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Yoshida S, Tsuneoka Y, Tsukada T, Nakakura T, Kawamura A, Kai W, Yoshida K. Primary Cilia are Required for Cell-Type Determination and Angiogenesis in Pituitary Development. Endocrinology 2024; 165:bqae085. [PMID: 39001875 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqae085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
The functional maturation of the pituitary gland requires adequate cell differentiation and vascular network formation. Although spatiotemporal signaling and transcription factors are known to govern pituitary development, the involvement of primary cilia, nonmoving hair-like organelles, remains unclear. In this study, we uncovered the contribution of primary cilia to cell-type determination and vascular network formation during pituitary development. Homozygous knockout mice lacking a ciliary kinase, Dyrk2-/-, exhibit abnormalities in ciliary structure and pituitary hypoplasia, accompanied by varying degrees of failure in differentiation among all types of hormone-producing cells in the anterior lobe. Aberrations in cell differentiation in Dyrk2-/- mice arise from a decrease in the expression of crucial transcription factors, Lhx4, Lhx3, and Prop1, resulting from the inactivity of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling during the early stages of development. Furthermore, the loss of Dyrk2 results in vascular system abnormalities during the middle to late stages of development. Mechanistically, transcriptome analyses revealed the downregulation of vitronectin-integrin αvβ3-VEGFR2 signaling, essential for orchestrating vascular development. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that primary cilia play a pivotal role as critical regulators of cell survival, cell determination, and angiogenesis during pituitary gland development through the activation of Hh signaling. These findings expand our understanding of the potential link between pituitary dysfunction in human disorders and ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saishu Yoshida
- Department of Biochemistry, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Toho University, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Yousuke Tsuneoka
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Takehiro Tsukada
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Toho University, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakakura
- Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Akira Kawamura
- Department of Biochemistry, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Wataru Kai
- Department of Biochemistry, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Kiyotsugu Yoshida
- Department of Biochemistry, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
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Epithelial cell integrin β1 is required for developmental angiogenesis in the pituitary gland. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:13408-13413. [PMID: 27810956 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1614970113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
As a key component of the vertebrate neuroendocrine system, the pituitary gland relies on the progressive and coordinated development of distinct hormone-producing cell types and an invading vascular network. The molecular mechanisms that drive formation of the pituitary vasculature, which is necessary for regulated synthesis and secretion of hormones that maintain homeostasis, metabolism, and endocrine function, remain poorly understood. Here, we report that expression of integrin β1 in embryonic pituitary epithelial cells is required for angiogenesis in the developing mouse pituitary gland. Deletion of pituitary epithelial integrin β1 before the onset of angiogenesis resulted in failure of invading endothelial cells to recruit pericytes efficiently, whereas deletion later in embryogenesis led to decreased vascular density and lumen formation. In both cases, lack of epithelial integrin β1 was associated with a complete absence of vasculature in the pituitary gland at birth. Within pituitary epithelial cells, integrin β1 directs a large transcriptional program that includes components of the extracellular matrix and associated signaling factors that are linked to the observed non-cell-autonomous effects on angiogenesis. We conclude that epithelial integrin β1 functions as a critical and canonical regulator of developmental angiogenesis in the pituitary gland, thus providing insight into the long-standing systems biology conundrum of how vascular invasion is coordinated with tissue development.
