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Yamauchi K. Evolution of thyroid hormone distributor proteins in fish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 305:113735. [PMID: 33549607 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In plasma, thyroid hormone (TH) is bound to several TH distributor proteins (THDPs), constituting a TH delivery/distribution network. Extensive studies of THDPs from tetrapods has proposed an evolutionary scenario concerning structural and functional changes in THDPs, especially for transthyretin (TTR). When assessing, in an evolutionary context, the roles of THDPs as a component constituting part of the vertebrate thyroid system, the data from fish THDPs are critical. In this review the phylogenetic distributions, spatiotemporal expression patterns and binding properties of THDPs in fish are described, and the question of whether the evolutionary hypotheses proposed in tetrapod THDPs can be applied to fish THDPs is assessed. The phylogenetic distributions of THDPs are highly variable among fish groups. Analysis in this review reveals that the evolutionary hypotheses proposed in tetrapod THDPs cannot be applied to fish THDPs, and that the role of plasma lipoproteins as THDPs grows in importance in fish groups. In primitive fish, zinc is an import factor in TH binding to TTR, and high zinc content may facilitate the acquisition of high TH binding activity during the early evolution of TTR. Finally, the possible roles of THDPs in the vertebrate thyroid system are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Yamauchi
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
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2
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Abstract
As one of the most basal living vertebrates, lampreys represent an excellent model system to study the evolution of thyroid hormone (TH) signaling. The lamprey hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid and reproductive axes overlap functionally. Lampreys have 3 gonadotropin-releasing hormones and a single glycoprotein hormone from the hypothalamus and pituitary, respectively, that regulate both the reproductive and thyroid axes. TH synthesis in larval lampreys takes place in an endostyle that transforms into typical vertebrate thyroid tissue during metamorphosis; both the endostyle and follicular tissue have all the typical TH synthetic components found in other vertebrates. Furthermore, lampreys also have the vertebrate suite of peripheral regulators including TH distributor proteins (THDPs), deiodinases and TH receptors (TRs). Although at the molecular level the components of the lamprey thyroid system are ancestral to other vertebrates, their functions have been largely conserved. TH signaling as it relates to lamprey metamorphosis represents a particularly interesting phenomenon. Unlike other metamorphosing vertebrates, lamprey THs increase throughout the larval period, peak prior to metamorphosis and decline rapidly at the onset of metamorphosis; patterns of deiodinase activity are consistent with these increases and declines. Moreover, goitrogens (which suppress TH levels) initiate precocious metamorphosis, and exogenous TH treatment blocks goitrogen-induced metamorphosis and disrupts natural metamorphosis. Despite this clear physiological difference, TH action via TRs is consistent with higher vertebrates. Based on observations that TRs are upregulated in a tissue-specific fashion during morphogenesis and the finding that lamprey TRs upregulate genes via THs in a fashion similar to higher vertebrates, we propose the following hypothesis for further testing. THs have a dual role in lampreys where high TH levels promote larval feeding and growth and then at the onset of metamorphosis TH levels decrease rapidly; at this time the relatively low TH levels function via TRs in a fashion similar to that of other metamorphosing vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G Manzon
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada.
| | - Lori A Manzon
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
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Manzon LA, Youson JH, Holzer G, Staiano L, Laudet V, Manzon RG. Thyroid hormone and retinoid X receptor function and expression during sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) metamorphosis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 204:211-22. [PMID: 24907629 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) are members of the ancient class Agnatha and undergo a metamorphosis that transforms blind, sedentary, filter-feeding larvae into free-swimming, parasitic juveniles. Thyroid hormones (THs) appear to be important for lamprey metamorphosis, however, serum TH concentrations are elevated in the larval phase, decline rapidly during early metamorphosis and remain low until metamorphosis is complete; these TH fluctuations are contrary to those of other metamorphosing vertebrates. Moreover, thyroid hormone synthesis inhibitors (goitrogens) induce precocious metamorphosis and exogenous TH treatments disrupt natural metamorphosis in P. marinus. Given that THs exert their effects by binding to TH nuclear receptors (TRs) that often act as heterodimers with retinoid X receptors (RXRs), we cloned and characterized these receptors from P. marinus and examined their expression during metamorphosis. Two TRs (PmTR1 and PmTR2) and three RXRs (PmRXRs) were isolated from P. marinus cDNA. Phylogenetic analyses group the PmTRs together on a branch prior to the gnathostome TRα/β split. The three RXRs also group together, but our data indicated that these transcripts are most likely either allelic variants of the same gene locus, or the products of a lamprey-specific duplication event. Importantly, these P. marinus receptors more closely resemble vertebrate as opposed to invertebrate chordate receptors. Functional analysis revealed that PmTR1 and PmTR2 can activate transcription of TH-responsive genes when treated with nanomolar concentrations of TH and they have distinct pharmacological profiles reminiscent of vertebrate TRβ and TRα, respectively. Also similar to other metamorphosing vertebrates, expression patterns of the PmTRs during lamprey metamorphosis suggest that PmTR1 has a dynamic, tissue-specific expression pattern that correlates with tissue morphogenesis and biochemical changes and PmTR2 has a more uniform expression pattern. This TR expression data suggests that THs, either directly or via a metabolite, may function to positively modulate changes at the tissue or organ levels during lamprey metamorphosis. Collectively the results presented herein support the hypothesis that THs have a dual functional role in the lamprey life cycle whereby high levels promote larval feeding, growth and lipogenesis and low levels promote metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori A Manzon
- Department of Zoology and Division of Life Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M1A 1C4, Canada
| | - John H Youson
- Department of Zoology and Division of Life Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M1A 1C4, Canada
| | - Guillaume Holzer
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Leopoldo Staiano
- Cellular and Developmental Laboratory, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincent Laudet
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Richard G Manzon
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada.
