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Chatterjee B, Ghosh K, Swain A, Nalla KK, Ravula H, Pan A, Kanade SR. The phytochemical brazilin suppress DNMT1 expression by recruiting p53 to its promoter resulting in the epigenetic restoration of p21 in MCF7cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 95:153885. [PMID: 34920321 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is an outcome of uncontrolled cell division eventually associated with dysregulated epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation. DNA methyltransferase 1 is ubiquitously expressed in the proliferating cells and is essential for the maintenance of DNA methylation. It causes the abnormal silencing of tumor suppressor genes in human cancer which is necessary for proliferation, cell cycle progression, and survival. DNMT1 is involved in tumorigenesis of several cancers, its upregulation potentially upscale the promoter level inactivation of transcription of a tumor inhibitory gene by introducing repressive methylation marks on the CpG islands. This epigenetic perturbation caused by DNMT is targeted for cancer therapeutics. PURPOSE To demonstrate the proliferative inhibitory potential of brazilin in human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) with concurrent mitigation of DNMT1 functional expression and to understand its effect on downstream targets like cell cycle inhibitor p21. STUDY DESIGN/ METHODS The impact of brazilin on the growth and proliferation of the MCF-7 cells was determined using the XTT assay. The global DNA 5-methyl cytosine methylation pattern was analyzed upon brazilin treatment. The gene and protein expression of DNMTs were determined with quantitative RTPCR and western blots respectively. The potential binding sites of transcription factors in the human DNMT1 promoter were predicted using the MatInspector tool on the Genomatix software. The chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay was performed to demonstrate the transcription factors occupancy at the promoter. Methylation of promoter CpG islands was determined by the methylation-specific PCR (MSP) upon brazilin treatment. The molecular docking of the human DNMT1 with brazilin (ligand) was performed using the Schrödinger suite. RESULTS The heterotetracyclic compound brazilin, present in the wood of Caesalpinia sappan, inhibited the proliferation of the human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and reduced the DNMT1 expression with a decrease in global DNA methylation. Brazilin, by activating p38 MAPK and elevating p53 levels within the exposed cells. The elevated level of p53 enriched the occupancy at binding sites within 200 bp upstream to the transcription start site in the DNMT1 promoter, resulting in reduced DNMT1 gene expression. Furthermore, the brazilin restored the p21 levels in the exposed cells as the CpGs in the p21 promoter (-128 bp/+17 bp) were significantly demethylated as observed in the methylation-specific PCR (MSP). CONCLUSION Highly potential anti-proliferative molecule brazilin can modulate the DNMT1 functional expression and restore the cell cycle inhibitor p21expression. We propose that brazilin can be used in therapeutic interventions to restore the deregulated epigenetic mechanisms in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biji Chatterjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasargod-671316, Kerala, India
| | - Krishna Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasargod-671316, Kerala, India
| | - Aishwarya Swain
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Pondicherry University, Puducherry-605014, India
| | - Kiran Kumar Nalla
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Central University P.O., Hyderabad-500046, Telangana, India
| | - Haritha Ravula
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Central University P.O., Hyderabad-500046, Telangana, India
| | - Archana Pan
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Pondicherry University, Puducherry-605014, India
| | - Santosh R Kanade
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Central University P.O., Hyderabad-500046, Telangana, India.
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Transcriptomic analysis of castration, chemo-resistant and metastatic prostate cancer elucidates complex genetic crosstalk leading to disease progression. Funct Integr Genomics 2021; 21:451-472. [PMID: 34184132 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-021-00789-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prostate adenocarcinoma, with its rising numbers and high fatality rate, is a daunting healthcare challenge to clinicians and researchers alike. The mainstay of our meta-analysis was to decipher differentially expressed genes (DEGs), their corresponding transcription factors (TFs), miRNAs (microRNA) and interacting pathways underlying the progression of prostate cancer (PCa). We have chosen multiple datasets from primary, castration-resistant, chemo-resistant and metastatic prostate cancer stages for investigation. From our tissue-specific and disease-specific co-expression networks, fifteen hub genes such as ACTB, ACTN1, CDH1, CDKN1A, DDX21, ELF3, FLNA, FLNC, IKZF1, ILK, KRT13, KRT18, KRT19, SVIL and TRIM29 were identified and validated by molecular complex detection analysis as well as survival analysis. In our attempt to highlight hub gene-associated mutations and drug interactions, FLNC was found to be most commonly mutated and CDKN1A gene was found to have highest druggability. Moreover, from DAVID and gene set enrichment analysis, the focal adhesion and oestrogen signalling pathways were found enriched which indicates the involvement of hub genes in tumour invasiveness and metastasis. Finally by Enrichr tool and miRNet, we identified transcriptional factors SNAI2, TP63, CEBPB and KLF11 and microRNAs, namely hsa-mir-1-3p, hsa-mir-145-5p, hsa-mir-124-3p and hsa-mir-218-5p significantly controlling the hub gene expressions. In a nutshell, our report will help to gain a deeper insight into complex molecular intricacies and thereby unveil the probable biomarkers and therapeutic targets involved with PCa progression.
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Wang W, Liu B, Duan X, Feng X, Wang T, Wang P, Ding M, Liu S, Li L, Liu J, Tang L, Niu X, Zhang Y, Li G, Yao W, Yang Y. Telomere length in workers was effected by omethoate exposure and interaction between smoking and p21 polymorphisms. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2019; 54:948-953. [PMID: 31405322 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2019.1652074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Omethoate is an organophosphorus pesticide that poses a major health hazard, especially DNA damage. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting telomere length in workers exposed to omethoate by analyzing the interaction between cell cycle gene polymorphism and environmental factors. The exposure group consisted of 118 workers exposed to omethoate for 8-10 years, the control group comprised 115 healthy people without occupational toxicant exposure history. The telomere length of genomic DNA from peripheral blood leucocyte was determined with real-time PCR. Polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism was used to detect the polymorphisms in p53, p21 and MDM2 gene. The telomere length in the (CA + AA) genotypes for p21 rs1801270 polymorphism was longer than that in the CC genotype in control group (P = 0.015). The generalized linear model analysis indicated the interaction of the p21 rs1801270 polymorphic (CA + AA) genotypes and smoking has a significant effect on telomere length (β = -0.258, P = 0.085). The prolongation of telomere length in omethoate-exposed workers was associated with genotypes (CA + AA) of p21 rs1801270, and interactions of (CA + AA) genotypes and smoking factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Health Inspection of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoran Duan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaolei Feng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tuanwei Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pengpeng Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mingcui Ding
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Suxiang Liu
- Department of Zhengzhou, Institute of Occupational Health, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Zhengzhou, Institute of Occupational Health, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junling Liu
- Department of Zhengzhou, Institute of Occupational Health, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lixia Tang
- Department of Zhengzhou, Institute of Occupational Health, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinhua Niu
- Department of Zhengzhou, Institute of Occupational Health, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuhong Zhang
- Department of Zhengzhou, Institute of Occupational Health, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guoyu Li
- Department of Zhengzhou, Institute of Occupational Health, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wu Yao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongli Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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4
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Mashayekhi S, Salehi Z, Saberi A, Shakiba M, Mashayekhi F, Yousefzadeh-Chabok S. Functional variants of p21 gene alter susceptibility to meningioma. Br J Biomed Sci 2018; 75:92-94. [DOI: 10.1080/09674845.2017.1396677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Mashayekhi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Poursina Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Z Salehi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Poursina Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - A Saberi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Poursina Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - M Shakiba
- Neuroscience Research Center, Poursina Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - F Mashayekhi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Poursina Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - S Yousefzadeh-Chabok
- Neuroscience Research Center, Poursina Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
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Duan X, Yang Y, Wang S, Feng X, Wang T, Wang P, Liu S, Li L, Yao W, Cui L, Wang W. Changes in the expression of genes involved in cell cycle regulation and the relative telomere length in the process of canceration induced by omethoate. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317719782. [PMID: 28718371 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317719782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorous pesticides (OPs), with high efficiency, broad-spectrum and low residue, are widely used in China. Omethoate is a broad category of organophosphorous pesticides and is more domestically utilized which has chronic toxic effect on human health caused by long-term, low-dose exposure to Ops, recently its potential genotoxicity has attracted wide attention which can cause chromosomal DNA damage. Thus, the aim of this study is screen susceptible biomarkers and explore the mechanism of canceration induced by omethoate. 180 long-term organophosphorus pesticide-exposed workers and 115 healthy controls were recruited. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction method was applied to determine the relative telomere length in peripheral lymphocyte DNA as well as p53 and p21 gene expression levels. Genetic polymorphisms were determined by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Multiple linear regression was conducted to explore the effects of exposure, expression levels, and polymorphisms in genes on the telomere length. The results showed the relative telomere lengths in the exposure group were significantly longer than that in the control group. The messenger RNA expression levels of p53 and p21 in exposure group were significantly lower than that in the control group; telomere lengths of the CA genotype individuals of p21 rs1801270 polymorphism locus were significantly longer than that of the CC genotype in the control group that were estimated using the Bonferroni method; and bivariate correlation analysis showed that the messenger RNA expression level of gene p53 was negatively correlated with telomere length, and the messenger RNA expression level of gene p21 was positively correlated with telomere length. Multivariate analysis found that p53 messenger RNA and p21 messenger RNA had an impact on telomere length. These results demonstrated that the messenger RNA expression levels of p53 and p21 may have a relationship with the changes in telomere length induced by omethoate and provided strong evidence for the mechanism of canceration induced by poison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoran Duan
