1
|
Hanio S, Möllmert S, Möckel C, Choudhury S, Höpfel AI, Zorn T, Endres S, Schlauersbach J, Scheller L, Keßler C, Scherf-Clavel O, Bellstedt P, Schubert US, Pöppler AC, Heinze KG, Guck J, Meinel L. Bile Is a Selective Elevator for Mucosal Mechanics and Transport. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:6151-6161. [PMID: 37906224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Mucus mechanically protects the intestinal epithelium and impacts the absorption of drugs, with a largely unknown role for bile. We explored the impacts of bile on mucosal biomechanics and drug transport within mucus. Bile diffused with square-root-of-time kinetics and interplayed with mucus, leading to transient stiffening captured in Brillouin images and a concentration-dependent change from subdiffusive to Brownian-like diffusion kinetics within the mucus demonstrated by differential dynamic microscopy. Bile-interacting drugs, Fluphenazine and Perphenazine, diffused faster through mucus in the presence of bile, while Metoprolol, a drug with no bile interaction, displayed consistent diffusion. Our findings were corroborated by rat studies, where co-dosing of a bile acid sequestrant substantially reduced the bioavailability of Perphenazine but not Metoprolol. We clustered over 50 drugs based on their interactions with bile and mucin. Drugs that interacted with bile also interacted with mucin but not vice versa. This study detailed the dynamics of mucus biomechanics under bile exposure and linked the ability of a drug to interact with bile to its abbility to interact with mucus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Hanio
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Möllmert
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light and Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Staudtstrasse 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Conrad Möckel
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light and Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Staudtstrasse 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Susobhan Choudhury
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas I Höpfel
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Theresa Zorn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Endres
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Jonas Schlauersbach
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Lena Scheller
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Keßler
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Scherf-Clavel
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Peter Bellstedt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University of Zürich,Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), University of Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ann-Christin Pöppler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Katrin G Heinze
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Guck
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light and Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Staudtstrasse 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lorenz Meinel
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang Z, Wang S, Jia Z, Zhao Y, Yang M, Yan W, Chen T, Xiang D, Shao R, Liu Y. Establishment and characterization of an immortalized epithelial cell line from human gallbladder. Front Oncol 2022; 12:994087. [PMID: 36387215 PMCID: PMC9650220 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.994087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although a plethora of studies have employed multiple gallbladder cancer (GBC) cell lines, it is surprisingly noted that there is still lack of a normal gallbladder epithelial cell line as a normal counterpart, thus impeding substantially the progress of mechanistic studies on the transformation of normal epithelial cells to cancer. Here, we created a normal gallbladder epithelial cell line named L-2F7 from human gallbladder tissue. Methods Gallbladder tissues from a diagnosed cholecystitis female patient were collected, and epithelial cells were enriched by magnetic cell sorting. Then, the cells were immortalized by co-introduction of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and Simian virus 40 large T antigen (LT-SV40) via a lentivirus infection system. After clonal selection and isolation, L-2F7 cells were tested for epithelial markers CK7, CK19, CK20, and CD326, genomic feature, cell proliferation, and migration using Western blot, immunofluorescence, whole genome sequencing, karyotyping, and RNA sequencing. L-2F7 cells were also transplanted to Nude (nu/nu) mice to determine tumorigenicity. Results We successfully identified one single-cell clone named L-2F7 which highly expressed epithelial markers CD326, CK7, CK19, and CK20. This cell line proliferated with a doubling time of 23 h and the epithelial morphology sustained over 30 passages following immortalization. Transient gene transduction of L-2F7 cells led to expression of exogenous GFP and FLAG protein. L-2F7 cells exhibited both distinct non-synonymous mutations from those of gallbladder cancer tissues and differential non-cancerous gene expression patterns similar to normal tissue. Although they displayed unexpected mobility, L-2F7 cells still lacked the ability to develop tumors. Conclusion We developed a non-cancerous gallbladder epithelial cell line, offering a valuable system for the study of gallbladder cancer and other gallbladder-related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Wang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Cancer Institute, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease, Renji Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Renji Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Shijia Wang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Cancer Institute, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease, Renji Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Renji Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziheng Jia
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Cancer Institute, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease, Renji Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Renji Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhao Zhao
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Cancer Institute, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease, Renji Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Renji Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Mao Yang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Cancer Institute, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease, Renji Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Renji Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Weikang Yan
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Cancer Institute, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease, Renji Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Renji Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Cancer Institute, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease, Renji Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Renji Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongxi Xiang
