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Opeyemi Bello R, Willis-Powell L, James O, Sharma A, Marsh E, Ellis L, Gaston K, Siddiqui Y. Does Human Papillomavirus Play a Causative Role in Prostate Cancer? A Systematic Review Using Bradford Hill's Criteria. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3897. [PMID: 37568712 PMCID: PMC10416874 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, prostate cancer is the fifth most common cause of cancer-related death among men, and metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer has a high cancer-related mortality rate. However, the aetiology of this disease is not yet fully understood. While human papillomavirus (HPV) has been associated with several types of cancer, including cervical, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers, studies investigating the relationship between HPV and prostate cancer have shown mixed results. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the causative association between HPV and prostate cancer using Bradford Hill's criteria. A comprehensive search of PubMed was conducted, and 60 out of 482 studies were included in the review. The included studies were evaluated based on nine Bradford Hill criteria, and information on the identification and transmission of the virus and potential oncogenic mechanisms was also extracted. The strength of association criterion was not met, and other criteria, such as consistency and coherence, were not fulfilled. However, biological plausibility was supported, and potential oncogenic mechanisms were identified. While some studies have reported the presence of HPV in prostate cancer tissues, the overall quality of evidence remains low, and the association between HPV and prostate cancer is weak. Nevertheless, the prostate is a potential reservoir for the transmission of HPV, and the HPV E6 and E7 oncoproteins and inflammation are likely to be involved in any oncogenic mechanisms. Further studies with a higher level of evidence are needed to establish a definitive link between HPV and prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ridwan Opeyemi Bello
- School of Human Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, University of Derby, Derby DE22 1GB, UK; (R.O.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Lily Willis-Powell
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2QL, UK (K.G.)
| | - Olivia James
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2QL, UK (K.G.)
| | - Avyay Sharma
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2QL, UK (K.G.)
| | - Elizabeth Marsh
- School of Human Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, University of Derby, Derby DE22 1GB, UK; (R.O.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Libby Ellis
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2QL, UK (K.G.)
| | - Kevin Gaston
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2QL, UK (K.G.)
| | - Yusra Siddiqui
- School of Human Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, University of Derby, Derby DE22 1GB, UK; (R.O.B.); (E.M.)
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Minas TZ, Tang W, Smith CJ, Onabajo OO, Obajemu A, Dorsey TH, Jordan SV, Obadi OM, Ryan BM, Prokunina-Olsson L, Loffredo CA, Ambs S. IFNL4-ΔG is associated with prostate cancer among men at increased risk of sexually transmitted infections. Commun Biol 2018; 1:191. [PMID: 30456312 PMCID: PMC6235841 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0193-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexually transmitted infections can reach the prostate gland where their harmful effects are mediated by innate immunity, including interferons. Humans are polymorphic for the germline dinucleotide variant, rs368234815-TT/ΔG, in the IFNL4 gene encoding interferon λ4. Since the IFNL4-ΔG allele has been linked to impaired viral clearance, we hypothesized that potential exposure to sexually transmitted pathogens, as assessed by the number of lifetime sexual partners, may increase prostate cancer risk in an IFNL4-ΔG-dependent manner. Accordingly, we find that men with 10 or more sexual partners and at least one copy of IFNL4-ΔG have a significantly increased risk of prostate cancer while those with the same number of partners but lacking IFNL4-ΔG do not. Moreover, a test for effect modification shows a positive interaction between the number of lifetime partners and IFNL4-ΔG in the development of aggressive prostate cancer. Based on these findings, we conclude that a gene-environment interaction between IFNL4-ΔG and sexual activity may increase the risk of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsion Zewdu Minas
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wei Tang
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cheryl J Smith
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Olusegun O Onabajo
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Adeola Obajemu
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tiffany H Dorsey
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Symone V Jordan
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Obadi M Obadi
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bríd M Ryan
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ludmila Prokunina-Olsson
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher A Loffredo
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Stefan Ambs
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Carozzi F, Lombardi FC, Zendron P, Confortini M, Sani C, Bisanzi S, Pontenani G, Ciatto S. Association of Human Papillomavirus with Prostate Cancer: Analysis of a Consecutive Series of Prostate Biopsies. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 19:257-61. [PMID: 15646830 DOI: 10.1177/172460080401900401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The study purpose was to investigate the association of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection with prostate cancer. The presence and type of HPV DNA were investigated by polymerase chain reaction in the preservation fluid of 60 consecutive prostate core biopsies (29 benign, 31 malignant). The material was inadequate (no DNA found at β-globin testing) in four benign and five cancer biopsies. HPV DNA was found in 17 of 26 (65.3%) cancer and 12 of 25 (48.0%) benign biopsies (χ2 = 0.94, p = 0.33). High-risk HPV type positivity was observed in 14 of 26 (53.8%) cancer and in five of 25 (20.0%) benign biopsies (χ2 = 4.38, p = 0.03). Twenty-three of 29 cases were positive at L1 region testing with MY09/11 primers; testing with primers directed to the E6/E7 region revealed six further HPV-positive cases (four cancer, two benign). The presence of HPV in prostate tissue suggests a possible reservoir for sexual transmission of types with oncogenic potential. Our findings also suggest a possible role of high-risk HPV infection in the etiology of prostate cancer and encourage further research into this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Carozzi
- Centro per lo Studio e la Prevenzione Oncologica, Florence, Italy
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Yin B, Liu W, Yu P, Liu C, Chen Y, Duan X, Liao Z, Chen Y, Wang X, Pan X, Tao Z. Association between human papillomavirus and prostate cancer: A meta-analysis. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:1855-1865. [PMID: 28789421 PMCID: PMC5529902 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Observational studies have suggested an association between human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and the risk of prostate cancer (PCa). However, the association between HPV infection and the risk of PCa remains unclear. The aim of the present meta-analysis study was to investigate whether HPV serves a role in increasing the risk of PCa. Relevant previous studies up to May 2015 were searched in PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, China Wan Fang database and China Biomedical Literature Database. A random-effects model or fixed-effects model was employed to determine odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), when appropriate. Heterogeneity was evaluated using Q and I2 statistical analysis. A total of 24 case-control studies involving 971 patients and 1,085 controls were investigated to estimate the association between HPV infection and PCa risk. The pooled estimate for OR was 2.27 (95% CI, 1.40-3.69). Stratified pooled analyses were subsequently performed according to the HPV detection methods, geographical regions, publication years and types of tissue. Sensitivity analysis based on various exclusion criteria maintained the significance with respect to PCa individually. Little evidence of publication bias was observed. The meta-analysis suggested that HPV infection is associated with increasing risk of PCa, which indicated a potential pathogenetic link between HPV and PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Yin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Pan Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Chunhua Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Xiuzhi Duan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoping Liao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Yuhua Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Xuchu Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Zhihua Tao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
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Aydin M, Bozkurt A, Cikman A, Gulhan B, Karabakan M, Gokce A, Alper M, Kara M. Lack of evidence of HPV etiology of prostate cancer following radical surgery and higher frequency of the Arg/Pro genotype in Turkish men with prostate cancer. Int Braz J Urol 2017; 43:36-46. [PMID: 28124524 PMCID: PMC5293381 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2015.0429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to assess the possible role of HPV in the development of prostate cancer (PCa) and investigate the distribution of the p53 codon 72 polymorphism in PCa in a Turkish population. Materials and methods A total of 96 tissues, which had been obtained using a radical surgery method, formalin-fixed and parafin-embedded, were used in this study. The study group consisted of 60 PCa tissues (open radical prostatectomy) and the control group contained 36 benign prostatic hyperplasia tissues (BPH) (transvesical open prostatectomy). The presence of HPV and the p53 codon 72 polymorphism was investigated in both groups using real-time PCR and pyrosequencing. Results The results of the real-time PCR showed no HPV DNA in any of the 36 BPH tissue samples. HPV-DNA was positive in only 1 of the 60 PCa samples (1.7%). The HPV type of this sample was identified as HPV-57. The distribution of the three genotypes, Arg/Arg, Arg/Pro and Pro/Pro was found to be 45.6, 45.6, and 8.8% in the PCa group and 57.1%, 34.3% and 8.6% in the control group, respectively. Compared with the control group, patients with PCa had a higher frequency of the Arg/Pro genotype and Proline allele (odds ratio (OR)=1.67, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.68-4.09, p=0.044; OR=1.13, 95% CI=0.76-1.68, p=0.021, respectively). Conclusions The results of the study do not support the hyphothesis that prostate cancer is associated with HPV infection but indicated that Proline allele can be a risk factor in the development of PCa in the Turkish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Aydin