- 1 Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongli Yang
- 2 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Sihua Wang
- 3 Department of Occupational Health, Henan Institute of Occupational Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaolei Feng
- 1 Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tuanwei Wang
- 1 Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pengpeng Wang
- 1 Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Suxiang Liu
- 4 Clinical Department, Zhengzhou Institute of Occupational Health, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lei Li
- 4 Clinical Department, Zhengzhou Institute of Occupational Health, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wu Yao
- 1 Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liuxin Cui
- 1 Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- 1 Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Carrasco-Garcia E, Moreno M, Moreno-Cugnon L, Matheu A. Increased Arf/p53 activity in stem cells, aging and cancer. Aging Cell 2017; 16:219-225. [PMID: 28101907 PMCID: PMC5334536 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Arf/p53 pathway protects the cells against DNA damage induced by acute stress. This characteristic is the responsible for its tumor suppressor activity. Moreover, it regulates the chronic type of stress associated with aging. This is the basis of its anti‐aging activity. Indeed, increased gene dosage of Arf/p53 displays elongated longevity and delayed aging. At a cellular level, it has been recently shown that increased dosage of Arf/p53 delays age‐associated stem cell exhaustion and the subsequent decline in tissue homeostasis and regeneration. However, p53 can also promote aging if constitutively activated. In this context, p53 reduces tissue regeneration, which correlates with premature exhaustion of stem cells. We discuss here the current evidence linking the Arf/p53 pathway to the processes of aging and cancer through stem cell regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel Moreno
- Cellular Oncology Group; Biodonostia Institute; San Sebastian Spain
| | | | - Ander Matheu
- Cellular Oncology Group; Biodonostia Institute; San Sebastian Spain
- Ikerbasque; Basque Foundation; Bilbao Spain
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7
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Salimi S, Hajizadeh A, Yaghmaei M, Rezaie S, Shahrakypour M, Teimoori B, Parache M, Naghavi A, Mokhtari M. The effects of p21 gene C98A polymorphism on development of uterine leiomyoma in southeast Iranian women. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:12497-12502. [PMID: 27337955 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5078-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Uterine leiomyoma (UL) is a monoclonal tumor which arises from uninhibited proliferation of a single myometrial cell; therefore, the imbalance in cell cycle regulation could be a key event in its development. In the present study, we aimed to assess the association of p21 gene polymorphisms and UL. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples of 154 women with UL and 197 age-, BMI-, and ethnically matched controls. p21 C98A (rs1801270) and C70T (rs1059234) polymorphism genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. The CA genotype of p21 C98A polymorphism was significantly higher in UL women (28 %) compared to the controls (18 %), and the UL risk was 1.8-fold greater in women with CA genotype compared to CC genotype before and after adjusting for age, BMI, and ethnicity (OR, 1.8 [95 % CI, 1.1 to 3]; P = 0.02). There was no association between the AA genotype of p21 C98A polymorphism and UL. Moreover, the frequency of p21 98A allele was significantly higher in the UL women compared to controls (17 vs. 12 %, p = 0.04). The p21 C70T polymorphism did not correlate with UL before and after adjusting for age, BMI, and ethnicity. There was no difference in haplotype frequency of p21 C70T and C98A polymorphisms between UL patients and the controls. CA genotype of p21 C98A polymorphism may be a risk factor for UL susceptibility; however, p21 C70T polymorphism did not associate with UL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeedeh Salimi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Azam Hajizadeh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Minoo Yaghmaei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshty University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sodabeh Rezaie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Shahrakypour
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.,Pregnancy Health Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Batool Teimoori
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mahboube Parache
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Anoosh Naghavi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mojgan Mokhtari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
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Tracy I, Tapper W, Parker A, Gardiner A, Sadullah S, Pratt G, Copplestone A, Oscier D, Best OG. Type C TP53-CDKN1A pathway dysfunction occurs independently of CDKN1A gene polymorphisms in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and is associated with TP53 abnormalities. Br J Haematol 2016; 178:824-826. [PMID: 27292869 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Tracy
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Bournemouth, Dorset, UK
| | - William Tapper
- Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Anton Parker
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Bournemouth, Dorset, UK
| | - Anne Gardiner
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Bournemouth, Dorset, UK
| | - Shalal Sadullah
- Department of Haematology, James Paget University Hospitals, Great Yarmouth, UK
| | - Guy Pratt
- Department of Haematology, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - David Oscier
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Bournemouth, Dorset, UK
| | - Oliver Giles Best
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Bournemouth, Dorset, UK
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Li J, Li Z, Kan Q, Sun S, Li Y, Wang S. Association of p21 3' UTR gene polymorphism with cancer risk: Evidence from a meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13189. [PMID: 26278624 PMCID: PMC4538688 DOI: 10.1038/srep13189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have investigated the risk of cancer associated with the polymorphism of p21 3' UTR (rs1059234 C > T), but results have been inconsistent. We performed this meta-analysis to drive a more precise estimation of the association between this polymorphism and risk of cancer. A comprehensive search was conducted to identify all case-control studies of the rs1059234 C > T polymorphism of p21 3' UTR and cancer susceptibility. A total of eleven eligible studies, including 3,099 cases and 4,354 controls, relating to the rs1059234 polymorphism of p21 3' UTR to the risk of cancer were identified. Multivariate and univariate methods revealed no association between this polymorphism and cancer risk. However, subgroup analysis by cancer type suggested that rs1059234 C > T polymorphism was associated with increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) (dominant model CT + TT vs. CC: OR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.17-1.94). No significant association was found in other subgroup analyses. This meta-analysis suggested that rs1059234 polymorphism of p21 3' UTR may be associated with increased SCCHN risk. And larger scale primary studies are required to further evaluate the interaction of p21 3' UTR rs1059234 polymorphism and cancer risk in specific populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- 1] Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Province, China [2] The Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Province, China
| | - Zhenzhen Li
- 1] Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Province, China [2] The Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Province, China
| | - Quancheng Kan
- 1] The Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Province, China [2] Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Province, China
| | - Suke Sun
- The Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Province, China
| | - Yidong Li
- The Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Province, China
| | - Suyun Wang
- The Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Province, China
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Sivoňová MK, Vilčková M, Kliment J, Mahmood S, Jurečeková J, Dušenková S, Waczulíková I, Slezák P, Dobrota D. Association of p53 and p21 polymorphisms with prostate cancer. Biomed Rep 2015; 3:707-714. [PMID: 26405550 DOI: 10.3892/br.2015.496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle deregulation is common in human cancer. Alterations of the tumor-suppressor gene p53 and its downstream effector p21 have been indicated in the development of numerous human malignancies. Therefore, we hypothesize that the p53 codon 72 polymorphism, either on its own or in combination with p21 (C98A and C70T) polymorphisms, modifies the risk of prostate cancer within the Slovak population, and no previous studies have investigated these gene-gene interactions in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer in the Slovak population. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism was used to determine the p53 and p21 genotypes in subjects comprising 300 prostate cancer patients and 446 healthy individuals. These 3 polymorphisms individually did not correlate with the prostate cancer risk. Conversely, the interaction between the p53 and p21 polymorphisms significantly decreased the risk of prostate cancer, with the odds ratio (OR) being 0.49 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.27-0.86; P<0.05] for subjects carrying the p53 codon 72 arginine (Arg)/proline (Pro)+Pro/Pro and p21 C98A CA genotypes compared to the combined reference genotypes p53 codon 72 Arg/Arg and p21 C98A CC. Neither the p53 genotypes nor the p21 genotypes showed statistically significant differences in Gleason score or serum prostate-specific antigen levels (P>0.05). A decreased risk of prostate cancer association with the p21 C98A CA genotype (OR=0.58; 95% CI, 0.36-0.93; P<0.05) in non-smokers compared to the non-smokers with the p21 C98A CC genotype was observed. Smokers carrying the p53 codon 72 Pro/Pro genotype were not at any significant risk of prostate cancer (OR=2.97; 95% CI, 0.51-17.15) compared to the non-smokers with the Arg/Arg genotype. Taken together, to the best of our knowledge this is the first study to show that a combination of the variant genotypes of p53 codon 72 and p21 C98A may modify the prostate cancer risk within the Slovak population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kmeťová Sivoňová
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, 036 01 Martin, Slovak Republic
| | - Marta Vilčková
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, 036 01 Martin, Slovak Republic
| | - Ján Kliment
- Department of Urology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine and UHM, 036 01 Martin, Slovak Republic
| | - Silvia Mahmood
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, 036 01 Martin, Slovak Republic
| | - Jana Jurečeková
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, 036 01 Martin, Slovak Republic
| | - Svetlana Dušenková
- Department of Urology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine and UHM, 036 01 Martin, Slovak Republic
| | - Iveta Waczulíková
- Department of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics, Division of Biomedical Physics, Comenius University, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Slezák
- Institute of Simulation and Virtual Medical Education, Comenius University, Faculty of Medicine, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Dušan Dobrota
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, 036 01 Martin, Slovak Republic
