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Qian Y, Deng S, Cong Z, Zhang H, Lu Z, Shao N, Bhatti SA, Zhou C, Cheng J, Gellman SH, Liu R. Secondary Amine Pendant β-Peptide Polymers Displaying Potent Antibacterial Activity and Promising Therapeutic Potential in Treating MRSA-Induced Wound Infections and Keratitis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:1690-1699. [PMID: 35007085 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interest in developing antibacterial polymers as synthetic mimics of host defense peptides (HPDs) has accelerated in recent years to combat antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. Positively charged moieties are critical in defining the antibacterial activity and eukaryotic toxicity of HDP mimics. Most examples have utilized primary amines or guanidines as the source of positively charged moieties, inspired by the lysine and arginine residues in HDPs. Here, we explore the impact of amine group variation (primary, secondary, or tertiary amine) on the antibacterial performance of HDP-mimicking β-peptide polymers. Our studies show that a secondary ammonium is superior to either a primary ammonium or a tertiary ammonium as the cationic moiety in antibacterial β-peptide polymers. The optimal polymer, a homopolymer bearing secondary amino groups, displays potent antibacterial activity and the highest selectivity (low hemolysis and cytotoxicity). The optimal polymer displays potent activity against antibiotic-resistant bacteria and high therapeutic efficacy in treating MRSA-induced wound infections and keratitis as well as low acute dermal toxicity and low corneal epithelial cytotoxicity. This work suggests that secondary amines may be broadly useful in the design of antibacterial polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shuai Deng
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zihao Cong
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Haodong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ziyi Lu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ning Shao
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Sonia Abid Bhatti
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Cong Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiagao Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Samuel H Gellman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Runhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.,Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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2
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Redox Active Antimicrobial Peptides in Controlling Growth of Microorganisms at Body Barriers. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030446. [PMID: 33805777 PMCID: PMC7998263 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelia in the skin, gut and other environmentally exposed organs display a variety of mechanisms to control microbial communities and limit potential pathogenic microbial invasion. Naturally occurring antimicrobial proteins/peptides and their synthetic derivatives (here collectively referred to as AMPs) reinforce the antimicrobial barrier function of epithelial cells. Understanding how these AMPs are functionally regulated may be important for new therapeutic approaches to combat microbial infections. Some AMPs are subject to redox-dependent regulation. This review aims to: (i) explore cysteine-based redox active AMPs in skin and intestine; (ii) discuss casual links between various redox environments of these barrier tissues and the ability of AMPs to control cutaneous and intestinal microbes; (iii) highlight how bacteria, through intrinsic mechanisms, can influence the bactericidal potential of redox-sensitive AMPs.
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3
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Fan X, Xu W, Gao W, Xiao H, Wu G. Opsonization of multiple drug resistant (MDR)-bacteria by antimicrobial peptide fused hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) in vaccinated individuals. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 534:193-198. [PMID: 33280820 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination evoking immunity in susceptible individuals has become the most effective solution to combat infectious diseases. The surface antigen of hepatitis B virus (HBsAg) is a mandatory vaccine for children in China. Herein, we designed an antimicrobial protein consisting of an antimicrobial peptide Thanatin at the N-terminus fused with the HBsAg at the C-terminus. The expressed Thanatin-GFP-HBsAg (TGH) quantitively bound with the anti-HBsAg antibody by ELISA, and after exposure to TGH, Gram-negative E. coli cells became fluorescencent indicating the binding of TGH with the bacterial cells. We also demonstrated that TGH could intercalated into the lipid bilayer as shown by the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) and TEM. Moreover, the TGH bound E. coli cells attracted anti-HBsAg IgG as shown by the experiments that in turn treated the E. coli cells with TGF, anti-HBsAg serum and PE labelled goat anti-mouse IgG antibodies. After supplementation with serum from HBsAg vaccinated individuals, TGH showed improved bactericidal effect in vitro. In vivo experiments showed that the mice receiving TGH vaccination show quicker clearance of MDR E. coli pretreated with TGH and better survive in comparison with groups treated with piperacillin plus subatan. In addition, anti-HBsAg serum supplementation also improved the endocytosis of TGH decorated bacteria by leukocytes. This study reported a novel solution to combat infectious pathogens based on the membrane penetrating effect of antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Fan
- Diagnostics Department, Medical School, Southeast University, China.
| | - Wei Xu
- Diagnostics Department, Medical School, Southeast University, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Center for Clinical Laboratory Medicine of Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, China
| | - Han Xiao
- Diagnostics Department, Medical School, Southeast University, China
| | - Guoqiu Wu
- Center for Clinical Laboratory Medicine of Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, China.