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β-catenin is required in the neural crest and mesencephalon for pituitary gland organogenesis. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2016; 16:16. [PMID: 27184910 PMCID: PMC4868042 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-016-0118-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background The pituitary gland is a highly vascularized tissue that requires coordinated interactions between the neural ectoderm, oral ectoderm, and head mesenchyme during development for proper physiological function. The interactions between the neural ectoderm and oral ectoderm, especially the role of the pituitary organizer in shaping the pituitary precursor, Rathke’s pouch, are well described. However, less is known about the role of head mesenchyme in pituitary organogenesis. The head mesenchyme is derived from definitive mesoderm and neural crest, but the relative contributions of these tissues to the mesenchyme adjacent to the pituitary are not known. Results We carried out lineage tracing experiments using two neural crest-specific mouse cre lines, Wnt1-cre and P0-cre, and determined that the head mesenchyme rostral to the pituitary gland is neural crest derived. To assess the role of the neural crest in pituitary development we ablated it, using Wnt1-cre to delete Ctnnb1 (β-catenin), which is required for neural crest development. The Wnt1-cre is active in the neural ectoderm, principally in the mesencephalon, but also in the posterior diencephalon. Loss of β-catenin in this domain causes a rostral shift in the ventral diencephalon, including the pituitary organizer, resulting in pituitary dysmorphology. The neural crest deficient embryos have abnormally dilated pituitary vasculature due to a loss of neural crest derived pericytes. Conclusions β-catenin in the Wnt1 expression domain, including the neural crest, plays a critical role in regulation of pituitary gland growth, development, and vascularization. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12861-016-0118-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Saijo H, Tatsumi N, Arihiro S, Kato T, Okabe M, Tajiri H, Hashimoto H. Microangiopathy triggers, and inducible nitric oxide synthase exacerbates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. J Transl Med 2015; 95:728-48. [PMID: 25938626 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a representative clinical manifestation of inflammatory bowel disease that causes chronic gastrointestinal tract inflammation. Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice have been used to investigate UC pathogenesis, and in this UC model, disturbance and impairment of the mucosal epithelium have been reported to cause colitis. However, how DSS sporadically breaks down the epithelium remains unclear. In this study, we focused on the colonic microcirculation and myenteric neurons of DSS-induced colitis. Moreover, we examined the potential of myenteric neurons as a target to prevent exacerbation of colitis. Fluorescent angiographic and histopathological studies revealed that DSS administration elicited blood vessel disruption before epithelial disorders appeared. Ischemic conditions in the lamina propria induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in myenteric neurons as colitis aggravated. When neuronal activity was inhibited with butylscopolamine, neuronal iNOS expression decreased, and the exacerbation of colitis was prevented. These results suggested that DSS-induced colitis was triggered by microcirculatory disturbance in the mucosa, and that excessive neuronal excitation aggravated colitis. During remission periods of human UC, endoscopic inspection of the colonic microcirculation may enable the early detection of disease recurrence, and inhibition of neuronal iNOS expression may prevent the disease from worsening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Saijo
- 1] Department of Anatomy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan [2] Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norifumi Tatsumi
- Department of Anatomy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiji Arihiro
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kato
- Department of Endoscopy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masataka Okabe
- Department of Anatomy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisao Tajiri
- 1] Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan [2] Department of Endoscopy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisashi Hashimoto
- Department of Anatomy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Musumeci G, Castorina S, Castrogiovanni P, Loreto C, Leonardi R, Aiello FC, Magro G, Imbesi R. A journey through the pituitary gland: Development, structure and function, with emphasis on embryo-foetal and later development. Acta Histochem 2015; 117:355-66. [PMID: 25858531 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The pituitary gland and the hypothalamus are morphologically and functionally associated in the endocrine and neuroendocrine control of other endocrine glands. They therefore play a key role in a number of regulatory feedback processes that co-ordinate the whole endocrine system. Here we review the neuroendocrine system, from the discoveries that led to its identification to some recently clarified embryological, functional, and morphological aspects. In particular we review the pituitary gland and the main notions related to its development, organization, cell differentiation, and vascularization. Given the crucial importance of the factors controlling neuroendocrine system development to understand parvocellular neuron function and the aetiology of the congenital disorders related to hypothalamic-pituitary axis dysfunction, we also provide an overview of the molecular and genetic studies that have advanced our knowledge in the field. Through the action of the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland is involved in the control of a broad range of key aspects of our lives: the review focuses on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, particularly GnRH, whose abnormal secretion is associated with clinical conditions involving delayed or absent puberty and reproductive dysfunction.