- Shanghai Cancer Institute, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease, Renji Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Renji Hospital, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Dongxi Xiang, ; Rong Shao, ; Yingbin Liu,
| | - Rong Shao
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Cancer Institute, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease, Renji Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Renji Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Dongxi Xiang, ; Rong Shao, ; Yingbin Liu,
| | - Yingbin Liu
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Cancer Institute, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease, Renji Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Renji Hospital, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Dongxi Xiang, ; Rong Shao, ; Yingbin Liu,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ding LG, Han GK, Wang XY, Sun RH, Yu YY, Xu Z. Gallbladder microbiota in early vertebrates provides evolutionary insights into mucosal homeostasis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1020413. [PMID: 36211423 PMCID: PMC9532620 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1020413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The gallbladder (GB) microbiota plays critical roles in mammalian metabolism and immune homeostasis, and its relationship with human disease has been extensively studied over the past decade. However, very little is known about the interplay between GB microbiota and the immune functions of teleost fish, the earliest bony vertebrate with a GB. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the composition of the teleost GB microbiota and the potential mechanisms through which it affects mucosal immunity. In our results, we found that the GB mucosa (GM) and bile bacterial community shared a similar microbiological composition with that of the gut mucosa in naïve individuals. IHNV infection induced a profound GB inflammation and disrupted their microbial homeostasis followed by a strong anti-bacterial response. Interestingly, beneficial bacteria from the Lactobacillales order showed a significant increase in the abundance of the bile microbial community, whereas the structure of the Mycoplasmatales order in the gut microbial community was markedly changed. All in all, our study characterized the structure of the GB microbial ecosystem in teleost fish, and the fish GB microbiome shared a high similarity with the gut microbiota. More importantly, our findings offer solid evidence that the teleost GB evolved immune functions to preserve its mucosal microbial homeostasis, suggesting that both the microbiota and mucosal immunity of the GB might have co-evolved in early vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-guo Ding
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guang-kun Han
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin-you Wang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ru-han Sun
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong-yao Yu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Zhen Xu,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Clarizio L, Springer NL, Zachariah TT. The Utility of Bile Acids for the Diagnosis of Liver Disease in Exotic Animals. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2022; 25:563-584. [PMID: 36122940 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of bile acids occurs during the degradation of cholesterol in hepatocytes. Thus, this analyte is expected to be a sensitive indicator of hepatocellular dysfunction or alterations in portal circulation. Bile acids can be quantified via an enzymatic reaction to a highly conserved moiety across species. The evidence for the clinical utility of bile acids for the diagnosis of liver disease is strongest in birds and ferrets with equivocal evidence in rodents, rabbits, and reptiles. Current limitations to the interpretation of bile acids in exotic animal species include a paucity of species-specific reference intervals and incomplete understanding of bile acid metabolism in nonmammalian species and the diversity of bile acids synthesized by vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linn Clarizio
- Kansas State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Nora L Springer
- University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu Y, Yan Y, Zhao Y, Gu L, Wang S, Johnson DH. Genomic bases underlying the adaptive radiation of core landbirds. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:162. [PMID: 34454438 PMCID: PMC8403425 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01888-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Core landbirds undergo adaptive radiation with different ecological niches, but the genomic bases that underlie their ecological diversification remain unclear. RESULTS Here we used the genome-wide target enrichment sequencing of the genes related to vision, hearing, language, temperature sensation, beak shape, taste transduction, and carbohydrate, protein and fat digestion and absorption to examine the genomic bases underlying their ecological diversification. Our comparative molecular phyloecological analyses show that different core landbirds present adaptive enhancement in different aspects, and two general patterns emerge. First, all three raptorial birds (Accipitriformes, Strigiformes, and Falconiformes) show a convergent adaptive enhancement for fat digestion and absorption, while non-raptorial birds tend to exhibit a promoted capability for protein and carbohydrate digestion and absorption. Using this as a molecular marker, our results show relatively strong support for the raptorial lifestyle of the common ancestor of core landbirds, consequently suggesting a single origin of raptors, followed by two secondary losses of raptorial lifestyle within core landbirds. In addition to the dietary niche, we find at temporal niche that diurnal birds tend to exhibit an adaptive enhancement in bright-light vision, while nocturnal birds show an increased adaption in dim-light vision, in line with previous findings. CONCLUSIONS Our molecular phyloecological study reveals the genome-wide adaptive differentiations underlying the ecological diversification of core landbirds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China.
| | - Yi Yan
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Yuanqin Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Li Gu
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Songbo Wang
- Bio-Intelligence Co. Ltd, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - David H Johnson