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4
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Abstract
Magnetic shielding depends on molecular structure and noncovalent interactions. This study shows that it is also measurably dependent on the electric field generated by surrounding molecules. This effect has been observed explicitly for 31P nucleus using the adduct under field approach. The results obtained indicate that the field strength experienced by molecules in crystals consisting of molecules with large dipole moments is similar to that in polar solvents. Therefore, magnetic shielding should explicitly depend on solvent polarity. It is important to note that this effect cannot be reproduced correctly within the polarizable continuum model approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya G Shenderovich
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitaetstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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5
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Shenderovich IG. Experimentally Established Benchmark Calculations of
31
P NMR Quantities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cmtd.202000033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilya G. Shenderovich
- Ilya G. Shenderovich Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitaetstrasse 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
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6
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Anandan A, Vrielink A. Structure and function of lipid A-modifying enzymes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1459:19-37. [PMID: 31553069 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides are complex molecules found in the cell envelop of many Gram-negative bacteria. The toxic activity of these molecules has led to the terminology of endotoxins. They provide bacteria with structural integrity and protection from external environmental conditions, and they interact with host signaling receptors to induce host immune responses. Bacteria have evolved enzymes that act to modify lipopolysaccharides, particularly the lipid A region of the molecule, to enable the circumvention of host immune system responses. These modifications include changes to lipopolysaccharide by the addition of positively charged sugars, such as N-Ara4N, and phosphoethanolamine (pEtN). Other modifications include hydroxylation, acylation, and deacylation of fatty acyl chains. We review the two-component regulatory mechanisms for enzymes that carry out these modifications and provide details of the structures of four enzymes (PagP, PagL, pEtN transferases, and ArnT) that modify the lipid A portion of lipopolysaccharides. We focus largely on the three-dimensional structures of these enzymes, which provide an understanding of how their substrate binding and catalytic activities are mediated. A structure-function-based understanding of these enzymes provides a platform for the development of novel therapeutics to treat antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anandhi Anandan
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alice Vrielink
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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7
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Ib-AMP4 insertion causes surface rearrangement in the phospholipid bilayer of biomembranes: Implications from quartz-crystal microbalance with dissipation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:617-623. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Wiśniewska M, Sobolewski E, Ołdziej S, Liwo A, Scheraga HA, Makowski M. Theoretical Studies of Interactions between O-Phosphorylated and Standard Amino-Acid Side-Chain Models in Water. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:8526-34. [PMID: 26100791 PMCID: PMC4664056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b04782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylation is a common post-translational modification of the amino-acid side chains (serine, tyrosine, and threonine) that contain hydroxyl groups. The transfer of the negatively charged phosphate group from an ATP molecule to such amino-acid side chains leads to changes in the local conformations of proteins and the pattern of interactions with other amino-acid side-chains. A convenient characteristic of the side chain-side chain interactions in the context of an aqueous environment is the potential of mean force (PMF) in water. A series of umbrella-sampling molecular dynamic (MD) simulations with the AMBER force field were carried out for pairs of O-phosphorylated serine (pSer), threonine (pThr), and tyrosine, (pTyr) with natural amino acids in a TIP3P water model as a solvent at 298 K. The weighted-histogram analysis method was used to calculate the four-dimensional potentials of mean force. The results demonstrate that the positions and depths of the contact minima and the positions and heights of the desolvation maxima, including their dependence on the relative orientation depend on the character of the interacting pairs. More distinct minima are observed for oppositely charged pairs such as, e.g., O-phosphorylated side-chains and positively charged ones, such as the side-chains of lysine and arginine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Wiśniewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Emil Sobolewski
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Stanisław Ołdziej
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Adam Liwo
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Harold A. Scheraga
- Baker Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301
| | - Mariusz Makowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
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9