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Yates SC, Zafar A, Rabai EM, Foxall JB, Nagy S, Morrison KE, Clarke C, Esiri MM, Christie S, Smith AD, Nagy Z. The effects of two polymorphisms on p21cip1 function and their association with Alzheimer's disease in a population of European descent. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0114050. [PMID: 25625488 PMCID: PMC4308198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
With the exception of ApoE4, genome-wide association studies have failed to identify strong genetic risk factors for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease, despite strong evidence of heritability, suggesting that many low penetrance genes may be involved. Additionally, the nature of the identified genetic risk factors and their relation to disease pathology is also largely obscure. Previous studies have found that a cancer-associated variant of the cell cycle inhibitor gene p21cip1 is associated with increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease. The aim of this study was to confirm this association and to elucidate the effects of the variant on protein function and Alzheimer-type pathology. We examined the association of the p21cip1 variant with Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease with dementia. The genotyping studies were performed on 719 participants of the Oxford Project to Investigate Memory and Ageing, 225 participants of a Parkinson’s disease DNA bank, and 477 participants of the Human Random Control collection available from the European Collection of Cell Cultures. The post mortem studies were carried out on 190 participants. In the in-vitro study, human embryonic kidney cells were transfected with either the common or rare p21cip1 variant; and cytometry was used to assess cell cycle kinetics, p21cip1 protein expression and sub-cellular localisation. The variant was associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease with dementia, relative to age matched controls. Furthermore, the variant was associated with an earlier age of onset of Alzheimer’s disease, and a more severe phenotype, with a primary influence on the accumulation of tangle pathology. In the in-vitro study, we found that the SNPs reduced the cell cycle inhibitory and anti-apoptotic activity of p21cip1. The results suggest that the cancer-associated variant of p21cip1 may contribute to the loss of cell cycle control in neurons that may lead to Alzheimer-type neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon C. Yates
- Neuropharmacology and Neurobiology, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Amen Zafar
- Neuropharmacology and Neurobiology, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Erzsebet M. Rabai
- Neuropharmacology and Neurobiology, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - James B. Foxall
- Neuropharmacology and Neurobiology, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Sheila Nagy
- Neuropharmacology and Neurobiology, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Karen E. Morrison
- Neuropharmacology and Neurobiology, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Carl Clarke
- Neuropharmacology and Neurobiology, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret M. Esiri
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Oxford, Level 1, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Christie
- OPTIMA, University of Oxford, Level 4, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - A. David Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Zsuzsanna Nagy
- Neuropharmacology and Neurobiology, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Barbieri RB, Bufalo NE, Secolin R, Assumpção LVM, Maciel RMB, Cerutti JM, Ward LS. Polymorphisms of cell cycle control genes influence the development of sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma. Eur J Endocrinol 2014; 171:761-7. [PMID: 25565272 DOI: 10.1530/eje-14-0461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of key cell cycle regulation genes such as, CDKN1B, CDKN2A, CDKN2B, and CDKN2C in sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma (s-MTC) is still largely unknown. METHODS In order to evaluate the influence of inherited polymorphisms of these genes on the pathogenesis of s-MTC, we used TaqMan SNP genotyping to examine 45 s-MTC patients carefully matched with 98 controls. RESULTS A multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that CDKN1B and CDKN2A genes were related to s-MTC susceptibility. The rs2066827*GT+GG CDKN1B genotype was more frequent in s-MTC patients (62.22%) than in controls (40.21%), increasing the susceptibility to s-MTC (OR=2.47; 95% CI=1.048-5.833; P=0.038). By contrast, the rs11515*CG+GG of CDKN2A gene was more frequent in the controls (32.65%) than in patients (15.56%), reducing the risk for s-MTC (OR=0.174; 95% CI=0.048-0.627; P=0.0075). A stepwise regression analysis indicated that two genotypes together could explain 11% of the total s-MTC risk. In addition, a relationship was found between disease progression and the presence of alterations in the CDKN1A (rs1801270), CDKN2C (rs12885), and CDKN2B (rs1063192) genes. WT rs1801270 CDKN1A patients presented extrathyroidal tumor extension more frequently (92%) than polymorphic CDKN1A rs1801270 patients (50%; P=0.0376). Patients with the WT CDKN2C gene (rs12885) presented larger tumors (2.9±1.8 cm) than polymorphic patients (1.5±0.7 cm; P=0.0324). On the other hand, patients with the polymorphic CDKN2B gene (rs1063192) presented distant metastases (36.3%; P=0.0261). CONCLUSION In summary, we demonstrated that CDKN1B and CDKN2A genes are associated with susceptibility, whereas the inherited genetic profile of CDKN1A, CDKN2B, and CDKN2C is associated with aggressive features of tumors. This study suggests that profiling cell cycle genes may help define the risk and characterize s-MTC aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Barbieri
- University of Campinas (FCM - Unicamp)126, Tessalia Vieira de Camargo, Street. Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz, Campinas - São Paulo, 13083-887 BrazilFederal University of Sao Paulo (Unifesp)669, Pedro Toledo Street, São Paulo-SP 04039-032, Brazil
| | - N E Bufalo
- University of Campinas (FCM - Unicamp)126, Tessalia Vieira de Camargo, Street. Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz, Campinas - São Paulo, 13083-887 BrazilFederal University of Sao Paulo (Unifesp)669, Pedro Toledo Street, São Paulo-SP 04039-032, Brazil
| | - R Secolin
- University of Campinas (FCM - Unicamp)126, Tessalia Vieira de Camargo, Street. Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz, Campinas - São Paulo, 13083-887 BrazilFederal University of Sao Paulo (Unifesp)669, Pedro Toledo Street, São Paulo-SP 04039-032, Brazil
| | - L V M Assumpção
- University of Campinas (FCM - Unicamp)126, Tessalia Vieira de Camargo, Street. Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz, Campinas - São Paulo, 13083-887 BrazilFederal University of Sao Paulo (Unifesp)669, Pedro Toledo Street, São Paulo-SP 04039-032, Brazil
| | - R M B Maciel
- University of Campinas (FCM - Unicamp)126, Tessalia Vieira de Camargo, Street. Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz, Campinas - São Paulo, 13083-887 BrazilFederal University of Sao Paulo (Unifesp)669, Pedro Toledo Street, São Paulo-SP 04039-032, Brazil
| | - J M Cerutti
- University of Campinas (FCM - Unicamp)126, Tessalia Vieira de Camargo, Street. Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz, Campinas - São Paulo, 13083-887 BrazilFederal University of Sao Paulo (Unifesp)669, Pedro Toledo Street, São Paulo-SP 04039-032, Brazil
| | - L S Ward
- University of Campinas (FCM - Unicamp)126, Tessalia Vieira de Camargo, Street. Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz, Campinas - São Paulo, 13083-887 BrazilFederal University of Sao Paulo (Unifesp)669, Pedro Toledo Street, São Paulo-SP 04039-032, Brazil
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Wang X, Lin Y, Lan F, Yu Y, Ouyang X, Liu W, Xie F, Wang X, Huang Q. BAX and CDKN1A polymorphisms correlated with clinical outcomes of gastric cancer patients treated with postoperative chemotherapy. Med Oncol 2014; 31:249. [PMID: 25267570 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0249-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to examine the correlation between two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of apoptosis-related genes and clinical outcomes in gastric cancer. A total of 221 patients with stage T2 and T3 gastric cancer treated with postoperative chemotherapy between 2003 and 2008 were retrospectively collected in this study to explore the association of rs4645878 located in BAX gene and rs1801270 located in CDKN1A gene with survival, recurrence, and toxicity to chemotherapy. Additionally, immunohistochemistry was used to detect the BAX expression in gastric cancer tissues. Patients carrying at least one variant genotype in BAX SNP (rs4645878) showed a significantly increased recurrence risk [hazard ratio (HR) 2.63; 95 % confidence internal (95 % CI) 1.71-4.03] and poor survival (HR 2.89; 95 % CI 1.88-4.44). Moreover, the recurrence and survival rate in patients with GA genotype was 72.7 and 24.7 %, respectively, compared with total recurrence rate of 54.8 %, P = 0.006, and compared with total survival rate of 46.6 %, P = 0.001. In addition, the GA genotype was related to lower BAX expression in gastric cancer tissues. The CDKN1A (rs1801270) mutant genotype was associated with a significantly decreased risk of hematologic toxicity [odds ratio (OR) 0.28; 95 % CI 0.12-0.63]. SNPs located in BAX and CDKN1A genes are closely associated with clinical outcomes in patients with gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Wang
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Fuzhou General Hospital (Dongfang Hospital), 156 North Xi-er Huan Road, Fuzhou, 350025, Fujian, China
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No Association Between p21 Gene rs1059234 Polymorphisms and Risk of Endometrial Cancer Among Han Women in Northeast China. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 71:167-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0180-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Akhter N, Akhtar MS, Ahmad MM, Haque S, Siddiqui S, Hasan SI, Shukla NK, Husain SA. Association of mutation and hypermethylation of p21 gene with susceptibility to breast cancer: a study from north India. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:2999-3007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3159-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Carvalho INSR, Reis AHDO, Cabello PH, Vargas FR. Polymorphisms of CDKN1A gene and risk of retinoblastoma. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:2774-7. [PMID: 24045412 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Retinoblastoma (RB) is a malignant neoplasia that occurs mostly in children under 5 years. Recently, CDKN1A gene has been shown to be up-regulated in a context of loss of function of pRb. This gene encodes the p21 protein, which is the bona fide effector of p53. We hypothesized whether two putatively functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CDKN1A (rs1801270 C>A and rs1059234 C>T) may influence the risk and/or survival of RB patients. We genotyped both SNPs in 141 RB patients and 120 unrelated healthy individuals. Statistical analyses consisted of chi-square (χ(2)), odds ratio (OR) and survival curves by Kaplan-Meier method. We found that patients who carry the genotype CA for rs1801270 and CT for rs1059234 were associated to an increased risk of RB [OR = 2.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.38-4.53], whereas patients with CC for both polymorphisms were associated to a lower risk of developing RB (OR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.25-0.74). On the other hand, Kaplan-Meier curves did not show statistically significant differences in survival among the studied polymorphisms. We conclude that the minor alleles of rs1801270 and rs1059234 polymorphisms may act as risk factors for the development of RB in our sample. SUMMARY The minor alleles of polymorphisms rs1801270 C>A and rs1059234 C>T in CDKN1A (p21) gene may act as risk factors for the development of RB; however, they do not seem to influence overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivna Néria Silva Ribamar Carvalho
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Department, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), 20211-040 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Askari M, Sobti RC, Nikbakht M, Sharma SC. Aberrant promoter hypermethylation of p21 (WAF1/CIP1) gene and its impact on expression and role of polymorphism in the risk of breast cancer. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 382:19-26. [PMID: 24005533 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1696-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