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Andreeva AM. Identification of some proteins of blood and tissue fluid in the fish with enciphered genome. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093013060029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Gross TN, Manzon RG. Sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) contain four developmentally regulated serum thyroid hormone distributor proteins. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2011; 170:640-9. [PMID: 21163261 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are very lipophilic molecules which require a distribution network for efficient transport in serum. Despite observations that THs function in a wide variety of processes, including aspects of fish development (i.e., flat fish metamorphosis and smoltification), the proteins responsible for TH distribution in fish serum remain poorly studied. We chose to investigate the serum TH distributor proteins (THDPs) in lampreys. As one of only two extant agnathans, data on lamprey THDPs may offer new insights into the evolution of the vertebrate TH distribution network and serum proteins in general. Moreover, lampreys appear to contradict the vertebrate model of an increase in TH concentrations initiating and driving vertebrate metamorphosis. We show for the first time that sea lamprey serum contains at least four THDPs and that their presence in serum is temporally regulated throughout the life cycle. The albumin, glycoprotein AS is the dominant THDP present in the sera of larval and metamorphosing sea lamprey. In stage seven of metamorphosis, three additional THDPs appear, including the albumin, glycoprotein SDS-1; the glycolipoprotein CB-III; and an unidentified low molecular weight protein temporarily named Spot-5. The sera of parasitic and upstream migrant sea lampreys lack AS; their serum THDPs are SDS-1, CB-III, and Spot-5. Our data indicate that despite the change in type and number of THDPs, the overall total TH binding capacity of sea lamprey serum remains fairly stable until stage 7 of metamorphosis when a only modest decrease in total binding capacity is observed. Collectively these data indicate that the decline in serum TH concentrations observed during lamprey metamorphosis is not a consequence of a reduction in the distribution and storage capacity of the serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianna Natalia Gross
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Metcalf VJ, George PM, Brennan SO. Lungfish albumin is more similar to tetrapod than to teleost albumins: Purification and characterisation of albumin from the Australian lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 147:428-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2007.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2007] [Revised: 02/21/2007] [Accepted: 02/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Youson JH. Peripheral Endocrine Glands. I. The Gastroenteropancreatic Endocrine System and the Thyroid Gland. FISH PHYSIOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1546-5098(07)26008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Szebedinszky C, Gilmour KM. The buffering power of plasma in brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2002; 131:171-83. [PMID: 11818239 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(01)00492-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) blood plasma was found to exhibit an unusually high non-bicarbonate buffer capacity (beta) in relation to that of other teleost fish. In brown bullhead, the non-bicarbonate buffer capacity of plasma (beta(plasma)), at -5.72 +/- 0.34 mmol l(-1) pH unit(-1) (mean +/- S.E.M., N=30), constituted 37% of whole blood beta and was 2.5 times higher than beta(plasma) in rainbow trout (-2.33 +/- 0.42 mmol l(+/-1) pH unit(-1); N=7). The strong buffering power of bullhead plasma was not the result of unusually high plasma protein levels. Size separation chromatography in conjunction with a spectrophotometric assay for buffering capacity were used to isolate a plasma fraction of high buffering power. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that this fraction contained four proteins, but was dominated by a protein of approximately 68-70 kDa molecular mass. On the basis of the amino acid composition of this fraction, the dominant protein was identified as albumin. In comparison to other fish albumins, bullhead albumin appears to be histidine-rich (6.7%). Thus, the unusually high non-bicarbonate buffer capacity of bullhead plasma appears to stem from the presence in the plasma of a histidine-rich albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Szebedinszky
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1S 5B6
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Danis MH, Filosa MF, Youson JH. An albumin-like protein in the serum of non-parasitic brook lamprey (Lampetra appendix) is restricted to preadult phases of the life cycle in contrast to the parasitic species Petromyzon marinus. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2000; 127:251-60. [PMID: 11079379 DOI: 10.1016/s0305-0491(00)00265-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous work showed that the parasitic sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, has two different albumin-like serum proteins during the course of its life cycle. One of these, AS, is the predominant protein in the serum of larval and metamorphosing intervals but is absent in the upstream migration phase of the life cycle; the other, SDS-1, is found at its highest level in the upstream migration phase and is the predominant serum protein in this phase. The present investigation examines the nonparasitic brook lamprey Lampetra appendix for the presence of albumins. Using electrophoresis and antisera monospecific for serum proteins, it was found that L. appendix has a serum protein that is antigenically similar to the AS protein of P. marinus. This protein (LAS) makes up about 70% of the total serum protein of the Lampetra larva, is present in metamorphic stages 1,2,3,4 and 5 but is virtually absent from the remaining metamorphic stages and the adult. Furthermore, the adult of L. appendix has no serum protein that is antigenically similar to SDS-1 of the adult P. marinus; our study shows that, unlike P. marinus, there is no single protein that represents a major portion of the total serum protein content in the L. appendix adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Danis
- Department of Zoology, University of Toronto at Scarborough, Ont., Canada
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