- Global Owl Project, 6504 Carriage Drive, Alexandria, VA, 22310, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Higashiyama H, Kanai Y. Comparative anatomy of the hepatobiliary systems in quail and pigeon, with a perspective for the gallbladder-loss. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:855-862. [PMID: 33814520 PMCID: PMC8182306 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the gallbladder is one of the characteristic component of the vertebrate body, it has been independently lost in several lineages of mammals and birds. Gallbladder loss is a widely reported phenomenon; however, there have been few descriptive comparisons of entire hepatobiliary structures between birds with and without a gallbladder. Here, we discuss the evolution of avian hepatobiliary morphology by describing the gross anatomy of the hepatobiliary system in the quail and pigeon. Quails have two major extrahepatic bile ducts: the right cystic-enteric duct, which has a gallbladder, and the left hepatic-enteric duct, which does not. Together with two pancreatic ducts, they share one opening to the ascending part of duodenum. Pigeons lack a gallbladder, but also have two extrahepatic ducts similar to those of quails. However, the hepatic-enteric duct opens solely to the descending part of the duodenum close to the stomach. The pancreatic duct opens to the very posterior part of the duodenum independent from the biliary tracts, giving rise to three separate openings in the duodenum. The hepatobiliary anatomy of the pigeon represents a highly derived condition not only because of gallbladder loss. Avian gallbladder loss may be related to remodeling of the entire hepatobiliary system, and may have occurred via a different mechanism from that of mammals, which can be explained simply by the disappearance of the gallbladder primordium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Higashiyama
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yoshiakira Kanai
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hou Y, Hu S, Li X, He W, Wu G. Amino Acid Metabolism in the Liver: Nutritional and Physiological Significance. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1265:21-37. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-45328-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
8
|
Gilloteaux J. Primary cilia in the Syrian hamster biliary tract: Bile flow antennae and outlooks about signaling on the hepato-biliary-pancreatic stem cells. TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH IN ANATOMY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2020.100063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
|
9
|
Dou L, Gavins FKH, Mai Y, Madla CM, Taherali F, Orlu M, Murdan S, Basit AW. Effect of Food and an Animal's Sex on P-Glycoprotein Expression and Luminal Fluids in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Wistar Rats. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12040296. [PMID: 32218182 PMCID: PMC7238204 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12040296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The rat is one of the most commonly used animal models in pre-clinical studies. Limited information between the sexes and the effect of food consumption on the gastrointestinal (GI) physiology, however, is acknowledged or understood. This study aimed to investigate the potential sex differences and effect of food intake on the intestinal luminal fluid and the efflux membrane transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) along the intestinal tract of male and female Wistar rats. To characterise the intestinal luminal fluids, pH, surface tension, buffer capacity and osmolality were measured. Absolute P-gp expression along the intestinal tract was quantified via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In general, the characteristics of the luminal fluids were similar in male and female rats along the GI tract. In fasted male rats, the absolute P-gp expression gradually increased from the duodenum to ileum but decreased in the colon. A significant sex difference (p < 0.05) was identified in the jejunum where P-gp expression in males was 83% higher than in females. Similarly, ileal P-gp expression in male rats was approximately 58% higher than that of their female counterparts. Conversely, following food intake, a significant sex difference (p < 0.05) in P-gp expression was found but in a contrasting trend. Fed female rats expressed much higher P-gp levels than male rats with an increase of 77% and 34% in the jejunum and ileum, respectively. A deeper understanding of the effects of sex and food intake on the absorption of P-gp substrates can lead to an improved translation from pre-clinical animal studies into human pharmacokinetic studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Dou
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29–39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (L.D.); (F.K.H.G.); (C.M.M.); (F.T.); (M.O.); (S.M.)
| | - Francesca K. H. Gavins
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29–39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (L.D.); (F.K.H.G.); (C.M.M.); (F.T.); (M.O.); (S.M.)
| | - Yang Mai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China;
| | - Christine M. Madla
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29–39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (L.D.); (F.K.H.G.); (C.M.M.); (F.T.); (M.O.); (S.M.)
| | - Farhan Taherali
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29–39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (L.D.); (F.K.H.G.); (C.M.M.); (F.T.); (M.O.); (S.M.)
| | - Mine Orlu
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29–39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (L.D.); (F.K.H.G.); (C.M.M.); (F.T.); (M.O.); (S.M.)
| | - Sudaxshina Murdan
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29–39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (L.D.); (F.K.H.G.); (C.M.M.); (F.T.); (M.O.); (S.M.)
| | - Abdul W. Basit
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29–39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (L.D.); (F.K.H.G.); (C.M.M.); (F.T.); (M.O.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-20-7753-5865
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Melero A, Novellas R, Mallol C, Ríos J, Silvestre AM, Martorell J. Ultrasonographic appearance of the coelomic cavity organs in healthy veiled chameleons (Chamaeleo calyptratus) and panther chameleons (Furcifer pardalis). Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2019; 61:58-66. [PMID: 31794122 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Veiled chameleons (Chamaeleo calyptratus) and panther chameleons (Furcifer pardalis) are the most popular chameleons over the world, and consequently, two of the most frequent species presenting to veterinary practices. However, published studies on normal ultrasonographic anatomy for these lizards are currently lacking. The objectives of this prospective anatomic study were to develop an ultrasound protocol for evaluation of the coelomic cavity in these species and describe the normal ultrasonographic anatomy of the coelomic organs. Seventeen healthy veiled chameleons and 15 healthy panther chameleons were included. A linear 18 MHz transducer was used. Chameleons were sedated and restrained in right lateral recumbency by an assistant. Longitudinal and transverse images were acquired, and authors recorded qualitative and quantitative ultrasonographic characteristics of the coelomic structures. The kidneys, liver, caudal vena cava, hepatic veins, portal vein, gallbladder, wall of the stomach and intestine, gonads and, when distended, urinary bladder could be visualized during ultrasonography of the coelomic cavity in both species. The spleen, pancreas, and adrenal glands could not be identified. Findings from the current study supported the use of ultrasonography for veiled chameleons (Chamaeleo calyptratus) and panther chameleons (Furcifer pardalis) with suspected intracoelomic diseases and provided normal reference information for future studies of these chameleon species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Melero