p21 (Waf-1) is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that plays essential roles in cell growth arrest, terminal differentiation, and apoptosis. Statistically significant difference in the level of methylation of p21/CIP1 (p < 0. 05) between the patients with breast cancer and the healthy controls was observed. Risk of breast cancer was increased in patients with hypermethylated p21/CIP1 promoter by 2.31-fold (OR = 2.31, 95 % CI 1.95-2.74). The downregulation of p21/CIP1 mRNA expression was statistically significant in patients with methylated promoter (p < 0.00) in comparison to patients with unmethylated genes. Downregulation of mRNA expression of p21/CIP1 was up to 79% due to promoter hypermethylation. We examined several p21/CIP1 genotypes in the patients with breast cancer and found that there is no significant association of these p21/CIP1 genotypes with the risk of developing breast cancer. However, a significant 2.21-fold increase in the chance of developing breast cancer was observed in the candidates carrying at least one allele Arg mutant in p21/CIP1 genotype (i.e., Ser/Arg + Arg/Arg) with age >50 (OR = 2.21; 95 % CI 1.03-4.79).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Askari
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Scacchi R, Gambina G, Moretto G, Corbo RM. P21 gene variation and late-onset Alzheimer's disease in the Italian population. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2013; 35:51-7. [PMID: 23306186 DOI: 10.1159/000345788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variation at the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor gene P21 in a patient sample of the Italian population was investigated in search of genetic factors potentially involved in sporadic late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were studied in this gene: a C>A transversion at codon 31 (ser>arg) in exon 2 (RS1801270) and a C>T transition occurring 20 bp downstream from the stop codon of exon 3 (RS1059234). RESULTS The odd ratios were: RS1801270 A allele = 0.62 (95% CI = 0.33-1.18; p = 0.14); RS1059234 T allele = 0.57 (95% CI = 0.33-0.98; p = 0.04). In addition, a longer duration of disease was found with genotypes carrying the RS1059234 T allele (4.3 ± 2.5 years) than with those not carrying it (3.3 ± 2.1 years) (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION In the present sample, one of the two SNPs seems in some way related to AD, since carriers of one allele were slightly protected against AD onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Scacchi
- CNR Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
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Sivoňová MK, Vilčková M, Jurečeková J, Hatok J, Dobrota D, Dušenka R, Kliment J. The role of p21 3'UTR gene polymorphism in the risk of prostate cancer: a pilot study. Mol Med Rep 2012; 7:986-90. [PMID: 23292332 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.1242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell cycle regulator p21 plays an important role in regulating critical cell activities including cell cycle control, DNA repair and apoptosis. Consequently, it may affect the efficacy of the response to DNA damage and tumor development. The aim of our study was to evaluate the frequencies of the p21 C70T polymorphism, the association between this genetic variant and smoking status, and the serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and Gleason score in 118 prostate cancer patients and 130 males routinely screened for prostate cancer in the Slovak population. Blood samples were collected from all individuals for DNA isolation, used for subsequent genotyping assays via PCR-RFLP methods. Overall, we did not observe any significant association between this polymorphism and prostate cancer risk. An analysis of the association between the p21 genotypes and smoking was then conducted. Among smokers, CC and CT genotypes were associated with a non‑significant increased risk (OR=1.48; 95% CI, 0.80-2.76 and OR=1.15; 95% CI, 0.27‑4.77, respectively; p>0.05) in comparison to non-smokers with the CC genotype. Patients with a CT genotype and serum PSA levels≥10 ng/ml had an 84% decrease in prostate cancer risk (OR=0.16; 95% CI, 0.03-0.75; p<0.05) compared to cases with serum PSA levels <10 ng/ml and the CC genotype. No significant association was detected between Gleason score and prostate cancer risk. Based on these results, we concluded that the p21 C70T polymorphism is associated with decreased risk of prostate cancer in Slovak men. To confirm these findings, a systematic approach is required to identify sequence variants in this and other related genes, and subsequently, to test for an association between such variants, smoking status and tumor-specific clinicopathological characteristics in large samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kmetová Sivoňová
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, and University Hospital of Martin, Martin, Slovak Republic
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Wang N, Wang S, Zhang Q, Lu Y, Wei H, Li W, Zhang S, Yin D, Ou Y. Association of p21 SNPs and risk of cervical cancer among Chinese women. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:589. [PMID: 23231583 PMCID: PMC3527144 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The p21 codon 31 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs1801270, has been linked to cervical cancer but with controversial results. The aims of this study were to investigate the role of p21 SNP-rs1801270 and other untested p21 SNPs in the risk of cervical cancer in a Chinese population. Methods We genotyped five p21 SNPs (rs762623, rs2395655, rs1801270, rs3176352, and rs1059234) using peripheral blood DNA from 393 cervical cancer patients and 434 controls. Results The frequency of the rs1801270 A allele in patients (0.421) was significantly lower than that in controls (0.494, p = 0.003). The frequency of the rs3176352 C allele in cases (0.319) was significantly lower than that in controls (0.417, p < 0.001).The allele frequency of other three p21 SNPs showed not statistically significantly different between patients and controls. The rs1801270 AA genotype was associated with a decreased risk for the development of cervical cancer (OR = 0.583, 95%CI: 0.399 - 0.853, P = 0.005). We observed that the three p21 SNPs (rs1801270, rs3176352, and rs1059234) was in linkage disequilibrium (LD) and thus haplotype analysis was performed. The AGT haplotype (which includes the rs1801270A allele) was the most frequent haplotype among all subjects, and both homozygosity and heterozygosity for the AGT haplotype provided a protective effect from development of cervical cancer. Conclusions We show an association between the p21 SNP rs1801270A allele and a decreased risk for cervical cancer in a population of Chinese women. The AGT haplotype formed by three p21 SNPs in LD (rs1801270, rs3176352 and rs1059234) also provided a protective effect in development of cervical cancer in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Ma H, Zhou Z, Wei S, Wei Q. Association between p21 Ser31Arg polymorphism and cancer risk: a meta-analysis. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2012; 30:254-63. [PMID: 21439247 PMCID: PMC4013352 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.010.10587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
P21 (CDKN1A), a key cell cycle regulatory protein that governs cell cycle progression from G1 to S phase, can regulate cell proliferation, growth arrest, and apoptosis. The Ser31Arg polymorphism is located in the highly conserved region of p21 and may encode functionally distinct proteins. Although many epidemiological studies have been conducted to evaluate the association between the p21 Ser31Arg polymorphism and cancer risk, the findings remain conflicting. This meta-analysis with 33 077 cases and 45 013 controls from 44 published case-control studies showed that the variant homozygous 31Arg/Arg genotype was associated with an increased risk of numerous types of cancers in a random-effect model (homozygote comparison: OR = 1.17, 95% CI = 0.99 to 1.37, P = 0.0002 for the heterogeneity test; recessive model comparison: OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.33, P = 0.0001 for the heterogeneity test). Stratified analysis revealed that increased cancer risk associated with the 31Arg/Arg genotype remained significant in subgroups of colorectal cancer, estrogen-related cancer, Caucasians, population-based studies, studies with matching information or a larger sample size. Heterogeneity analysis showed that tumor type contributed to substantial between-study heterogeneity (recessive model comparison: Χ(2) = 21.83, df = 7, P = 0.003). The results from this large-sample sized meta-analysis suggest that the p21 31Arg/Arg genotype may serve as a potential marker for increased cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Nogueira A, Catarino R, Faustino I, Nogueira-Silva C, Figueiredo T, Lombo L, Hilário-Silva I, Pereira D, Medeiros R. Role of the RAD51 G172T polymorphism in the clinical outcome of cervical cancer patients under concomitant chemoradiotherapy. Gene 2012; 504:279-83. [PMID: 22634097 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers diagnosed in women worldwide. Mammalian cells are constantly exposed to a wide variety of genotoxic agents from both endogenous and exogenous sources. The RAD51 protein is required for meiotic and mitotic recombination and plays a central role in homology-dependent recombinational repair of double-strand breaks (DSBs). Given the functional relevance of the DNA repair system on carcinogenesis, potential associations between genetic polymorphisms of DNA repair genes, cancer risk and response to therapy have been intensively evaluated. This is the first study evaluating the role of the RAD51 G172T genetic variants in cancer prognosis and clinical outcome of cervical cancer patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS We analyzed RAD51 G172T polymorphism genotypes in cervical cancer patients who underwent a platinum-based chemotherapy in combination with radiotherapy. Genotyping was performed by Taqman™ Allelic Discrimination methodology. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Concerning the overall survival rates found using Kaplan-Meier method and Log Rank Test, we observed that the mean survival rates were statistically different according to the patients RAD51 genotypes. The group of patients carrying the T allele present a higher mean survival rate than the other patients (102.3months vs. 86.4months, P=0.020). Using the Cox regression analysis, we found an increased overall survival time for T-carrier patients, when compared with GG genotype, with tumor stage, age and presence of lymph nodes as covariates [hazard ratio (HR), 0.373; 95% CI, 0.181-0.770; P=0.008]. Among patients (n=193), RAD51 genotype frequency distributions were not under the influence of clinicopathologic characteristics, namely, treatment response (P=0.508), recurrence (P=0.150) and tumor stage (P=0.250). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study evaluating the role of the RAD51 G172T genetic variants in cancer prognosis and clinical outcome of cervical cancer patients. Our results indicate an influence of the RAD51 genetic variants in overall survival of cervical cancer. Thereby, RAD51 G172T genotypes may provide additional prognostic information in cervical cancer patients who underwent cisplatin-based chemotherapy in combination with radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Nogueira
- Molecular Oncology GRP & Virology CI, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Rua Dr. Ant. Bernardino Almeida, Porto, Portugal
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Schiewer MJ, Augello MA, Knudsen KE. The AR dependent cell cycle: mechanisms and cancer relevance. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 352:34-45. [PMID: 21782001 PMCID: PMC3641823 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer cells are exquisitely dependent on androgen receptor (AR) activity for proliferation and survival. As these functions are critical targets of therapeutic intervention for human disease, it is imperative to delineate the mechanisms by which AR engages the cell cycle engine. More than a decade of research has revealed that elegant intercommunication between AR and the cell cycle machinery governs receptor-dependent cellular proliferation, and that perturbations in this process occur frequently in human disease. Here, AR-cell cycle interplay and associated cancer relevance will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Schiewer
