the general organization of the tectopulvinar pathways in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Fredes
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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33
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Abstract
Spatial attention enables the brain to analyse and evaluate information selectively from a specific location in space, a capacity essential for any animal to behave adaptively in a complex world. We usually think of spatial attention as being controlled by a frontoparietal network in the forebrain. However, emerging evidence shows that a midbrain network also plays a critical role in controlling spatial attention. Moreover, the highly differentiated, retinotopic organization of the midbrain network, especially in birds, makes it amenable to detailed analysis with modern techniques that can elucidate circuit, cellular and synaptic mechanisms of attention. The following review discusses the role of the midbrain network in controlling attention, the neural circuits that support this role and current knowledge about the computations performed by these circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric I Knudsen
- Department of Neurobiology, 299 Campus Dr., Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5125, USA.
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34
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Abstract
Karten's neocortex hypothesis holds that many component cell populations of the sauropsid dorsal ventricular ridge (DVR) are homologous to particular cell populations in layers of auditory and visual tectofugal-recipient neocortex of mammals (i.e., temporal neocortex), as well as to some amygdaloid populations. The claustroamygdalar hypothesis, based on gene expression domains, proposes that mammalian homologues of DVR are found in the claustrum, endopiriform nuclei, and/or pallial amygdala. Because hypotheses of homology need to account for the totality of the evidence, the available data on multiple forebrain features of sauropsids and mammals are reviewed here. While some genetic data are compatible with the claustroamygdalar hypothesis, and developmental (epigenetic) data are indecisive, hodological, morphological, and topographical data favor the neocortex hypothesis and are inconsistent with the claustroamygdalar hypothesis. Detailed studies of gene signaling cascades that establish neuronal cell-type identity in DVR, tectofugal-recipient neocortex, and claustroamygdala will be needed to resolve this debate about the evolution of neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann B Butler
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA.
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35
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Sridharan D, Boahen K, Knudsen EI. Space coding by gamma oscillations in the barn owl optic tectum. J Neurophysiol 2011; 105:2005-17. [PMID: 21325681 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00965.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-band (25-140 Hz) oscillations of the local field potential (LFP) are evoked by sensory stimuli in the mammalian forebrain and may be strongly modulated in amplitude when animals attend to these stimuli. The optic tectum (OT) is a midbrain structure known to contribute to multimodal sensory processing, gaze control, and attention. We found that presentation of spatially localized stimuli, either visual or auditory, evoked robust gamma oscillations with distinctive properties in the superficial (visual) layers and in the deep (multimodal) layers of the owl's OT. Across layers, gamma power was tuned sharply for stimulus location and represented space topographically. In the superficial layers, induced LFP power peaked strongly in the low-gamma band (25-90 Hz) and increased gradually with visual contrast across a wide range of contrasts. Spikes recorded in these layers included presumptive axonal (input) spikes that encoded stimulus properties nearly identically with gamma oscillations and were tightly phase locked with the oscillations, suggesting that they contribute to the LFP oscillations. In the deep layers, induced LFP power was distributed across the low and high (90-140 Hz) gamma-bands and tended to reach its maximum value at relatively low visual contrasts. In these layers, gamma power was more sharply tuned for stimulus location, on average, than were somatic spike rates, and somatic spikes synchronized with gamma oscillations. Such gamma synchronized discharges of deep-layer neurons could provide a high-resolution temporal code for signaling the location of salient sensory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devarajan Sridharan
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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36
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Chudinova TV, Kenigfest NB, Belekhova MG. Components of the pigeon tectothalamic visual pathway, revealed with aid of study of cytochrome oxidase activity and immunoreactivity to calcium-binding proteins. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093010060113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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37