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Andreev K, Bianchi C, Laursen JS, Citterio L, Hein-Kristensen L, Gram L, Kuzmenko I, Olsen CA, Gidalevitz D. Guanidino groups greatly enhance the action of antimicrobial peptidomimetics against bacterial cytoplasmic membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1838:2492-2502. [PMID: 24878450 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides or their synthetic mimics are a promising class of potential new antibiotics. Herein we assess the effect of the type of cationic side chain (i.e., guanidino vs. amino groups) on the membrane perturbing mechanism of antimicrobial α-peptide-β-peptoid chimeras. Langmuir monolayers composed of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylglycerol (DPPG) were used to model cytoplasmic membranes of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, while lipopolysaccharide Kdo2-lipid A monolayers were mimicking the outer membrane of Gram-negative species. We report the results of the measurements using an array of techniques, including high-resolution synchrotron surface X-ray scattering, epifluorescence microscopy, and in vitro antimicrobial activity to study the molecular mechanisms of peptidomimetic interaction with bacterial membranes. We found guanidino group-containing chimeras to exhibit greater disruptive activity on DPPG monolayers than the amino group-containing analogues. However, this effect was not observed for lipopolysaccharide monolayers where the difference was negligible. Furthermore, the addition of the nitrobenzoxadiazole fluorophore did not reduce the insertion activity of these antimicrobials into both model membrane systems examined, which may be useful for future cellular localization studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Andreev
- Center for Molecular Study of Condensed Soft Matter (μCoSM), Pritzker Institute of Biomedical Science and Engineering and Department of Physics, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3440 S. Dearborn St., Chicago, IL 60616 (USA)
| | - Christopher Bianchi
- Center for Molecular Study of Condensed Soft Matter (μCoSM), Pritzker Institute of Biomedical Science and Engineering and Department of Physics, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3440 S. Dearborn St., Chicago, IL 60616 (USA)
| | - Jonas S Laursen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby (Denmark)
| | - Linda Citterio
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Matematiktorvet 301, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby (Denmark)
| | - Line Hein-Kristensen
- , National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 221, DK-2800, Kgs Lyngby (Denmark)
| | - Lone Gram
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Matematiktorvet 301, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby (Denmark)
| | - Ivan Kuzmenko
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Lemont, IL 60439 (USA)
| | - Christian A Olsen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby (Denmark)
| | - David Gidalevitz
- Center for Molecular Study of Condensed Soft Matter (μCoSM), Pritzker Institute of Biomedical Science and Engineering and Department of Physics, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3440 S. Dearborn St., Chicago, IL 60616 (USA)
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10
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Paslay LC, Abel BA, Brown TD, Koul V, Choudhary V, McCormick CL, Morgan SE. Antimicrobial Poly(methacrylamide) Derivatives Prepared via Aqueous RAFT Polymerization Exhibit Biocidal Efficiency Dependent upon Cation Structure. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:2472-82. [DOI: 10.1021/bm3007083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lea C. Paslay
- School
of Polymers and High Performance Materials and ∥Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-5050, United States
- Center
for Biomedical Engineering and §Center for Polymer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi,
New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Brooks A. Abel
- School
of Polymers and High Performance Materials and ∥Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-5050, United States
- Center
for Biomedical Engineering and §Center for Polymer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi,
New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Tyler D. Brown
- School
of Polymers and High Performance Materials and ∥Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-5050, United States
- Center
for Biomedical Engineering and §Center for Polymer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi,
New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Veena Koul
- School
of Polymers and High Performance Materials and ∥Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-5050, United States
- Center
for Biomedical Engineering and §Center for Polymer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi,
New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Veena Choudhary
- School
of Polymers and High Performance Materials and ∥Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-5050, United States
- Center
for Biomedical Engineering and §Center for Polymer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi,
New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Charles L. McCormick
- School
of Polymers and High Performance Materials and ∥Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-5050, United States
- Center
for Biomedical Engineering and §Center for Polymer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi,
New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sarah E. Morgan
- School
of Polymers and High Performance Materials and ∥Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-5050, United States
- Center
for Biomedical Engineering and §Center for Polymer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi,
New Delhi 110016, India
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11