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari. Carrer de l'Hospital, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain.,CRARC (Catalonian Reptile and Amphibian Rescue Center). Calle Santa Clara s/n, Masquefa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Novellas
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari. Carrer de l'Hospital, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animal, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cedanyola del Valles), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudia Mallol
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari. Carrer de l'Hospital, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Ríos
- Biostatistics Unit. School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cedanyola del Valles), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Martínez Silvestre
- CRARC (Catalonian Reptile and Amphibian Rescue Center). Calle Santa Clara s/n, Masquefa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Martorell
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari. Carrer de l'Hospital, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animal, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cedanyola del Valles), Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rowland NE, Toth LA. Analytic and Interpretational Pitfalls to Measuring Fecal Corticosterone Metabolites in Laboratory Rats and Mice. Comp Med 2019; 69:337-349. [PMID: 31578162 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-18-000119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Minimization and alleviation of stress are generally viewed as desirable aspects of laboratory animal management and use. However, achieving that goal requires an unambiguous and valid measure of stress. Glucocorticoid concentrations are commonly used as a physiologic index of stress. Measurement of glucocorticoids in blood, serum or plasma clearly reflects many types of both acute and chronic stress. However, the rapid rise in concentrations of circulating glucocorticoids that occurs even with relatively simple manipulations such as handling has led to the increased use of fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FCM) assays, which provide a temporally integrated measure that may allow a more accurate interpretation of chronic stressors. In this review, we consider 3 aspects of glucocorticoids as a measure of stress. First, we discuss the analytic and interpretational pitfalls of using FCM concentrations as an index of stress in mice and rats. Second, we consider evidence that some degree of stress may benefit animals by priming physiologic and behavioral adaptations that render the animals more resilient in the face of stress. Finally, we use 2 situations-social housing and food restriction-to illustrate the concept of hormesis-a biologic phenomenon in which a low dose or intensity of a challenge has a beneficial effect, whereas exposure to high doses or intensities is detrimental.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil E Rowland
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida;,
| | - Linda A Toth
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Qi L, Tian Y, Chen Y. Gall bladder: The metabolic orchestrator. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2019; 35:e3140. [PMID: 30770629 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is commonly held that the gall bladder (GB) is not indispensable for life. However, recent studies strongly suggest that GB removal can lead to the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS). With the recent recognition of the role of bile acids (BAs) in systemic metabolic regulation, it is worthwhile to re-examine the function of the GB, which can be regarded as the physiological "pacemaker" of BA flow. Thus, in the present study, we review the role of the GB in BA flow regulation, describe the epidemiologic evidence that associates cholecystectomy with various components of MetS, and discuss the possible mechanism behind these connections in order to demonstrate the pivotal role that GB plays in metabolic regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Qi
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yongsheng Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kruepunga N, Hakvoort TB, Hikspoors JP, Köhler SE, Lamers WH. Anatomy of rodent and human livers: What are the differences? Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:869-878. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
14
|
Chen Y, Wu S, Tian Y. Cholecystectomy as a risk factor of metabolic syndrome: from epidemiologic clues to biochemical mechanisms. J Transl Med 2018; 98:7-14. [PMID: 28892095 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholecystectomy has long been regarded as a safe procedure with no deleterious influence on the body. However, recent studies provide clues that link cholecystectomy to a high risk for metabolic syndrome (MetS). In the present review, we describe the epidemiologic evidence that links cholecystectomy to MetS. Various components of MetS are investigated, including visceral obesity, dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure, impaired fasting glucose, and insulin resistance. The possible mechanisms that associate cholecystectomy with MetS are discussed on the basis of experimental studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuodong Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Higashiyama H, Uemura M, Igarashi H, Kurohmaru M, Kanai-Azuma M, Kanai Y. Anatomy and development of the extrahepatic biliary system in mouse and rat: a perspective on the evolutionary loss of the gallbladder. J Anat 2017; 232:134-145. [PMID: 29023691 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gallbladder is the hepatobiliary organ for storing and secreting bile fluid, and is a synapomorphy of extant vertebrates. However, this organ has been frequently lost in several lineages of birds and mammals, including rodents. Although it is known as the traditional problem, the differences in development between animals with and without gallbladders are not well understood. To address this research gap, we compared the anatomy and development of the hepatobiliary systems in mice (gallbladder is present) and rats (gallbladder is absent). Anatomically, almost all parts of the hepatobiliary system of rats are topographically the same as those of mice, but rats have lost the gallbladder and cystic duct completely. During morphogenesis, the gallbladder-cystic duct domain (Gb-Cd domain) and its primordium, the biliary bud, do not develop in the rat. In the early stages, SOX17, a master regulator of gallbladder formation, is positive in the murine biliary bud epithelium, as seen in other vertebrates with a gallbladder, but there is no SOX17-positive domain in the rat hepatobiliary primordia. These findings suggest that the evolutionary loss of the Gb-Cd domain should be translated simply as the absence of a biliary bud at an early stage, which may correlate with alterations in regulatory genes, such as Sox17, in the rat. A SOX17-positive biliary bud is clearly definable as a developmental module that may be involved in the frequent loss of gallbladder in mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mami Uemura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Experimental Animals, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitomi Igarashi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Masami Kanai-Azuma