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Aliseydi Bozkurt
- Department of Urology, Erzincan University, Mengucek Gazi Training and Research Hospital, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Aytekin Cikman
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Baris Gulhan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Karabakan
- Department of Urology, Erzincan University, Mengucek Gazi Training and Research Hospital, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Aysun Gokce
- Department of Pathology, Dıskapı Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Murat Alper
- Department of Pathology, Dıskapı Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Murat Kara
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey
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Yang L, Xie S, Feng X, Chen Y, Zheng T, Dai M, Ke Zhou C, Hu Z, Li N, Hang D. Worldwide Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus and Relative Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14667. [PMID: 26441160 PMCID: PMC4594101 DOI: 10.1038/srep14667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the increasing number of studies conducted recently to evaluate the association between HPV infections and the risk of prostate cancer, the results remain inconclusive. Furthermore, the prevalence and distribution of overall and individual HPV types worldwide in prostate cancer has not been reported until now. Therefore, we estimated the prevalence of HPV in prostate cancer by pooling data of 46 studies with 4919 prostate cancer cases, taking into account the heterogeneity of major related parameters, including study region, specimen type, HPV DNA source, detection method, publication calendar period and Gleason score. Moreover, we tested the association of HPV infections with prostate cancer risks by a meta-analysis of 26 tissue-based case-control studies. We found that the prevalence of HPV infection was 18.93% (95% CI = 17.84-20.05%) in prostate cancer cases, and most of which were high-risk HPV types (17.73%, 95% CI = 16.52-18.99%). The prevalence varied by region, PCR primers used, publication calendar period and Gleason score. Our study also showed a significantly increased risk of prostate cancer with the positivity of overall HPV detected in prostate tissues (OR = 1.79, 95% CI = 1.29-2.49) and revealed the geographic variation of association strength (P < 0.001). In conclusion, HPV infections may contribute to the risk of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- National Office for Cancer Prevention and Control, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of hospital infection control, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Fourth Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuanghua Xie
- National Office for Cancer Prevention and Control, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Feng
- National Office for Cancer Prevention and Control, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuheng Chen
- National Office for Cancer Prevention and Control, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tongzhang Zheng
- School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Min Dai
- National Office for Cancer Prevention and Control, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Cindy Ke Zhou
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Maryland, USA
| | - Zhibin Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Ni Li
- National Office for Cancer Prevention and Control, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Hang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, China
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Bae JM. Human papillomavirus 16 infection as a potential risk factor for prostate cancer: an adaptive meta-analysis. Epidemiol Health 2015; 37:e2015005. [PMID: 25687950 PMCID: PMC4371392 DOI: 10.4178/epih/e2015005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although an expert review published in 2013 concluded that an association between human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and prostate cancer (PCa) risk had not yet been firmly established, a 2011 systematic review of 14 articles revealed an increased prevalence of HPV-16 DNA in PCa tissues. Another meta-analysis of the related articles is needed to evaluate the potential link between HPV infection and PCa risk. METHODS A snowballing search strategy was applied to the previously cited articles in the above-mentioned expert review and systematic review. Additional articles selected for this meta-analysis should fulfill all following inclusion criteria: (a) evaluation of detected HPV-16 DNA in tissue samples and the PCa risk and (b) report of the HPV-16 prevalence in both cancer and control tissues. Estimated summary odds ratios (sOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using fixed effect or random-effect models. RESULTS Hand searching identified 16 new articles. The sOR of the total 30 articles indicated a significant HPV-16 infection-related increase in the PCa risk (sOR, 1.851; 95% CI, 1.353 to 2.532, I(2)=37.82%). CONCLUSIONS These facts provide additional supportive evidence for a causal role of HPV-16 infection in prostate carcinogenesis. As the PCa incidence rates have increased rapidly in Asian countries, including Korea, during the last several decades, further studies of HPV-related PCa carcinogenesis may be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Myon Bae
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Korea
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Smelov V, Eklund C, Bzhalava D, Novikov A, Dillner J. Expressed prostate secretions in the study of human papillomavirus epidemiology in the male. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66630. [PMID: 23799125 PMCID: PMC3682962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Exploring different sampling sites and methods is of interest for studies of the epidemiology of HPV infections in the male. Expressed prostate secretions (EPS) are obtained during digital rectal examination (DRE), a daily routine urological diagnostic procedure, following massage of the prostate. Materials and Methods Urethral swabs and EPS samples were obtained from a consecutive sample of 752 men (mean age 32.4 years; median life-time sex partners 34) visiting urology outpatient clinics in St. Petersburg, Russia and tested for HPV DNA by general primer PCR, followed by genotyping using Luminex. Results Overall, 47.9% (360/752) of men were HPV-positive, with 42.0% (316/752) being positive for high-risk (HR-) HPV and 12.6% (95/752) for multiple HPV types. HPV-positivity in the EPS samples was 32.6% (27.7% HR-HPV) and in the urethral samples 25.9% (24.5% HR-HPV). 10.6% were HPV positive in both EPS and urethral samples. 6.4% had the same HPV-type in both EPS and urethral samples. 10.6% were HPV positive in both EPS and urethral samples. 6.4% had the same HPV-type in both EPS and urethral samples. The concordance between the urethral samples and EPS was 62.5% (470/752), with 80 cases double positive and 390 cases double negative in both sites. The sensitivity of urethral samples for overall HPV detection was 54.2% (195/360). Compared to analysis of urethral samples only, the analysis of EPS increased the HPV prevalence in this population with 26.2%. Conclusion EPS represent informative sampling material for the study of HPV epidemiology in the male.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Smelov
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Salehi Z, Hadavi M. Analysis of the codon 72 polymorphism of TP53 and human papillomavirus infection in Iranian patients with prostate cancer. J Med Virol 2012; 84:1423-7. [PMID: 22825821 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The TP53 gene is one of the most important tumor suppressor genes controlling DNA transcription and cell regulation. Common polymorphisms in p53 gene may play a role in some cancers. Some studies have reported an association between human papillomavirus (HPV) infections and prostate cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the TP53 codon 72 polymorphism and HPV infection are responsible for susceptibility to prostate cancer in Iranian men. The prostate biopsies were taken during surgery from 68 Iranian prostatic cancer patients, and 85 patients with benign prostate hyperplasia. For genotyping of the p53 polymorphism at codon 72, PCRRFLP methods were used and the PCR products were digested with BstU1. An attempt was also made to detect HPV DNA in benign prostate hyperplasia and prostate cancer specimens. Among cancer cases, the distribution of Arg/Arg, Arg/Pro and Pro/Pro genotypes were 26.5%, 45.4%, and 19.1%, respectively. Among patients with benign prostate hyperplasia, the distribution of Arg/Arg, Arg/Pro, and Pro/Pro genotypes were 27%, 53%, and 20%, respectively. The allele frequencies did not differ significantly between prostate cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia samples. Human papillomavirus was detected only in three patients (4.4%; P = 0.71). The results from this study suggest that the TP53 codon 72 polymorphism and HPV infection do not confer susceptibility to prostate cancer in the Iranian population. Larger population-based studies are needed to clarify the relation between prostate carcinoma and p53 polymorphism and HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zivar Salehi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