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S 10th St., Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S 10th St., Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Michael A. Augello
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S 10th St., Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S 10th St., Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Karen E. Knudsen
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S 10th St., Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S 10th St., Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Department of Urology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S 10th St., Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S 10th St., Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Corresponding author at: Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S 10th St., BLSB 1008, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA. Tel.: +1 215 503 8574 (office)/+1 215 503 8573 (lab). (K.E. Knudsen)
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Al-Hadyan KS, Al-Harbi NM, Al-Qahtani SS, Alsbeih GA. Involvement of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in predisposition to head and neck cancer in Saudi Arabia. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2011; 16:95-101. [PMID: 21877955 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2011.0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Individuals differ in their inherited tendency to develop cancer. This has been suggested to be due to genetic variations between individuals. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most common form of genetic variations found in the human population. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between 10 SNPs in genes involved in cell cycle control and DNA repair (p21 C31A, p53 G72C, ATM G1853A, XRCC1 G399A, XRCC3 C241T, Ku80 A2790G, DNA Ligase IV C9T, DNA-PKcs A3434G, TGF-beta T10C, MDM2 promoter T309G) and the risk to develop head and neck cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cohort of 407 individuals (156 cancer patients and 251 controls) was included. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood. SNPs were genotyped by direct sequencing. RESULTS Data showed significant allelic associations for p21 C31A (p=0.04; odds ratio [OR]=1.44; confidence interval [CI]: 1.02-2.03), Ku80 A2790G (p=0.04; OR=1.5; CI: 1.01-2.23), and MDM2 T309G (p=0.0003; OR=0.58; CI: 0.43-0.78) and head and neck cancer occurrence. Both cancer cases and controls were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. CONCLUSION SNPs can be associated with head and neck cancer in the Saudi population. The p21 C31A, Ku80 A2790G, and MDM2 T309G SNPs could be used as genetic biomarkers to screen individuals at high cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled S Al-Hadyan
- Radiation Biology Section, Biomedical Physics Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the p21 (CDKN1A) gene and correlations with longevity in the Italian population. Aging (Albany NY) 2010; 1:470-80. [PMID: 20126416 PMCID: PMC2814366 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Longevity in humans is determined by multiple environmental and genetic factors. We have investigated possible associations between longevity and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in the p21 (CDKN1A) gene, a stress-inducible senescence-associated cell cycle inhibitor, expression of which upregulates genes implicated in several age-related diseases. By sequencing the promoter and exons of p21 in genomic DNA of ten individuals over 90 years old, we have identified 30 SNPs, many of which had not been previously characterized. A cluster of minor alleles within the -4547/-3489 bp region did not alter the basal activity or p53 responsiveness of the p21 promoter. We then compared the frequency of 41 p21 SNPs between 184 centenarians and 184 younger subjects in the Italian population. Rare alleles of two exon-derived SNPs, rs1801270 and rs1059234, were significantly under-represented among the centenarians; no significant differences were found for 39 non-exonic SNPs. SNP rs1801270 causes Ser to Arg substitution at amino acid 31 and SNP rs1059234 leads to a nucleotide change in the 3'-untranslated region. Previous studies showed that the rare alleles of these two SNPs may play a role in cancer. These p21 alleles may be potentially detrimental to longevity and therefore are rare in centenarians.
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Xu F, Dong C, Xie C, Ren J. Ultrahighly sensitive homogeneous detection of DNA and microRNA by using single-silver-nanoparticle counting. Chemistry 2010; 16:14225. [PMID: 19938021 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
DNA and RNA analysis is of high importance for clinical diagnoses, forensic analysis, and basic studies in the biological and biomedical fields. In this paper, we report the ultrahighly sensitive homogeneous detection of DNA and microRNA by using a novel single-silver-nanoparticle counting (SSNPC) technique. The principle of SSNPC is based on the photon-burst counting of single silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) in a highly focused laser beam (about 0.5 fL detection volume) due to Brownian motion and the strong resonance Rayleigh scattering of single Ag NPs. We first investigated the performance of the SSNPC system and then developed an ultrasensitive homogeneous detection method for DNA and microRNA based on this single-nanoparticle technique. Sandwich nucleic acid hybridization models were utilized in the assays. In the hybridization process, when two Ag-NP-oligonucleotide conjugates were mixed in a sample containing DNA (or microRNA) targets, the binding of the targets caused the Ag NPs to form dimers (or oligomers), which led to a reduction in the photon-burst counts. The SSNPC method was used to measure the change in the photon-burst counts. The relationship between the change of the photon-burst counts and the target concentration showed a good linearity. This method was used for the assay of sequence-specific DNA fragments and microRNAs. The detection limits were at about the 1 fM level, which is 2-5 orders of magnitude more sensitive than current homogeneous methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fagong Xu
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
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Tian Q, Lu W, Chen H, Ye F, Xie X. The nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms in codon 31 of p21 gene and the susceptibility to cervical cancer in Chinese women. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2009; 19:1011-4. [PMID: 19820361 DOI: 10.1111/igc.0b013e3181a8b950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It was suggested that single-nucleotide polymorphisms in p21 codon 31 seem to be associated with a variety of human malignancies; very few studies have focused on the association between p21 codon 31 polymorphisms and cervical cancer. This study explored whether p21 codon 31 nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms might be associated with an increased risk of cervical cancer development among Chinese women. METHODS Peripheral blood samples were obtained from patients with cervical cancer (n = 317) and healthy controls (n = 353) for detecting the biallelic polymorphisms at codon 31 of p21 gene by the mismatch amplification mutation assay-polymerase chain reaction. Cervix brush-off samples were obtained from patients with cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and controls for detection of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV). RESULTS The AGA (Arg) allele frequency in patients with cervical SCCs was significantly higher than that in controls. AGA/AGA and AGA/AGC genotypes were more frequently found in cervical SCCs than in controls. There was no significant difference of allele frequency or genotype distribution between cervical adenocarcinomas and controls, or between HR-HPV-positive and HR-HPV-negative groups. CONCLUSIONS p21 Codon 31 with AGA (Arg) allele is a genetic risk factor of cervical SCC, and the increased risk is probably not caused by increasing host susceptibility to HR-HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifang Tian
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Reproductive Health Laboratory, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Nogueira A, Catarino R, Coelho A, Araújo A, Gomes M, Medeiros R. Influence of DNA repair RAD51 gene variants in overall survival of non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with first line chemotherapy. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2009; 66:501-6. [PMID: 19960343 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-009-1187-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Lung cancer continues to be the most frequent cancer with approximately one million people worldwide dying of this disease each year. Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 80% of all lung cancers. The RAD51 protein is the key protein for homologous recombination, an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for DNA damage repair and the generation of genetic diversity. We conducted this study in order to investigate the effect of the RAD51 G135C polymorphism in treatment response to combined platinum taxanes/gemcitabine first line chemotherapy in NSCLC patients. METHODS We analysed RAD51 G135C polymorphism in 243 NSCLC patients using PCR-RFLP methodology. RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences between the groups of NSCLC patients with the different genotypes regarding tumour stage (p = 0.232). Our results indicate that the mean survival rates were statistically different according to the patient's genotypes. The group of patients carrying the C allele presented a higher mean survival rate than the other patients (56.0 months vs. 41.7 months; p = 0.024). Moreover, regarding smoking history, our results demonstrate that overall survival time differed significantly according to the patient's genotypes in smoker and ex-smoker individuals (p = 0.034). No statistically significant differences were found in the genotype frequencies and overall survival rate among non-smoker NSCLC patients (p = 0.413). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study evaluating the effect of the RAD51 G135C polymorphism in NSCLC patient survival. Our results suggest that RAD51 genotypes could be useful molecular markers for predicting the clinical outcome of NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Nogueira
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Instituto Português de Oncologia, Laboratórios--Piso 4, R. Dr. Ant. Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
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Lei D, Sturgis EM, Liu Z, Zafereo ME, Wei Q, Li G. Genetic polymorphisms of p21 and risk of second primary malignancy in patients with index squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Carcinogenesis 2009; 31:222-7. [PMID: 19955391 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
p21 plays an important role in modulating cell cycle control, inducing apoptosis, and inhibiting cell growth, subsequently affecting cancer risk. We investigated the association between two putatively functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of p21 (p21 C98A and p21 C70T) among 1282 patients diagnosed with incident squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) and risk of second primary malignancy (SPM) in an ongoing molecular epidemiology study. We used Log-rank test and Cox proportional hazard models to assess the association of these two SNPs with SPM-free survival and SPM risk. We found that patients with either p21 variant genotypes of the two polymorphisms had a significantly reduced SPM-free survival compared with patients with either p21 wild-type homozygous genotypes (Log-rank test, P = 0.0016). Compared with patients having the p21 98 CC and p21 70 CC genotypes, the patients having p21 98 CA/AA and p21 70 CT/TT variant genotypes had a significantly greater risk of developing SPM, respectively, [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.14-2.82 for p21 C98A and HR = 1.82, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.16-2.85 for p21 C70T]. Moreover, after combining the variant genotypes of two SNPs, patients with variant genotypes had a significantly moderately increased risk for SPM compared with patients with no variant genotypes (HR = 2.00, 95% CI = 1.26-3.00), and the risk was particularly pronounced in several subgroups. Our results support an increased risk of SPM after index SCCHN with both p21 polymorphisms individually and in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Lei