- Center for Experimental Animals, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiakira Kanai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Housset C, Chrétien Y, Debray D, Chignard N. Functions of the Gallbladder. Compr Physiol 2016; 6:1549-77. [PMID: 27347902 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile between meals. Gallbladder motor function is regulated by bile acids via the membrane bile acid receptor, TGR5, and by neurohormonal signals linked to digestion, for example, cholecystokinin and FGF15/19 intestinal hormones, which trigger gallbladder emptying and refilling, respectively. The cycle of gallbladder filling and emptying controls the flow of bile into the intestine and thereby the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids. The gallbladder also largely contributes to the regulation of bile composition by unique absorptive and secretory capacities. The gallbladder epithelium secretes bicarbonate and mucins, which both provide cytoprotection against bile acids. The reversal of fluid transport from absorption to secretion occurs together with bicarbonate secretion after feeding, predominantly in response to an adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent pathway triggered by neurohormonal factors, such as vasoactive intestinal peptide. Mucin secretion in the gallbladder is stimulated predominantly by calcium-dependent pathways that are activated by ATP present in bile, and bile acids. The gallbladder epithelium has the capacity to absorb cholesterol and provides a cholecystohepatic shunt pathway for bile acids. Changes in gallbladder motor function not only can contribute to gallstone disease, but also subserve protective functions in multiple pathological settings through the sequestration of bile acids and changes in the bile acid composition. Cholecystectomy increases the enterohepatic recirculation rates of bile acids leading to metabolic effects and an increased risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, and small-intestine carcinoid, independently of cholelithiasis. Among subjects with gallstones, cholecystectomy remains a priority in those at risk of gallbladder cancer, while others could benefit from gallbladder-preserving strategies. © 2016 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 6:1549-1577, 2016.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Housset
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares (CMR) des Maladies Inflammatoires des Voies Biliaires (MIVB), Service d'Hépatologie, Paris, France
| | - Yues Chrétien
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares (CMR) des Maladies Inflammatoires des Voies Biliaires (MIVB), Service d'Hépatologie, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Debray
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Medical-Surgical Center, Hepatology and Transplantation, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Chignard
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Higashiyama H, Sumitomo H, Ozawa A, Igarashi H, Tsunekawa N, Kurohmaru M, Kanai Y. Anatomy of the Murine Hepatobiliary System: A Whole-Organ-Level Analysis Using a Transparency Method. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 299:161-72. [PMID: 26559382 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The biliary tract is a well-branched ductal structure that exhibits great variation in morphology among vertebrates. Its function is maintained by complex constructions of blood vessels, nerves, and smooth muscles, the so-called hepatobiliary system. Although the mouse (Mus musculus) has been used as a model organism for humans, the morphology of its hepatobiliary system has not been well documented at the topographical level, mostly because of its small size and complexity. To reconcile this, we conducted whole-mount anatomical descriptions of the murine extrahepatic biliary tracts with related blood vessels, nerves, and smooth muscles using a recently developed transparentizing method, CUBIC. Several major differences from humans were found in mice: (1) among the biliary arteries, the arteria gastrica sinistra accessoria was commonly found, which rarely appears in humans; (2) the sphincter muscle in the choledochoduodenal junction is unseparated from the duodenal muscle; (3) the pancreatic duct opens to the bile duct without any sphincter muscles because of its distance from the duodenum. This state is identical to a human congenital malformation, an anomalous arrangement of pancreaticobiliary ducts. However, other parts of the murine hepatobiliary system (such as the branching patterns of the biliary tract, blood vessels, and nerves) presented the same patterns as humans and other mammals topologically. Thus, the mouse is useful as an experimental model for studying the human hepatobiliary system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Higashiyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113 8657, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sumitomo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113 8657, Japan
| | - Aisa Ozawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113 8657, Japan
| | - Hitomi Igarashi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113 8657, Japan
| | - Naoki Tsunekawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113 8657, Japan.,College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kanagawa, 252 0880, Japan
| | - Masamichi Kurohmaru
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113 8657, Japan
| | - Yoshiakira Kanai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113 8657, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Vashisht K, Nady SL, Engler RD, Kelsch BK, Lynk SN, Cape BR, Hoffmann G, Meseck EK, Johnson RC. Extraparenchymal Bile/Pancreatic Ducts and Duodenal Papillae: Pathologic Evaluation in Nonclinical Species--A Brief Review. Toxicol Pathol 2015; 43:651-61. [PMID: 25633421 DOI: 10.1177/0192623314560612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the anatomy, histologic preparation, and pathologic evaluation of extraparenchymal bile and pancreatic ducts (BPDs) and their openings at the duodenal papillae in the cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis), the Beagle dog (Canis familiaris), the Wistar Hanover rat (Rattus norvegicus), and the CD1 mouse (Mus musculus). In nonclinical safety assessment, intraparenchymal BPDs (with sections of liver and pancreas, respectively) are evaluated routinely. However, detailed evaluation of the extraparenchymal BPDs or the duodenal papillae is not included. In the context of nonclinical safety assessment studies, this review describes situations in which evaluation of extraparenchymal ductal structures and duodenal papillae may be useful in characterizing test article-related changes; elucidates anatomic similarities between human, macaque, and dog and notable differences in rats and mice; and consolidates the information required for the histopathologic evaluation of these tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Vashisht