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Hrbacek J, Urban M, Hamsikova E, Tachezy R, Heracek J. Thirty years of research on infection and prostate cancer: no conclusive evidence for a link. A systematic review. Urol Oncol 2012; 31:951-65. [PMID: 22459691 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2012.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential role of genitourinary infection in the etiology of prostate cancer (CaP) has been extensively investigated for 30 years. Two basic approaches have been used: tissue-based methods (polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization) and serologic assays (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunofluorescence, etc.). The objective of this review was to answer the question of whether infection of the male genitourinary tract may have a role in the etiology of CaP. MATERIALS AND METHODS We have carried out a systematic review of the evidence that was published in the MEDLINE/PubMed database until December 2011. The search terms included "prostate cancer," "infection," and the explicit names of the various infectious agents. Additional studies were identified using a reference search. A total of 74 papers were included in the review, which cover the following infectious agents: human papillomavirus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, Epstein-Barr virus, human herpesvirus, BK virus, JC virus, chlamydia, mycoplasma, ureaplasma, trichomonas, neisseria, treponema, Propionibacterium acnes, xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus and Candida albicans. RESULTS Despite the variable study designs and methodological approaches that were used, most of the pathogens that were studied were unlikely to be directly involved in prostate carcinogenesis. CONCLUSIONS The role of infection in the etiology of CaP has yet to be determined despite 30 years of research efforts. A discovery of an infectious agent that is associated with CaP would be of great medical importance; however, such a link would have to be firmly established before impacting on patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hrbacek
- Charles University in Prague, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Department of Urology, Prague, Czech Republic; Královské Vinohrady Teaching Hospital, Department of Urology, Prague, Czech Republic
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11
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Lin Y, Mao Q, Zheng X, Yang K, Chen H, Zhou C, Xie L. Human papillomavirus 16 or 18 infection and prostate cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Ir J Med Sci 2011; 180:497-503. [PMID: 21400096 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-011-0692-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Whether the oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, especially infection with the most common subtypes 16 or 18, is related to prostate carcinogenesis remains conflicting. A meta-analysis with updated data was performed to obtain a more precise estimate of the association between them. METHODS Eligible studies were retrieved via both computer searches and review of references. The relation of HPV-16 or HPV-18 infection to prostate cancer (PC) was quantified separately. Stratified analyses based on HPV detection methods and geographic regions were also performed. Estimates of OR with 95% CI were summarized using the fixed-effect or random-effect models as appropriate. RESULTS Twenty-five eligible studies were retrieved. All the 25 studies were assigned for exploring the relation of HPV-16 infection to PC, while 13 studies provided additional information on HPV-18 simultaneously. In the overall estimates, the pooled OR indicated no significant increase of PC risk related with either HPV-16 (OR 1.09; 95% CI 0.97-1.23; P(heterogeneity) = 0.135) or HPV-18 (OR 1.05; 95% CI 0.89-1.24; P(heterogeneity) = 0.314) infection. Further quantitative assay of stratified data could also not yield any significant result, except the stratified analysis on HPV-16 DNA detection, which revealed higher HPV-16 DNA prevalence in PC cases (OR 1.54; 95% CI 1.07-2.20; P(heterogeneity) = 0.130). CONCLUSIONS Even though the overall estimates did not provide a supportive evidence for the causal role of HPV in prostate carcinogenesis, higher HPV-16 DNA prevalence in PC cases from the stratified analysis still indicated a potential association between HPV infection and PC risk in our meta-analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Lin
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Qingchun Road 79, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Hrbacek J, Urban M, Hamsikova E, Tachezy R, Eis V, Brabec M, Heracek J. Serum antibodies against genitourinary infectious agents in prostate cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia patients: a case-control study. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:53. [PMID: 21291519 PMCID: PMC3039631 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infection plays a role in the pathogenesis of many human malignancies. Whether prostate cancer (PCa) - an important health issue in the aging male population in the Western world - belongs to these conditions has been a matter of research since the 1970 s. Persistent serum antibodies are a proof of present or past infection. The aim of this study was to compare serum antibodies against genitourinary infectious agents between PCa patients and controls with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH). We hypothesized that elevated serum antibody levels or higher seroprevalence in PCa patients would suggest an association of genitourinary infection in patient history and elevated PCa risk. Methods A total of 434 males who had undergone open prostate surgery in a single institution were included in the study: 329 PCa patients and 105 controls with BPH. The subjects' serum samples were analysed by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, complement fixation test and indirect immunofluorescence for the presence of antibodies against common genitourinary infectious agents: human papillomavirus (HPV) 6, 11, 16, 18, 31 and 33, herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1 and 2, human cytomegalovirus (CMV), Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Treponema pallidum. Antibody seroprevalence and mean serum antibody levels were compared between cases and controls. Tumour grade and stage were correlated with serological findings. Results PCa patients were more likely to harbour antibodies against Ureaplasma urealyticum (odds ratio (OR) 2.06; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08-4.28). Men with BPH were more often seropositive for HPV 18 and Chlamydia trachomatis (OR 0.23; 95% CI 0.09-0.61 and OR 0.45; 95% CI 0.21-0.99, respectively) and had higher mean serum CMV antibody levels than PCa patients (p = 0.0004). Among PCa patients, antibodies against HPV 6 were associated with a higher Gleason score (p = 0.0305). Conclusions Antibody seropositivity against the analyzed pathogens with the exception of Ureaplasma does not seem to be a risk factor for PCa pathogenesis. The presence or higher levels of serum antibodies against the genitourinary pathogens studied were not consistently associated with PCa. Serostatus was not a predictor of disease stage in the studied population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hrbacek
- Charles University in Prague, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Department of Urology, Prague, Czech Republic
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13
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Sutcliffe S. Sexually transmitted infections and risk of prostate cancer: review of historical and emerging hypotheses. Future Oncol 2010; 6:1289-311. [PMID: 20799875 DOI: 10.2217/fon.10.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the early 1950s when sexually transmitted infections (STIs) were first proposed as a possible risk factor for prostate cancer, numerous epidemiologic studies have been conducted. Initially, these studies were primarily small case-control studies with retrospective, self-reported assessments of a narrow range of STIs, typically either any STIs, or gonorrhea and syphilis. However, as new STIs have been discovered/recognized, new and better tests to detect histories of STIs have been developed, and new resources for prostate cancer research have been created, epidemiologic studies have expanded to include a wide range of STIs, and have moved towards more rigorous, prospective study designs and serological assessment of STI histories. The results of these studies are reviewed and discussed, as well as possible new avenues of research, such as Trichomonas vaginalis infection and infections not typically considered to be sexually transmitted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan Sutcliffe
- Department of Surgery & The Alvin J Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Rm. 5026, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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14
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Aghakhani A, Hamkar R, Parvin M, Ghavami N, Nadri M, Pakfetrat A, Banifazl M, Eslamifar A, Izadi N, Jam S, Ramezani A. The role of human papillomavirus infection in prostate carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 43:64-9. [PMID: 20662618 DOI: 10.3109/00365548.2010.502904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are associated with benign and malignant lesions of the female and male anogenital tract. Currently the possible role of HPV infections in prostate carcinogenesis is a subject of great controversy. In this study we aimed to investigate the role of HPV infection in prostate carcinoma (PCa). The study included formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples of 104 primary prostate adenocarcinoma cases and 104 control tissues of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). HPV-DNA was purified and amplified through MY09/MY11 and GP5(+)/GP6(+) primers and subsequently subjected to sequencing. HPV-DNA was found in 13 of 104 (12.5%) PCa and 8 of 104 (7.7%) BPH samples. High-risk HPVs were detected in 10 of 13 (76.9%) PCa and 5 of 8 (62.5%) BPH samples with positive HPV-DNA. Low-risk HPVs were detected in 3 of 13 (23.1%) PCa and 3 of 8 (37.5%) BPH specimens with positive HPV-DNA. There was no significant difference between PCa and BPH specimens regarding HPV-DNA presence or the detection of high-risk and low-risk types of HPV. Our data do not support the role of HPV infection in prostate carcinoma. Further studies are required to elucidate the role of HPV infection in human prostate carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Aghakhani
- Clinical Research Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran.