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Sun P, Qiu Y, Zhang Z, Wan J, Wang T, Jin X, Lan Q, Rothman N, Xia ZL. Association of genetic polymorphisms, mRNA expression of p53 and p21 with chronic benzene poisoning in a chinese occupational population. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:1821-8. [PMID: 19505915 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage induced by benzene reactive metabolites is thought of as an important mechanism underlying benzene hematotoxicity and genotoxicity, and genetic variation in cell-cycle control genes may contribute to susceptibility to chronic benzene poisoning (CBP). Using a case-control study that included 307 benzene-poisoned patients and 299 workers occupationally exposed to benzene in south China, we aimed to investigate the association between genetic polymorphisms of p53 and p21 and the odds of CBP. To investigate whether benzene exposure may influence mRNA expression of p53 and p21 in benzene-exposed workers, we also chose 39 CBP workers, 38 occupationally benzene-exposure workers, and 37 nonexposure workers in the same region of China. PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique was applied to detect polymorphisms of p53 (rs17878362, rs1042522, and rs1625895) and p21 (rs1801270 and rs1059234), and real-time PCR was applied to detect the quantity of gene mRNA expression. We found that p21 C98A variant genotypes (CA+AA) or C70T variant genotypes (CT+TT) were associated with decreased odds of CBP [odds ratio (OR), 0.51; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.32-0.83, and OR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.29-0.95, respectively. Further analysis showed the decreased odds of CBP in the subjects with p21 CC/AT diplotype (OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.30-0.85). In addition, p53 mRNA expression of CBP workers or benzene-exposure workers was significantly lower than that of nonexposure workers. Although these results require confirmation and extension, our results show that polymorphisms in p21 may be protective against the risk of CBP in the Chinese occupational population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Sun
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Valentin MD, Canalle R, Queiroz RDP, Tone LG. Frequency of polymorphisms and protein expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (CDKN1A) in central nervous system tumors. SAO PAULO MED J 2009; 127:288-94. [PMID: 20169278 DOI: 10.1590/s1516-31802009000500008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE Genetic investigation of central nervous system (CNS) tumors provides valuable information about the genes regulating proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, migration and apoptosis in the CNS. The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of genetic polymorphisms (codon 31 and 3' untranslated region, 3'UTR) and protein expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (CDKN1A) gene in patients with and without CNS tumors. DESIGN AND SETTING Analytical cross-sectional study with a control group, at the Molecular Biology Laboratory, Pediatric Oncology Department, Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto. METHODS 41 patients with CNS tumors and a control group of 161 subjects without cancer and paires for sex, age and ethnicity were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Protein analysis was performed on 36 patients with CNS tumors, using the Western Blotting technique. RESULTS The frequencies of the heterozygote (Ser/Arg) and polymorphic homozygote (Arg/Arg) genotypes of codon 31 in the control subjects were 28.0% and 1.2%, respectively. However, the 3'UTR site presented frequencies of 24.2% (C/T) and 0.6% (T/T). These frequencies were not statistically different (P > 0.05) from those seen in the patients with CNS tumors (19.4% and 0.0%, codon 31; 15.8% and 2.6%, 3'UTR site). Regarding the protein expression in ependymomas, 66.67% did not express the protein CDKN1A. The results for medulloblastomas and astrocytomas were similar: neither of them expressed the protein (57.14% and 61.54%, respectively). CONCLUSION No significant differences in protein expression patterns or polymorphisms of CDKN1A in relation to the three types of CNS tumors were observed among Brazilian subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mev Dominguez Valentin
- Genomic and Molecular Laboratory, Research Center, Hospital A. C. Camargo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Hrstka R, Coates PJ, Vojtesek B. Polymorphisms in p53 and the p53 pathway: roles in cancer susceptibility and response to treatment. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 13:440-53. [PMID: 19379143 PMCID: PMC3822507 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00634.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The p53 tumour suppressor protein lies at the crossroads of multiple cellular response pathways that control the fate of the cell in response to endogenous or exogenous stresses and inactivation of the p53 tumour suppressor signalling pathway is seen in most human cancers. Such aberrant p53 activity may be caused by mutations in the TP53 gene sequence producing truncated or inactive mutant proteins, or by aberrant production of other proteins that regulate p53 activity, such as gene amplification and overexpression of MDM2 or viral proteins that inhibit or degrade p53. Recent studies have also suggested that inherited genetic polymorphisms in the p53 pathway influence tumour formation, progression and/or response to therapy. In some cases, these variants are clearly associated with clinico-pathological variables or prognosis of cancer, whereas in other cases the evidence is less conclusive. Here, we review the evidence that common polymorphisms in various aspects of p53 biology have important consequences for overall tumour susceptibility, clinico-pathology and prognosis. We also suggest reasons for some of the reported discrepancies in the effects of common polymorphisms on tumourigenesis, which relate to the complexity of effects on tumour formation in combination with other oncogenic changes and other polymorphisms. It is likely that future studies of combinations of polymorphisms in the p53 pathway will be useful for predicting tumour susceptibility in the human population and may serve as predictive biomarkers of tumour response to standard therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Hrstka
- Department of Oncological and Experimental Pathology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zlutý Kopec, Brno, Czech Republic
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Qiu YL, Wang W, Wang T, Liu J, Sun P, Qian J, Jin L, Xia ZL. Genetic Polymorphisms, Messenger RNA Expression of p53, p21, and CCND1, and Possible Links with Chromosomal Aberrations in Chinese Vinyl Chloride-Exposed Workers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:2578-84. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-2925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Kibel AS, Jin CH, Klim A, Luly J, A Roehl K, Wu WS, Suarez BK. Association between polymorphisms in cell cycle genes and advanced prostate carcinoma. Prostate 2008; 68:1179-86. [PMID: 18459109 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been associated with a variety of malignancies including prostate carcinoma (PCa). Since a high percentage of PCa patients have low risk disease, of particular interest is not whether SNPs are associated with localized PCa, but whether they are associated with aggressive, potentially lethal disease. Herein, we explored the role of SNPs in cell cycle genes to determine if they were associated with advanced PCa. METHODS Nine previously implicated SNPs in six cell cycle genes were evaluated in a European-American cohort of 186 patients with advanced PCa and 222 cancer-free controls. All patients received hormone ablation and had either a PSA>50 ng/ml or documented metastatic disease. Controls were all 75 years of age or older, had a negative DRE and had a PSA<4.0 ng/ml. All genotypes were determined using Pyrosequencing assays. RESULTS One of nine (CDKN1A c10791t) was statistically different (P<0.05) and an additional two of nine (CCND1 a870g and MDM2 tSNP309g) approached significance (P<0.1). Analysis of genotypes revealed that presence of at least one copy of the t allele of MDM2 tSNP309g was associated with an increased risk of advanced PCa (OR 2.26: 95% CI=1.15-4.46) which was particularly strong in androgen-independent disease (OR 2.28: 95% CI=1.01-5.12) and younger age of diagnosis (OR 2.61: 95% CI=1.05-6.46). CONCLUSION These results suggest that in a European-American population, SNPs within cell cycle genes are promising markers for aggressive PCa. Larger studies will be needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S Kibel
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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Chrisanthar R, Knappskog S, Staalesen V, Lillehaug JR, Lønning PE. P21/WAF1 mutation and drug resistance to paclitaxel in locally advanced breast cancer. Int J Cancer 2007; 120:2749. [PMID: 17315192 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Knappskog S, Chrisanthar R, Staalesen V, Børresen-Dale AL, Gram IT, Lillehaug JR, Lønning PE. Mutations and polymorphisms of thep21B transcript in breast cancer. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:908-10. [PMID: 17443496 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
p21(WAF1/CIP1), transcribed from the CDKN1A locus, plays a key role executing p53-induced growth arrest. The recent discovery that an alternative transcript, p21B, induces apoptosis, suggests an additional important function of this gene. Here, we report p21 and p21B mutation status in large cohorts of breast cancers and compare distributions of p21B polymorphisms in cancer patients to healthy controls. In 521 breast tumor samples analyzed, only one point mutation affecting the p21B protein was observed. No mutations were found when screening a panel of 20 established cell lines. A novel polymorphism, p21B(G128T) was identified. Haplotype analysis revealed no association between this variant and the previously identified p21B polymorphism p21B(T35C) or any of the known p21(WAF1/CIP1) polymorphisms. As previously reported for p21B(T35C), distribution of p21B(G128T) was similar among breast cancer patients and healthy controls (n = 691 and 1,015; incidence 6.1 vs. 4.8%; p = 0.273, respectively). No association between p21B(G128T) or p21B(T35C) and response to chemotherapy with an anthracycline-containing regimen or paclitaxel was recorded. Our findings do not suggest mutations or polymorphisms of p21B to play a major role with respect to either breast cancer risk or sensitivity towards chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stian Knappskog
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Staalesen V, Knappskog S, Chrisanthar R, Nordgard SH, Løkkevik E, Anker G, Ostenstad B, Lundgren S, Risberg T, Mjaaland I, Gram IT, Kristensen VN, Børresen-Dale AL, Lillehaug JR, Lønning PE. The novel p21 polymorphism p21G251A is associated with locally advanced breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:6000-4. [PMID: 17062672 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-2822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE p21 is a main effector of growth arrest induced by p53. In addition, a second transcript from the same gene (p21B) has been linked to apoptosis. We previously analyzed p21 status in breast cancer and reported two novel polymorphisms of the p21 gene. In the present study, we present a larger study designed to explore a possible association between these novel polymorphisms and breast cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The p21/p21B polymorphisms were analyzed in 507 breast cancer patients and 1,017 healthy individuals using cDNA or genomic DNA from tumor and/or blood samples. RESULTS We detected five polymorphisms of the p21 gene. Three of these polymorphisms are earlier reported by others, whereas two were reported for the first time in a recent study by us. The presence of the A allele of the p21G251A polymorphism was observed more frequently among patients with primary stage III breast cancer (4.5%) compared with stage I and II tumors (1.5%) and healthy female controls (1.4%; P = 0.007, comparing the three groups; P = 0.0049 and P = 0.0057, comparing locally advanced to stage I/II and healthy controls, or to healthy controls alone, respectively). The allele frequencies of the remaining four polymorphisms were evenly distributed among patients and healthy individuals. DISCUSSION The finding of an association between locally advanced breast cancer and one particular polymorphism of the p21 gene suggests this polymorphism to be related to tumor behavior, including enhanced growth rate. If confirmed in other studies, this may add significant information to our understanding of the biology as well as of the clinical behaviour of locally advanced breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidar Staalesen