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Huang J, Hao D, Chen Y, Xu Y, Tan J, Huang Y, Li F, Chen Y. Inhibitory effects and mechanisms of physiological conditions on the activity of enantiomeric forms of an α-helical antibacterial peptide against bacteria. Peptides 2011; 32:1488-95. [PMID: 21664394 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Enantiomeric amphipathic α-helical antibacterial peptides were synthesized and their biophysical and biological properties under different physiological conditions were studied. In the absence of physiological factors, the L- and D-peptides exhibited similar antimicrobial activities against a broad spectrum of bacteria, even against clinical isolates with resistance to traditional antibiotics. However, in the presence of NaCl, CaCl₂ or human serum albumin (HSA) at physiological concentrations, the enantiomers revealed bacterium-species dependent attenuations in antibacterial activity. In the presence of salts the electrostatic interaction between the peptides and the biomembrane was inhibited. Salts, especially CaCl₂ weakened the ability of the peptides to permeabilize the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, as determined by a 1-N-phenylnaphthylamine uptake assay. HSA exhibited variable inhibitory effects on the activity of the peptides when incubated with different bacterial strains. The peptides showed different binding association abilities to HSA at different molar ratios, regardless of their chirality, resulting in reduced peptide biological activity. The D-peptide performed better than its L-enantiomer in all conditions tested because of its resistance to proteolysis, and may therefore represent a promising candidate for development as a therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Huang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
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12
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Nguyen LT, de Boer L, Zaat SAJ, Vogel HJ. Investigating the cationic side chains of the antimicrobial peptide tritrpticin: hydrogen bonding properties govern its membrane-disruptive activities. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1808:2297-303. [PMID: 21641334 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2011] [Revised: 05/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The positively charged side chains of cationic antimicrobial peptides are generally thought to provide the initial long-range electrostatic attractive forces that guide them towards the negatively charged bacterial membranes. Peptide analogs were designed to examine the role of the four Arg side chains in the cathelicidin peptide tritrpticin (VRRFPWWWPFLRR). The analogs include several noncoded Arg and Lys derivatives that offer small variations in side chain length and methylation state. The peptides were tested for bactericidal and hemolytic activities, and their membrane insertion and permeabilization properties were characterized by leakage assays and fluorescence spectroscopy. A net charge of +5 for most of the analogs maintains their high antimicrobial activity and directs them towards preferential insertion into model bacterial membrane systems with a similar extent of burial of the Trp side chains. However the peptides exhibit significant functional differences. Analogs with methylated cationic side chains cause lower levels of membrane leakage and are associated with lower hemolytic activities, making them potentially attractive pharmaceutical candidates. Analogs containing the Arg guanidinium groups cause more membrane disruption than those containing the Lys amino groups. Peptides in the latter group with shorter side chains have increased membrane activity and conversely, elongating the Arg residue causes slightly higher membrane activity. Altogether, the potential for strong hydrogen bonding between the four positive Arg side chains with the phospholipid head groups seems to be a determinant for the membrane disruptive properties of tritrpticin and many related cationic antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard T Nguyen
- Biochemistry Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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13
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Huang Y, Huang J, Chen Y. Alpha-helical cationic antimicrobial peptides: relationships of structure and function. Protein Cell 2010; 1:143-52. [PMID: 21203984 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-010-0004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), with their extraordinary properties, such as broad-spectrum activity, rapid action and difficult development of resistance, have become promising molecules as new antibiotics. Despite their various mechanisms of action, the interaction of AMPs with the bacterial cell membrane is the key step for their mode of action. Moreover, it is generally accepted that the membrane is the primary target of most AMPs, and the interaction between AMPs and eukaryotic cell membranes (causing toxicity to host cells) limits their clinical application. Therefore, researchers are engaged in reforming or de novo designing AMPs as a 'single-edged sword' that contains high antimicrobial activity yet low cytotoxicity against eukaryotic cells. To improve the antimicrobial activity of AMPs, the relationship between the structure and function of AMPs has been rigorously pursued. In this review, we focus on the current knowledge of α-helical cationic antimicrobial peptides, one of the most common types of AMPs in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibing Huang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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14