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15
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Sutcliffe S, Viscidi RP, Till C, Goodman PJ, Hoque AM, Hsing AW, Thompson IM, Zenilman JM, De Marzo AM, Platz EA. Human papillomavirus types 16, 18, and 31 serostatus and prostate cancer risk in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19:614-8. [PMID: 20142255 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-1080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since human papillomavirus (HPV) infection was first identified as a risk factor for cervical cancer, several seroepidemiologic and tissue-based studies have investigated HPV in relation to prostate cancer, another common genitourinary malignancy, with mixed results. To further inform this potential association, we conducted a large, prospective investigation of HPV types 16, 18, and 31 in relation to risk of prostate cancer in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. Cases were a sample of men diagnosed with prostate cancer after visit 2 or on their end-of-study biopsy (n = 616). Controls were men not diagnosed with prostate cancer during the trial or on their end-of-study biopsy (n = 616). Controls were frequency matched to cases by age, treatment arm, and family history of prostate cancer. Sera from visit 2 were tested for IgG antibodies against HPV types 16, 18, and 31. No associations were observed for weak or strong HPV-16 [odds ratio (OR), 0.94; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.53-1.64 and OR, 1.07; 95% CI, 077-1.48, respectively], HPV-18 (OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.27-2.04 and OR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.47-1.63, respectively), or HPV-31 seropositivity (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.45-1.28 and OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.80-1.64, respectively) and risk of prostate cancer. Considering this finding in the context of the HPV and prostate cancer literature, HPV does not appear to be associated with risk of prostate cancer, at least by mechanisms proposed to date, and using epidemiologic designs and laboratory techniques currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan Sutcliffe
- Department of Surgery and the Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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16
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Hohn O, Krause H, Barbarotto P, Niederstadt L, Beimforde N, Denner J, Miller K, Kurth R, Bannert N. Lack of evidence for xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus(XMRV) in German prostate cancer patients. Retrovirology 2009; 6:92. [PMID: 19835577 PMCID: PMC2770519 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A novel gammaretrovirus named xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) has been recently identified and found to have a prevalence of 40% in prostate tumor samples from American patients carrying a homozygous R462Q mutation in the RNaseL gene. This mutation impairs the function of the innate antiviral type I interferon pathway and is a known susceptibility factor for prostate cancer. Here, we attempt to measure the prevalence of XMRV in prostate cancer cases in Germany and determine whether an analogous association with the R462Q polymorphism exists. Results 589 prostate tumor samples were genotyped by real-time PCR with regard to the RNaseL mutation. DNA and RNA samples from these patients were screened for the presence of XMRV-specific gag sequences using a highly sensitive nested PCR and RT-PCR approach. Furthermore, 146 sera samples from prostate tumor patients were tested for XMRV Gag and Env antibodies using a newly developed ELISA assay. In agreement with earlier data, 12.9% (76 samples) were shown to be of the QQ genotype. However, XMRV specific sequences were detected at neither the DNA nor the RNA level. Consistent with this result, none of the sera analyzed from prostate cancer patients contained XMRV-specific antibodies. Conclusion Our results indicate a much lower prevalence (or even complete absence) of XMRV in prostate tumor patients in Germany. One possible reason for this could be a geographically restricted incidence of XMRV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Hohn
- Robert Koch-Institute, Centre for Biological Safety 4, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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17
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Silvestre RVD, Leal MF, Demachki S, Nahum MCDS, Bernardes JGB, Rabenhorst SHB, Smith MDAC, Mello WAD, Guimarães AC, Burbano RR. Low frequency of human papillomavirus detection in prostate tissue from individuals from Northern Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2009; 104:665-7. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000400024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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18
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May M, Kalisch R, Hoschke B, Juretzek T, Wagenlehner F, Brookman-Amissah S, Spivak I, Braun KP, Bär W, Helke C. [Detection of papillomavirus DNA in the prostate: a virus with underestimated clinical relevance?]. Urologe A 2008; 47:846-52. [PMID: 18392798 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-008-1694-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are the most frequent pathogens of sexually transmitted diseases. They have been associated with an increased incidence of several anogenital tumors. Whether oncogenic HPV are involved in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer has been a subject of great controversy. This study's purpose was to investigate the association between HPV infection and prostate cancer (PCA). MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 213 consecutive patients with an average age of 65.7 (+/-8.4) years. Within the framework of transrectal, ultrasonic-guided multibiopsy of the prostate, one additional core was examined by means of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in relation to bacterial, fungal, and viral (including HPV) DNA, with subsequent DNA sequencing. The collected data were correlated with the histological results and with diverse clinical variables. The influence of several predictors for the existence of PCA was verified with a logistic regression model. RESULTS No general bacterial DNA (16S rDNA) was detected. Of the 213 patients, 145 (68.1%) showed HPV DNA. In 64% (n=137), high-risk HPV DNA were depicted; these were 18% of the total in each case of HPV genotypes 16 and 18. From our examinations, no significant positive correlation existed between the HPV evidence and the histologically verified PCA that was found in 23.5% of the patients (n=50; odds ratio 1.45; 95% confidence interval 0.71-2.91). The BK virus was not found in any of the cores confirmed through PCR. CONCLUSION Although no positive correlation between HPV infection and PCA existed in our study, data from the literature suggest an influence of the papillomavirus on PCA oncogenesis. Future studies should highlight to what extent HPV DNA is inserted in the genome of prostate cells and is able to cause subsequent malignant transformation of particular genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M May
- Urologische Klinik, Carl-Thiem-Klinikum Cottbus, Lehrkrankenhaus der Universitätsklinik Charité zu Berlin, Thiemstrasse 111, 03048 Cottbus, Deutschland.
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19
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Prevalence of human gammaretrovirus XMRV in sporadic prostate cancer. J Clin Virol 2008; 43:277-83. [PMID: 18823818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2008.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Revised: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 04/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously identified a novel exogenous gammaretrovirus (xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related gammaretrovirus (XMRV)) using a pan-viral microarray. XMRV is the first MLV-related virus found in human infection. Forty percent (8/20) of familial prostate cancer patients homozygous for a mutation in RNase L (R462Q) were positive for XMRV, while the virus was rarely (1/66) detected in familial prostate cancer patients heterozygous for R462Q or carrying the wild type allele. OBJECTIVES To determine the presence of XMRV in non-familial prostate cancer samples. STUDY DESIGN RNA from prostate tissue was analyzed for XMRV using nested RT-PCR. In all samples, RNase L (R462Q) genotyping was performed using an allele-specific PCR. RESULTS XMRV-specific sequences were detected in one of 105 tissue samples from non-familial prostate cancer patients and from one of 70 tissue samples from men without prostate cancer. The two XMRV-positive patients were wild type or heterozygous for the R462Q mutation and thus carried at least one fully functional RNase L allele. CONCLUSIONS XMRV was rarely detected in non-familial prostate cancer samples from Northern European patients. The homozygous mutation R462Q (QQ) was significantly underrepresented (<6%) in this cohort when compared to other studies (11-17%).