- Section of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
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Santos AM, Sousa H, Pinto D, Portela C, Pereira D, Catarino R, Duarte I, Lopes C, Medeiros R. Linking TP53 codon 72 and P21 nt590 genotypes to the development of cervical and ovarian cancer. Eur J Cancer 2006; 42:958-63. [PMID: 16542834 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2006.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2005] [Revised: 12/20/2005] [Accepted: 01/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
TP53 and its downstream effector gene P21 are two important genes in cell cycle regulation. Genetic alterations on p53 and attenuation of p21 expression result in progression through cell cycle G1 checkpoint, which can lead to cancer development. We analysed the frequency of TP53 codon 72 and 3'UTR P21 polymorphisms in 681 blood samples from 371 cervical cancer patients, 122 ovarian cancer patients and 188 healthy controls using AS-PCR and PCR-RFLP. Approximately twofold increased risk of ovarian cancer (OC) was observed for TP53 Pro carriers (P = 0.038), with a significantly higher risk for advanced OC (P = 0.018). Furthermore, among the P21 CC genotypes, TP53 P allele was also associated with a twofold increased risk of OC (P = 0.014) and to a threefold increased risk for advanced OC (P = 0.003) with an attributable proportion of 44.2%. These results were confirmed in an age-adjusted logistic regression analysis. No association was found between these polymorphisms and cervical cancer. Our results suggest that the TP53 codon 72 genotypes may be considered as a molecular marker, contributing to a genetic profile for ovarian cancer in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Santos
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Portuguese Institute of Oncology-Oporto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
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Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor gene continues to be distinguished as the most frequently mutated gene in human cancer; this gene can be found mutated in up to 50% of human tumors of diverse histological type. It is generally accepted that the ability of p53 to induce either growth arrest or programmed cell death in response to diverse stimuli underlies the powerful selection against this protein in the development of cancer. It is somewhat surprising, then, to find p53 and several target genes in this pathway containing polymorphisms that impair their function. The nature of these polymorphic variants, and the mechanism whereby they impair the function of the p53 pathway, are reviewed here-in. The impact of these polymorphisms on cancer risk and the efficacy of therapy are only now becoming unraveled. Of particular relevance in these efforts will be the generation of mouse models of polymorphic variants in p53 and its target genes. Equally important will be better-controlled human studies, where-in haplotypes for p53 (that is, combinations of different polymorphisms in the p53 gene) and for p53-target genes are taken into account, instead of analyses of single gene variants, which have largely predominated to date. Studies in both regards should shed light on an emerging area in cancer biology, the significance of inter-individual differences in genotype on cancer risk, prognosis, and the efficacy of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Pietsch
- Division of Medical Sciences, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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Santos AM, Sousa H, Portela C, Pereira D, Pinto D, Catarino R, Rodrigues C, Araújo AP, Lopes C, Medeiros R. TP53 and P21 polymorphisms: response to cisplatinum/paclitaxel-based chemotherapy in ovarian cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 340:256-62. [PMID: 16364249 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.11.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2005] [Accepted: 11/22/2005] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most lethal gynaecologic cancer and its standard treatment consists of platinum-based chemotherapy after cytoreductive surgery. The p53 protein plays a critical role on different cellular processes in response to DNA damage and it is responsible for transcriptional induction of the P21 gene. We have analysed 114 blood samples in order to investigate the effect of the TP53 codon 72 and the P21 3'UTR polymorphisms in response to cisplatinum/paclitaxel chemotherapy for OC treatment. The genotypes of the TP53 codon 72 and P21 3'UTR polymorphism were identified using AS-PCR and PCR-RFLP, respectively. Our results indicate that the TP53 P allele is associated with a worse prognosis (P=0.011) while P21 polymorphism genotypes did not reveal any statistically significant result (P>0.05). Furthermore, simultaneous carriers of the TP53 AA genotype and the P21 CC genotype demonstrate a longer progression-free interval (P=0.020). This study suggests that the characterisation of a genetic profile can contribute to the definition of a better chemotherapy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Santos
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Portuguese Institute of Oncology-Oporto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
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Li G, Liu Z, Sturgis EM, Shi Q, Chamberlain RM, Spitz MR, Wei Q. Genetic polymorphisms of p21 are associated with risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Carcinogenesis 2005; 26:1596-602. [PMID: 15878916 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The p21 (Waf1/Cip1/CDKN1A) protein regulates the transition from the G1 to the S phase and has an important role in modulating cell-cycle control, apoptosis and cell growth. Two polymorphisms of the p21 gene at codon 31 (p21 C98A, dbSNP rs1801270) and at the 3' untranslated region (p21 T70C, dbSNP rs1059234) may have an effect on the protein function and may thus play a role in the development of cancer. We hypothesized that these two p21 polymorphisms are associated with the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). We tested this hypothesis in a hospital-based case-control study of 712 patients newly diagnosed with SCCHN and 1222 cancer-free controls who were frequency-matched by age, sex and ethnicity. All subjects were non-Hispanic whites. Our results showed that the variant alleles and genotypes were more common among cases than among controls (P < 0.001 and P = 0.013 for p21C70T, and P < 0.001 and P = 0.035 for p21C98A, respectively). Compared with the p21 70CC genotype, there was a significantly greater risk of SCCHN associated with the variant p21 70TC [odds ratio (OR) = 1.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.12-1.93] and combined p21 70TC/TT (OR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.14-1.95) genotypes. Similarly, compared with the p21 98CC genotype, there was also a significantly greater SCCHN risk associated with the variant p21 98AC (OR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.00-1.73) and combined p21 98AC/AA (OR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.05-1.79) genotypes. When these two polymorphisms were evaluated together by the number of risk alleles, there was a significant increase in SCCHN risk that was dependent on the number of risk alleles (P(trend) = 0.001). Our results suggest that the presence of these two p21 polymorphisms may be a marker of genetic susceptibility to SCCHN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Li
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Korkmaz H, Du W, Yoo GH, Enamorado II, Lin HS, Adsay V, Kewson D, Ensley JF, Shibuya TY, Jacobs JR, Kim H. Prognostic significance of G1 cell-cycle inhibitors in early laryngeal cancer. Am J Otolaryngol 2005; 26:77-82. [PMID: 15742257 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2004.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiation therapy yields a 2-year local control rate of 80% to 90% in early laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. However, a subset of early laryngeal cancers has a significantly higher rate of local recurrence and lower rate of overall survival. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was determine the prognostic significance of p53, p27, and p21 expression in patients with early laryngeal cancer. METHODS Expression of p53, p27, and p21 proteins in pretreatment biopsies from sixty-eight patients was analyzed by using immunohistochemistry. Low (</=10% cells) and high (>10% cells) levels of expression were measured. All patients were newly diagnosed and treated with external beam radiation. Other contributing factors were also studied, such as age, sex, race, tumor site, and stage. RESULTS Forty (58.8%) and 28 (41.2%) lesions were staged as T1 and T2, respectively, whereas 16 (23.5%) and 52 (76.5%) were located in the supraglottis and glottis, respectively. Overexpression of p27, p53, and p21 was found in 36.7%, 60.6%, and 60% of cases, respectively. Overexpression of p27 was found to be a significant predictor of recurrence by multivariate analysis (RR 3.3, P = .017). Overexpression of p21 and/or p53 was not predictive of recurrence. No factor predicted disease specific or nonspecific overall survival. CONCLUSION Our results indicate the significance of p27 overexpression as an indicator of recurrence in patients with early laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Korkmaz
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Staalesen V, Leirvaag B, Lillehaug JR, Lønning PE. Genetic and epigenetic changes in p21 and p21B do not correlate with resistance to doxorubicin or mitomycin and 5-fluorouracil in locally advanced breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:3438-43. [PMID: 15161699 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-03-0796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 acts as a main executor of p53-induced growth arrest. Recently, a second transcript, p21B, was found to code for a protein expressing proapoptotic activity. We investigated p21 and p21B for mutations and epigenetic silencing in locally advanced breast cancers treated with doxorubicin or 5-fluorouracil/mitomycin and correlated our findings with treatment response and TP53 status. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used reverse transcription-PCR to analyze p21/p21B mutation status in 73 breast cancer samples. The p21 promoter region was sequenced and analyzed for hypermethylations by methylation-specific PCR. In addition, a selection of patients were analyzed for mutations in the p21B promoter. RESULTS The p21 gene was neither mutated nor silenced by promoter hypermethylation in any of the tumors examined. One patient harbored a novel p21 splice variant in addition to the wild-type transcript. We observed two base substitutions in the p21 transcript, C93A and G251A, each affecting six patients (8.2%). The G251A variant had not been reported previously. In 12 patients (16.4%), we observed a novel base substitution, T35C, in p21B. All three base substitutions were observed in lymphocyte DNA and therefore considered polymorphisms. The polymorphisms did not correlate with p21 staining index, treatment response to doxorubicin or 5-fluorouracil/mitomycin, or TP53 status. CONCLUSIONS Our findings do not suggest that genetic or epigenetic disturbances in p21 or p21B cause resistance to doxorubicin or mitomycin/5-fluorouracil in breast cancer. Future studies should assess potential associations between these novel polymorphisms and breast cancer risk.