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Belekhova MG, Kenigfest NB, Chudinova TV. Activity of cytochrome oxidase in centers of tectofugal and thalamofugal tracts of the visual system of pigeon Columbia livia. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093011010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Fredes F, Tapia S, Letelier JC, Marín G, Mpodozis J. Topographic arrangement of the rotundo-entopallial projection in the pigeon (Columba livia). J Comp Neurol 2011; 518:4342-61. [PMID: 20853511 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The tectofugal pathway (retina--optic tectum--nucleus rotundus--entopallium) is a prominent route mediating visual discrimination in diurnal birds. Several lines of evidence have shown that at the tecto-rotundal stage this pathway is composed of multiple parallel channels. Anatomical studies show that the nucleus rotundus is composed of at least four subdivisions, according to differences in cytoarchitectonic, histochemical, and hodological properties. Each of these subdivisions is in receipt of a highly convergent, nontopographic tectal projection, originating from a distinct subset of tecto-rotundal neurons. Physiological studies show that neurons of different subdivisions respond specifically to different visual dimensions, such as color, luminance, two-dimensional motion, and in-depth motion. At present it is less clear whether or to what extent this channel segregation is preserved at the telencephalic stage of the tectofugal pathway. The entopallium shows no obvious subdivisions or laminations. Nevertheless, tract-tracing experiments show that separate portions of the entopallium receive efferent projections from different rotundal subdivisions, in a way that maintains the rostrocaudal order of these subdivisions. In the present study we investigate in detail the topography of the rotundo-entopallial projection by means of anterograde and retrograde neuronal tracers. Our results confirm the zonal topography proposed by previous studies and indicate that each zone in the entopallium receives a direct and topographically organized projection from its corresponding rotundal subdivision. These results suggest that the spatial arrangement of the different rotundal functional modules is preserved at the entopallial level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Fredes
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Dellen B, Wessel R, Clark JW, Wörgötter F. Motion processing with wide-field neurons in the retino-tecto-rotundal pathway. J Comput Neurosci 2010; 28:47-64. [PMID: 19795201 PMCID: PMC2825320 DOI: 10.1007/s10827-009-0186-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Revised: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The retino-tecto-rotundal pathway is the main visual pathway in non-mammalian vertebrates and has been found to be highly involved in visual processing. Despite the extensive receptive fields of tectal and rotundal wide-field neurons, pattern discrimination tasks suggest a system with high spatial resolution. In this paper, we address the problem of how global processing performed by motion-sensitive wide-field neurons can be brought into agreement with the concept of a local analysis of visual stimuli. As a solution to this problem, we propose a firing-rate model of the retino-tecto-rotundal pathway which describes how spatiotemporal information can be organized and retained by tectal and rotundal wide-field neurons while processing Fourier-based motion in absence of periodic receptive-field structures. The model incorporates anatomical and electrophysiological experimental data on tectal and rotundal neurons, and the basic response characteristics of tectal and rotundal neurons to moving stimuli are captured by the model cells. We show that local velocity estimates may be derived from rotundal-cell responses via superposition in a subsequent processing step. Experimentally testable predictions which are both specific and characteristic to the model are provided. Thus, a conclusive explanation can be given of how the retino-tecto-rotundal pathway enables the animal to detect and localize moving objects or to estimate its self-motion parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babette Dellen
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Max-Planck-Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Bunsenstrasse 10, 37073 Göttingen, Germany.
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40
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Chomsung RD, Petry HM, Bickford ME. Ultrastructural examination of diffuse and specific tectopulvinar projections in the tree shrew. J Comp Neurol 2008; 510:24-46. [PMID: 18615501 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Two pathways from the superior colliculus (SC) to the tree shrew pulvinar nucleus have been described, one in which the axons terminate in dense (or specific) patches and one in which the axon arbors are more diffusely organized (Luppino et al. [1988] J. Comp. Neurol. 273:67-86). As predicted by Lyon et al. ([2003] J. Comp. Neurol. 