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20
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Al Moustafa AE. Involvement of human papillomavirus infections in prostate cancer progression. Med Hypotheses 2008; 71:209-11. [PMID: 18468811 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2008.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are sexually transmitted and have been associated with several human carcinomas especially cervical and colorectal. On the other hand, a small number of studies have examined the presence of high-risk HPV in human prostate cancer tissues. Currently, the presence and role of high-risk HPV infections in prostate carcinogenesis remain unclear because of the limited number of investigations. This raises the question whether high-risk HPV infections play any role in human prostate cancer development. However, other investigators and our group were able to immortalize normal and cancer prostate epithelial cells in vitro by E6/E7 of HPV type 16. In this paper, we propose the hypothesis that normal and cancer prostate epithelial cells are susceptible to persistent HPV infections; therefore, high-risk HPV infections play an important role in the progression of prostate cancer. We believe that an international collaboration of epidemiological studies and more molecular biology investigations are necessary to answer these important questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala-Eddin Al Moustafa
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research of the Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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21
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Wallace TA, Prueitt RL, Yi M, Howe TM, Gillespie JW, Yfantis HG, Stephens RM, Caporaso NE, Loffredo CA, Ambs S. Tumor Immunobiological Differences in Prostate Cancer between African-American and European-American Men. Cancer Res 2008; 68:927-36. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-2608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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22
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Sutcliffe S, Giovannucci E, Gaydos CA, Viscidi RP, Jenkins FJ, Zenilman JM, Jacobson LP, De Marzo AM, Willett WC, Platz EA. Plasma antibodies against Chlamydia trachomatis, human papillomavirus, and human herpesvirus type 8 in relation to prostate cancer: a prospective study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16:1573-80. [PMID: 17684131 PMCID: PMC3012386 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, case-control studies of sexually transmitted infections and prostate cancer have focused on gonorrhea and syphilis, with overall positive associations. More recently, researchers have begun to expand their focus to include additional sexually transmitted infections, such as Chlamydia trachomatis, human papillomavirus (HPV), and human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8) infections. Continuing this investigation, we examined each of these infections in relation to incident prostate cancer in a nested case-control study within the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Prostate cancer cases were men diagnosed with prostate cancer between the date of blood draw (1993-1995) and 2000 (n = 691). Controls were men free of cancer and alive at the time of case diagnosis who had had at least one prostate-specific antigen test between the date of blood draw and case diagnosis. One control was individually matched to each case by age; year, time of day, and season of blood draw; and prostate-specific antigen screening history before blood draw (n = 691). C. trachomatis and HPV-16, HPV-18, and HPV-33 antibody serostatus were assessed by enzyme-based immunoassays and HHV-8 antibody serostatus was assessed by an immunofluorescence assay. No associations were observed between C. trachomatis [odds ratio (OR), 1.13; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.65-1.96], HPV-16 (OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.57-1.23), HPV-18 (OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.66-1.64), and HPV-33 (OR, 1.14; 95% CI, 0.76-1.72) antibody seropositivity and prostate cancer. A significant inverse association was observed between HHV-8 antibody seropositivity and prostate cancer (OR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.52-0.95). As this study is the first, to our knowledge, to observe such an inverse association, similar additional studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan Sutcliffe
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Room E6132-A, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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23
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Abstract
The epidemiologic literature on sexually transmitted infections, clinical prostatitis, prostatic calculi, polymorphisms in immune response genes, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use as potential sources and modifiers of intraprostatic inflammation is reviewed in relation to prostate cancer. Particular emphasis is placed on study methodology and its influence on study findings. Although evidence from reviewed epidemiologic studies, together with laboratory and clinical studies, is suggestive of a role for prostatic inflammation in the etiology of prostate cancer, additional large, prospective studies are necessary to address methodological limitations of existing studies, and to investigate a broader range of potential sources of intraprostatic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan Sutcliffe
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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24
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Sitas F, Urban M, Stein L, Beral V, Ruff P, Hale M, Patel M, O'Connell D, Qin Yu X, Verzijden A, Marais D, Williamson AL. The relationship between anti-HPV-16 IgG seropositivity and cancer of the cervix, anogenital organs, oral cavity and pharynx, oesophagus and prostate in a black South African population. Infect Agent Cancer 2007; 2:6. [PMID: 17331260 PMCID: PMC1821007 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2006] [Accepted: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) infection is an important cause of cervical cancer, other anogenital cancers and, possibly, some oral and pharyngeal cancers. The association of HPV-16 with oesophageal and with prostate cancers has not been firmly established. Methods We analysed sera from 3,757 HIV seronegative black South Africans using an anti-HPV IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The subjects were recruited from 1995 to 2000 as part of an ongoing cancer case control study. Cases were patients with newly diagnosed cancers of the cervix (n = 946), other anogenital organs (n = 80), the oral cavity and pharynx (n = 102), the oesophagus (n = 369) or the prostate (n = 205). The comparison group consisted of 2,055 age and sex-matched patients randomly selected from the same data base, diagnosed at the same hospitals, but with a vascular disease or with a cancer unrelated to HPV infection. Subjects' sera were randomly and blindly allocated onto ELISA plates. Optical density (OD) levels of anti-HPV-16 IgG of > 0.45 and ≥ 0.767 were taken to be cut-offs for negative, medium and high antibody levels. Results After adjustment for potential confounders, cancer types that showed a statistically significant association with increased anti-HPV-16 IgG antibody (Ab) levels were cancer of the cervix (OR for medium Ab levels = 1.6, and for high = 2.4, p < 0.0001), cancers of other anogenital organs (OR for medium or high Ab levels = 2.5, p = 0.002), and cancer of the oesophagus (OR for medium Ab = 1.3, and high Ab levels = 1.6 p = 0.002). Cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx showed a borderline significant association in the unadjusted model (p = 0.05) but after adjustment for confounding the trend in relation to Ab levels was positive but not statistically significant (OR for medium Ab = 1.1, and high Ab = 1.5 p = 0.13). Prostate cancer was not associated with HPV-16 seropositivity (OR for medium Ab level = 1.4, and for high Ab level = 1.3, p = 0.3). Conclusion If there is indeed an association between HPV-16 and oesophageal and possibly also some oral cavity and pharyngeal cancers, then emerging HPV vaccines may also reduce, at least in part, the incidence of these leading cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddy Sitas
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, National Health Laboratory Service, P.O.Box 1038, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa
- Research Division, The Cancer Council NSW, P.O. Box 572, Kings Cross, 1340, NSW, Australia
- Schools of Public Health, Universities of Sydney and NSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Margaret Urban
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, National Health Laboratory Service, P.O.Box 1038, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa
| | - Lara Stein
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, National Health Laboratory Service, P.O.Box 1038, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa
| | | | - Paul Ruff
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Martin Hale
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Anatomical Pathology Department, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Moosa Patel
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Dianne O'Connell
- Research Division, The Cancer Council NSW, P.O. Box 572, Kings Cross, 1340, NSW, Australia
| | - Xue Qin Yu
- Research Division, The Cancer Council NSW, P.O. Box 572, Kings Cross, 1340, NSW, Australia
| | - Anke Verzijden
- Dept. of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dianne Marais
- Division of Medical Virology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town Medical School, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anna-Lise Williamson
- Division of Medical Virology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town Medical School, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
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25