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sherry L Nady
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Rita D Engler
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Brian K Kelsch
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | | | - Emily K Meseck
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Robert C Johnson
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Egloff C, Crump D, Porter E, Williams KL, Letcher RJ, Gauthier LT, Kennedy SW. Tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate and triethyl phosphate alter embryonic development, hepatic mRNA expression, thyroid hormone levels, and circulating bile acid concentrations in chicken embryos. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 279:303-310. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
20
|
Nowak E, Kuchinka J, Szczurkowski A, Kuder T. Extrahepatic Biliary Tract in Chinchilla (Chinchilla laniger, Molina). Anat Histol Embryol 2014; 44:236-40. [DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Nowak
- Department of Comparative Anatomy; Institute of Biology; Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce; 15 Swietokrzyska Street 25-406 Kielce Poland
| | - J. Kuchinka
- Department of Comparative Anatomy; Institute of Biology; Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce; 15 Swietokrzyska Street 25-406 Kielce Poland
| | - A. Szczurkowski
- Department of Comparative Anatomy; Institute of Biology; Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce; 15 Swietokrzyska Street 25-406 Kielce Poland
| | - T. Kuder
- Department of Comparative Anatomy; Institute of Biology; Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce; 15 Swietokrzyska Street 25-406 Kielce Poland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gilloteaux J, Ott DW, Oldham-Ott CK. The gallbladder of the electric ray Torpedo marmorata Risso displays excrescent cholecystocytes with merocrine and apocrine-like secretions. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2012; 296:79-95. [PMID: 23175285 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The gallbladder of Torpedo marmorata exhibits a mucosal surface layer of simple columnar epithelium with very tall cholecystocytes. The apical domain of each cell has few microvilli, but many mucous vesicles that are secreted by exocytosis at the cell apices. The apical regions may also elongate and undergo self-excision while shedding mucus and cell debris into the gallbladder lumen in a manner similar to that described in mammals as a result of sex steroid treatment to induce gallstones and to that found in the cholecystitis associated with cholelithiasis. Numerous small mitochondria, spherical to elongated, are distributed throughout the cells, while the nuclei are often located in the lower third of each cell. In the lower part of the cholecystocytes, large and very densely contrasted lysosomes can be found. All cells are tightly joined by junctional complexes, including long, highly contrasted desmosomes. The fibromuscular layer is made of a loose stroma with a limited muscular component and a poor blood supply. Large diameter blood vessels can only be found in the subserosal layer. It is hypothesized that the obligatorily carnivorous diet of this ureotelic fish has resulted in the evolution of a gallbladder ultrastructure resembling that found in cholecystitis but without the associated cholelithiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Gilloteaux
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St George's International School of Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gilloteaux J, Ott DW, Oldham-Ott CK. The gallbladder of Uranoscopus scaber L. (teleost perciform fish) is lined by specialized cholecystocytes. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2011; 294:1890-903. [PMID: 21965085 DOI: 10.1002/ar.21478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The gallbladder of Uranoscopus exhibits a mucosal surface layer of simple columnar epithelium composed of specialized cholecystocytes. The apices show storage and mucous secretions, typical microvilli, and very apical projections extending deep into the luminal contents. Many organelles and heterogeneous vesicles of diverse size fill the cytoplasm, including neutral mucins, mitochondria, peroxisomes, lysosomal bodies, and lipid-rich deposits with cholesterol inclusions. The fibromuscular layer shows little blood supply and contains scattered lymph-like walls with minute cholesterol inclusions. The remaining muscular, subserosal, and serosal or adventitial layers of this species do not show any histologic differences to those of other vertebrates. It was unexpected to find cholesterol inclusions in the fatty deposits of the cholecystocytes, similar to those noted in human cholesterolosis and in some forms of hypercholesterolemia, in this teleostean. In addition, aggregations of mitochondria and anomalous mitochondrial morphologies were found that resemble oncocytoma-like changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Gilloteaux
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St George's International School of Medicine, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
In vivo expression profile of the antiviral restriction factor and tumor-targeting antigen CD317/BST-2/HM1.24/tetherin in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:13688-93. [PMID: 21808013 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1101684108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human CD317 is an intrinsic immunity factor that restricts the release of enveloped viruses, including the major pathogens HIV and Lassa virus, from infected cells in culture. Its importance for infection control in humans is unclear, due in part to its incompletely defined in vivo expression pattern. CD317 also has been proposed as a selective target for immunotherapy of multiple myeloma. To provide a framework for studies of the biological functions, regulation, and therapeutic potential of CD317, we performed microarray-based expression profiling in 468 tissue samples from 25 healthy organs from more than 210 patients. We found that CD317 protein was expressed to varying degrees in all organs tested and detected in a number of specialized cell types, including hepatocytes, pneumocytes, ducts of major salivary glands, pancreas and kidney, Paneth cells, epithelia, Leydig cells, plasma cells, bone marrow stromal cells, monocytes, and vascular endothelium. Although many of these cell types are in vivo targets for pathogenic viruses, restriction by CD317 or virus-encoded antagonists has been documented in only some of them. Limited cell type-dependent coexpression of CD317 with the IFN biomarker MxA in vivo and lack of responsive stimulation in organ explants suggest that interferons may only partially regulate CD317. This in vivo expression profiling sheds light on the biology and species-specificity of CD317, identifies multiple thus far unknown interaction sites of viruses with this restriction factor, and refutes the concept of its restricted constitutive expression and primary IFN inducibility. CD317's widespread expression calls into question its suitability as a target for immunotherapy.