467:593-606), we found that anterograde labeling of the diffuse tectopulvinar pathway terminated in the acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-rich dorsal pulvinar (Pd), whereas the specific pathway terminated in the AChE-poor central pulvinar (Pc). Injections of retrograde tracers in Pd labeled non-gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic wide-field vertical cells located in the lower stratum griseum superficiale and stratum opticum of the medial SC, whereas injections in Pc labeled similar cells in more lateral regions. At the ultrastructural level, we found that tectopulvinar terminals in both Pd and Pc contact primarily non-GABAergic dendrites. When present, however, synaptic contacts on GABAergic profiles were observed more frequently in Pc (31% of all contacts) compared with Pd (16%). Terminals stained for the type 2 vesicular glutamate transporter, a potential marker of tectopulvinar terminals, also contacted more GABAergic profiles in Pc (19%) compared with Pd (4%). These results provide strong evidence for the division of the tree shrew pulvinar into two distinct tectorecipient zones. The potential functions of these pathways are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranida D Chomsung
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
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41
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Calcium-binding proteins label functional streams of the visual system in a songbird. Brain Res Bull 2008; 75:348-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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42
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Fedtsova N, Quina LA, Wang S, Turner EE. Regulation of the development of tectal neurons and their projections by transcription factors Brn3a and Pax7. Dev Biol 2008; 316:6-20. [PMID: 18280463 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2007] [Revised: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The rostral part of the dorsal midbrain, known as the superior colliculus in mammals or the optic tectum in birds, receives a substantial retinal input and plays a diverse and important role in sensorimotor integration. However, little is known about the development of specific subtypes of neurons in the tectum, particularly those which contribute tectofugal projections to the thalamus, isthmic region, and hindbrain. Here we show that two homeodomain transcription factors, Brn3a and Pax7, are expressed in mutually exclusive patterns in the developing and mature avian midbrain. Neurons expressing these factors are generated at characteristic developmental times, and have specific laminar fates within the tectum. In mice expressing betagalactosidase targeted to the Pou4f1 (Brn3a) locus, Brn3a-expressing neurons contribute to the ipsilateral but not the contralateral tectofugal projections to the hindbrain. Using misexpression of Brn3a and Pax7 by electroporation in the chick tectum, combined with GFP reporters, we show that Brn3a determines the laminar fate of subsets of tectal neurons. Furthermore, Brn3a regulates the development of neurons contributing to specific ascending and descending tectofugal pathways, while Pax7 globally represses the development of tectofugal projections to nearly all brain structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Fedtsova
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0603, USA
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43
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Dudkin EA, Sheffield JB, Gruberg ER. Combining visual information from the two eyes: the relationship between isthmotectal cells that project to ipsilateral and to contralateral optic tectum using fluorescent retrograde labels in the frog, Rana pipiens. J Comp Neurol 2007; 502:38-54. [PMID: 17335048 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The frog nucleus isthmi (homolog of the mammalian parabigeminal nucleus) is a visually responsive tegmental structure that is reciprocally connected with the ipsilateral optic tectum; cells in nucleus isthmi also project to the contralateral optic tectum. We investigated the location of the isthmotectal cells that project ipsilaterally and contralaterally using three retrograde fluorescent label solutions: Alexa Fluor 488 10,000 mw dextran conjugate; Rhodamine B isothiocyanate; and Nuclear Yellow. Dye solutions were pressure-injected into separate sites in the superficial optic tectum. Following a 6-day survival, brains were fixed, sectioned, and then photographed. Injection of the different labels at separate, discrete locations in the optic tectum result in retrograde filling of singly labeled clusters of cells in both the ipsilateral and contralateral nucleus isthmi. Generally, ipsilaterally projecting cells are dorsal to the contralaterally projecting cells, but there is a slight overlap between the two sets of cells. Nonetheless, when different retrograde labels are injected into opposite tecta, there is no indication that individual cells project to both tecta. The set of cells that project to the ipsilateral tectum and the set of cells that project to the contralateral tectum form a visuotopic map in a roughly vertical, transverse slab. Our results suggest that nucleus isthmi can be separated into two regions with cells in the dorsolateral portion projecting primarily to the ipsilateral optic tectum and cells in the ventrolateral nucleus isthmi projecting primarily to the contralateral optic tectum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Dudkin
- Division of Science, Pennsylvania State University, Media, Pennsylvania 19063, USA.