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Ramadhani D, Tsukada T, Fujiwara K, Horiguchi K, Kikuchi M, Yashiro T. Laminin isoforms and laminin-producing cells in rat anterior pituitary. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2012; 45:309-15. [PMID: 23209340 PMCID: PMC3499700 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.12028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Laminin is a key component of the basement membrane and is involved in the structural scaffold and in cell proliferation and differentiation. Research has identified 19 laminin isoforms, which are assemblies of α, β, and γ chains (eg, the α1, β1, and γ1 chains form the laminin 111 isoform). Although laminin is known to be present in the anterior pituitary, the specific laminin isoforms have not been identified. This study used molecular biological and histochemical techniques-namely, RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization-to identify the laminin isoforms and laminin-producing cells in rat anterior pituitary. RT-PCR showed that laminin α1, α3, and α4 genes were expressed in anterior pituitary. Immunohistochemistry revealed laminin α1 in gonadotrophs and laminin α4 in almost all vascular endothelial cells. Laminin α3 was seen in a subset of vascular endothelial cells. We then performed in situ hybridization to localize β and γ chains in these cells and found that laminin β1, β2, and γ1 were expressed in gonadotrophs and that laminin β1 and γ1 were expressed in endothelial cells. In conclusion, we identified gonadotroph-type (laminin 111 and 121) and vascular-type (laminin 411 and 311) laminin isoforms in rat anterior pituitary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dini Ramadhani
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine
| | - Takehiro Tsukada
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine
| | - Ken Fujiwara
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine
| | - Kotaro Horiguchi
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine
| | - Motoshi Kikuchi
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine
| | - Takashi Yashiro
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine
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Le Tissier PR, Hodson DJ, Lafont C, Fontanaud P, Schaeffer M, Mollard P. Anterior pituitary cell networks. Front Neuroendocrinol 2012; 33:252-66. [PMID: 22981652 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Both endocrine and non-endocrine cells of the pituitary gland are organized into structural and functional networks which are formed during embryonic development but which may be modified throughout life. Structural mapping of the various endocrine cell types has highlighted the existence of distinct network motifs and relationships with the vasculature which may relate to temporal differences in their output. Functional characterization of the network activity of growth hormone and prolactin cells has revealed a role for cell organization in gene regulation, the plasticity of pituitary hormone output and remarkably the ability to memorize altered demand. As such, the description of these endocrine cell networks alters the concept of the pituitary from a gland which simply responds to external regulation to that of an oscillator which may memorize information and constantly adapt its coordinated networks' responses to the flow of hypothalamic inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Le Tissier
- Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom;
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Mortensen AH, MacDonald JW, Ghosh D, Camper SA. Candidate genes for panhypopituitarism identified by gene expression profiling. Physiol Genomics 2011; 43:1105-16. [PMID: 21828248 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00080.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the transcription factors PROP1 and PIT1 (POU1F1) lead to pituitary hormone deficiency and hypopituitarism in mice and humans. The dysmorphology of developing Prop1 mutant pituitaries readily distinguishes them from those of Pit1 mutants and normal mice. This and other features suggest that Prop1 controls the expression of genes besides Pit1 that are important for pituitary cell migration, survival, and differentiation. To identify genes involved in these processes we used microarray analysis of gene expression to compare pituitary RNA from newborn Prop1 and Pit1 mutants and wild-type littermates. Significant differences in gene expression were noted between each mutant and their normal littermates, as well as between Prop1 and Pit1 mutants. Otx2, a gene critical for normal eye and pituitary development in humans and mice, exhibited elevated expression specifically in Prop1 mutant pituitaries. We report the spatial and temporal regulation of Otx2 in normal mice and Prop1 mutants, and the results suggest Otx2 could influence pituitary development by affecting signaling from the ventral diencephalon and regulation of gene expression in Rathke's pouch. The discovery that Otx2 expression is affected by Prop1 deficiency provides support for our hypothesis that identifying molecular differences in mutants will contribute to understanding the molecular mechanisms that control pituitary organogenesis and lead to human pituitary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda H Mortensen