Collapse
|
24
|
Alama-Bermejo G, Raga JA, Holzer AS. Host-parasite relationship of Ceratomyxa puntazzi n. sp. (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) and sharpsnout seabream Diplodus puntazzo (Walbaum, 1792) from the Mediterranean with first data on ceratomyxid host specificity in sparids. Vet Parasitol 2011; 182:181-92. [PMID: 21680098 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Sparidae are economically important fishes to both, fisheries and aquaculture in the Mediterranean. Species diversification is an important strategy for the development of Mediterranean aquaculture. One of the species recently introduced is the sharpsnout seabream Diplodus puntazzo (Walbaum, 1792). During a parasitological study of fish from the Gulf of Valencia and the Mar Menor (Spain), myxozoan spores belonging to the genus Ceratomyxa were found in the gall bladder of D. puntazzo. A morphological description of the spores, which includes histology and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) as well as molecular (SSU ribosomal DNA) data resulted in the erection of a new species, Ceratomyxa puntazzi n. sp. A histopathological study of C. puntazzi n. sp. infection in D. puntazzo showed that the parasite causes necrosis and loss of epithelial cells in the gall bladder, and provokes a pericholangitis in the liver tissue surrounding the bile ducts. Furthermore, molecular data obtained from C. puntazzi n. sp. and three other ceratomyxids from the closely related fish species Diplodus annularis L. and Sparus aurata L. which share the same habitat suggest that the genus Ceratomyxa is host-specific in sparids, which agrees with data previously obtained from Serranidae, Labridae and Pomacentridae, and that ceratomyxid species from sparids in the Mediterranean originated from a common ancestor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Alama-Bermejo
- Marine Zoology Unit, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, PO Box 22085, 46071 Valencia, Spain.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lametschwandtner A, Bartel H, Minnich B, Tholo S, Spornitz U. The microvasculature of the gallbladder in adultXenopus laevis(Amphibia, Anura): A scanning electron microscope study of vascular corrosion casts and correlative light microscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/11250003.2010.509137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
26
|
van Aken GA. Relating Food Emulsion Structure and Composition to the Way It Is Processed in the Gastrointestinal Tract and Physiological Responses: What Are the Opportunities? FOOD BIOPHYS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11483-010-9160-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
27
|
Gilloteaux J, Tomasello LM, Elgison DA. Lipid Deposits and Lipo-mucosomes in Human Cholecystitis and Epithelial Metaplasia in Chronic Cholecystitis. Ultrastruct Pathol 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/01913120390239962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
28
|
Gilloteaux J, Kashouty R, Yono N. The perinuclear space of pancreatic acinar cells and the synthetic pathway of zymogen in Scorpaena scrofa L.: Ultrastructural aspects. Tissue Cell 2008; 40:7-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2007.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
29
|
Hinescu ME, Ardeleanu C, Gherghiceanu M, Popescu LM. Interstitial Cajal-like cells in human gallbladder. J Mol Histol 2007; 38:275-84. [PMID: 17541711 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-007-9099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2007] [Accepted: 05/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We describe here an interstitial Cajal-like cell type (ICLC) in human gallbladder, resembling the archetypal enteric interstitial cells of Cajal. Gallbladder ICLC were demonstrated in fresh preparations (tissue cryosections) using methylene-blue, and fixed specimens in Epon semi-thin sections stained with toluidine blue or transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The positive diagnosis of gallbladder ICLC was further verified by immunohistochemistry: CD117/c-kit, CD34, and another 16 antigens: vimentin, desmin, nestin, alpha-smooth muscle actin, NK-1, S-100, PGP-9.5, tau protein, chromogranin A, NSE, GFAP, CD1a, CD62-P, CD68, estrogen and progesterone receptors. Double immunostaining was performed for CD117, CD34 and CD117 and nestin, respectively. In fresh specimens, the spatial density of gallbladder ICLC was 100-110 cells/mm(2). ICLC mainly appeared beneath the epithelium and in muscularis (about 7%, and approximately 5%, respectively). In toto, ICLC represent in gallbladder approximately 5.5% of subepithelial cells. TEM showed that diagnostic criteria were fulfilled by ICLC. Moreover, TEM indicated that the main ultrastructural distinctive feature for ICLC, the cell processes, develop into the characteristic shape at a relatively early stage of development. It remains to be established if, in humans, ICLC are involved in gallbladder (dis)functions (e.g. pace-making, secretion (auto-, juxta- and/or paracrine), intercellular signaling, or stone formation).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mihail E Hinescu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, PO Box 35-29 Bucharest 35, Romania
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Gilloteaux J, Miller D, Morrison RL. Intracellular liposomes and cholesterol deposits in chronic cholecystitis and biliary sludge. Ultrastruct Pathol 2004; 28:123-36. [PMID: 15471425 DOI: 10.1080/01913120490475888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Ultrastructural study of a group of selected specimens of chronic cholecystitic gallbladders reveals cholecystocyte changes characterized by abraded and altered microvilli accompanied by mitochondrial damages in the apical regions as well as mucus accumulation with aggregated, angulated lysosomes and heterogeneous liposomes. These liposomes contain needle-like crystals, probably rich in cholesterol. Many fragments of cholecystocystes and damaged organelles or contents can be found in the biliary sludge. These data support previous reports suggesting that there is an association between cholecystitis and the presence of cholelithiasis, subsequent to the production of altered bile. The present data suggest that disintegrating, sloughed cholecystocyte contents also contribute to the bile sludge, a complex milieu enriched by lipids, cholesterol deposits, altered mucus due in part to changes in expression of apomucins. The instability of prolonged storage of such modified bile, caused and/or accompanied by other associated metabolic defects, including gallbladder sluggishness, would favor the nucleation and the enlargement of gallstones. Based on the aforementioned data, a comprehensive sequence for cholecystocyte ultrastructural alterations and pathologies is proposed, as a result of chronic cholecystitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Gilloteaux
- Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Summa Health System, Summa Research Foundation, Akron, Ohio, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
|
32
|