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Bergh J, Marklund I, Gustavsson C, Wiklund F, Grönberg H, Allard A, Alexeyev O, Elgh F. No link between viral findings in the prostate and subsequent cancer development. Br J Cancer 2006; 96:137-9. [PMID: 17117176 PMCID: PMC2360195 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In an investigation of 201 prostate tissue samples from patients with benign prostate hyperplasia that later progressed to prostate cancer and 201 matched controls that did not, there were no differences in the prevalence of adenovirus, herpesvirus, papilloma virus, polyoma virus and Candida albicans DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bergh
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå S-90185, Sweden
| | - I Marklund
- Department of Clinical Microbiology/Virology, Umeå University, Umeå S-90185, Sweden
| | - C Gustavsson
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå S-90185, Sweden
| | - F Wiklund
- Department of Radiation Sciences/Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå S-90185, Sweden
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, PO Box 281, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - H Grönberg
- Department of Radiation Sciences/Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå S-90185, Sweden
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, PO Box 281, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - A Allard
- Department of Clinical Microbiology/Virology, Umeå University, Umeå S-90185, Sweden
| | - O Alexeyev
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå S-90185, Sweden
| | - F Elgh
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå S-90185, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology/Virology, Umeå University, Umeå S-90185, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå S-90185, Sweden. E-mail:
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26
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Partridge JM, Koutsky LA. Genital human papillomavirus infection in men. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2006; 6:21-31. [PMID: 16377531 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(05)70323-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, globally one of the most common sexually transmitted infections, is associated with cancers, genital warts, and other epithelial lesions. Although a consistent and coherent picture of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of genital HPV infections in women has developed over the past two decades, less is known about these infections in men. Available data suggest that, as with women, most genital HPV infections in men are symptomless and unapparent, and that HPV16 is probably the most frequently detected type. In populations of similar age, the prevalence of specific HPV types is usually lower in men than in women. Whether this observation relates to lower incidence or shorter duration of infection in men than in women has not yet been determined. Seroprevalence of specific anti-HPV antibodies also seems to be lower in men than in women of similar age, a difference that might be due to lower viral load, lower incidence or duration of infection or lower antibody responses, or both, in men compared with women. Differences in sexual behaviour may also be important predictors of genital HPV infection. With the anticipated availability of prophylactic HPV vaccines in the near future, it becomes increasingly important to understand the incidence and duration of HPV infections in men to develop cost-effective approaches to prevention through a combination of immunisation and promotion of risk-reduction strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Partridge
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington HPV Research Group, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
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Korodi Z, Dillner J, Jellum E, Lumme S, Hallmans G, Thoresen S, Hakulinen T, Stattin P, Luostarinen T, Lehtinen M, Hakama M. Human Papillomavirus 16, 18, and 33 Infections and Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Nordic Nested Case-Control Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14:2952-5. [PMID: 16365015 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-05-0602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic evidence of sexual history has emerged as a consistently found risk factor for prostate cancer. Some studies have reported an association between human papillomavirus (HPV) infections and prostate cancer. We did a nested case-control study within cohorts of more than 200,000 men enrolled in three Nordic biobanking projects. Follow-up using cancer registry linkages identified 804 prospectively occurring prostate cancer cases. Four control subjects per case were randomly selected from eligible sets of matched subjects that were alive and free of cancer at the time of diagnosis of the corresponding case and were matched to cases on biobank cohort, age (+/-2 years), county of residence, and date of blood sampling (+/-2 months in the Finnish and Swedish cohorts, +/-6 months in the Norwegian cohort). The serum samples were analyzed by standard ELISAs for the presence of immunoglobulin G antibodies against HPV types 16, 18, and 33. The joint HPV-16/HPV-18/HPV-33 seroprevalence in the joint cohort was 13.4% (107 of 799) among cases and 14.0% (363 of 2,596) among controls (odds ratio, 0.94; 95% confidence interval, 0.74-1.19). There were no noteworthy differences when the data were analyzed by different HPV type, country, or antibody levels. Our data do not support an association between serologic markers of HPV-16, HPV-18, and HPV-33 infections and risk of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Korodi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Lund University, MAS University Hospital, SE-20502 Malmö, Sweden
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28
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Leiros GJ, Galliano SR, Sember ME, Kahn T, Schwarz E, Eiguchi K. Detection of human papillomavirus DNA and p53 codon 72 polymorphism in prostate carcinomas of patients from Argentina. BMC Urol 2005; 5:15. [PMID: 16307686 PMCID: PMC1314892 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2490-5-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2005] [Accepted: 11/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infections with high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs), causatively linked to cervical cancer, might also play a role in the development of prostate cancer. Furthermore, the polymorphism at codon 72 (encoding either arginine or proline) of the p53 tumor-suppressor gene is discussed as a possible determinant for cancer risk. The HPV E6 oncoprotein induces degradation of the p53 protein. The aim of this study was to analyse prostate carcinomas and hyperplasias of patients from Argentina for the presence of HPV DNA and the p53 codon 72 polymorphism genotype. Methods HPV DNA detection and typing were done by consensus L1 and type-specific PCR assays, respectively, and Southern blot hybridizations. Genotyping of p53 codon 72 polymorphism was performed both by allele specific primer PCRs and PCR-RFLP (Bsh1236I). Fischer's test with Woolf's approximation was used for statistical analysis. Results HPV DNA was detected in 17 out of 41 (41.5 %) carcinoma samples, whereas all 30 hyperplasia samples were HPV-negative. Differences in p53 codon 72 allelic frequencies were not observed, neither between carcinomas and hyperplasias nor between HPV-positive and HPV-negative carcinomas. Conclusion These results indicate that the p53 genotype is probably not a risk factor for prostate cancer, and that HPV infections could be associated with at least a subset of prostate carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo J Leiros
- Catedra de Bioquimica e Inmunologia, Facultad de Medicina-Universidad del Salvador, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia R Galliano
- Catedra de Bioquimica e Inmunologia, Facultad de Medicina-Universidad del Salvador, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mario E Sember
- Servicio de patología, Hospital Israelita, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tomas Kahn
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
- Expert Team Life Sciences, Deutsche Bank AG, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Kumiko Eiguchi
- Catedra de Bioquimica e Inmunologia, Facultad de Medicina-Universidad del Salvador, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Patel DA, Bock CH, Schwartz K, Wenzlaff AS, Demers RY, Severson RK. Sexually transmitted diseases and other urogenital conditions as risk factors for prostate cancer: a case–control study in Wayne County, Michigan. Cancer Causes Control 2005; 16:263-73. [PMID: 15947878 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-004-3486-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2004] [Accepted: 09/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED OBJECTIVE To investigate associations between prostate cancer and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and vasectomy in a population-based case-control study in Wayne County, Michigan, among African American and white men aged 50--74 years. METHODS Incident prostate cancer cases (n=700) from 1996--1998 were identified from the Metropolitan Detroit Cancer Surveillance System. Controls (n=604) were identified through random digit dialing and Medicare recipient lists, and frequency matched to cases on age and race. History of potential prostate cancer risk factors was ascertained through in-person interview. RESULTS Prostate cancer was not associated with STD or vasectomy history. History of prostatitis was associated with prostate cancer among all subjects (odds ratio [OR]=1.8, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1, 2.9) and in African American men (OR=2.2, 95% CI: 1.1, 4.6). History of BPH was associated with prostate cancer among all subjects (OR=2.4, 95% CI: 1.8, 3.3); significant associations were observed in both African American (OR=2.7, 95% CI: 1.6, 4.4) and white (OR=2.3, 95% CI: 1.5, 3.4) men. CONCLUSIONS Among all subjects, prostate cancer was associated with prostatitis and BPH history, but not with STD or vasectomy history. Prevention efforts could be enhanced if inflammatory or infectious etiologies are found to be of importance in the subsequent development of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya A Patel
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48109-0276, USA.