- Department of Human Genetics, Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5618, USA
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Moro JA, Carretero J, Alonso MI, Martín C, Gato A, Mano ADL. Prenatal expression of interleukin 1beta and interleukin 6 in the rat pituitary gland. Cytokine 2008; 44:315-22. [PMID: 19041259 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2008.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Revised: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
It is known that interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) are expressed post-natally in normal and tumoral cells in the anterior pituitary, and that they play a role in both the liberation of different hormones and in the growth, proliferation and tumor formation of the pituitary gland. However, their expression and role during embryonic and fetal development remain unknown. We have performed an immunocytochemistry study of prenatal expression and distribution of IL-1beta and IL-6 in isolated embryonic rat Rathke's pouch prior to birth, more specifically between 13.5 and 19.5 days p.c. Western-blot analysis carried out on 19.5-day p.c. embryos showed positive immunolabelling for IL-1beta and IL-6. These interleukins were initially expressed simultaneously in the rostral and ventral portions of Rathke's pouch in 15.5-day p.c. embryos, and this expression progressed caudodorsally in later developmental stages, extending to most of the hypophysis before birth. The number of cells expressing these interleukins increased throughout this period: 48.22% of anterior pituitary cells expressed IL-6 in 19.5-day embryos, whilst IL-1beta was positive in 39.8% of the cells. Moreover, we have demonstrated that some adenohypophyseal cells co-express both interleukins. Such findings represent the first step towards an understanding of the physiological role of these interleukins in anterior pituitary development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Moro
- Departamento de Anatomía y Radiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid, C/Ramón y Cajal 7-47005-Valladolid, Spain.
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Ito T, Ohi S, Tachibana T, Takahara M, Hirabayashi T, Ishikawa H, Kusakabe M, Hashimoto H. Development of the mucosal vascular system in the distal colon of the fetal mouse. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2007; 291:65-73. [PMID: 18085622 DOI: 10.1002/ar.20621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The formation of the crypt in the distal colon of the mouse was investigated in association with the development of vascular networks. For histological observation, 1-microm cross-sections were made from the distal colon of fetal mice in 13 to 18 days of gestation. Three-dimensional distributions of vascular networks in the organ were observed after perfusing fetuses with rhodamine isothiocyanate-labeled gelatin and immunostaining for laminin to examine the boundary between the epithelium and the mesenchyme. At 13 days of gestation, the distal colon and its epithelium formed a cylindrical tube and a loose primary plexus of vessels was built in the mesenchyme. In the distal colon of 15 days of gestation, the caudal portion began to form the crypt and the vascular plexus built up from a few layers was situated apart from the boundary between the epithelium and the mesenchyme. As the development proceeded, the formation of the crypt occurred in the caudorostral direction. The developing crypt advanced into the vascular plexus, so that a few vessels situated in the mesenchyme between crypts. As the crypt elongated, these vessels formed a small plexus situated perpendicular to the primary plexus, while the primary plexus became monolayered and loosened. The new plexus was composed of ascending vessels and traversing ones, but the regular honeycomb-like plexuses around openings of crypts have not established yet even in 18 days of gestation. The vascular system as well as the crypt in the distal colon will take further a few postnatal weeks to be completed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayasu Ito
- Department of Anatomy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Ward RD, Stone BM, Raetzman LT, Camper SA. Cell proliferation and vascularization in mouse models of pituitary hormone deficiency. Mol Endocrinol 2006; 20:1378-90. [PMID: 16556738 DOI: 10.1210/me.2005-0409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the transcription factors PIT1 (pituitary transcription factor 1) and PROP1 (prophet of Pit1) lead to pituitary hormone deficiency and hypopituitarism in mice and humans. To determine the basis for this, we performed histological analysis of Pit1- and Prop1-deficient dwarf mouse pituitaries throughout fetal and postnatal development. Pit1-deficient mice first exhibit pituitary hypoplasia after birth, primarily caused by reduced cell proliferation, although there is some apoptosis. To determine whether altered development of the vascular system contributes to hypopituitarism, we examined vascularization from embryonic d 14.5 and throughout development. No obvious differences in vascularization are evident in developing Pit1-deficient pituitaries. In contrast, the Prop1-deficient mouse pituitaries are poorly vascularized and dysmorphic, with a striking elevation in apoptosis. At postnatal d 11, apoptosis-independent caspase-3 activation occurs in thyrotropes and somatotropes of normal but not mutant pituitaries. This suggests that Prop1 and/or Pit1 may be necessary for caspase-3 expression. These studies provide further insight as to the mechanisms of Prop1 and Pit1 action in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Ward