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Mandell DJ, Chorny I, Groban ES, Wong SE, Levine E, Rapp CS, Jacobson MP. Strengths of hydrogen bonds involving phosphorylated amino acid side chains. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:820-7. [PMID: 17243818 DOI: 10.1021/ja063019w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational phosphorylation plays a key role in regulating protein function. Here, we provide a quantitative assessment of the relative strengths of hydrogen bonds involving phosphorylated amino acid side chains (pSer, pAsp) with several common donors (Arg, Lys, and backbone amide groups). We utilize multiple levels of theory, consisting of explicit solvent molecular dynamics, implicit solvent molecular mechanics, and quantum mechanics with a self-consistent reaction field treatment of solvent. Because the approximately 6 pKa of phosphate suggests that -1 and -2 charged species may coexist at physiological pH, hydrogen bonds involving both protonated and deprotonated phosphates for all donor-acceptor pairs are considered. Multiple bonding geometries for the charged-charged interactions are also considered. Arg is shown to be capable of substantially stronger salt bridges with phosphorylated side chains than Lys. A pSer hydrogen-bond acceptor tends to form more stable interactions than a pAsp acceptor. The effect of phosphate protonation state on the strengths of the hydrogen bonds is remarkably subtle, with a more pronounced effect on pAsp than on pSer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Mandell
- Graduate Program in Biological and Medical Informatics, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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15
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Liu Z, Brady A, Young A, Rasimick B, Chen K, Zhou C, Kallenbach NR. Length effects in antimicrobial peptides of the (RW)n series. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 51:597-603. [PMID: 17145799 PMCID: PMC1797765 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00828-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A class of antimicrobial peptides involved in host defense consists of sequences rich in Arg and Trp-R and -W. Analysis of the pharmacophore in these peptides revealed that chains as short as trimers of sequences such as WRW and RWR have antimicrobial activity (M. B. Strom, B. E. Haug, M. L. Skar, W. Stensen, T. Stiberg, and J. S. Svendsen, J. Med. Chem. 46:1567-1570, 2003). To evaluate the effect of chain length on antimicrobial activity, we synthesized a series of peptides containing simple sequence repeats, (RW)n-NH2 (where n equals 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5), and determined their antimicrobial and hemolytic activity. The antimicrobial activity of the peptides increases with chain length, as does the hemolysis of red blood cells. Within the experimental error, longer peptides (n equals 3, 4, or 5) show similar values for the ratio of hemolytic activity to antibacterial activity, or the hemolytic index. The (RW)3 represents the optimal chain length in terms of the efficacy of synthesis and selectivity as evaluated by the hemolytic index. Circular dichroism spectroscopy indicates that these short peptides appear to be unfolded in aqueous solution but acquire structure in the presence of phospholipids. Interaction of the peptides with model lipid vesicles was examined using tryptophan fluorescence. The (RW)n peptides preferentially interact with bilayers containing the negatively charged headgroup phosphatidylglycerol relative to those containing a zwitterionic headgroup, phosphatidylcholine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA
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16
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Schug KA, Lindner W. Noncovalent binding between guanidinium and anionic groups: focus on biological- and synthetic-based arginine/guanidinium interactions with phosph[on]ate and sulf[on]ate residues. Chem Rev 2005; 105:67-114. [PMID: 15720152 DOI: 10.1021/cr040603j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Schug
- University of Vienna, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Währingerstrasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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17
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Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides have been isolated and characterized from tissues and organisms representing virtually every kingdom and phylum, ranging from prokaryotes to humans. Yet, recurrent structural and functional themes in mechanisms of action and resistance are observed among peptides of widely diverse source and composition. Biochemical distinctions among the peptides themselves, target versus host cells, and the microenvironments in which these counterparts convene, likely provide for varying degrees of selective toxicity among diverse antimicrobial peptide types. Moreover, many antimicrobial peptides employ sophisticated and dynamic mechanisms of action to effect rapid and potent activities consistent with their likely roles in antimicrobial host defense. In balance, successful microbial pathogens have evolved multifaceted and effective countermeasures to avoid exposure to and subvert mechanisms of antimicrobial peptides. A clearer recognition of these opposing themes will significantly advance our understanding of how antimicrobial peptides function in defense against infection. Furthermore, this understanding may provide new models and strategies for developing novel antimicrobial agents, that may also augment immunity, restore potency or amplify the mechanisms of conventional antibiotics, and minimize antimicrobial resistance mechanisms among pathogens. From these perspectives, the intention of this review is to illustrate the contemporary structural and functional themes among mechanisms of antimicrobial peptide action and resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Yeaman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-University of California Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA.