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MESH Headings
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA Methylation
- DNA Primers/chemistry
- Doxorubicin/pharmacology
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Fluorouracil/pharmacology
- Gene Silencing
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Mitomycin/pharmacology
- Models, Genetic
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/biosynthesis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/genetics
- RNA/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
- rap GTP-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidar Staalesen
- Department of Medicine, Section of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Huang SP, Wu WJ, Chang WSW, Wu MT, Chen YY, Chen YJ, Yu CC, Wu TT, Lee YH, Huang JK, Huang CH. p53 Codon 72 and p21 Codon 31 Polymorphisms in Prostate Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.2217.13.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The tumor suppressor gene p53 and its downstream effector p21 are thought to play major roles in the development of human malignancy. Polymorphic variants of p53 at codon 72, and p21 at codon 31, have been found to be associated with cancer susceptibility, but few studies have investigated their effect on prostate cancer risk. In this case-control study, we investigated the association of p53 codon 72 and p21 codon 31 polymorphisms with prostate cancer risk in a Taiwanese population. In total, 200 patients with prostate cancer, 247 age-matched male controls, and 181 non–age-matched symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH; American Urological Association symptom score ≥ 8 and prostate volume > 20 gm) recruited from two medical centers in southern Taiwan were genotyped. Overall, we found no significant association between p53 polymorphism and risk of prostate cancer. However, for p21 polymorphism, the frequencies of p21 Ser/Ser, Ser/Arg and Arg/Arg were 52 (26.0%), 85 (42.5%), 63 (31.5%) in case patients, 48 (26.5%), 82 (45.3%), 51 (28.2%) in BPH patients, and 76 (30.8%), 119 (48.2%), 52 (21.1%) in controls, respectively. Among the prostate cancer cases and controls, subjects with Arg/Arg genotype were found to have a 1.78-fold increased risk [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.06-3.01] of developing prostate cancer compared with those having the Ser/Ser genotype, after adjusting for other potential covariates. This significant association was slightly stronger [odds ratio (OR), 2.13; 95% CI, 1.16-3.92] in younger men (≤ 72 years; n = 99 and 126 for cases and controls, respectively) and correlated with localized disease stage (OR, 1.96; 95 % CI, 1.15-3.35) and moderately differentiated prostate cancer (OR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.17-3.53). In addition, the Arg/Arg genotype was associated with BPH risk in those with large prostate volumes (> 50 mL) compared with those having the Ser/Ser genotype [OR, 2.29; 95% CI, 1.07-4.98]. Our findings suggest that the p21 codon 31 polymorphism may be associated with the development of prostate enlargement and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wun-Shaing Wayne Chang
- 4President's Laboratory National Health Research Institutes, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ming-Tsang Wu
- 2Graduate Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Departments of
- 3Occupational Medicine and Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yun-Yun Chen
- 2Graduate Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Departments of
| | - Yun-Ju Chen
- 2Graduate Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Departments of
| | - Chia-Cheng Yu
- 5Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China; and
| | - Tony T. Wu
- 5Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China; and
| | - Ying-Huei Lee
- 6Department of Urology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jong-Khing Huang
- 5Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China; and
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Bostwick DG, Burke HB, Djakiew D, Euling S, Ho SM, Landolph J, Morrison H, Sonawane B, Shifflett T, Waters DJ, Timms B. Human prostate cancer risk factors. Cancer 2004; 101:2371-490. [PMID: 15495199 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.20408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer has the highest prevalence of any nonskin cancer in the human body, with similar likelihood of neoplastic foci found within the prostates of men around the world regardless of diet, occupation, lifestyle, or other factors. Essentially all men with circulating androgens will develop microscopic prostate cancer if they live long enough. This review is a contemporary and comprehensive, literature-based analysis of the putative risk factors for human prostate cancer, and the results were presented at a multidisciplinary consensus conference held in Crystal City, Virginia, in the fall of 2002. The objectives were to evaluate known environmental factors and mechanisms of prostatic carcinogenesis and to identify existing data gaps and future research needs. The review is divided into four sections, including 1) epidemiology (endogenous factors [family history, hormones, race, aging and oxidative stress] and exogenous factors [diet, environmental agents, occupation and other factors, including lifestyle factors]); 2) animal and cell culture models for prediction of human risk (rodent models, transgenic models, mouse reconstitution models, severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome mouse models, canine models, xenograft models, and cell culture models); 3) biomarkers in prostate cancer, most of which have been tested only as predictive factors for patient outcome after treatment rather than as risk factors; and 4) genotoxic and nongenotoxic mechanisms of carcinogenesis. The authors conclude that most of the data regarding risk relies, of necessity, on epidemiologic studies, but animal and cell culture models offer promise in confirming some important findings. The current understanding of biomarkers of disease and risk factors is limited. An understanding of the risk factors for prostate cancer has practical importance for public health research and policy, genetic and nutritional education and chemoprevention, and prevention strategies.
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Rodrigues FCC, Kawasaki-Oyama RS, Fo JFG, Ukuyama EE, Antonio JR, Bozola AR, Romeiro JG, Rahal P, Tajara EH. Analysis of CDKN1A polymorphisms: markers of cancer susceptibility? CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2003; 142:92-8. [PMID: 12699883 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(02)00839-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The CDKN1A (TP21) gene encodes a 21-kD protein that is a critical downstream mediator of wild-type TP53 and an important regulator of the cell cycle. Failure in the function of this gene would be expected to result in abnormal cell proliferation and transformation. Tumor-associated mutations of the coding region of the TP21 are rare. On the other hand, some TP21 polymorphisms have been identified and characterized by single base substitutions. In the present study, we investigated the potential role of TP21 gene polymorphisms in skin, head, and neck tumorigenesis. A total of 261 samples were examined by polymerase chain reaction single-strand conformational analysis, and one mutation at codon 31 and four polymorphisms in exons 2 (codon 55) and 3 [nucleotide (nt)590] and in promoter region (nt2298) were identified. In conclusion, this investigation confirmed the rarity of mutations in this gene, arguing against a role for TP21 mutations in skin, head, and neck cancers. Also, our results show significant differences in nt2298 allele frequencies between normal individuals and skin malignant tumors (P < 0.05). The results suggest that this polymorphism affects TP21 transactivator binding and may be important during the pathogenesis of skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia C C Rodrigues
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Powell BL, van Staveren IL, Roosken P, Grieu F, Berns EMJJ, Iacopetta B. Associations between common polymorphisms in TP53 and p21WAF1/Cip1 and phenotypic features of breast cancer. Carcinogenesis 2002; 23:311-5. [PMID: 11872638 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/23.2.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumour suppressor gene TP53 and its downstream effector p21 are thought to play major roles in the development of breast cancer. We investigated three common sequence variants in TP53 and p21 for possible associations with the risk of breast cancer and with various phenotypic features of this disease. A total of 351 cases were available for study. Germline DNA obtained from female subjects of similar age but without cancer was used to estimate the TP53 and p21 genotype frequencies in a control population. A single nucleotide polymorphism in intron 2 of p21 was associated with slightly increased breast cancer risk (RR = 1.4, P = 0.011) and with well/moderately differentiated tumour histology (P = 0.029). The 16 bp insertion polymorphism in intron 3 of TP53 was associated with poor histological grade (OR = 2.3, P = 0.013) independently of other pathological features. The codon 31 polymorphism in p21 was strongly linked to negative progesterone receptor status (OR = 3.4, P = 0.0001), suggesting this variant may have functional significance for the progesterone signalling pathway in breast cancer. These results add to the growing body of evidence that genetic variants can influence not only the risk of breast cancer but also the disease phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda L Powell
- Department of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6907, Australia
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Abstract
Molecular epidemiological studies within the field of cancer research provide the potential for elucidating the carcinogenic cascade at the molecular level. Identification of susceptible subsets of the population, based on polymorphisms in genes involved in carcinogenesis, has the potential to delineate more clearly those factors that might increase cancer risk among some, but not all, individuals. Rapid advances in human genomics are making it possible to develop detailed profiles of susceptible subgroups based upon genetic variants in multiple pathways. Here we discuss examples of recent susceptibility studies involving genes, such as those involved in carcinogen metabolism, DNA repair, cell cycle and immune status, that hold the promise of increasing our understanding of cancer etiology and possible prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Furberg
- Cancer Epidemiology Program, Derald Ruttenberg Cancer Center, Mt Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1130, New York, NY 11211, USA.
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