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44
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Khanbabaie R, Mahani AS, Wessel R. Contextual Interaction of GABAergic Circuitry With Dynamic Synapses. J Neurophysiol 2007; 97:2802-11. [PMID: 17251366 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00918.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual context shapes human perception, yet our understanding of this phenomenon in terms of synaptic circuitry is still rudimentary. Our in vitro experiments with avian tectum reveal two distinct GABAergic pathways that mediate the spatiotemporal tectal interaction of retinal inputs. One pathway mediates postsynaptic lateral inhibition. The other pathway interacts with the synaptic depression of retinotectal synapses. Simulations of an experimentally constrained model including the two pathways reproduce the observed avian tectum wide-field neuron's sensitivity to small and moving stimuli, while being insensitive to whole-field motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Khanbabaie
- Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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45
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Yamagata M, Weiner JA, Dulac C, Roth KA, Sanes JR. Labeled lines in the retinotectal system: markers for retinorecipient sublaminae and the retinal ganglion cell subsets that innervate them. Mol Cell Neurosci 2006; 33:296-310. [PMID: 16978878 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2006.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2006] [Revised: 07/31/2006] [Accepted: 08/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Axons of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) carry visual information to the brain. In most vertebrates, the major synaptic target of RGCs is the optic tectum. In the chick, RGC axons form synapses in just 4 of 16 histologically recognizable laminae (the retinorecipient laminae [RRLs]), and arbors of individual RGCs are confined to a single RRL. To analyze the development and function of these parallel pathways, markers are required that selectively label them. Here, we have identified molecular markers for individual RRLs and for RGCs that project to them. Some of the markers may mediate or modulate signaling through the separate pathways: neuropeptides (substance P, neuromedin B, somatostatin-I and -II) and their receptors (substance P receptor), neurotransmitter synthetic enzymes (choline acetyltransferase) and the corresponding receptors (acetylcholine receptor beta2) and calcium-binding proteins (parvalbumin and calbindin). Other markers are adhesive proteins that could mediate selective connectivity of RGC subsets within specific RRLs (cadherin-7, cadherin-11, reelin and neuropilin-1). We further show that RGC subsets whose axons project to specific RRLs are heterogeneous with respect to the retinal sublaminae within which their dendrites arborize. Our results define laminar-specified circuits from retina to brain and support a model in which RGCs transmit information from multiple sources to single central laminae, where it can be integrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Yamagata
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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46
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Mahani AS, Khanbabaie R, Luksch H, Wessel R. Sparse spatial sampling for the computation of motion in multiple stages. BIOLOGICAL CYBERNETICS 2006; 94:276-87. [PMID: 16402243 DOI: 10.1007/s00422-005-0046-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2005] [Accepted: 11/28/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The avian retino-tecto-rotundal pathway plays a central role in motion analysis and features complex connectivity. Yet, the relation between the pathway's structural arrangement and motion computation has remained elusive. For an important type of tectal wide-field neuron, the stratum griseum centrale type I (SGC-I) neuron, we quantified its structure and found a spatially sparse but extensive sampling of the retinal projection. A computational investigation revealed that these structural properties enhance the neuron's sensitivity to change, a behaviorally important stimulus attribute, while preserving information about the stimulus location in the SGC-I population activity. Furthermore, the SGC-I neurons project with an interdigitating topography to the nucleus rotundus, where the direction of motion is computed. We showed that, for accurate direction-of-motion estimation, the interdigitating projection of tectal wide-field neurons requires a two-stage rotundal algorithm, where the second rotundal stage estimates the direction of motion from the change in the relative stimulus position represented in the first stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza S Mahani
- Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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47
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Wang Y, Luksch H, Brecha NC, Karten HJ. Columnar projections from the cholinergic nucleus isthmi to the optic tectum in chicks (Gallus gallus): a possible substrate for synchronizing tectal channels. J Comp Neurol 2006; 494:7-35. [PMID: 16304683 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The cholinergic division of the avian nucleus isthmi, the homolog of the mammalian nucleus parabigeminalis, is composed of the pars parvocellularis (Ipc) and pars semilunaris (SLu). Ipc and SLu were studied with in vivo and in vitro tracing and intracellular filling methods. 1) Both nuclei have reciprocal homotopic connections with the ipsilateral optic tectum. The SLu connection is more diffuse than that of Ipc. 2) Tectal inputs to Ipc and SLu are Brn3a-immunoreactive neurons in the inner sublayer of layer 10. Tectal neurons projecting on Ipc possess "shepherd's crook" axons and radial dendritic fields in layers 2-13. 3) Neurons in the mid-portion of Ipc possess a columnar spiny dendritic field. SLu neurons have a large, nonoriented spiny dendritic field. 4) Ipc terminals form a cylindrical brush-like arborization (35-50 microm wide) in layers 2-10, with extremely dense boutons in layers 3-6, and a diffuse arborization in layers 11-13. SLu neurons terminate in a wider column (120-180 microm wide) lacking the dust-like boutonal features of Ipc and extend in layers 4c-13 with dense arborizations in layers 4c, 6, and 9-13. 5) Ipc and SLu contain specialized fast potassium ion channels. We propose that dense arborizations of Ipc axons may be directed to the distal dendritic bottlebrushes of motion detecting tectal ganglion cells (TGCs). They may provide synchronous activation of a group of adjacent bottlebrushes of different TGCs of the same type via their intralaminar processes, and cross channel activation of different types of TGCs within the same column of visual space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92093-0608, USA
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48
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Abstract
Early 20th-century comparative anatomists regarded the avian telencephalon as largely consisting of a hypertrophied basal ganglia, with thalamotelencephalic circuitry thus being taken to be akin to thalamostriatal circuitry in mammals. Although this view has been disproved for more than 40 years, only with the recent replacement of the old telencephalic terminology that perpetuated this view by a new terminology reflecting more accurate understanding of avian brain organization has the modern view of avian forebrain organization begun to become more widely appreciated. The modern view, reviewed in the present article, recognizes that the avian basal ganglia occupies no more of the telencephalon than is typically the case in mammals, and that it plays a role in motor control and motor learning as in mammals. Moreover, the vast majority of the telencephalon in birds is pallial in nature and, as true of cerebral cortex in mammals, provides the substrate for the substantial perceptual and cognitive abilities evident among birds. While the evolutionary relationship of the pallium of the avian telencephalon and its thalamic input to mammalian cerebral cortex and its thalamic input remains a topic of intense interest, the evidence currently favors the view that they had a common origin from forerunners in the stem amniotes ancestral to birds and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Reiner
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA.