Barton ES, Youree BE, Ebert DH, Forrest JC, Connolly JL, Valyi-Nagy T, Washington K, Wetzel JD, Dermody TS. Utilization of sialic acid as a coreceptor is required for reovirus-induced biliary disease. J Clin Invest 2003; 111:1823-33. [PMID: 12813018 PMCID: PMC161418 DOI: 10.1172/jci16303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection of neonatal mice with some reovirus strains produces a disease similar to infantile biliary atresia, but previous attempts to correlate reovirus infection with this disease have yielded conflicting results. We used isogenic reovirus strains T3SA- and T3SA+, which differ solely in the capacity to bind sialic acid as a coreceptor, to define the role of sialic acid in reovirus encephalitis and biliary tract infection in mice. Growth in the intestine was equivalent for both strains following peroral inoculation. However, T3SA+ spread more rapidly from the intestine to distant sites and replicated to higher titers in spleen, liver, and brain. Strikingly, mice infected with T3SA+ but not T3SA- developed steatorrhea and bilirubinemia. Liver tissue from mice infected with T3SA+ demonstrated intense inflammation focused at intrahepatic bile ducts, pathology analogous to that found in biliary atresia in humans, and high levels of T3SA+ antigen in bile duct epithelial cells. T3SA+ bound 100-fold more efficiently than T3SA- to human cholangiocarcinoma cells. These observations suggest that the carbohydrate-binding specificity of a virus can dramatically alter disease in the host and highlight the need for epidemiologic studies focusing on infection by sialic acid-binding reovirus strains as a possible contributor to the pathogenesis of neonatal biliary atresia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik S Barton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Lamb Center for Pediatric Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Gilloteaux J, Hawkins WS, Gilloteaux LC, Jasso J, Kelly TR. Ultrastructural aspects of human cystic duct epithelium as a result of cholelithiasis and cholesterolosis. Microsc Res Tech 1997; 39:22-38. [PMID: 9329017 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0029(19971001)39:1<22::aid-jemt3>3.0.co;2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Although there is a large body of data on the gallbladder and the importance of the cystic duct in surgical procedures, there is insufficient data regarding the morphology of the human cystic duct. In the present study, transmission electron microscopic (TEM) and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) survey of several surgical and autopsy cystic ducts in cholelithiasis and cholesterolosis is reported. In cholelithiasis, similar to gallbladder epithelium, the cystic duct epithelial cells display minor-to-severe alterations of the epithelial surface accompanied by variable erosion of the epithelium. Areas of intact surface epithelium demonstrate microvilli-covered cells coated by a rich glycocalyx and mucous production. In other areas, apical excrescences are associated with mucus hyperproduction and secretory events. Lipoid bodies are also present in many cells and especially in many of the cells' subliminal apical areas. In cholesterolosis, mucous secretory granules appear dilated, fatty deposits are infrequent, and peculiar intracellular cholesterol deposits can be detected in the apical and subapical region of cells and around condensed mitochondria. Following elective cholecystectomies, predominantly in association with cholelithiasis, eroded areas were detected; therefore, it appears that the action of intraluminal calculi may be a principal causative factor in discrete epithelial erosions of the cystic duct. Intraluminal calculi/ debris, along with the alteration of mucus, cell sloughing, and a decreased pool of bile acids and motility may participate in the gallstone nucleation process. The peculiar cholesterol inclusions may also play a role in that nucleating process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Gilloteaux
- Summa Health System Foundation, Akron, Ohio 44304, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gilloteaux J, Karkare S, Don AQ, Sexton RC. Cholelithiasis induced in the Syrian hamster: evidence for an intramucinous nucleating process and down regulation of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7) gene by medroxyprogesterone. Microsc Res Tech 1997; 39:56-70. [PMID: 9329019 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0029(19971001)39:1<56::aid-jemt5>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This report reviews previously published studies from our laboratory and shows some recent morphological data obtained with scanning and transmission electron microscopy regarding gallstone formation and alteration of the gallbladder epithelium in the Syrian hamster model. Both male and female hamsters were treated with female sex steroids (estradiol alone, estradiol and medroxyprogesterone, medroxyprogesterone alone) during one month. The results show that the Syrian hamster is a good model to study bile changes, gallbladder structure changes, including gallstone formation, and the regulation of cholesterol metabolism at the molecular level. Arguments in favor of this animal model are presented and, during gallstone formation, epithelial cell changes, anionic mucus secretion, and formation of gallbladder luminal deposits can be demonstrated. Recent molecular biology observations related to the effect of female sex steroids on liver cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7) gene suggest that progestin alone or primed by estrogen down regulates CYP7 transcription and activity. In addition, progesterone in cell culture systems has been shown to enhance intracellular accumulation of free cholesterol by increasing its uptake and synthesis and by decreasing its esterification by inhibiting the activity of acylcoenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase. Non-esterified cholesterol is free to migrate to the extracellular spaces and may contribute to nucleation within the bile. It is suggested that these effects of progesterone on cholesterol metabolism combined with the CYP7 gene down regulation, physical changes in the mucus and the hypomotility of the gallbladder and biliary ducts result in hypersaturation of cholesterol in the bile which favors gallstone formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Gilloteaux
- Summa Health System Foundation, Akron, Ohio, 44304, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
This paper serves to introduce a topical section of fifteen invited original research contributions dealing with normal and pathological development of the human biliary tract. This section also includes comparative anatomy of the gallbladder and the cystic duct as well as, the formation of gallstone. This series of reports have used advanced microscopic and ancillary techniques to study adaptative changes in gallbladder epithelial cell changes regarding permeability, renewal, mucous secretion as well as cholesterol uptake and nucleation. Several contributions deal with the blood and lymphatic drainage of the gallbladder. The gallbladder contractility is clarified by recent findings about its innervation, elegantly demonstrated and supported by complementary immunohistochemical and neurophysiological techniques. In vivo models for production of cholelithiasis in the ground squirrel and the Syrian hamster are introduced. Recent in vitro cellular and molecular models have substantially increased the understanding of biliary tract calculi formation. Finally, a survey and new data about progesterone gene regulation of both cholesterol metabolism and gallstone formation obtained in the Syrian hamster model are compared with cholelithogenesis in human.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Gilloteaux
- Summa Health System Foundation, Akron, Ohio 44304, USA
| |
Collapse
|