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30
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Gómez García I, Gómez Mampaso E, Conde Someso S, Maganto Pavón E, Navío Niño S, Allona Almagro A. Infección por Papillomavirus en el hombre. Estado actual. Actas Urol Esp 2005; 29:365-72. [PMID: 15981424 DOI: 10.1016/s0210-4806(05)73257-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The Virus of the Human Papiloma (HPV), classically he/she has been related with infections of sexual transmission and processes wicked oncologists of the feminine genital apparatus and with less frequency of the masculine one. The new technical diagnostics, based on molecular biology (by means of polymerase chain reaction), they help to a better epidemic approach, an improvement in the I diagnose viral, and a correct therapeutic focus. The object of this work is to revise the current state of the HPV from the points of view etiopathogenics, epidemic, clinical, diagnosis, therapeutic and preservative.
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31
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Palapattu GS, Sutcliffe S, Bastian PJ, Platz EA, De Marzo AM, Isaacs WB, Nelson WG. Prostate carcinogenesis and inflammation: emerging insights. Carcinogenesis 2004; 26:1170-81. [PMID: 15498784 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgh317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer remains a significant health concern for men throughout the world. Recently, there has developed an expanding multidisciplinary body of literature suggesting a link between chronic inflammation and prostate cancer. In support of this hypothesis, population studies have found an increased relative risk of prostate cancer in men with a prior history of certain sexually transmitted infections or prostatitis. Furthermore, genetic epidemiological data have implicated germline variants of several genes associated with the immunological aspects of inflammation in modulating prostate cancer risk. The molecular pathogenesis of prostate cancer has been characterized by somatic alterations of genes involved in defenses against inflammatory damage and in tissue recovery. A novel putative prostate cancer precursor lesion, proliferative inflammatory atrophy, which shares some molecular traits with prostate intraepithelial neoplasia and prostate cancer, has been characterized. Here, we review the evidence associating chronic inflammation and prostate cancer and consider a number of animal models of prostate inflammation that should allow the elucidation of the mechanisms by which prostatic inflammation could lead to the initiation and progression of prostate cancer. These emerging insights into chronic inflammation in the etiology of prostate carcinogenesis hold the promise of spawning new diagnostic and therapeutic modalities for men with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh S Palapattu
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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32
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Lightfoot N, Conlon M, Kreiger N, Sass-Kortsak A, Purdham J, Darlington G. Medical history, sexual, and maturational factors and prostate cancer risk. Ann Epidemiol 2004; 14:655-62. [PMID: 15380796 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2003.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2002] [Accepted: 11/03/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sexual, physical, and medical factors were investigated in a case-control study of prostate cancer. METHODS This population-based study, conducted from 1995 to 1999 in northeastern Ontario, used cancer registry-identified cases (n=760), aged 45 to 84 years, diagnosed between 1995 and 1998. Age-frequency matched controls (n=1632) were obtained from telephone listings. Two separate logistic regression analyses considered: 1) sexual and physical; and 2) medical factors. RESULTS For the sexual-physical model, marital status, family income, maximum height, number of marriages, having children, age at first marriage, birth, and needing to shave, and acne were not significantly related to risk. In the medical model, a family history of prostate cancer (OR, 2.99; 95% CI, 2.21-4.04) and history of venereal disease (OR, 2.12; 95% CI, 1.27-3.53) were associated with significantly increased risk. A history of allergies (OR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.60-1.00), benign prostatic hyperplasia (OR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.49-0.81), and an annual physical exam (OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.21-0.85) were associated with reduced risk. Other factors considered in the medical conditions model, body mass index, smoking non-filter cigarettes, and family income were not associated with prostate cancer. CONCLUSIONS This study is consistent with other studies that suggest that infectious agents may be involved in prostate cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Lightfoot
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Northeastern Ontario Regional Cancer Centre, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.
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33
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The association of infection or inflammation of the prostate with prostate cancer has been suggested but not established. This study was undertaken to investigate this association. METHODS Cases were Olmsted County, Minnesota, residents with histologically proven prostate cancer diagnosed between January 1980 and December 1996. Cases (n = 409) were each matched to 2 control subjects (n = 803) on age at diagnosis of prostate cancer, residency in Olmsted County, and duration of the community medical record. The medical record of each subject was reviewed for a history of acute or chronic bacterial prostatitis or chronic pelvic pain syndrome (inflammatory type). RESULTS The relative odds of prostate cancer were elevated in men with history of any type of prostatitis (odds ratio [OR] = 1.7; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1-2.6) or acute prostatitis (2.5; 1.3-4.7). The mean time from most recent episode of acute prostatitis to the diagnosis of prostate cancer was 12.2 years. After exclusion of men with acute prostatitis 2 years before the index date, the relationship was somewhat reduced (1.9; 0.9-3.8). Chronic bacterial prostatitis was more weakly associated with prostate cancer (1.6; 0.8-3.1), whereas chronic pelvic pain syndrome was not associated at all (0.9; 0.4-1.8). CONCLUSIONS Infection in the form of acute or chronic bacterial prostatitis may be associated with prostate cancer. However, our data do not provide compelling evidence to support this. As a result of the limitations of current methods of assessing chronic prostatitis, biochemical or tissue markers of infection or inflammation of the prostate may help clarify their role in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosebud O Roberts
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE We provide an overview of some of the basic, clinical and epidemiological research that has been conducted to investigate the potential role of chronic inflammation in prostate carcinogenesis and to provide direction for future research on this hypothesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS We reviewed the literature on this topic. RESULTS Chronic inflammation has long been linked to cancers with an infectious etiology, such as stomach, liver and colon cancer, in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Whether intraprostatic inflammation contributes to prostate carcinogenesis is unknown. Inflammation is frequently present in prostate biopsies, radical prostatectomy specimens and tissue resected for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Also, inflammatory infiltrates are often found in and around foci of atrophy that are characterized by an increased proliferative index. These foci, called proliferative inflammatory atrophy, may be precursors of early prostate cancer or may indicate an intraprostatic environment favorable to cancer development. Epidemiological studies have indirectly examined the role of chronic inflammation in prostate carcinogenesis through studies of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors. When taken together studies of sexually transmitted infections, clinical prostatitis, and genetic and circulating markers of inflammation and response to infection hint at a link between chronic intraprostatic inflammation and prostate cancer. CONCLUSIONS Additional well-designed basic, clinical and epidemiological studies are needed to resolve questions about the role of chronic inflammation in prostate carcinogenesis and to determine if intraprostatic inflammation is a rational target for chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Platz
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Brady Urological Institute, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
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35
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Abstract
Established associations between human papillomavirus (HPV) and lower genital tract cancers provide a framework from which to evaluate a possible pathogenic role for the virus in cancers at nongenital sites. Proposed associations must fit coherently within the context of our current knowledge of the epidemiology and biology of HPV. In this article, insights obtained from studies of the etiologic link between mucosal-type HPV infection and four specific human cancers are described briefly. Specific characteristics, shared among cancers caused by HPV, are then used by extrapolation to discuss possible associations between certain other nongenital cancers and mucosal HPV infections in a manner intended to supplement, and in no way to supplant, the classic Hill criteria for causal inference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura L Gillison
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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36