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49
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Wu LQ, Niu YQ, Yang J, Wang SR. Tectal neurons signal impending collision of looming objects in the pigeon. Eur J Neurosci 2006; 22:2325-31. [PMID: 16262670 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04397.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although the optic tectum in non-mammals and its mammalian homolog, the superior colliculus, are involved in avoidance behaviors, whether and how tectal neurons respond to an object approaching on a collision course towards the animal remain unclear. Here we show by single unit recording that there exist three classes of looming-sensitive neurons in the pigeon tectal layer 13, which sends looming information to the nucleus rotundus or to the tectopontine system. The response onset time of tau cells is approximately constant whereas that for rho and eta cells depends on the square root of the diameter/velocity ratio of objects looming towards the animal, the cardioacceleration of which is also linearly related to the square root of this ratio. The receptive field of tectal cells is composed of an excitatory center and an inhibitory periphery, and this periphery does not inhibit responses to looming stimuli. These results suggest that three classes of tectal neurons are specified for detecting an object approaching on a collision course towards the animal, and that rho and eta cells may signal early warning of impending collision whereas tau cells initiate avoidance responses at a constant time before collision through the tectopontine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Qing Wu
- Laboratory for Visual Information Processing, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
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50
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Metzger M, Britto LRG, Toledo CAB. Monoaminergic markers in the optic tectum of the domestic chick. Neuroscience 2006; 141:1747-60. [PMID: 16781819 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2005] [Revised: 04/15/2006] [Accepted: 05/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The avian optic tectum has become a reliable model system to study the basic mechanisms that underlie the computation of visual stimuli. Many aspects of its cytoarchitecture, chemoarchitecture, connectivity and development are thoroughly characterized. However, knowledge about its monoaminergic innervation is still incomplete. As a prerequisite to understand a possible functional role of the monoaminergic neurotransmitters, the serotonergic, noradrenergic, and dopaminergic innervation of the optic tectum as well as the distribution of serotonin 2A receptors, the dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein DARPP-32 and calbindin D-28K was studied in domestic chicks by immunohistochemical techniques. Serotonergic, noradrenergic, and tyrosine hydroxylase positive axons and axon terminals were present in all layers of the optic tectum. Generally, the highest densities of serotonergic, noradrenergic, and tyrosine hydroxylase positive fibers were found in the superficial tectal layers 1-8, whereas only moderate densities of serotonergic, noradrenergic, and tyrosine hydroxylase positive fibers became obvious in the deep tectal layers 9-15. Serotonergic fibers were particularly abundant in layers 4, 5a and 7 and serotonin 2A receptors in layer 13. Noradrenergic fibers were densest in layers 4 and 5a, whereas tyrosine hydroxylase positive fibers showed a slightly different distribution pattern with additional dense labeling in layer 7. As revealed by double-labeling immunohistochemistry, serotonergic fibers were closely related to the cell bodies of calbindin-positive horizontal cells in layer 5b and tyrosine hydroxylase positive fibers often contacted DARPP-32+ dendritic shafts in layers 9 and 10. These findings indicate that the catecholaminergic innervation of the optic tectum consists of a noradrenergic and a dopaminergic component and that the noradrenergic, serotonergic, and dopaminergic system may be potentially involved in the modulation of retinal input in the superficial layers of the optic tectum as well as in the modulation of tectal output via the deep tectal layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Metzger
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 1524, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil.
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