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18
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Wojciechowski M, Grycuk T, Antosiewicz JM, Lesyng B. Prediction of secondary ionization of the phosphate group in phosphotyrosine peptides. Biophys J 2003; 84:750-6. [PMID: 12547759 PMCID: PMC1302655 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(03)74894-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2002] [Accepted: 08/29/2002] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A computational approach, based on a continuum molecular electrostatics model, for the calculation of the pK(a) values of secondary ionization of the phosphate group in phenyl phosphate derivatives is described. The method uses the ESP atomic charges of the mono-anionic and di-anionic forms of the ionizable phosphate group, computed with the use of the density functional method, and applies a new concept of the model group, being the reference state for the pK(a) calculations. Both conformational flexibility and tautomeric degrees of freedom are taken into account in the calculations. The method was parameterized using experimentally available pK(a) values of four derivatives of phenyl phosphates, and phosphotyrosine. Subsequently this parameterization was used to predict pK(a) of the phosphate group in a short peptide Gly-Gly-Tyr(P)-Ala, and in a longer peptide consisting of 12 residues, the latter in water, and in a complex with a protein-phospholipase. The agreement between the computed and the experimental pK(a) values is better than +/-0.3 pH units for the optimized solute dielectric constant of 11-13. This approach is promising and its extension to other phospho-amino acids is in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wojciechowski
- Department of Biophysics, Warsaw University, Zwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
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19
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Vogel HJ, Schibli DJ, Jing W, Lohmeier-Vogel EM, Epand RF, Epand RM. Towards a structure-function analysis of bovine lactoferricin and related tryptophan- and arginine-containing peptides. Biochem Cell Biol 2002; 80:49-63. [PMID: 11908643 DOI: 10.1139/o01-213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The iron-binding protein lactoferrin is a multifunctional protein that has antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antitumour, anti-inflammatory, and immunoregulatory properties. All of these additional properties appear to be related to its highly basic N-terminal region. This part of the protein can be released in the stomach by pepsin cleavage at acid pH. The 25-residue antimicrobial peptide that is released is called lactoferricin. In this work, we review our knowledge about the structure of the peptide and attempt to relate this to its many functions. Microcalorimetry and fluorescence spectroscopy data regarding the interaction of the peptide with model membranes show that binding to net negatively charged bacterial and cancer cell membranes is preferred over neutral eukaryotic membranes. Binding of the peptide destabilizes the regular membrane bilayer structure. Residues that are of particular importance for the activity of lactoferricin are tryptophan and arginine. These two amino acids are also prevalent in "penetratins", which are regions of proteins or synthetic peptides that can spontaneously cross membranes and in short hexapeptide antimicrobial peptides derived through combinatorial chemistry. While the antimicrobial, antifungal, antitumour, and antiviral properties of lactoferricin can be related to the Trp/Arg-rich portion of the peptide, we suggest that the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties are more related to a positively charged region of the molecule, which, like the alpha- and beta-defensins, may act as a chemokine. Few small peptides are involved in as wide a range of host defense functions as bovine and human lactoferricin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans J Vogel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, AB, Canada.