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Zambrano A, Kalantari M, Simoneau A, Jensen JL, Villarreal LP. Detection of human polyomaviruses and papillomaviruses in prostatic tissue reveals the prostate as a habitat for multiple viral infections. Prostate 2002; 53:263-76. [PMID: 12430138 DOI: 10.1002/pros.10157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine whether human polyomavirus (hPy) genomes are present in prostate tissues, we have carried out a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening in two sets of prostate samples, archival and fresh frozen, as well as performing in situ hybridization (ISH). The frozen prostate samples as well as the urine from the same patients were also screened for human papillomavirus (HPV) sequences. METHODS Highly sensitive nested-PCR assays were used. The detection of subpopulations of JC virus (JCV) -transcriptional control regions (TCRs) was also evaluated by Southern analysis and by direct DNA sequencing. An in situ hybridization technique was also used to detect JCV DNA in prostatic tissue. RESULTS The paraffin-embedded archival samples gave variable, unsatisfactory results. Results from the fresh frozen samples, however, were consistent and were frequently positive for JCV and less frequent for BK virus DNA. ISH confirmed the presence of JCV DNA in prostatic glandular epithelium. The TCR region of JCV from prostate tissue and urine from prostate cancer patients showed the presence of both archetypal and rearranged TCRs, including several new sequence variants. HPV DNA was also frequently detected and in some cases also mixed with hPy DNA from frozen tissue and urine. CONCLUSION The use of fresh frozen samples proved to be essential for consistent and reproducible detection of HPV and hPy viral DNAs. The presence of JCV DNA by ISH and the occurrence of a subpopulation of JCV TCR regions suggests that the prostate is a site for virus replication. The prostate is a complex habitat where mixed infections with oncogenic DNA viruses frequently occur and opens the discussion to the potential role of these viruses in the cancer of the prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Zambrano
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California at Irvine, California 92697, USA
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37
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Rho NK, Choi SJ, Lee ES. A case of multiple Bowen's disease with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and adenocarcionoma of the prostate. J Dermatol 2002; 29:516-21. [PMID: 12227487 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2002.tb00319.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bowen's disease, or cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in situ, has been regarded as a cutaneous marker for internal malignancy. However, the relationship of Bowen's disease to visceral cancers remains controversial. We present a 76-year-old male with multiple lesions of Bowen's disease, who later developed laryngeal cancer and subsequent prostate cancer with distant metastases. Efforts to detect possible common etiologic agents including human papillomavirus and chronic arsenicism revealed no association between Bowen's disease and the internal malignancies. Despite the controversy, we suggest that a conservative cancer workup is ethically indicated in patients with multiple Bowen's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nark-Kyoung Rho
- Department of Dermatology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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38
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Dejucq N, Jégou B. Viruses in the mammalian male genital tract and their effects on the reproductive system. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2001; 65:208-31 ; first and second pages, table of contents. [PMID: 11381100 PMCID: PMC99025 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.65.2.208-231.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This review describes the various viruses identified in the semen and reproductive tracts of mammals (including humans), their distribution in tissues and fluids, their possible cell targets, and the functional consequences of their infectivity on the reproductive and endocrine systems. The consequences of these viral infections on the reproductive tract and semen can be extremely serious in terms of organ integrity, development of pathological and cancerous processes, and transmission of diseases. Furthermore, of essential importance is the fact that viral infection of the testicular cells may result not only in changes in testicular function, a serious risk for the fertility and general health of the individual (such as a fall in testosteronemia leading to cachexia), but also in the possible transmission of virus-induced mutations to subsequent generations. In addition to providing an exhaustive account of the data available in these domains, this review focuses attention on the fact that the interface between endocrinology and virology has so far been poorly explored, particularly when major health, social and economical problems are posed. Our conclusions highlight the research strategies that need to be developed. Progress in all these domains is essential for the development of new treatment strategies to eradicate viruses and to correct the virus-induced dysfunction of the endocrine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Dejucq
- GERM-INSERM U435, Université de Rennes I, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France.
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39
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Downing SR, Jackson P, Russell PJ. Mutations within the tumour suppressor gene p53 are not confined to a late event in prostate cancer progression. a review of the evidence. Urol Oncol 2001; 6:103-110. [PMID: 11344000 DOI: 10.1016/s1078-1439(00)00119-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the p53 tumour suppressor gene are generally believed to be a late event in the progression of prostate cancer, and are associated with androgen independence, metastasis, and a worse prognosis. In this review, we examine the current literature available on p53 mutations and focus on stages A (T1) and B (T2) of prostate cancer. We report here that p53 mutations can be found in approximately one third of prostate cancers that are clinically localized to the prostate. In addition, high levels of p53 mutation are found in normal prostate tissue of prostate cancer patients, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, and benign prostatic hyperplasia. The limitations of techniques used to determine p53 mutations are discussed, as well as other modes of p53 loss in early stage prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R. Downing
- Oncology Research Centre, Level 2 Clinical Sciences Building, Prince of Wales Hospital, Barker Street, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia, and Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, NSW 2033, Kensington, Australia
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40
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Griffiths TR, Mellon JK. Human papillomavirus and urological tumours: II. Role in bladder, prostate, renal and testicular cancer. BJU Int 2000; 85:211-7. [PMID: 10671869 DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-410x.2000.00465.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T R Griffiths
- University Urology Unit, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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41
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Strickler HD, Viscidi R, Escoffery C, Rattray C, Kotloff KL, Goldberg J, Manns A, Rabkin C, Daniel R, Hanchard B, Brown C, Hutchinson M, Zanizer D, Palefsky J, Burk RD, Cranston B, Clayman B, Shah KV. Adeno-associated virus and development of cervical neoplasia. J Med Virol 1999; 59:60-5. [PMID: 10440809 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9071(199909)59:1<60::aid-jmv10>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Evidence from several sources has suggested that adeno-associated virus (AAV) infection might protect against cervical cancer, in part, by interfering with human papillomavirus (HPV)-induced tumorigenesis. Detection of AAV type 2 (AAV-2) DNA in cervical tissues has been reported. However, there have been few in vivo studies of women with cervical HPV infection or neoplasia, and these have reported inconsistent results. Therefore, we used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays targeted to the AAV-2 rep and cap genes to test tissue specimens from women in an epidemiological study of cervical neoplasia in Jamaica. We tested 105 women with low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN-1), 92 women with CIN-3/carcinoma in situ or invasive cancer (CIN-3/CA), and 94 normal subjects. PCR amplification of human beta-globin DNA was found in almost all cervical specimens, indicating that these materials were adequate for PCR testing. The prevalence of HPV DNA, determined by HPV L1 consensus primer PCR was, as expected, strongly associated with presence and grade of neoplasia. Each of the AAV PCR assays detected as few as 10 copies of the virus genome. However, none of the 291 cervical specimens from Jamaican subjects tested positive for AAV DNA. Negative AAV PCR results were also obtained in tests of cervical samples from 79 university students in the United States. Exposure to AAV was assessed further by serology. Using a whole virus AAV-2 sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we found no relationship between AAV antibodies and presence or grade of neoplasia in either the Jamaican study subjects or women enrolled in a U.S. cervical cancer case (n = 74) -control (n = 77) study. Overall, the data provide no evidence that AAV infection plays a role in cervical tumorigenesis or that AAV commonly infects cervical epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H D Strickler
- Viral Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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