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-0618, USA
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Luque JM, Morante-Oria J, Riederer BM, Fairén A. Whole-mount confocal immunofluorescence of mammalian CNS. BRAIN RESEARCH. BRAIN RESEARCH PROTOCOLS 2001; 6:129-33. [PMID: 11223411 DOI: 10.1016/s1385-299x(00)00045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bright-field wholemount labeling techniques applied to the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) offer advantages over conventional methods based on sections since an immediate and three-dimensional view of the stained components is provided. It thereby becomes possible to survey and count large number of cells and fibers in their natural relationships. The ability of confocal laser scanning microscopy to visualize in one focal plane the fluorescence associated with multiple markers could be most valuable by the availability of reliable wholemount fluorescent techniques. Accordingly, based in our previously published bright-field wholemount protocols [Brain Res. Prot. 2 (1998) 165-173], we have devised an effective immmunofluorescence wholemount procedure. We show that reliable wholemount fluorescent staining can be obtained using isolated complete CNS aged up to rat embryonic day 17, with antibodies penetration in the millimeter range. Examples are shown of preparations in which colocalization can be observed in nerve cells of cytoskeletal and calcium-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Luque
- Instituto de Neurociencias, CSIC, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de San Juan, E-03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain.
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Hashimoto H, Ishikawa H, Kusakabe M. Preparation of whole mounts and thick sections for confocal microscopy. Methods Enzymol 1999; 307:84-107. [PMID: 10506969 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(99)07008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Hashimoto
- Department of Anatomy, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Seuntjens E, Denef C. Progenitor cells in the embryonic anterior pituitary abruptly and concurrently depress mitotic rate before progressing to terminal differentiation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1999; 150:57-63. [PMID: 10411300 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(99)00028-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The control of progenitor cell proliferation in concert with terminal differentiation during embryonic development is poorly understood. The present paper examines this issue in the different cell lineages of the fetal mouse pituitary. Mouse fetuses were pulse-exposed to 3H-thymidine (3H-T) on a single day between embryonic day (E) 10 and E16 (prior to the onset of hormone phenotype expression) and the 3H-T labeling index of each cell type determined 3 or 4 days later (E13-19), when hormone phenotypes were detectable. In the pars tuberalis primordium, TSHbeta appeared from E13. Of these cells 75.5% were labeled when 3H-T had been administered on E10. Label decreased to 40.8% when it had been incorporated on E11 and was negligible (4.2%) when it had been taken up on E12. In the pars distalis, ACTH appeared on E13, TSHbeta, and PRL on E14, LHbeta/FSHbeta on E15 and GH on E16. When examined on E16, all these cell types were labeled for 50-60% if 3H-T had been injected on E12, but this number dropped to about 15% when 3H-T had been given on E13. Only 5-10% of the hormonal cells had taken up label when E14, 15, and 16 were the days of 3H-T administration. The decline in overall labeling index (LI) within both parts of the pituitary was significantly smaller than that in the hormone expressing cells. It is concluded that an outspoken decline in proliferation of the cells destined to become hormone-expressing cell types occurs one to several days before these hormones come to expression. In the pars distalis, this decline occurs at a common time point i.e. between E12 and E13 for each cell type. Pars tuberalis and pars distalis TSHbeta cells show distinct 3H-T labeling profiles, suggesting distinct cell lineage sources for each.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Seuntjens
- Laboratory of Cell Pharmacology, University of Leuven, Medical School, Belgium
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