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20
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Frigyes D, Alber F, Pongor S, Carloni P. Arginine–phosphate salt bridges in protein–DNA complexes: a Car–Parrinello study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-1280(01)00368-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Epand RM, Vogel HJ. Diversity of antimicrobial peptides and their mechanisms of action. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1462:11-28. [PMID: 10590300 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(99)00198-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 980] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides encompass a wide variety of structural motifs. Many peptides have alpha-helical structures. The majority of these peptides are cationic and amphipathic but there are also hydrophobic alpha-helical peptides which possess antimicrobial activity. In addition, some beta-sheet peptides have antimicrobial activity and even antimicrobial alpha-helical peptides which have been modified to possess a beta-structure retain part of their antimicrobial activity. There are also antimicrobial peptides which are rich in a certain specific amino acid such as Trp or His. In addition, antimicrobial peptides exist with thio-ether rings, which are lipopeptides or which have macrocyclic Cys knots. In spite of the structural diversity, a common feature of the cationic antimicrobial peptides is that they all have an amphipathic structure which allows them to bind to the membrane interface. Indeed, most antimicrobial peptides interact with membranes and may be cytotoxic as a result of disturbance of the bacterial inner or outer membranes. Alternatively, a necessary but not sufficient property of these peptides may be to be able to pass through the membrane to reach a target inside the cell. The interaction of these peptides with biological membranes is not just a function of the peptide but is also modulated by the lipid components of the membrane. It is not likely that this diverse group of peptides has a single mechanism of action, but interaction of the peptides with membranes is an important requirement for most, if not all, antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Epand
- Department of Biochemistry, McMaster University Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, Ont., Canada
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22
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Cramer CJ, Truhlar DG. Implicit Solvation Models: Equilibria, Structure, Spectra, and Dynamics. Chem Rev 1999; 99:2161-2200. [PMID: 11849023 DOI: 10.1021/cr960149m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1722] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Cramer
- Department of Chemistry and Supercomputer Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431
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23
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Martin BL, Luo S, Kintanar A, Chen M, Graves DJ. Effect of citrulline for arginine replacement on the structure and turnover of phosphopeptide substrates of protein phosphatase-1. Arch Biochem Biophys 1998; 359:179-91. [PMID: 9808759 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1998.0912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated forms of a decapeptide corresponding to residues 9 to 18 of glycogen phosphorylase were compared using two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance with assignment of both peptides done by the sequential method. Both forms had little secondary structure, but there was evidence for an interaction between arginine-16 and phosphorylated serine at position 14. A change in the chemical shift for the epsilon-nitrogen hydrogen of arginine in position 16 was observed in the spectrum of the phosphorylated peptide and was not evident in a phosphopeptide having citrulline in place of arginine-16. Hydrolysis catalyzed by protein phosphatase-1 was decreased with the citrulline-containing phosphopeptide compared to the arginine-containing phosphopeptide with effects observed on both kcat and Km of the phosphatase reaction. Alkaline phosphatase hydrolyzed these peptides and a di-citrulline peptide equally well. These results are consistent with arginine being favorable in the recognition of substrates by phosphatase-1, possibly recognition as an arginine-phosphoserine complex. As a model study, arginine and two analogs, citrulline and canavanine, were examined for association with inorganic phosphate by nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. 31P-NMR measurements showed that arginine and canavanine caused a shift in the phosphate resonance at 20 degreesC. Citrulline caused no change. Changes in chemical shift were measured over the pH range 5-9 with arginine and canavanine both causing a slight decrease in the apparent pKa of inorganic phosphate (DeltapKa approximately 0.15). NaCl, NH4Cl, and guanidine hydrochloride showed little effect on the resonance signal position of inorganic phosphate at pH 6.5, consistent with selectivity for the guanidino group. Temperature (6 degrees, 20 degrees, and 37 degreesC) caused little change in the effect of arginine, but there was some dependency with canavanine, decreasing with temperature. Citrulline caused no change in the chemical shift of phosphate at any temperature. It was concluded that hydrogen bonded complexes were formed between the dianion of phosphate and the protonated form of arginine or canavanine with a bifurcated structure having preference for the omega-hydrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Martin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee, 38163, USA.
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